Proceeding IWRE2013

October 2-3, 2013 Ta Quang Buu Library, Hanoi University of Sicence and Tec no!
ogy 1 "ai #o $iet Street, Hanoi, $ietna%
Table of Content
2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy
Table of Content
Table of Content ....................................................................................... 1 Welcome message .................................................................................... 3 en!e ....................................................................................................... " International Workshop on Renewable Energy 2013 #ea$ership ............... % &ession 1 ................................................................................................... ' Implementation of renewable energy in power system ........................... '
Insulation Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics in Grid-connected Renewable Energy Systems..... 7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Small Power Systems ................................................. ! " #wo-Stage Model Calculated Distribution System Planning Integrated Distribution Generator ... $ P%oto&oltaic 'ower system in (ietnam and )a'an* 'otential and de&elo'ment .............................. + Grid connected P( system facing &oltage sags , solutions to "&oid -nwanted disconnection ........ !. Electricity Su''ly to a /ocal0Isolated "rea by Means of Renewable Energy ..................................... !! "nalysis of (oltage Sags and Protection Coordination in Distribution Systems wit% Sensiti&e E1ui'ment ......................................................................................................................................... $
&ession 2 ................................................................................................. '( Technical) economic an$ policy iss!es for renewable energy .................. '(
Renewable Energy De&elo'ment in (ietnam .................................................................................... 7. #ec%nical Issues for 2ew and Renewable Energy De&elo'ment in (ietnam ..................................... 3. Medium-term and S%ort-term Electricity Demand 4orecasting ........................................................ 3$ Reconstruction of Syrian Electric Power Infrastructures by Renewable Energy ............................. 557 Current Problem 4aced in (ietnam "ssociated wit% t%e Integration of Small 6ydro and 7ind Energy into (ietnamese Electricity Grid ...................................................................................................... 5 3 "''lication of Renewable Energy to an -nder De&elo'ing Country8 9ambia ................................. 5$$ "n Introduction to 7ind Power in (ietnam* #ec%nology8 Grid Im'acts and Current Situation ...... 5:!
&ession 3 ............................................................................................... 21% Recent a$*ances in renewable energies ................................................ 21%

/ig%tning to #all ;b<ects .................................................................................................................. =5$ #%e Energy Management System for Solar Electric (e%icles -sing " Combined Estimation Met%od ......................................................................................................................................................... ==
Table of Content
Design and ;'timi>ation of a Micro-cogeneration System -sing a ?Double Effect? Stirling Engine and a #ubular /inear Induction Generator ...................................................................................... ==3 /ig%tning Induced ;&er&oltage in #%e Control System of " 7ind #urbine ..................................... = ! Im'lementation Su'er&isory Controller for 6ybrid 7ind Microgrid System -sing "da'ti&e 2eural Mimo Model .................................................................................................................................... =+3 Modeling of Corona Disc%arge and Its "''lication to /ig%tning Electromagnetic Pulse Com'utations ......................................................................................................................................................... =$$ 2ew "lgorit%ms for Im'ro&ing t%e Reliability of 7ireless Sensor 2etwor@ in Renewable Energy Systems ............................................................................................................................................ =75
&ession " ............................................................................................... 2+% Win$) solar an$ ti$al energy ................................................................. 2+%
Direct 7a&e Energy Con&erters. Case of SE"RE( 'ro<ect ............................................................... =:$ ;'timal ;'eration of Isolated 7ind- diesel Power System - a Case Study ..................................... 5 " Pro'osal of MPP# Control for P( System under Partial S%aded Conditions ................................ .
Solution for /ocal Isolated Grid wit% 6ybrid System Including 7ind #urbin Interconnection ........ +3 ;'timi>ation "''roac%es for Si>ing and Placing Distributed Generators in a 2etwor@ System ..... $. Grid Integration Study of 7ind Power in Ain% #%uan Pro&ince....................................................... 3.
Welcome message
Welcome message
It is a great &leasure and $onor to welcome you to t$e 1+*< International 0or=s$o& on Renewable Energy ?I0RE 1+*<@3 being $eld in /anoi 2ni%ersity of Science and "ec$nology3 from 6ctober 1 to <3 1+*<. Renewable energy is an emerging t$eme for &ower system engineers in t$e last decades3 es&ecially after .u=us$ima disaster. Significant Auantities of renewable energy in &ower systems reAuire not only great deals of efforts in tec$nical wor=s3 but also in economic and &olitical matters. "$is wor=s$o& brings toget$er multidisci&linary eB&erts from academia3 industry and go%ernment institutions to discuss t$e c$allenges of t$e day of renewable energy in &ower systems3 and &ro%ide a &latform for s$aring of ideas and eB&eriences as well as for strengt$ening researc$ collaboration. I would li=e to ac=nowledge t$e !RC2S &ro7ect entitled CCollaboration Ile de .ranceDMidi-PyrEnEes a%ec le 'ietnam en rec$erc$e et formation F for t$eir original ideas of organi:ing t$is wor=s$o& as well as for t$eir financial and tec$nical su&&orts. I would also li=e to t$an= all members of local organi:ing committee for t$eir diligently %olunteer efforts3 wit$out w$ic$ t$is wor=s$o& would not be &ossible. S&ecial t$an=s to t$e sc$ool of Electrical Engineering of /2S" for t$eir su&&orts to $ost t$e Gala dinner. 0e $o&e you en7oy your stay $ere in /anoi and t$at your eB&ectation will be fully reali:ed.
!ssociate Professor "o& "ran 'an C$airman of I0RE 1+*< 'ice-&resident of /anoi 2ni%ersity of Science and "ec$nology
Venue
Venue
"a Guang >uu 5ibrary3 /anoi 2ni%ersity of Science and "ec$nology * Dai Co 'iet street3 /anoi
.rom *ate 1 on Dai Co 'iet road 0al= t$roug$ t$e C* building and t$en t$e main sAuare. .ollow t$e small &at$ to t$e left and reac$ t$e "a Guang >uu 5ibrary by going across t$e main &at$ of /2S" cam&us .rom *ate 2 on "ran Dai -g$ia street Go straig$t about 1++m and t$e "a Guang >uu 5ibrary is on your left
IWRE 2013 Leadership
International Workshop on Renewable Energy 201 !ea"ership

International committee
Chairman) Top Tran+ an3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Co+chairs, Eman!el -oang3 Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan,France .arc /etit3 Supelec, France &tephan 0stier3 nstitut National !olytechni"ue de Toulouse, France
Technical committee
-ami$ 1en 0hme$3 #cole Normale Suprieure de Cachan, France iet 2g!yen+3!an+-oang3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam 4hanh 1ach+5!oc3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam 1ernar$ 6o!rnet3 #cole Normale Suprieure de Cachan, France Toan /h!ng, University of Ne$ South %ales, &ustralia T!an 2g!yen+0nh3 nstitute of Energy, Vietnam &on Tran+Thanh3 Electric !o$er University, Vietnam T! !+/han3 Vietnam National University, Ho Chi 'inh City, Vietnam
#ocal organi7ing committee

Thinh /ham+-ong3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology .inh Tr!ong+2goc3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology T!ng 2g!yen+3!an3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology -!y 2g!yen+8!c3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology T!ng #e+8!c3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology T!an /h!ng+0nh3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology Cha! #e+Thi+.inh3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology Tien #e+ iet3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology &on Tran+Thanh3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology 5!yet 2g!yen+8oan3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology -iep 2g!yen+-oang3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology -!ng Tran+.anh3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology #ong 8ao+2goc3 Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) Toan 2g!yen+8ang3 Electric !o$er University
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Session 1
#ession 1
C$airs)
Prof. "ran 'an "o&3 Hanoi University of Science and Technology Prof. !=i$iro !metani3 *oshisha University
Session 1
4eynote #ect!re
Implementation of renewable energy in power system
Insulation Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics in Grid-connected Renewable Energy Systems

/rof. /h!ng Toan University of Ne$ South %ales, Sydney, &ustralia
Abstract - "$e dri%e for clean energy and sustainability $as led to t$e emerging trend of integration of Renewable Energy ?RE@ systems into eBisting electricity grids. 0orldwide trends s$ow t$e &ro&ortion of grid-connected generation from renewable energy ?$ydro3 solar3 wind3 etc@ is steadily increasing. "$e im&act of $ig$ &enetration of distributed RE into t$e electricity grid &resents new c$allenges to t$e reliable o&eration of t$e infrastructure3 e.g. cables3 transformers3 etc. "$is &resentation gi%es an o%er%iew of %arious tec$nical issues im&osed on t$e insulation systems of &ower &lant eAui&ment. 6f &articular concern are t$e increased ris= to t$e insulation caused by $ig$-freAuency switc$ing transients and o%er%oltages generated by &ower electronic interfacing. "$e $ig$er degree of generation intermittency will affect &lant o&eration3 t$ermal stress &attern3 and t$us insulation ageing. 6%er t$e years3 one of t$e =ey researc$ acti%ities at 2-S0 $as been t$e de%elo&ment of insulation diagnostic tec$niAues and on-line conditioning monitoring systems. Muc$ of t$is wor= can be utili:ed to assist in e%aluating t$e insulation &erformance under new o&erating en%ironments. "$is will be discussed in t$e tal=.
2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy (IWRE)
Insulation Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics in Grid-connected Renewable Energy Systems

Toan Phung University of New South Wales, Australia
2 October, 2013
Renewable Energy Resources in Vietnam

Solar Energy: Solar radiation is ~2.4 to 5.6 kWh/m2/day in Northern
regions, and ~4 to 5.9 kWh/m2/day in Southern and Central areas.

Wind Power: long coast line (up to 3000km) with average wind
speeds of 5.6m/s. Capacity is estimated about 513 GW.

Biomass Energy: with 20% of GDP contributed by Agriculture,
Biomass Power is forecasted potential of 1000-1600 MW.

Geothermal Energy: more than 300 hot springs with temperature
range from 30C to 148C. Potential capacity of 1,400 MW.

Hydro Power: Vietnam is appraised of potential of small and large
hydro power plants.
(Source: http:/www.laurea.fi/en/connect/results/Documents/Vietnam%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf accessed 19/09/2013)
Solar Radiation Distribution in selected Asian regions

Source: http://en.openei.org/wiki/Vietnam accessed 19/09/2013
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Wind Resource Distribution in VIETNAM at 80m height

Source: https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/MOIT_Vietnam_Wind_Atlas_Repor t_18Mar2011.pdf accessed 19/09/2013 11
Renewable Energy in Australia

Australia generates ~1.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. On per capita basis, one of world's largest polluters. About 24.4 tonnes of CO2e per person in a year (2012) About twice OECD average and > 4 times world average Sources of Australias emissions:
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Source: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency Australias Emission Projections 2010
Renewable Energy Resources in Australia

Abundant, high quality renewable energy resources, widely distributed
across country including solar, wind, wave and bioenergy resources.

Solar Power: highest solar radiation per m2 of any continent on earth.
Receive annual average of equivalent to 16 billion GWh of solar energy.

Wind Power: some of the best wind resources on earth. Coastal regions
with high wind resources (speeds >7.5m/s). Annual estimate of 273 TWh.
Biomass Energy: Australia is appraised potential of bioenergy resource is
large. It is forecasted to reach 72,629 GWh per year.

Hydro Power: driest inhabited continent on earth, over 80% of landmass
receives annual average rainfall of <600 mm limited hydro power resource (Snowy Mountains, Tasmania)
Ocean Energy: tidal energy, wave energy and ocean thermal energy. Total
kinetic energy is estimated equivalent to 679.3 TWh.

Source: http://www.ga.gov.au/energy/other-renewable-energy-resources/ and http://ramblingsdc.net/Australia/WindPPotential.html
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Annual average solar radiation (in MJ/m2) and currently installed solar power stations with capacity of >10 kW
Source: Australian Energy Resource Assessment
Annual capacity of Solar Energy installed in Australia

Source: Clean Energy Report Australia 2012
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Wind Speed Distribution in Australia (at 70m height)

Source: Wind Resource Assessment in Australia - 2003
Development of Wind Power Generation in Australia

Source: http://www.thewindpower.net/country_en_16_australia.php
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420MW Macarthur Wind Farm, Victoria, Australia
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420MW Macarthur Wind Farm
140 x 3MW turbines, currently the largest wind farm in the southern hemisphere. Cost AUD1 billion, construction took 2.5 years, operational since late Jan. 2013. Wind turbine output: 480-690V, convert by WTSU transformer to a collector voltage of 13.8-46kV. ~100km of underground 33kV cable and OH lines connecting turbines to the wind farm sub-station. 33kV/132kV wind farm sub-station with 2 x 280MVA parallel step-up transformers. 14km of 132kV OH lines to Tarrone sub-station where connection to 500kV line was made.
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Principal generation by fuel type (GWh)
Australias per capita electricity consumption: ~22% > OECD average Capacity of grid-connected generation = 54.3GW Capacity of embedded and non-grid generation = 5.9GW
Installed capacity by fuel type (MW) June 2010
Total generation (2010-11) = 228,067 GWh Black coal: 50.7% Brown coal: 24.2% Natural gas: 15.5% Hydro: 7.0% Wind: 2.6% Oil and other: <0.1%
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Source: Energy Supply Association of Australia
Some technical issues from grid-connected RES
Wind and Large Solar (Bulk System Connected Generation)

Steady state and transient stability analysis Load/generation coincidence (peak load and variability of source) Regulation requirements Integration with Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Incorporation of renewable resource forecasting Operating practice to enable high penetration
Distributed Solar and Small Wind (Distributed Generation)
Voltage and VAR regulation Power Quality (Harmonics, Flicker, DC Injection) Unintentional islanding Protection design and coordination Equipment grounding Load and generation imbalance Energy storage and storage controls
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Ref.: Ben Kroposki, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Wind turbine step-up (WTSU) transformers

Turbine output (480-690V) WTSU transformer 13.8-46kV collector Loading: low average load factor (e.g. 35%) low thermal stress
good for insulation More repeated thermal cycling hot spots, PDs accelerate insulation ageing higher risk of insulation failure than other transformers More frequent operation of on-load tap changers (OLTC) Solid-state switching and non-sinusoidal waveforms harmonic voltage frequencies Requirement to ride-through transient events and faults exposure to large electro-dynamic forces from short circuits Large number of WTSU transformer failures need more robust design.
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http://www.csanyigroup.com/the-unique-role-of-wind-turbine-step-up-wtsu-transformers
Impacts on power losses and efficiency
Transformers: Core loss (iron loss) Hysteresis loss Eddy current loss Winding loss (copper loss) Cables: Dielectric loss
n 2 P k1 fBm k2 f 2 Bm
P 2 fCV 2 tan
Skin effect: higher frequency reduced skin depth higher resistance higher Ohmic loss Increased power loss Lower efficiency Higher operating temperature Derating of equipment
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Impacts on insulation from RES
Harmonics: increase real power loss insulation temperature rise accelerate ageing (Arrhenius law)
High-frequency switching spikes increase likelihood of partial discharges (PD). detection of PDs during HF transient is a challenge. HV-DC enabling technology for access to remote RES, e.g. offshore wind farms, Europe Multi-terminal DC Super Grids electric stress under DC very different from that under AC space charge temperature effect is very significant 22
Electrical insulation materials
Power system components: transformers, overhead transmission lines and cables, switchgear, rotating machines Choice of electrical insulation varies for particular application and voltage level
Wide range of electrical insulating materials Gases: air, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, SF6, SF6 mixture, vacuum, etc Liquids: mineral oils, synthetic hydro-carbons, etc Solids: resins, polymers, ceramic, etc Composites Electrical breakdown strength Real power loss: leakage current loss, dielectric loss (AC only), partial discharge (PD) Condition of insulation critical factor to equipment life
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Condition monitoring
Asset Maintenance Strategies Corrective maintenance (CM): reaction only when failure occurs Time-based maintenance (TM): preventive maintenance in fixed time periods Condition-based maintenance (CBM): preventive maintenance depending on actual conditions Extend asset lifetimes through condition monitoring On-line condition monitoring: Smart Grid
24
Role of insulation condition assessment within risk assessment. CIGRE TF15.11/33.03.02
Vales Point power station Transformer 25 blast and fire SMH 9Nov06
Tests for insulation condition assessment
Insulation Resistance (IR) Polarization index (PI) Dielectric absorption ratio Dielectric dissipation factor (DDF) Dissolved gas analysis (DGA): Oil: H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CO, CO2 Cellulosic materials (paper): furans Partial discharge (PD)
Dielectric spectroscopy: Time domain: polarization depolarization current (PDC), RVM Frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS)
Over-voltage tests: Power frequency, very low frequency (VLF), HV-DC Impulse (lightning, switching)
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Partial Discharges (PD)
Localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges insulation between conductors
Due to presence of small defects or design flaws which create a localized region of excessive electric stress that exceeds breakdown strength of the insulation
Example: electric stress in cables
MV cables (3.8/6.6 19/33kV XLPE single core screened and PVC sheathed)
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Typical maximum operating stress: ~ 3kV/mm (for MV) to ~6 kV/mm (HV)
Electric stress enhancement in a gas void within a solid dielectric:
Stress profile (without void)
Stress profile (with void)
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On-line condition monitoring of PDs in cables
Significant interference and background noise detection sensitivity is a challenge Measured (apparent) PD magnitude < true PD magnitude Extensive use of signal processing Cable joints, main cable insulation, cable terminations Different types, different ages, different operating history
Data processing: trend analysis, phase-resolved pattern, PD pulse sequence

Data mining
PD fault classification, location expert systems

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General configuration of the Partial Discharge Monitor (PDM) system

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PDM-I system: Suitable for good SNR situation Up to 12 channels multiplexed Fast quasi real-time monitoring
PDM-II system: Suitable of noisy locations Dual simultaneous channels Software-based PD extraction
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HF-CTs clipped onto the cable fault screen earth link
Clamp sensor
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Conclusion
Pressure of climate change and supply security dramatic increase in level of penetration of RES Of particular importance are wind and solar energy Significant changes to electricity grids operation Undesirable impacts by RES on electrical insulating systems Need for research on insulation systems behavior under the new operating environment, in particular under DC and combined DC/AC On-line insulation condition monitoring is an integral component for building smarter grids.
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2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy (IWRE)
34
Session 1
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Small Power Systems

Toshihisa 9!nabashi 'eidensha Corporation+ %aseda University, To,yo, -apan
Abstract - "$is &resentation deals wit$ c$allenges and countermeasures for integration of renewable energy sources to &ower systems3 es&ecially to small &ower systems suc$ as microgrids and small remote islands. C$allenges include demand and su&&ly control met$od considering uncertainty of generations and loads es&ecially forecasting &ower out&uts of renewable energy sources. !lso in t$is &a&er we deal wit$ &ower out&ut fluctuations mitigating tec$nologies for renewable energy sources. Efforts are &erformed as demonstration &ro7ects and as standardi:ation of microgrid tec$nologies. I li=e to consider $ow we could collaborate toget$er to de%elo& and commerciali:e integration of renewable energy sources to small &ower systems.
35
Session 1
! "wo-Stage Model Calculated Distribution System Planning Integrated Distribution Generator

. . Thang1( #. T. /hong1( 8. 5. Thong2( 1. 5. 4hanh2
.
Thai Nguyen University of Technology (TNUT), Vietnam

/
Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Abstract - Recently3 t$e distribution system design and &lanning $as c$anged due to t$e im&acts of DG and electricity mar=et restructuring. "$erefore3 t$is &a&er &ro&oses a two stages model for o&timi:ing &lanning of distribution system wit$ t$e &resence of DG. "$e &ro&osed model can determine o&timal u&grading si:ing and timeframe of eAui&ment in distribution system. >esides3 o&timal dis&lacement3 si:ing3 tec$nology and installation &eriod of DG are also determined. "$e modelHs t$e ob7ecti%e function is minimum life cycle cost for t$e &lanning sc$eme. "$e constraints are used to guarantee t$e tec$nical and economic indicators of t$e system. "$e calculation &rogram is made in G!MS en%ironment. "$e feasibility and effecti%eness of t$e &ro&osed model are %erified by t$e result of a&&lying it to a test system. Keywords: Planning of Distribution System ?DS@3 Distributed Generator ?DG@
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A Two-Stage Model Calculated Distribution System Planning Intergrated Distribution Generator

V. V. Thang and L. T. Phong
Department of Electric Power Systems Thainguyen University of Technology (TNUT) Thainguyen, Vietnam thangvvhtd@tnut.edu.vn
Abstract - Recently, the distribution system design and planning has changed due to the impacts of DG and electricity market restructuring. Therefore, this paper proposes a two stages model for optimizing planning of distribution system with the presence of DG. The proposed model can determine optimal upgrading sizing and timeframe of equipments in distribution system. Besides, optimal displacement, sizing, technology and installation period of DG are also determined. The models the objective function is minimum life cycle cost for the planning scheme. The constraints are used to guarantee the technical and economic indicators of the system. The calculation program is made in GAMS environment. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified by the result of applying it to a test system. Keyword: Planning of Distribution System (DS), Distributed Generator (DG)
D. Q. Thong and B. Q. Khanh

Department of Electric Power Systems Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) Hanoi, Vietnam bq_khanh-htd@mail.hut.edu.vn the objective function including the total investing and operating costs of DG, feeders and substation transformers upgrading costs, energy expenses and minimum interruptible load costs. In this research, effects of DG technology are also not mentioned in selecting variables. The objective function of the two-stage DS planning model in [5] includes the minimum of total costs for upgrading feeders, substation transformers and DG construction, energy expenses purchased from market and environmental pollution costs. Similarly, [6] introduced a DS planning model determining optimized equipment sizing and timeframe required for DS upgrading. The selection issues optimal displacement, sizing, installation period and technology of DG to meet the demand growth are presented in [6]. Besides, the model uses the objective function that is minimum life cycle cost for the distribution system planning introduced in [7]. The model finds best distribution system planning scheme to maximize the overall benefits and costs in the life cycle of the system. In previous studies, the power of DG is always assumed to be constant without regarding to the natural variability of DG capacity which depends on the primary energy, this is not practical. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized DS planning model that integrates output power characteristics of DG, characteristics of load demand and electricity price. The next parts of this paper are organized as follows. Section II introduces a mathematical model with objective function and constraints. Section III shows calculation results from the 7-bus DS. Conclusion is presented in Section IV. II. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL In competitive electricity market, DS are managed by distribution companies. These companies can buy electrical energy completely from electricity market or combine with investing DG in order to meet load demands in future. So, economic and technical indices of planning project are changed which affects considerably to time, upgrading capacity of feeders and substations when DG are chosen in DS planning. The proposed DS planning model is executed in two stages. A MINLP model in first stage is calculated and its results are fed into second stages to arrive at a comprehensive plan. The second stage receives information transferred from the first stage includes a set of decisions on location and period for equipments investment. Therefore, this model needs not use for binary variables and it is a NLP model. It should be noted that the energy production schedule obtained from the first stage is temporary and is revised in the next stage. The accuracy of
I. INTRODUCTION In the past decade, distribution system planning had major changed due to the impact of competitive electricity market, DG technological development and environmental pollutions. In particular, DG connecting directly to DS or directly supplying to customers is used as a popular planning approach. These sources normally use electric generating technologies such as gas turbines, combined heat and power, Fuel Cells, solar energy and wind energies. Therefore, the benefits of DG including reduction of transmission and distribution cost, power loss and enhancement of flexibility and reliability of DS, improvement of differential voltage at nodes as well as reduction of environmental pollution [1]. However, DG requires high investment, makes increasing the complexity in measurement and relay protection as well as operation of DS [2]. Besides, DG using renewable energy resources has the naturally variable power according to primary energy. Many planning models of the DG integrated distribution system are already been researched and proposed. The authors in [3] presented a long-term DS planning model in order to determine capacity, location and a new building investment process or to upgrade current equipments by using popular mathematical programming. The objectives of model are the minimum total of investment and operation costs of DG, the investing cost for feeder and substation transformers during planning period. The details of DG technology is not mentioned because of the assumption that the costing functions and effects of DG in DS planning are the same, but these are impossible in reality. Another model in [4] was proposed with
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model is added in the second stage plan to more closely reflect the required investments and production schedules. A. The Mathematical Model of First Stage 1) Objective Function The objective function of proposed model is to minimize total life cycle cost of the investment project during calculation period as shown in equation(1). The total cost is calculated at base year with equation 1/ (1 + r)t and discount rate r.
J =
t =1 T
RNt =
F (tkh (t S - T ) - TF ) .CFt + kh S .CSt TF TS
+
k =1 i =1
K DG N DG
DG (tkh , k - TDG , k )
TDG ,k
DG CiDG , k .P i ,k ,t
(7)
" i N DG , k K DG , t T
2) The constraints a) Constraints for power flow The output power characteristics of each DG technology using renewable energy resources fluctuate by time of day and season in year so the power of DG is also determined by each hour, season and specially, each technology k of DG. Hence, a nonlinear power flow representation in (8) is used in this stage.
K DG k =1
1 . CFt + CSt + CDGt + EDGt + ESt + RNt ) Min (1) (1 + r )t
"t T
Where, component CFt is upgrading costs of feeders for year t with fixed capital cost (CFF) and variable capital cost (CFC) as shown in equation(2).
CFt =
N
DG i ,k ,s ,t ,h N
+ Pi ,Ss ,t , h - PDi ,s ,t , h =
ij , t
i =1 j = i +1
L (C
ij
FF
.a ij.t + C FC .Fij ,t )
(2)
K DG k =1
Y
j =1
. U i, s ,t ,h . U j ,s ,t ,h .cos(qij ,t - d j , s ,t ,h - d i ,s ,t ,h ) (8)
S i , s ,t , h
"ij N , i j, t T
Substation transformers upgrading costs in year t with fixed capital cost (CSF) and variable capital cost (CSC) is presented in equation(3).
CSt = (C SF .g i ,t + C SC .DSiS ,t )
i =1 NS
DG i ,k , s ,t ,h
+Q
N
- QDi , s ,t ,h =
- Yij ,t . U i, s ,t ,h . U j ,s ,t ,h .sin(q ij ,t - d j ,s ,t , h - d i ,s ,t ,h )
j =1
(3)
"i, j N , k K DG , s SS , h H , t T Where, Pi,DG and QiDG are output power of DG k ,s ,t , h , k , s ,t , h introduction in(9).
DG DG Pi ,DG k , s ,t , h = P i , k , t .k k , s , h DG QiDG , k , s , t , h = cosj k .P i , k , s ,t , h
"i N S , t T
Electrical energy purchased cost from electricity market is presented in equation(4).

S S S S ESt = Ds .kP .( r P . h .P i ,t , s , h + r Q . h .Qi , t , s , h ) i =1 s =1 h =1 NS SS H
(9)
(4)
"i N S , t T , s SS , h H
The equation (5) is new investment costs in year t with technologies k of DG. Beside, electrical energy purchased cost from electricity market and costs for fuel, operation and maintenance of DG depending per technology k, operation season s and time h are shown in equation(5) and (6).
DG CDGt = CiDG , k .P i , k ,t i =1 k N DG K DG
b) Limit capacity constraints of DG These constraints allow computed DG capacity at nodes in limit of DG technology, and it ensures annually upgrading power corresponding to equipment parameters as shown in(10).
DG 0 Pi ,DG k ,t P i , k ,max DG DG Pi ,DG k ,t = P i , k ,t -1 + DP DG 0 QiDG , k ,t tan j k .P i , k ,t DG DG (10) QiDG , k ,t = Qi , k ,t -1 + DQ
(5)
"t 1, i N DG , k K DG , t T c) Upgrading section constraints of feeder Thermal limits are imposed to limit the loading of feeders and these limits take into consideration the new feeder investments. So, the feeders upgrading constraints and upgrading power satisfying equipment parameters are shown F in(11). A step increase of feeder capacity at year t ( DSij, is t) set when capacity value is equal or greater than limit capacity used at year t-1.
*F F Sijm,ax t ( S ij ,t -1 + DS ij,t ) F F DSij, t DS min .a ij,t
"i N DG , k K DG , t T
DG DG DG DG EDGt = Ds ( r P . k .P i , k , t , s , h + rQ . k .Qi , k ,t , s , h ) i =1 k =1 s =1 h =1 N DG K DG SS H
(6)
"i N DG , k K DG , t T , s SS , h H
The residual value of equipments at the end of the planning period is presented in equation(7) and it is usually evaluated basic on the current market conditions. Hence, the residual value is the present value and it is calculated at base year in objective function.
(11)
DS M .a ij,t
F ij,t
"t 1, ij N , t T
38
Then, feeder capacity needs to meet in order to supply power to the loads present in (12) and upgrading section is selected by equation(13) with current density J.
*F *F F Sij ,t = Sij ,t -1 + DSij, t *F Sij ,t
stage. Hence, equations of objective function are presented as . (16) and decision variable DG power is Pi ,DG k ,t
"t 1, ij N , t T (12) "t 1, ij N , t T (13)
J2 =
t =1 NS
1 N N . Lij (C FF .a ij.t + C FC .Fij*,t ) (1 + r )t i =1 j =i +1

N DG K DG i =1 k =1
Fij,t
3U dm .J
.a ij ,t
DG + (C SF .g i ,t + C SC .Si*,tS ) + CiDG , k .P i ,k ,t i =1 S S S S + ks ( r P . h .P i ,t , s , h + rQ .h .Qi ,t , s ,h ) i =1 s =1 h =1 N DG KDG SS H NS SS H
d) Addition capacity constraints for substation These constraints allow to maximize the use of existing substations capacity and to satisfy upgrading power corresponding to equipment parameters. A substation capacity S addition step size (DSi, is used to set substation sizes as in t) equation(14) with the maximum and minimum allowable capacity which a substation can be upgraded.
ax S Sim ( Si*,tS-1 + DSi, ,t t)
DG DG DG DG + k s ( rP . k .P i ,k ,t , s , h + r Q. k .Qi , k ,t , s , h ) i =1 k =1 s =1 h =1
(16)
+ +
F (tkh - TF ) N N . Lij (C FF .a ij.t + C FC .Fij*,t ) TF i =1 j =i +1 S - TS ) NS SF (tkh . (C .g i ,t + C SC .Si*, tS ) TS i =1 N DG K DG DG (tkh , k - TDG , k )
DS DS .g i,t
S i,t S i,t S min
(14)
DS M .g i,t "t 1, i NS , t T
e) Constraints of limited nodal voltage Technical requirement constraints of limited nodal voltage are given in equation(15). Voltages at substation nodes are assumed constantly.
DG Min CiDG , k .P i , k ,t TDG , k i =1 k =1 "ij N , k K DG , t T , s SS , h H +

2) The constraints a) Constraints for power flow and limited nodal voltage These constraints are similar in first stage and presented on equations(8)(15). b) Limit capacity constraints of feeder and substation To ensure the after upgrading feeders are not overloaded by thermal limit, load flow on feeder need observe as equation(17) and substation capacity must observe as equation(18).
F SijF,t ,s ,h S max. ij ,t
U min U i ,s ,t ,h U max "i N L , s SS , t T , h H U i ,s ,t ,h = constan "i N S , s SS , t T , h H
(15)
The decision variables of model include real and binary variables so calculation results must be corrected by standard equipment in fact and used as parameters in second stage.
TABLE I. SETS AND INDICES No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Symbol N i, j NL NS NDG t, T h, H k,KDG s,SS Definition Set of buses in distribution system Bus (i, j N) Set of load buses in distribution system Set of substation buses in distribution system Set of DG buses in distribution system Planning year and overall planning period (t T) Hour and hours per day (h H) Technology and total technology of DG (k KDG) Season and total seasons in year (s SS)
(17)
"t 1, ij N , t T , s SS , h H
S SiS,t , s ,h S m ax.i , t
"t 1, i NS , t T , s SS , h H
(18)
c) Limit capacity constraints of DG The investment location and period of DG was determined from first stage so these constraints allow selected DG capacity according to new limits as(19).
* DG 0 Pi ,DG k ,t P max .i , k DG DG Pi ,DG k ,t = P i , k ,t -1 + DP DG 0 QiDG , k ,t tan j k .P i , k ,t DG DG (19) QiDG , k ,t = Qi , k ,t -1 + DQ
B. The Mathematical Model of Second Stage This stage takes the input parameters obtained from the first stage as addition capacity of substations, upgrading section of feeders, installation location and period of DG. Then, it determines the DG capacity within pre-defined bounds. 1) Objective Function The model has objective function similar first stage with S upgrading variables of feeders ( Fij,t ) and substations ( DSij, t) are replaced by equipment parameters obtained from the first
"t 1, i N DG , k K DG , t T The proposed comprehensive plan includes a MINLP model in first stage and NLP model in second stage. The calculation program is made in GAMS environment used MINOS solver [8] to find out an optimal solution. Sets, indices, variables, parameters and symbol of model are presented in table I, table II and table III.
39
TABLE II. PARAMETERS No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Symbol r CFF CFC Li,j Yi,j,t, qi,j,t CSF CSC Definition Discount rate (%) Fixed capital cost of Feeder ($/km) Variable capital cost of Feeder ($/km.mm2) Length of Feeder (km) Magnitude and Angles of admittance matrix element (pu) Fixed capital cost of Substation ($/Substation) Variable capital cost of Substation ($/MVA) New investment cost for DG i, technology k ($/M)
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Diagram and Parameters of distribution system The 7-bus and 22kV voltage radial diagram is investigated in this research as figure 1 and is connected to 110kV substation. The total active power and reactive power at the base year are 6465kW and 5091kVAR, respectively.
1 5 2 6 3 4
DG i ,k
r hPS
QS rh DG rP .h
DG rQ .h
Active power purchased cost from market ($/kWh) Reactive power purchased cost from market ($/kVAh) O&M cost and Fuel cost of DG for active energy ($/kWh) O&M and Fuel cost of DG for reactive energy ($/kVAh) Active power demand at bus (kW) Reactive power demand at bus (kVAr) Maximum power limit of DG i, technology k (MW) Power factor of DG with technology k New maximum power limit of DG in second stage (MW) Standard section of Feeder in planning year t (mm ) Maximum capacity need upgrading of Feeder (MVA) Capacity ramp-up limit for Feeder (MVA) Maximum capacity limit of standard Feeder (MVA) Maximum capacity need upgrading of Substation (MVA) Capacity ramp-up limit for Substation (MVA) Maximum capacity limit of standard Substation in planning year t (MVA) Current density at thermal limit (A/mm2) Big number used maximum limit of variables in MIP and MINLP models Maximum voltage limit at bus (pu) Minimum voltage limit at bus (pu) Active power ramp-up limit for DG (MW) Reactive power ramp-up limit for DG (MVAr) Output power factor of DG with technology k Variation factor of the price of electricity Total day per season TABLE III. VARIABLES No 1 2
2
Substation
7 Figure 1. Diagram of test distribution system
PDi,s,t,h QDi,s,t,h
DG max .i , k
Cosjk
DG Pm*ax .i , k * ij, t *F ij, t
B. Assumptions in analyis This research utilizes some economic and technical assumptions for the ease of computation: Planning period is 10 years and annual developing rate of load demand is constant, 10% per year The constructing cost of 110kV substation including fixed costs and variable costs is 0.2M$ and 0.05M$/MVA, respectively [5]. Similarly, the upgrading costs of 22kV feeders consist of 0.15M$/km and 0.001M$/MVA.km The effects of DG technology are represented by investment, operation and fuel costs. Two DG technologies, photovoltaic (PV) and small hydro sources, are used in this research with the corresponding capital costs to be 5.0M$/MW and 1.5M$/MW. Average O&M costs depend on used technology and the life of DG such as table IV. The assumption life of feeder is 20 year.
TABLE IV. AVERAGE O&M COSTS AND LIFESPAN OF DG Technology PV Small hydro Average O&M costs Active power Reactive power ($/kWh) ($/kVAr) 5 0 5 1 Lifespan (years) 20 30
F S S S
F DSmin F max.ij,t *S i,t
S DSmin S Smax.i, t
J M Umax Umin DPDG DQDG
kkDG ,s ,h
kP DS
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Symbol
Definition Upgrading section of Feeder (mm2) Addition capacity for Substation (MVA) New investment capacity of DG (MW) Active power purchased from electricity market (kW) Reactive power purchased from electricity market (kVAr) Addition capacity of Feeder (MVA) Active output power of DG (kW) Reactive output power of DG (kVAr) Voltage for bus (pu) Voltage angle at bus (pu) Binary variable on feeder upgrade decision (1/0) Binary variable on feeder upgrade decision (1/0)
Fij,t
S DSi, t
Pi ,DG k ,t P
S i ,s ,t ,h S Qi, s ,t ,h
Energy prices purchasing from electricity market through substations are specified in terms of the three time blocks of peak, intermediate and base price as table V.
TABLE V. ENERGY PRICES PURCHASE FROM ELECTRICITY MARKET Base 36.35 1.82 Intermediate 58.20 2.91 Peak 105.95 5.3 Time block Energy $/MWh price $/MVArh
DS P Q
F ij,t
DG i, k , s , t , h DG i, k , s , t , h
Ui,s,t,h di,s,t,h
a ij,t g i ,t
PV is manufactured in compact modules occupying small spaces and time to install is short. Hence, installing areas at load locations are not limited. In contrast, the location and rated capacity of small hydro are predefined dependence on primary energy source and assumption that they can be built in the 4, 6 nodes.
40
Areas of upgrading of substation transformers and feeders are not limited Constraint of limited load nodes voltage changes from 0.9pu to 1.1pu, and it should be 1.05pu at substation node Decided variables in the model are continuous in order to reduce the complexity of the model. Hence, they should be rounded to match real equipments.
economic and technical efficiencies are gained. In contrast, the PV is not selected due to a very high investment cost.
TABLE VI. FEEDERS UPGRADING DECISIONS Feeder Feeder section upgrading in each year (mm2) 1 2 3 4 5 Case A 6 7 8 9 70 10
C. The output power characteristics of DG The output power of PV depends on the intensity of solar radiation and its performance. The power of 1MWp PV with 25% performance calculated basing on the given solar radiation intensity is presented as figure 2.
The out power of PV, MW 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 hour Summer Winter
1-2 2-3 3-4 1-5 5-6 2-7 Case B ij
50
Economic indices are compared between case B and case A as in table VIII. The case B holds a better economic index. Cost of DG investment and equipment upgrading (feeders and substation) are more expensive than those of case A about 2.17M$ due to a very high cost of DG investment. However, O&M and electric energy expenses have been decreased by 4.26M$ because of very low O&M expenses of small hydro. Therefore, the efficiency gets higher at final years of planning period. Total life cycle cost of case B is cheaper than these of case A by 3.47M$, equal to 17.2%.
TABLE VII. DG INVESTMENT DECIDED DG Bus technology PV Small hydro Total 2 7 4 6 DG capacity invested in each year (MW) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 2. The output power characteristics of PV
Small hydro power depends on the nature of the primary energy source. Therefore, the output power characteristics of 1MW small hydro are shown as figure 3.
The out power of sm all hydro, MW 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Summer 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Winter hour
1 1 2.0MW
Figure 3. The output power characteristics of small hydro
D. Analysis results and disscussions The feasibility of the proposed model and efficiency of DG are investigated in two cases. Case A: DG is not considered when calculating DS planning. Case B: DG is integrated in the researching model. The results of calculating showed that case A need to upgrade substation with a 10MVA capacity. In contrast, investment to upgrade substation in case B is deferred because of the load demand increasing in the future is provided by DG. Similarly, the case Bs feeders are not also upgraded during the planning period. In the case A, 2 feeders need to upgrade in the time from 8th year to 9th year as represented in table VI. Table VII presents optimal investment decisions of proposed planning model for DG. The total of investment capacity during planning time is 2.0MW equivalent to 30.9 percent of base years load demands. Small hydro investment focuses mainly on the first years of planning period and selected location of DG is far from substation so high
The technical indicators of DS are also improved when DG is integrated on DS planning. The power loss at maximizing load demand times is reduced 1.8% in 7th planning years so electric energy loss decreased 3210.0MWh during planning period. Total of electric energy purchased from market is also decreased 97,740.0MWh corresponding to 25,402.6tons are CO2 emission, which contributes to the decrease of environmental pollution.
TABLE VIII. ECONOMIC INDICES COMPARISON No Cost Total life cycle cost (M$) Feeder and Substation upgrading cost (M$) O&M and Electrical energy cost (M$) Investment DG cost (M$) Case Case Comparison A B B and A 20.21 16.74 -3.47 1.26 0.43 -0.83 -4.26 3.0 Note Total life cycle cots is reduced 17.2%
1 2 3
4
19.89 15.63 0.00 3.0
The voltage loss on the feeders reduces because of DG has reduced the transmission capacity from the substation to the load. Therefore, voltage profiles at the all bus are also improved during calculation time. In particular, load node having the biggest support is 4-bus. This bus voltage profile increased from 0.95pu (case A) to 0.97pu (case B) at 18th hour in 7th planning year.
41
IV. CONCLUSIONS Recently, the DS planning has been changed significantly by the impacts of DG and environmental policies. DG has many benefits for DS as enhancement of flexibility and reliability, bus voltage improvement, reduction of transmission cost and power loss as well as reduction of environmental pollution. However, the investment cost of DG is expensive and DG power that uses renewable energy resources is natural variability according to primary energy so the planning and operation calculation of DS will be more
APPENDIX A. DATA OF LOADS No 1 2 3 4 Bus 1 2 3 4 PD0 (kW) 743 1525 650 QD0 (kVAr) 458 1217 507 No 5 6 7 Bus 5 6 7 Total PD0 (kW) 1070 1830 647 6465 QD0 (kVAr) 873 1608 428 5091
difficult. Therefore, this study proposed a new two-stage optimized model that is integrated DG in DS planning. In this model, equipment sizing and timeframe required for upgrading equipment for DS well as select DG technologies with power variable constraints of DG can be determined. The objective function is minimizing total life cycle cost of the investment project. Calculation results showed that the proposed model is suitable in large DS planning calculations and the planning together with using DG provided better economic and technical indicators. REFERENCES
[1] [2] Thomas Ackermann, Goran Andersson, Lennart Soder, Distributed generation: a definition, Electric Power Systems Research 57, 2001 S. Wong, K. Bhattacharya and J.D.Fuller, Comprehensive framework for long-term distribution system planning, Proc. IEEE PES Annual General Meeting, Tampa, USA, 2007 Algarni, A.A.S.; Bhattacharya, K., A Novel Approach to Disco Planning in Electricity Markets: Mathematical Model, Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009. PSCE '09. IEEE/PES El-Khattam, W.; Hegazy, Y.; Salama, M., An integrated distributed generation optimization model for distribution system planning, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, IEEE, 2005 S. Wong, K. Bhattacharya1and J.D. Fuller, Electric power distribution system design and planning in a deregulated environment, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2009 V.V.Thang, D.Q.Thong, B.Q.Khanh, A New Model Applied to the Planning of Distribution Systems for Competitive Electricity Markets, The Fourth International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT) 2011, Shandong, China, 2011 Su. H, Zhang. J, Liang. Z, Niu. S, Power Distribution Network Planning Optimization Based on Life Cycle Cost, 2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution, 13-16 Sept. 2010 Richard E. Rosenthal, GAMS - A User's Guide, GAMS Development Corporation, Washington, USA, 2010.
[3]
* Where: PD0 , QD0 - active and reactive power demand at bus in base year of planning period
[4] APPENDIX B. DATA OF FEEDER PARAMETERS No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bus i - Bus j 1-2 2-3 3-4 1-5 5-6 2-7 Fij (mm2 ) 50 50 35 35 35 35 Smax.ij (MVA) 8 8 6.67 6.67 6.67 6.67 Lij (km) 2.3 2.2 3.3 3.5 1.7 1.2 Rf ij (W ) 1.362 1.302 2.551 2.706 1.314 0.928 Xfij (W ) 0.961 0.920 1.416 1.502 0.729 0.515 [5]
[6]
* Where: S max - Thermal limit capacity for Feeder
[7]
[8]
42
Session 1
P$oto%oltaic &ower system in 'ietnam and (a&an) &otential and de%elo&ment

T!ng #e 8!c1( 3!an -oang iet 2g!yen1( -asegawa Ik!o2
.
*epartment of electric po$er systems, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 0. *ai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
Vietnam Ta1uchi Electric Co2, 3td, 3ot .4, *ai *ong Hoan Son ndustrial !ar,, 5ac Ninh !rovince, Vietnam
Abstract) Pur&ose I "$is &a&er see=s to e%aluate t$e solar energy &otential of 'ietnam. In com&are wit$ (a&an3 country $as t$e strongly de%elo&ment in t$e domain &$oto%oltaic &ower system3 we $a%e s$own t$e solar energy &otential of 'ietnam. DesignDmet$odologyDa&&roac$ I "$e a&&roac$ ta=es t$e researc$ of a real P' system in "abuc$i 'ietnam Com&any) Electricity &roduction3 economic analy:e .indings I "$e &a&er s$ows t$e efficient of t$e installation Grid-Connected P$oto%oltaic System in /anoi area. 6riginalityD%alue I E%aluation t$e efficient of t$e Grid-Connected P$oto%oltaic System in /anoi area is a &rereAuisite for in%est t$e furt$er researc$. Keywords: P' &ower system3 Grid-Connected P$oto%oltaic System in /anoi
43
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM IN VIETNAM AND JAPAN: POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT

Tung Le Duc1, Xuan Hoang Viet Nguyen1 and Hasegawa Ikuo2
1
Department of electric power systems, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 01 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Vietnam Tabuchi Electric Co., Ltd, Lot 13, Dai Dong Hoan Son Industrial Park, Bac Ninh Province, Vietnam Email: Tung.leduc-see@hust.edu.vn
ABSTRACT
Purpose This paper seeks to evaluate the solar energy potential of Vietnam. In compare with Japan, country has the strongly development in the domain photovoltaic power system, we have show the solar energy potential of Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach The approach takes the research of a real PV system in Tabuchi Vietnam Company: Electricity production, economic analyze Findings The paper shows the efficient of the installation Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Hanoi area. Originality/value Evaluation the efficient of the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Hanoi area is a prerequisite for invest the further research. Keywords PV power system, Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Hanoi
1. INTRODUCTION
ENERGY production is a challenge of great importance for the coming years. Indeed, the energy requirements are increasing. Today, much of the world's energy is supplied from fossil sources. The consumption of these sources gives rise to gases emissions, greenhouse effect and thus to an increase in pollution. In addition that the fossil fuel resources are limited.
Fig.1. Share of PV Installations per Region from 1992 to 2012 in GW
44
In the past 10 years, the use of renewable energy sources is seen as the solution to energy demands of the future. In recent years, there are an exponentially implementation of distributed generation (DG), in particular renewable energy (Photovoltaic, Wind). Photovoltaic technology has now become a major factor in the electricity sector globally. At least 110 TWh, 110 billion kWh in 2013 will be produced by photovoltaic systems already installed. If this represents approximately 0.5% of the electricity demand in the world, some countries have achieved significant percentages quickly (see Fig.1 and Table 1) [1]-[2]
Major sources of commercial energy in Vietnam are coal, petroleum, and hydropower. Significant number of households is using traditional solid fuels in residential sector for heating, light and cooking. Vietnam for instant is net exporter of energy due to its oil and coal resources. However, in the future, the energy problems in Vietnam will be not out of trajectory of the world. The research and the using solar PV technology are urgent issues. In this paper, the potential and development of PV system of Vietnam is analyze in compare with Japan-a power country of PV technology (Part 2). In part 3, a research of a Grid-connected PV system is presented.
2. COMPARE OF SOLAR ENERGY BETWEEN VIETNAM AND JAPAN

Vietnam has good constant solar sources, with roughly 2,000-2,500 hours of sunshine per year. In the southern and central areas, solar radiation levels range from 4 to 5.9 kWh/m2/day. The solar energy in the north is estimated to vary from 2.4 to 5.6 kWh/m2/day.
MWh/m2/year 2 1.5
Danang
Hanoi
1 0.5 0
Ho Chi Minh
Tokyo 1
Sapporo 2
Hiroshima 3
Hanoi 4
Danang 5
Hochiminh 6
Japan
Vietnam
Fig.2. Compare of Solar irradiation between Vietnam and Japan (North South)
45
The Fig.2 shows that the solar energy potential of Vietnam is higher when compare preliminary with Japan. As opposed to the potential, the PV development of Vietnam is a lot smaller. The total power of PV system of Vietnam is 4MWp, for instant. Whereas, the total power of PV system in Japan is 7GWp, and continue to rise sharply in the coming years (Fig.2). The reason for this development is due to the preferential policies of Japans government: Government enacted the Renewable Energy Law in 2011, Feed-in Tariff (FIT) program for renewable energy power generation facilities started from July 2012, Subsidy for measures to support introduction of residential PV systems (budget: 1,2 billion USD for multiple-years), Subsidy for introducing renewable energy power generation systems as part of restoration measures (budget: 316 million USD), 1096 local governments and municipalities were offering subsidy programs for residential PV systems [2]-[3]
kW
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000 Annual PV installed capacity 3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Fig.2. Total power of PV system and annual PV installed in Japan
Thus, Vietnam is still missing the suitable policy of the government for development the PV system and renewable energies in general. In collaboration with Tabuchi Electric Company, the research of technical and economic has been invested. This is the content of part 3.
3. RESEARCH OF GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM IN VIETNAM
Fig.3. Structure of Grid-connected PV system (TABUCHI Three-phase inverter 10kWp):
46
Let us consider a PV system connected to Grid (Fig.3). The installation power is 9.0 kWp, including five PV arrays (1.8 kW/array). The system is installed at Tabuchi Vietnam Company in Hanoi area. The turnkey price of the PV system is 30 000$, in addition of 5000$ to the cost of maintenance during the lifecycle of PV system (25 years). Japanese Grid connect Standard is used to connect PV system to Grid. Its ideal within the plus or minus 45 degrees from due south. Its ideal to set up the solar cell at due south. But, it can expect 96% amount of generation at the direction of south east and of southwest, if it can generate 100% at due south. For Hanoi area, the PV array is installed in southbound, tilted 50 (Fig.4) [4]
Fig.4. Direction & Roof Slope in Hanoi Area
The Fig.5 shows the power production of PV system during one day. The power is high in the after-noon (from 10h to 15h) and it is proportional with solar irradiance. The total energy production for each month is presented in Fig.6. In summer, PV power production is higher than in the winter.
8000
7000
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Avg_Irradiance (W/m2) PV Power (W)
Fig.5. PV power production in 28 Aug 2013
47
kWh 1,000.00
900.00
800.00 700.00 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00
0.00
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013
Fig.6. Energy production (kWh) from 10/2012 to 9/2013
For instant, there is not Feed-in Tariff (FIT) for PV power generation in Vietnam. If the energy price of PV system is 0,075$/kWh (the energy price of EVN), the investors cannot recover capital (Fig.7.a).
a)With energy price 0.075$/1kWh
b)With energy price 0.3$/1kWh
Fig.7. Cumulative cash flows graph (Installation PV system in Vietnam)
If the energy price of PV system is 0.3$/kWh (energy price according to studies in National Master Plan on Renewable Energy Development of Vietnam), the investors need 14 years to recover capital (Fig.7.b).
Fig.8. Cumulative cash flows graph for the energy price 0.525 $/1kWh (installation in Japan)
48
Let us consider a similar PV system installed in Japan, we have the support measure by METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry): 800 $/1kW subsidy, Start of the feed-in Tariff (FIT) program in July 2012, 0.525$/1kWh for Grid-Connected PV System [2]-[3]. The Fig.8 shows that the investors need 7 years to recover capital and 20 years later they have 70 000$ profit
Fig.9. Hybrid Power Systems
For the future, the hybrid power system will be used (Fig.9). Hybrid power systems are designed for the generation and use of electrical power. They are independent of a large, centralized electricity grid and incorporate more than one type of power source. They may range in size from relatively large island grids of many megawatts to individual household power supplies on the order of one kilowatt. In general a hybrid system might contain AC or DC diesel generators, an AC or DC distribution system, loads, renewable power sources (wind turbines, microturbines, or photovoltaic power sources), energy storage, power converters, rotary converters, coupled diesel systems, dump loads, load management options, or a supervisory control system.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented an overview of PV generator in Vietnam, Japan and in the world. This paper shows that the PV system cannot develop if there are not the suitable policies of the government. To ensure energy security, the PV development is necessary. Short-term, we need to have the incentive policies and the Vietnam Grid connect Standard based on the reference of the other country (Japan, France, and Germany).
REFERENCES
[1] INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY: A Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2012 [2] International Energy Agency-Photovoltaic Power Systems Program (IEA-PVPS), http://www.iea-pvps.org/ [3] Hiroyuki YAMADA, National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Japan 2012, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY CO-OPERATIVE PROGRAMME ON PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS, 2012 [4] Collen OBrien, Roof-Mounted Solar Photovoltaic Arrays: Technical Issues for the Roofing Industry, RCI, Inc. 800 828-1902 www.rci-online.org
49
Session 1
Grid connected P' system facing %oltage sags I solutions to !%oid 2nwanted disconnection
#e Thi .inh Cha!( T!ng #e 8!c Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 0. *ai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract - !mong disturbances on &ower networ=3 grid-connected &$oto%oltaic ?P'@ in%erters are %ery sensiti%e wit$ %oltage sags t$at can cause disconnections of P' systems. "$is disconnection is sometimes unwanted3 in &articularly w$en t$e fault is situated on an ad7acent feeder su&&lied by t$e same substation. .uture &ower systems wit$ a large s$are of P' systems connected could be se%erely affected if se%eral of t$e P' systems are tri&&ing at t$e same instant. "$erefore3 t$e first ob7ecti%e in t$is &a&er is to identify unwanted disconnections of P' systems by analy:ing t$e be$a%ior of grid-connected P' systems facing %oltage sags caused by s$ort-circuits. "$en3 solutions to a%oid unwanted disconnections by using t$e %oltage-times c$aracteristics and modifying t$e time delay of t$eir decou&ling &rotections are &ro&osed. "$e %alidation by simulations s$ows t$e efficiency of t$e &ro&osed solutions. Index Terms - P' system3 'oltage sag3 !nti-islanding &rotection3 2nwanted disconnection.
50
Grid-connected PV Systems facing Voltage Sags Solution to Avoid Unwanted disconnections

Chau Le-Thi-Minh, Tung Le-Duc Department of electric power systems, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 01 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: Chau.lethiminh@hust.edu.vn
AbstractAmong disturbances on power network, gridconnected photovoltaic (PV) inverters are very sensitive with voltage sags that can cause disconnections of PV systems. This disconnection is sometimes unwanted, in particularly when the fault is situated on an adjacent feeder supplied by the same substation. Future power systems with a large share of PV systems connected could be severely affected if several of the PV systems are tripping at the same instant. Therefore, the first objective in this paper is to identify unwanted disconnections of PV systems by analyzing the behavior of gridconnected PV systems facing voltage sags caused by shortcircuits. Then, solutions to avoid unwanted disconnections by using the voltage-times characteristics and modifying the time delay of their decoupling protections are proposed. The validation by simulations shows the efficiency of the proposed solutions. Index Terms PV system, Voltage sag, Anti-islanding protection, Unwanted disconnection.
LV networks). A low voltage caused by voltage sag can provoke a disconnection of PV systems due to their decoupling protection. The disconnection of significant amount of these PV systems could have local and global impact on the network operation, in particular on weak grids. This is why, it is necessary to find an efficient solution which avoids the unwanted disconnection of PV systems. The aim of this paper is to: - Identify the unwanted disconnections of PV systems - Propose solution for PV systems by taking into account the following requirements: PV systems must remain connected when a fault occurs on an adjacent feeder fed from the same substation but they must be disconnected in the case of a fault occurring in its zone (the fault on the feeder where the PV systems are connected). Firstly, this paper will present modeling of PV systems with decoupling protection, urban LV and MV networks and their protection systems. These models enable us to analyze behaviors of the PV system connected to distribution networks facing disturbances, especially the voltage sags caused by different types of short-circuit. Then, simulations will be carried out in order to identify the cases of unwanted disconnection of PV systems. Finally, solutions will be presented to avoid an unwanted disconnection of PV systems by using the voltage-times characteristics and modifying the time delay of their disconnection protections. II. A. MODELING
I.
INTRODUCTION
he connection of PV systems in the network requires the coordination of protections between the PV system with their disconnection protections and the networks protections. In order to ensure a good operation of PV systems and network, several requirements for the connection of PV systems have been issued. In France, in order to ensure a good operation of PV system protection systems, DIN VDE 0126 [1] requires that PV systems connected to LV network are disconnected within 0,2s if the voltage at the PV inverter terminal lower than 80% or greater than 115% of the nominal voltage. The decoupling protection for large PV plants connected to MV network is divided into different types called H.1, H.2, H.3, H.4, and H.5. The classification of these types is based on rated power of PV plant and on MV network configuration. Among disturbances on power network, voltage sags are known as one of the major causes of nuisance trips of PV systems. Recently, several works have been carried out to study the behaviors of PV systems facing voltage sags [2, 3]. A short-circuit can cause voltage sags, whose depth and duration vary and depend on network configuration, operating state and on eventual presence of Distributed Generation (DG). Faults can occur at any level of network (HV, MV or
Chau Le-Thi-Minh and Tung Le Duc is with the Hanoi University of Science and Technologie, 01 Dai Co Viet Hai Ba Trung Hanoi Vietnam.
Modeling photovoltaic system

Vmes IDmes IQmes Vmes
Calculation
1 1 + sT p
1 1 + sTq
Vmes
P Q
Pref Qref
Calculation
IDref IQref
PI
Calculation
PI
Dynamic 1 1 + sT
Figure 1. Topology of the photovoltaic system and their control system
In this part, we present modeling of a three phase/single phase PV system. The PV system operates in classic mode assuring
51
that the reactive power (Q) is always assigned to 0. For the P/Q control scheme used for PV inverter (Figure 1), the active and reactive power outputs of the PV inverter are fixed to setpoint values Pref (in function of solar irradiation) and Qref (=0). The limit of current output (IDref and IQref) is set to 1.1 of its nominal value. B. Modeling distribution network protections In order to study the behaviors of PV inverters facing disturbances, protections of LV network, MV feeder and islanding protections of PV inverters are modelized. For LV network in France, the fault protection is assured by breakers and fuses. In our study, only the feeder fuse (FD 400A) and customers fuses (AD 90A) are used. The customer is protected by breaker and fuse AD and the LV network is protected by feeder fuse FD For MV network, an urban distribution network is used. There is not auto-recloser in each feeder. When the current exceeds the set point corresponding to these thresholds (Rephi > 0.8*Iscbi and Rh > 1.2*Icap), the protection activates and trips the feeder with the time delay of 500ms. The PV systems were also equipped with decoupling protection. Typically PV system models have both under/over voltage (OVP/UPV) and under/over frequency (OFP/UFP) protection. It means that the PV inverter will be disconnected if the frequency or amplitude of the voltage at the connecting point is outside the limits (0.85 and 1.15pu for voltage, 47.5 and 50.2 Hz for frequency). For further principles of and OVP/UPV protection methods, see [4]. In addition, zerosequence voltage protection (Vo>10%Vn) is used to detect the single phase fault. All PV systems connected to LV network respect the standard "DIN VDE 0126". So if the voltage caused by a short circuit is lower than 80% or greater than 115% of the nominal voltage, the decoupling protection of PV inverter is activated within 200ms. For the PV plant connected to urban MV network, the type of decoupling protection is H.1 and H.2 (the PV power is in the range of about 500kW to 2 MW) [5,6].
TABLE 1 TYPES OF COUPLING PROTECTION
urban LV network is connected at bus 24 from the MV network. This LV network contains a 20/0.4kV, 400kVA transformer, two feeders. The residential loads are modeled by single-phase loads (RL circuit). Single-phase PV productions are connected to buses 21, 23 and 24.
Figure 2. Studied distribution network
III.
UNDESIRABLE DISCONNECTIONS OF PV INVERTERS
Detection of MV single phase fault Detection of MV multiphase fault
Type H.1 Max of Vo Instantaneous 10% Vn Max of Vo Instantaneous 85% Um
Type H.2 Max of Vo Temporisation to + 0,5s 10% Vn Max of Vo Instantaneous 85% Um
Different types of short circuit and different fault positions are considered. For each fault position, the three following types of short-circuits are considered: - Three phase fault - Phase-to-phase, phase-to-phase to neutral and phase-tophase to ground fault - Phase to neutral and phase to ground fault. By using urban networks (MV, LV network) and the models (PV model, network protections, decoupling protections) developed in the preceding part, the behaviors of gridconnected PV inverters and the identification of unwanted disconnections of PV inverters are studied in several scenarios. The results obtained by simulations have shown that almost short-circuits occurring on the LV/MV adjacent feeder, disconnections of PV systems due to the voltage sags are unwanted. For example, a three-phase short circuit on the adjacent feeder L_05 (outside of PV zone) in MV network.
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 x 10
4
With: t0 is the maximum temoprisation of zero-sequene protection of MV feeder protection, about 1 or 1.9 seconds and t 1 is the maximum temoprisation of phase protection of MV feeder
phase a phase b phase c
C. Modeling the studied network An urban MV network is presented in figure 2. This network contains 6 feeders, supplied by a 63/20kV - 36 MVA transformer. Only the feeder L_06 was modeled in detail. The other feeders, used only for studying faults located in adjacent feeder, are modeled by a cable with an equivalent load. Two three phase PV systems are connected to buses 30 and 14. An
Curent(A)
0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
T ime ( s)
Figure 3. Current seen by feeder protection at the adjacent feeder L-05
52
Figure 3 shows the current at the adjacent feeder L-05. The fault current increases very strongly and superior to the limit, and the adjacent feeders protection activates after 500ms.
500 400 300 200
phase a phase b phase c
100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time(s)
Figure 4. Current at the feeder L-06 where PV systems are connected
Voltage (pu) Tension(pu)
Figure 4 presents the current at the feeder L_06 where PV systems are connected in LV network. This current is still within the limits, so L_06 feeders protection does not activate and this feeder maintain connected to the network.
0126. In this part, the solution is to integrate a voltage-time characteristic in the decoupling protection for all PV systems instead of the limits defined by DIN VDE 0126. In case of fault on the adjacent feeder L_05 in urban MV network, figure 6 shows the PV system voltage (PV connected to urban feeder L_06 in LV network) for a three-phase short circuit in comparison with the proposed voltage-time characteristic. During short circuit, the PV system voltage is greater than the voltage defined by the voltage-time characteristic. 500ms after occurrence of the fault, the fault in adjacent feeder is cleared by adjacent feeders protection (L_05). After this action, the voltage in feeder L_06 comes back to a normal value (L_06 feeders protection does not get activated) and feeder L_06 maintains connection to the network.
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2
Temporisation du protection du dpart adjacent
1 0.5 0 0
Curent(A)
Voltage-time Characteristic Tension du PV Vpv 1 with using proposed solution Gabarit de tension 2 the 3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
Temps (s) Time (s)
Figure 6. PV voltage in comparison with the voltage-time characteristic for a fault in MV adjacent feeder (feeder L_05, outside of PV zone)
Figure 5. Voltage of PV system in case of three phases fault
However, it causes a disconnection of all PV inverters connected in feeder L_06 by decoupling protection of PV inverters because the voltage at the PV connection bus is lower than 0.8pu (standard DIN VDE 0126). The figure 5 shows the PV voltage. For the PV system connected to MV network, similar results are obtained. When the voltage sag caused by short-circuit are below 85% nominal voltage, The PV system are connected instantaneous. The disconnection of PV inverters for faults in adjacent feeder in MV network is unwanted. Solutions must be found to avoid this disconnection. In the following part, we propose two solutions to ensure protection selectivity based on voltage-time characteristic and the temporisation of decoupling protection. IV.
SOLUTION TO AVOID UNWANTED DISCONNECTIONS FOR GRID-PV SYSTEMS
For urban networks, there is no auto-recloser in any feeder. When the current exceeds the protection relay thresholds, the feeder protection activates and trips the circuit breaker with the time delay of 500ms. Thus, for the PV connected to MV network, the solution is to increase time delay of decoupling protection integrated into the PV systems greater than 500ms, in this paper is t0 +0,5ms for detection of MV single phase fault and t1 +0,5ms for detection of MV multiphase fault. By increasing the protection time delay, the adjacent feeders protection has enough time to trip the fault before the disconnection protection of PV systems operates. The figure 7 shows the PV power in two cases with and without using the proposed solution.
In France, all distributed generations (DG) greater than 5MW and connected to the MV network must remain connected in case of voltage sags above a limit defined by a voltage-times characteristic [7]. This characteristic has a voltage threshold of 0.05 pu during 150 ms, then the voltage have a threshold of 0.2 pu during 350ms, and finally the voltage increases linearly to 0.9 pu during 1000 ms. The generator must remain connected when the voltage stays in the domain above the red curve in Figure 6. For the PV inverter connected to LV network, the existing disconnection protection operates with respect to DIN VDE
Figure 7. Power of 500kW PV system with type H.1 connected to feeder L_06 in MV network
In comparison with the results in the previous part, by applying these solutions, unwanted trips of PV systems are avoided. V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the results obtained by simulation show that PV
53
systems are very sensitive to voltage sags, and in some cases, there are unwanted disconnection of PV systems, in particular for a fault in LV and MV adjacent feeders. Therefore, solutions by using the voltage-time characteristic for PV systems connected to LV network and on modifying the temporisation of decoupling protection for PV systems connected to LV network are proposed. The validation by simulations shows the efficiency of the proposed solution which can avoid unwanted disconnection of PV systems in case of a short circuit outside of PV zones. VI.
[1] [2]
REFERENCES
Norme DIN VDE 0126-1-1, Automatic disconnection device between a generator and the public low-voltage grid, February 2006. B. Bletterie, R. Brndlinger, H. Fechner, Sensitivity of photovoltaic inverters to voltage sags Test results for a set of commercial products, 18th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, CIRED, Turin Italy, 2005. Botjan BLAIC*, Arsen JURASIC, Igor PAPIC, Simulating the dynamic response for a photovoltaic generation system to voltage sags, 18th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, CIRED, Turin Italy, 2005 Ward Bower and Michael Ropp, Evaluation of Islanding Detection Methods for Utility-Interactive Systems in Photovoltaic Systems, Report IEA PVPS T5-09: 2002 Technical reference, Study of the impact on the protection plan connecting a distributed generation in MV network, (ERDF-PRORES_09E) Technical reference, "Installation protection of the generation connected to the public distribution network" (ERDF-NOI-RES_13E) Arrt du 23.04.2008 relatif aux prescriptions techniques de conception et de fonctionnement pour le raccordement un rseau public de distribution dlectricit en basse tension ou en moyenne tension dune installation de production dnergie lectrique
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] [7]
54
Session 1
Electricity Su&&ly to a 5ocalDIsolated !rea by Means of Renewable Energy

3. Wang( T. :hang( 6. E. #amas an$ 4. 2akam!ra *oshisha University, 6yoto, -apan
Abstract - "$ere eBist a number of countries and area w$ere electricity su&&ly is always in s$ort. ! ty&ical eBam&le is a mountain site in !sia and .ar East3 and a desert in !frica. In t$e area3 no transmissionDdistribution system is well establis$ed3 and no fuel can be su&&lied. "$us3 a localDdis&ersed electricity generation loo=s most &romised. .rom t$is %iew&oint3 &ossible electricity su&&ly by renewable energy generation is discussed in t$e &a&er) micro-$ydraulic &ower3 wind &ower and &$oto%oltaic solar &ower generation. !ssuming a small %illage wit$ &o&ulation *++ and t$e necessary generation ca&acity of less t$an *+ =03 t$e best c$oice of t$e electricity generation met$od3 eit$er small $ydraulic turbine generators3 wind turbine generators or &$oto%oltaic solar is in%estigated. It is de&endent on geological and climate conditions. "$erefore3 t$e in%estigation is carried &ut under %arious conditions3 and t$e cost3 maintenance and life time are discussed. >ased on t$e in%estigations3 t$e following remar=s are obtained. ?*@ If t$ere is enoug$ rainfall and t$us a water flow3 a small $ydraulic turbine generator is most &romised. "$e $ydraulic &ower generation is most efficient among ot$ers3 and most reliable &ro%ided t$at t$ere is a continuous water flow. "$e estimated cost of a *+=0 $ydraulic generator station is less t$an *, million (a&anese Jen3 t$e maintenance is easiest and t$e life time is t$e longest. ?1@ !long a sea coast and in an island3 wind &ower generation is t$e best c$oice because of continuous winds wit$ t$e a%erage s&eed $ig$er t$an ,mDs. /owe%er3 t$e ca&acity of a wind turbine generator necessitates to be about 1+=0 to assume t$e generating ca&acity of *+=0 considering t$e wor=ing ratio. "$is costs about 7 million (a&anese Jen. /owe%er3 if an electricity storage toget$er wit$ a &ower conditioner considering t$e wind fluctuation and t$us t$e out&ut &ower fluctuation is installed3 anot$er 1+ million (a&anese Jen is added. ?<@ In t$e area w$ere t$e a%erage annual sun is $ig$ enoug$3 suc$ as an !frican desert3 &$oto%oltaic solar electricity generation is most &ossible c$oice. /owe%er3 it reAuires a storage ?battery@ and a &ower conditioner to su&&ly reliable electricity. !lso3 aging ?life time@ and maintenance become a big &roblem to be o%ercome3 because of tem&erature difference in a day reac$es *, to 1+ and sand dusts. "$e ca&acity of a &$oto%oltaic solar generator necessitates about 1+=0 in t$e same way as t$e wind &ower. "$e estimated cost of a 1+=0 &$oto%oltaic solar &anels as about *8 million (a&anese Jen3 and t$e storage system of <+=0$ costs 1+ million (a&anese Jen. ?8@ >ased on (a&anese eB&eriences3 t$e followings costs &er =0 are gi%en to a small scale&ower generation system. ?a@ $ydraulic) * to *., million Jen3?b@bio-t$ermal) +.8 million Jen3?c@wind) +.<, million Jen3 ?d@ solar) +.7 million Jen
55
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62
Session 1
!nalysis of 'oltage Sags and Protection Coordination in Distribution Systems wit$ Sensiti%e EAui&ment
#e iet Tien Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract--owadays3 more sensiti%e electronic eAui&ment is widely used in modern &ower systems suc$ as &ower con%erters and ad7ustable s&eed dri%ers. Power Auality $as been a greater interest in %oltage sags due to t$eir im&acts on t$e &erformance of sensiti%e eAui&ment ?SE@. Malfunction or failure of t$e eAui&ment t$at leads to wor= or &roduction losses can be caused by %oltage sags. !s a result3 it is essential to $a%e information on eAui&ment sensiti%ity. If t$e magnitude and duration of %oltage sag eBceed t$e eAui&ment sensiti%ity t$res$old3 t$e eAui&ment can be malfunctioned3 and suc$ a conseAuence can affect an entire automatic &rocess3 resulting in $ig$ economical losses. Reclosers and fuses are t$e main o%ercurrent &rotection de%ices in distribution systems. Poor coordination could ad%ersely im&act on t$e sensiti%e eAui&ment. "$is &a&er &resents a met$od to analy:e t$e im&acts of %oltage sags and &rotection coordination on sensiti%e eAui&ment. ! fault &osition met$od and mat$ematical eAuations for &rotecti%e de%ices are used to set u& t$e &rotection setting and to calculate %oltage sags. 'oltage tolerance t$res$olds and &rotecti%e de%ice c$aracteristics are used to analy:e &rotection and sensiti%e eAui&ment coordination. >ased on t$e results3 new settings for &rotecti%e de%ices are done to consider sensiti%e eAui&ment in distribution systems. "$e Roy >illinton "est System ?R>"S@ bus 1 is used to analy:e t$e im&act of %oltage sags and &rotection coordination system on t$e sensiti%e eAui&ment in distribution systems. Index Terms- sensiti%e eAui&ment3 %oltage sag3 &rotection coordination.
63
Analysis of Voltage Sags and Protection Coordination with Sensitive Equipment

Le Viet Tien
Department of Power Systems, Hanoi University of Science and Technology Abstract--Nowadays, more sensitive electronic equipment is widely used in modern power systems such as power converters and adjustable speed drivers. Power quality has been a greater interest in voltage sags due to their impacts on the performance of sensitive equipment (SE). Malfunction or failure of the equipment that leads to work or production losses can be caused by voltage sags. As a result, it is essential to have information on equipment sensitivity. If the magnitude and duration of voltage sag exceed the equipment sensitivity threshold, the equipment can be malfunctioned, and such a consequence can affect an entire automatic process, resulting in high economical losses. Reclosers and fuses are the main overcurrent protection devices in distribution systems. Poor coordination could adversely impact on the sensitive equipment. This paper presents a method to analyze the impacts of voltage sags and protection coordination on sensitive equipment. A fault position method and mathematical equations for protective devices are used to set up the protection setting and to calculate voltage sags. Voltage tolerance thresholds and protective device characteristics are used to analyze protection and sensitive equipment coordination. Based on the results, new settings for protective devices are done to consider sensitive equipment in distribution systems. The Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) bus 2 is used to analyze the impact of voltage sags and protection coordination system on the sensitive equipment in distribution systems.
Index Terms-- sensitive equipment, voltage sag, protection coordination.
I. INTRODUCTION sag is a short-duration reduction in rms voltage between 0.1 and 0.9 p.u. with duration from 0.5 cycles to 1 min [1-3]. Voltage sags that affect sensitive load are usually caused by faults somewhere on transmission and distribution systems. Voltage magnitude and duration are essential characteristics of voltage sag. The magnitude of voltage sags mainly depends on the fault location and fault type and some other factors such as the pre-fault voltage, transformer connection, and fault impedance [2-3]. The voltage sag magnitude, which is expressed in percent or per unit, is calculated by short-circuit analysis. The voltage sag duration is defined as the flow duration of the fault duration of the fault current in a network. Therefore, the duration is determined by the characteristics of the system protection devices such as overcurrent relays, circuit breakers and fuses. Generally, the duration is calculated by adding the intentional time delay considering protection coordination to the fault clearing time of each device. Much sensitive equipment are used in modern industrial with renewable energy such as computers, programmable logic controllers, adjustable speed drives, and robotics. Many industrial customers using sensitive equipment suffer from voltage sags. Malfunctioning or failure of this equipment can be caused by voltage sags that lead to work or production stops. To analyze these cases, it is essential to have information of the sensitivity of the equipment. If the magnitude and duration of voltage sag exceed the equipment threshold sensitivity, the equipment is damaged, and such damage can effect an entire process at the customer site associate cost. Therefore, characteristics of the sensitivity equipment must be provided by the manufacturer or obtained by tests. System performance, which can be expressed by the expected sag frequency in the site, can be estimated through the monitoring of the supply or stochastic prediction methods. In distribution system, protection devices are circuit breakers, reclosers and fuses [4]. The coordination of protection devices are presented as fault clearing process. Poor coordination adversely impacts the overall power quality especially from the momentary voltage interruption and voltage sags [5-6]. For example, improper coordination between a midline recloser and downstream fuses in a fuse-saving scheme can cause unnecessary momentary interruptions and voltage sags downstream from the recloser. In practice, the recloser in fast mode should operate for a temporary fault and give the fault a chance to clear and operate faster than the fuse. For permanent fault, a lateral fuse should be opened to clear the fault. However, duration of recloser and fuse setting may be longer than an allowed duration of sensitive equipment. Therefore, recloser-fuse system could not protect the sensitive equipment. This paper presents a novel approach to detect which protective device will be operated to clear a short-circuit condition and will protect sensitive equipment. Coordination of protective devices is used to help incorrect settings of overcurrent relays and power quality on sensitive equipment.
OLTAGE
64
II. PROTECTION COORDINATION Fig. 1 shows traditional fuse-recloser coordination in distribution systems [6]. In recloser function, there is an interval between each operation when the recloser remains open. If the fault is temporary, recloser will clear before the fuse. If the fault persists after the recloser closes then the fault has to be a permanent one and hence fuse must operate to cut it off. The general coordination is that the fuse should only operate for a permanent fault on the load feeder. However if the fault is a temporary fault or the fault occurs behind the recloser, the recloser should disconnect the circuit with fast operation and give the fault a chance to clear. Recloser also provides back up function when a fuse fails to blow up. In order to have a correct operation, the fuse must be coordinated with upstream recloser on the main feeder. In Fig. 1, the TC curve of the fuse is below slow curve of recloser in coordination range. Therefore, for a permanent fault, fuse will open before recloser will back it up by operating in slow mode and finally locking out. The coordination curves of recloser and fuse have to be modified. The fuse-recloser coordination range graph between I fault max and I fault min . Therefore, as long as the fault current values for faults on lateral feeder are within coordination range, the fuse-recloser coordination is accepted. We can see that the fast characteristic of the recloser lies below the MM characteristic of fuse between I fault max and I fault min . So, in coordination range the recloser operates in less time than the time sufficient to damage the fuse.
Fig. 1. Recloser-fuse coordination range.
III. FAULT POSITION METHOD Fault position method is used to calculate voltage sags in this paper. Bus m is selected as the bus where the sensitive equipment is connected. The voltage sag at bus m caused by three-phase fault along the line k j will be shown as following [8-9]. A fault at a fictitious position p on the line k j , defined as the ratio of length between bus k and fault location to the length of the line k j or p = Lkp / Lkj . The voltage at bus m , when a fault occurs at the
position p between k and j , can be calculated from
012 012 012 Vm = Vm [ Z mp ]I 012 p
(1) between bus (2) can be calculated from and the fictitious bus
The voltage equation in (1) is in terms of the transfer bus impedance . The value of matrix is
is calculated based on the type of faults. The value of matrix
(3) is a diagonal 3x3 matrix of impedance of transmission line The pre-fault voltage at the fault position is (4) where and are the prefault voltages at buses and , respectively. .
65
When a three-phase fault occurs, the voltage sag at bus m can be expressed as 1 Z mp Vmfault = Vmpref 1 V ppref (5) Z pp IV. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND SOLUTION The problem addressed in this paper can be stated as follows: Assuming a three-phase fault and calculating the fault current and voltage in test system, it is determined which protective device interrupts the fault. Moreover, this paper concentrates on fuse and recloser operations based on sensitive equipment characteristics. We have assumed that a three-phase fault occurs; the fault current and voltage are input to the algorithm. Some qualities are estimated as follows: 1) the magnitude of the fault current I fault , 2) the duration in which the recloser characteristic curves. (I fault , t fault SE ) is defined as the protective device operation point which must be between the coordination range and above fuses minimum melting time in the case of a fuse operation, or on the reclosers fast or delayed curve in the case of recloser operation (see Fig. 2). fault current I fault flows in the protective device, t fault SE . These two parameters will be compared to fuse and
Fig. 2. Protective coordination.
V. APPLICATION AND RESULTS The proposed method is applied to the RBTS bus 2 (see Fig. 3) [10]. Three-phase fault occurs at bus 18 in the test system. The fault position method is used to calculate the fault current and voltage. Bus 2 is assumed to be a sensitive bus. In the simulation, the operation range of the recloser and fuses are set to be 200 to 6000A. The recloser has fast and slow pickup currents of 184A and 452A respectively. The lateral is protected by a 100 K-type fuse link. Let us make the following assumptions: 1) time-current characteristic curves of fuses and reclosers used in the feeder and 2) sensitive equipment characteristics are available (see in Fig. 4). Case 1: Simulation of Recloser-Fuse Coordination with Consideration of Sensitive Equipment. Assume the utilities are protected by a 100 K-type fuse link and recloser on the main feeder upstream from the fuse. Voltage sag measured at the sensitive equipment was analyzed by using the fault position method. The duration and magnitude of the fault current are estimated to be and based on the approach described before. The results indicate that the fuse coordinations well with the recloser considering sensitive equipment are 100 K-type and 80 K-type, respectively. Figures 5 and 6 show the operation point on the recloser and fuse coordination curve.
66
Fig. 3. RBTS bus 2 test system.

10
3
Fig. 4. Voltage sag ride-through capacity curve from 0 to 100s.

10
3
10
10
10 Time(s)
10 Time(s)
10
10
10
-1
10
-1
10
-2
10
2
-2
10
10 Current(A)
10
10
10 Current(A)
10
Fig. 5. Fuse 100 K-type coordination with the recloser to clear three-phase fault at bus 18.
Fig. 6. Fuse 80 K-type coordination with the recloser to clear three-phase fault at bus 18.
Fig. 7. Protection coordination with 100 K-type and 80 K-type fuse when fault occurs along line 11 (from bus 5 to bus 18).
Case 2: Simulation with Fault Along Lines Based on the fault location method, a three-phase fault will be occur along line 11 (from bus 5 to bus 18) on the feeder 1 as shown in Fig. 7. It is shown that 100 K-type fuse can coordinate with recloser to protect sensitive equipment if the fault occurs. The estimated fault current flowing in the fuse were 2.33 kA, 2.62KA and 2.45kA corresponding with fault location 0.1, 0.5 and 1, respectively. Vulnerable duration is 0.5s based on the sensitive
67
equipment characteristic. Figure 7 shows that if a fault occur at midline, 80 K-type fuse cannot protect the sensitive equipment, but 100 K-type fuse can protect with the protection coordination. VI. CONCLUSION The proposed method is to detect fuse and recloser operations with consideration of impacts on sensitive equipment in distribution system. The method requires sensitive equipment data, and time-current characteristic curves of the protective devices. The fault position method is used as a fast method for fault calculation. The effectiveness of the techniques is tested for the impacts of voltage sags and protection coordination on sensitive equipment. Results for the test system show good results. VII. REFERENCES
IEEE Std 1159-1995: IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality. M.H.J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruption, New York: IEEE Press, 2000. R.C. Dungan, M.F. McGranaghan, and H.W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, McGraw Hill, 1996. J.M. Gers and E.J. Holmes, Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks. London, U.K.: Inst. Elect. Eng., 2004. L. Comassetto, D.P. Bernardon, L.N. Canha and A.R. Abaide, Automated Coordination and Optimization Tool of Protection Devices for Distribution System, PowerEng., April 12-14, 2007, Portugal. [6] S. Chaitusaney and A. Yokoyama, Prevention of Reliability Degradation from Recloser-Fuse Miscoodination Due To Distribution Generation, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 4, October 2008. [7] C.H. Park, G. Jang, Stochastic Estimation of Voltage Sags in a Large Mesh Network, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No. 3, July 2007. [8] Le Viet Tien and Thavatchai Tayjasanant, An Analytical Approach for Stochastic Estimation of Voltage Sags in Power Systems, ECTI-CON 2008, Vol. 2, May 14-17, 2008. [9] Y.S. Lim and G. Strbac, Analytical Approach to Probabilistic Prediction of Voltage Sags on Transmission Networks, IEEE Proc.Gener. Transmi. Distrib, Vol. 149, No. 1, January 2002. [10] R.N. Allan, R. Billiton, I. Sjarief, L. Goel, and K.S. So, A Reliability Test System for Education Purposes Basic Distribution System Data and Results, IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 6, No. 2, May 1991. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES Le Viet Tien was born in Vietnam, in 1980. He received the B. Eng. in electrical engineering from Hanoi University of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam in 2003. He is a lecturer at Department of Power Systems, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology.
68
Session 2
Technical( economic an$ policy iss!es for renewable energy
#ession 2
C$airs)
Prof. /amid >en !$med3 ENS Cachan Dr. -guyen Kuan /oang 'iet3 HUST
69
Session 2
4eynote #ect!re
Renewable Energy De%elo&ment in 'ietnam

2g!yen 0nh T!an nstitute of Energy, Vietnam
1. Rationale "$e use of renewable energies for coo=ing3 &roducing $ot water and electricity for lig$ting was &erformed long ago. /owe%er3 de%elo&ment of RE tec$nology for &ower generation is began recently3 mainly $ydro&ower3 solar &ower3 wind &ower and geot$ermal &ower. 0it$ tec$nology im&ro%ement3 =nowledge of materials3 manufacture cost reduction in recent years3 de%elo&ment of RE is strongly encouraged. In t$e world3 main moti%e for RE de%elo&ment is t$e oil crisis in *#7< and *#7#- +3 t$en en%ironmental im&acts3 security of energy su&&ly3 energy resource di%ersification L are t$e factors w$ic$ need consideration in RE de%elo&ment &rograms. 'ietnam s$ould de%elo& RE in order to ensure energy su&&ly security3 im&ro%ing &ublic $ealt$3 en%ironmental &rotection3 ada&tation to t$e climate c$ange3 creating 7obs and tec$nology de%elo&ment. 'ietnam needs &olicies on coordination and sustainability at national le%el and regions for enlarging RE mar=etM &romotion and de&loyment of tec$nologies and &ro%iding o&&ortunities in im&ortant sectors in energy mar=et. 2. C!rrent stat!s of renewable energy !se in ietnam E%en t$oug$ renewable energies ?eBce&t $ydro&ower@ account for small s$are of total energy su&&ly in t$e world and in 'ietnam3 t$e number of &ower &ro7ects using RE in 'ietnam is more t$an doubled from 1+++ to 1+*+. /owe%er3 current selling electricity &rice to t$e national grid is not attracti%e to in%estors. RE accounts for <.,N of total installed ca&acity in 1+*+3 $owe%er3 according to t$e latest e%aluation about *D< of RE &ro7ects sto&&ed t$eir o&eration. "$e installed ca&acity of RE &ower ?included small $ydro&ower &ro7ects wit$ ca&acity less t$an *+M0@3 is 7#+ M0. /owe%er3 if small $ydro are eBcluded3 installed ca&acity of RE in 1+*+ is about *#+ M03 mainly from biomass3 solid wastes3 solar and wind energies. Growt$ rate of biomass &ower sector made strong c$ange of &ower generation structure. "$e &ower generation is mainly &roduced in 81 sugar &lants3 using bagasse in cogeneration tec$nologies ?&roduction of electricity and steam@. "otal installed &ower ca&acity of biomass &ower &ro7ects is *,+ M03 and at &resent t$ere are some &ower &lants w$ic$ are selling electricity to t$e national &ower grid $a%e eB&ansion &lans.
70
Session 2
Small HPP 600

Table 1: Installed capacity of RE power plant, by end of 2010 (MW) Biomass 150 Biogas 0,5 PV 2 Wind 37,5
3. /ro$!ction costs an$ barriers "$e main barriers to RE de%elo&ment is t$e $ig$ &roduction cost. Many new tec$nologies of RE3 including wind3 solar and biofuels can and will be economically com&etiti%e to t$e fossil fuels and can meet a &ortion of energy demand in 'ietnam. "$e most matured tec$nologies w$ic$ $a%e relati%ely com&etiti%e &roduction costs are $ydro&ower3 wind3 biomass and geot$ermal. "$e solar P's $a%e $ig$ cost but it is steadily reduced due to &rogress in manufacturing tec$nologies. In 'ietnam3 according to studies in -ational Master Plan on Renewable Energy De%elo&ment3 t$e RE &roduction costs are as follows) Cost
Small $ydro
0ind
Rice $us=
>agasse
5andfil gas
0astes combustion
Solar P'
Geot$ermal
'-DD =0$
<++*+++
*1++* ++
#++- 7++*9++ *1++
7++- ++
*9++-* ++
<9++9+++
**++-*9++
EBce&t $ig$ &roduction cost3 t$ere are some ot$er barriers to RE de%elo&ment as follows) 5ac= of &olicies and su&&ort organi:ations for RE de%elo&ment ?see section below@ 5ac= of information and database ser%ing &lanning and &olicy ma=ing -ot yet de%elo&ed tec$nologies and su&&ort ser%ices for RE de%elo&ment Difficult access to ca&ital resource for de%elo&ment of RE &ro7ects
". &!pporting policies an$ organi7ation !s mentioned abo%e3 t$e c$aracteristics of RE are) de&endencies muc$ on natural conditions ?suc$ as water3 solar3 wind3 locationsL@3 &remature tec$nologies3 and &roduction costs $ig$er t$an t$e traditional energies. "$erefore3 in order to de%elo& RE3 it needs su&&orting &olicy tools suc$ as "uota mechanism, feed7in tariff mechanism, contract 1idding mechanism and ta8 credit mechanism2 %. /erspecti)e !ccording to eB&erts of Institute of Energy3 RE $as $ig$ &otential3 $owe%er3 in order to eB&loit t$em3 su&&ort mec$anisms are needed. !ccording to t$e assumed scenarios of RE de%elo&ment3 'ietnam can de%elo& <,++ -,+++ M03 corres&onding to *+ billions =0$Dy3 from RE by 1+1,3 if t$ere are suitable su&&ort &olicies I t$is is one significant contribution for meeting national electricity demand.
71
Current status and perspectives for RE development in Vietnam

Dr. Nguyen Anh Tuan,
Institute of Energy (IE),Vietnam

72
Contents
1 Rationale for RE development in Vietnam
RE potential and current status Regulatory framework for RE development in VN
3 4
Perspectives and challenges
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1. Rationale for RE development

Fast economic growth
GDP growth during the past 10 years: 7.2% GDP growth for the next 10 years: 7.0%:
High increase in energy and electricity demand

Electricity growth rate was 14,5%/y Projected increase by 13%/y up to 2020
TWh
Good foundation of regulatory framework

Targets were identified in different decrees FIT for Wind; ACT for SHP
Relatively abundant RE resources

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1. Perspective outlook
Resources Estimated supply capability in physical units Estimated supply capability in MTOE 180 160
Coal Crude oil
99.6 -113 million tons 20 22 million tons
50 62 mtoe 140 20 22 mtoe 120

8.64 mtoe 100 1.88 mtoe 6.5 mtoe 9 20 mtoe 80 60 40
Natural gas 9.6 13 bcm Wind energy 10,000 20,000 MW ~ 22 billion kWh
18,000 20,000 MW Hydro electricity ~ 75 80 billion kWh Biomass Total supply
20
0 Demand Supply
75
96 121 mtoe
Sources: Based on from various master plans and studies
2. RE potential and current status

Potential for power generation Wind Solar Biogas Biomass SHP Ocean Geothermal 3,000-6,000 MW 4-5kWh/m2 (10,000 MW) >100 MW >2,500 MW 5,000 - 7,000 MW Preliminary assessment: 100-200 MW (North) ?? (Identified sources 340 MW) Current status (2012) 55 MW 4 MW(grid connected 0.18 MW) >2.5 MW 150 MW 900 MW 0 0
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2. Vietnam current RE Deployment
Market diffusion - for one country, some RE technologies may have reached the take-off phase while other technologies may still be at the inception phase Vietnam
Market Consolidation Phase Where deployment grows towards maximum practicable level
Small hydro: 900 MW Biomass: 150 MW Mini-hydro: 33 MW Wind: 55 MW Wood gasifier: 0.36 MW MSW: 2.4 MW Thailand Wind: 0.0054 MW Solar: 4 MW Solar: 0.006 MW Wind: 7.28 MW Solar: 256.13 MW Hydro: 95.7 MW Cambodia Biomass: 1796 MW Lao PDR Small,micro hydro: MWS: 27.48 MW Small hydro: 11.3 MW 13.37 MW Biomass: 3.5 MW Biomass: 0.087 MW Solar: 0.1 MW Solar: 3 MW
Myanmar
Inception Phase When first examples of a technology is deployed
Take-Off Phase When the market grows rapidly, leading to widespread deployment
Inception
Take-Off
Consolidation
Source: IEA, 2011
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2. RE potential and current status

Small hydro power and electricity generation from RE (gridconnected), up to 31/12/2011 Total electricity generation from RE: 3.65 TWh, accounts for 3.6% only. Dominated by electricity from small hydro-power (97% of total RE). Electricity generation from RE in last 10 years showed insignificant share. Wind Power just emerged from 22/08/2009, and municipal solid waste from 2005.
TWh 2011
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3. Regulatory framework for RE development

Policies Decision No. 18/QD-BCT, dated 18/8/2008 on promulgation of avoided cost based tariffs schedule and standard power purchase agreement Decision No. 37/2011/QD-TTg, dated 29/06/2011 by Prime Minister on wind power price subsidy mechaniem Main contents related to RE promotion + Regulation on conditions, procedures for development, amendment and cancellation of electricity generation tariff applied for RE small power plants connected to the national power grid. Standard power purchase agreement. + Applicable for organizations, individuals purchasing electricity from RE small power plants. + To purchase whole electricity via standard power purchase agreement (20 years). + Priority given to investment capital, tax, fees, land use + Grid connected electricity price subsidy: purchase price is equal to 7.8 Uscents/kWh + Applied for CDM + Priority given to development of RE for electricity production: reaches 4.5% of total electricity production in 2025, 6% in 2030 - About 13,000MW from RE during planning period + Electrification by 2020 most households will have electricity: 600 thousand households will be supplied with electricity from RE + Solutions of electricity price (ensuring cost recovery + reasonable profit).
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Decision No. 1208/QDTTg, ngy 21/07/2011 by Prime Minister approving Nationa Power Development Plan VII
3. Regulatory framework for RE development

Targeted grid-connected RE
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3. Summary of existing incentives and supporting schemes

Import tax: Exemption for goods which can not yet be produced locally
Corporation income tax: o Tax rate: 10% for duration of 15 years, possible extension to 30 years o Tax exemption for first 4 years, 50% tax reduction for next 9 years Accelerated depreciation rate
Power purchasing price: requiring EVN to purchase all of electricity generated from RE resources based on standardized power purchase agreement oLand use levy and fee: free
Environment protection fee: free
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3. RE Policies and Electricity Supply Industry
Policy design must be consistent with the structure of the market
Tax Measures
Investment Incentives Policy Instruments
Feed-in Tariffs
Obligations
Tradable Certificates Power Sector Reforms Purchasing Agency Wholesale Competition Retail Competition
Monopoly
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4. Key Challenges
Economic and financial
Policy, regulatory and institutional
Technical
Awareness/Information
83
Economic and financial barriers
High costs of technology and power purchase price compared to

conventional power Subsidies for conventional power
Scarcity of financial sources

Domestic banks: o Limited capital to provide sufficient finance to RE projects on large scale o Lack of experience of banks on RE sector Limited finance from international banks
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Policy, regulatory and institutional barriers

No Renewable Energy law which regulates investment First legal framework for wind only: Decision No.37/2011/Q-TTg on
support mechanism for wind power development

o Tariff of 7.8 US cents/KWh: rather low for Vietnam o Uncertainty concerning the details in the application of this decision No price based support schemes to promote other forms of RE Too low electricity purchasing price for other forms of RE Land use conflict (e.g., many wind projects in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces delayed due to titanium reserves on site) Not consistent planning between provincial authorities and government
leads to delay of projects

85
Technical barriers
Inadequate infrastructure (such as quality of roads, bridges,

transportations, etc) is high challenges for project development Very early stage of development of vocational trainings and
curriculum on Renewable Energy development at Universities

Lack of local experts and engineers which consequently creates strong dependence on foreign experts. Lack of domestic production capacities for most RE technologies (import dependence)
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Awareness/Information barriers
No national planning of RE resources (e.g., wind and solar power
planning)
Lack of reliable information and data on national RE resource potential Lack of information and awareness about technical know-how and technological development New technologies in Vietnam; no lobby groups (few association, weak support from population, companies etc.)
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Conclusions
Vietnam has high potential to develop RE projects on various scales. Government has an interest in RE development due to rapidly increasing power demand for ensuring of a sustainable socio-economic development. Government has recently shown its commitment to promote RE development through several incentives, but not strong enough to attract investors from inside and outside of the country
A combination of intervention measures is necessary to address both economic and non-economic barriers. The choice of measures is country and technology specific, and depends on the current level of market diffusion of a given RE technology as well as the national context
Integrated approach for supporting RE, Strong regulatory framework, Financial incentives, Capacity building, Stimulate R&D
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Thank you
tuannguyen.icd@gmail.com
89
Session 2
"ec$nical Issues for -ew and Renewable Energy De%elo&ment in 'ietnam

2g!yen 3!an -oang iet Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract - In recent years3 t$ere $as been an eB&onential growt$ of im&lementation of renewable energy generation systems. "$e de%elo&ment of Distributed Generation ?DG@ system is growing ra&idly due to its sim&le integration into buildings. "$e connection of DG systems to &ower networ= may $a%e interactions between DG systems and t$e &ower networ=. 6n t$e one $and3 wit$ t$e increasing &enetration of DG systems into electric &ower networ=s3 DG systems can &ro%ide im&acts on t$e o&eration of t$e networ= and sometimes may cause malfunction for t$is networ=. 6n t$e ot$er $and3 a disturbance on t$e networ= could $a%e an im&ortant im&act on DG system o&eration. So t$at3 t$is &a&er addresses t$e mutual im&act of grid interconnected DG systems and distribution networ=s. "$e ob7ecti%es of t$is &a&er are to o%ercome t$e s$ortcomings of t$e tec$nology on t$e connection of DG systems to t$e distribution networ= in 'ietnam. It also aims to &ro%ide answers to malfunction situations of installation in t$is field by some networ= o&erators. Keywords - DG system3 Im&act3 Distribution networ=3 Interaction.
90
TECHNICAL ISSUES FOR NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM

Viet Nguyen-Xuan-Hoang, Tung Le-Duc, Chau Le-Thi-Minh
Department of electric power systems, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 01 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: Tung.leduc-see@hust.edu.vn
ABSTRACT-In recent years, there has been an exponential growth of implementation of renewable
energy generation systems. The development of Distributed Generation (DG) system is growing rapidly due to its simple integration into buildings. The connection of DG systems to power network may have interactions between DG systems and the power network. On the one hand, with the increasing penetration of DG systems into electric power networks, DG systems can provide impacts on the operation of the network and sometimes may cause malfunction for this network. On the other hand, a disturbance on the network could have an important impact on DG system operation. So that, this paper addresses the mutual impact of grid interconnected DG systems and distribution networks. The objectives of this paper are to overcome the shortcomings of the technology on the connection of DG systems to the distribution network in Vietnam. It also aims to provide answers to malfunction situations of installation in this field by some network operators .
Keywords - DG system, Impact, Distribution network, Interaction.
1. INTRODUCTION
Major sources of commercial energy in Vietnam are coal, petroleum, and hydropower. Significant number of households is using traditional solid fuels in residential sector for heating, light and cooking. Vietnam for instant is net exporter of energy due to its oil and coal resources. However, in the future, with the exhaustion fossil resources, using other sources of energy are need. Vietnam has good constant new and renewable sources: Solar energy: 2,000-2,500 hours of sunshine per year. In the southern and central reas, solar radiation levels range from 4 to 5.9 kWh/m2/day, uniformly distributed throughout the year. The solar energy in the north is estimated to vary from 2.4 to 5.6 kWh/m2/day. Wind energy: With a coastline of 3,000 km, and average wind speeds of 5.6 m/s in coastal regions, and up to 8 m/s on certain islands, the potential for wind power generation is high. The theoretical wind energy capacity in Vietnam is approximately 513 GW. Biomass energy: Biomass resources that could be used for generating electricity include rice husks, paddy straw, bagasse (sugar cane, coffee husk, and coconut shell), wood and plant residue, with an estimated potential of 1000-1600 MW However, the effect extraction of renewable energy is very poor: 4MW PV solar, 135MW wind power (data of 2013). To promote the development of renewable energy, the paper presents the technical issues for connect the new and renewable source into power system. More specifically, we focus on the Distributed Generation used the renewable energies and interation between DG and Distribution networks.
2. IMPACTS OF DG SYSTEMS ON DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

This section describes the potential impacts of Distributed Generation on Distribution networks. They cover voltage, current and power phenomena arising from the individual or multiple operations of DG systems
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A. Voltage rise and voltage fluctuations The connection of DG on a distribution network induces, because of injection of power, a variation of the voltage profile and power flows on the network. Let us consider a Grid-connected DG system (figure 1).
Figure 1. Grid-Connected DG systems The voltage drop between the substation and the connection point of a DG system is determined by:
V R( PG PL ) X (QG QL QC ) VL
R, X : Resistance and the total reactance of the line PG, QG: Active and reactive power supplied by PV PL, QL: Active and reactive power consumption QC: Reactive power compensation device The figure 2 shows the variation of the voltage when DG systems connected to network. Thus, the installation of these productions can provide overvoltage on distribution network in case of low loads and strong DG system intensity.
Figure 2. Variation of the voltage when DG systems connected to network Different solutions have been proposed to deal with this impact such as (a) limit the effective output of the inverters when overvoltage occurs, (b) turn the inverters to voltage regulators as soon as the upper voltage limit is reached, (c) adjust the reactive power adapted to control the voltage [1]. The changes of network operation (load and generation variation) and the intermittent productions of certain DG system (wind and photovoltaic power system) can cause power flow or voltage fluctuations in the distribution line. These voltage fluctuations provoke the braking or the acceleration torques from motors connected directly to the network and the impairment of electronic equipment when fluctuations pass. Thus, R&D on new voltage control techniques are necessary, which enable to maintain network voltage control with DG technologies (short / medium term).
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B. Current harmonics and DC Current Injection into the network

PV array
R2 +
Power converter
D1 D3
S1S4 VDC_PV ?i
s1++ p+ 1 2 s1 p1 s2+ + 1 2 s2
S2S3
?i + cSW2 ?i + cSW1
C1 !v?v
D2
D4
2 transformer
+
C2 !v?v S2S3
S1S4
Grid
Current Harmonics DC current
Figure 3. Current harmonics and DC Current Injection into the network The electrical devices comprising electronic is harmonic source (Fig.3). The consequences of these harmonics can affect on some electronic devices: malfunction (synchronization, switching), untimely disjunctions, measurement errors on energy meters ... In addition, the temperature rise may, in the medium term, reduce the life of rotating machines, capacitors, power transformers and neutral conductors. The main sources of existing harmonics in the networks are nonlinear loads, mainly present in the MV and LV levels. However, the inverters still contribute to the increase of current harmonics because they often operate at reduced power. These two researchs ([2]-[3]) show that multiple inverters of the same type on the network can increase the harmonics while the inverters of different type tend to attenuate harmonics generated. When multiple inverters are the same type, current peaks can addition and increase rate of current harmonics. On the other hand, the inverters inject DC current to the network, especially the inverter with high frequency transformer [4-5]. The research [6] also indicates that the presence of DC current also has a important impact on the total harmonic distortion which up to a value of 40%, it is exceed the regulatory values. Impact of DC currents on network equipment mainly concerns distribution transformers, Residual Current Devices (RCD), current transformers, energy meters, pipelines and metallic structures. Of these, critical effects are to be expected on RCDs (trips exceeding the nominal value due to the presence of DC currents) and distribution transformers (harmonic distortion, losses, heating and noise increases). C. Contribution to short-circuit capacity In the case of a short circuit on the network, the DG system courant contribute to the short-circuit current. A concern exists that under high penetration of DG systems, this contribution supply a significant fraction of the fault current, reducing the one flowing through the substation and therefore hampering fault detection. This situation arises particularly in end of the network, with lines to high impedance and high penetration of DG systems. The coordination of the different protections (network, DG systems, and customers) at different fault current levels is therefore a critical issue to guarantee short-circuits protection. In this case, effective means of limiting short-circuit current contribution by voltage-control type inverters must be proposed. D. Ground faults The ground faults appears due to the electrical nature of DG systems and their particular location (exposed to outdoor meteorological conditions as well as to eventual faults coming from the distribution network or the electrical installation), insulation failures between current-carrying conductors and ground, this fault cannot be totally excluded during the systems lifetime. Thus, measurements of ground faults currents in grid-connected DG systems should be carried out on a long time basis, in order to gain further experience and produce technical recommendations (monitoring, disabling) as well as input for relevant standards.
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3. IMPACTS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS ON DG SYSTEMS

In this section, the impacts of Distribution networks on Distributed Generators systems are described. The phenomena causing disturbance of the DG system operation are many and multiple origins. They usually derive from characteristics of distribution networks or from the voltage quality degraded by other users (consumers or producers) or a combination of these two causes. They lead to unjustified disconnections of DG systems. A. Voltage sags
Busbar2
110/22k V
DG system
Busbar1
22/0.4kV
V (pu) 1 0.8
DG system
Figure 4. Voltage sags in Grid-connected DG systems Voltage sags in electrical systems are defined as sudden reductions of the voltage followed by a voltage recovery after a short period of time, ranging from a few cycles to a few seconds. Whose depth and duration vary and depend on network configuration, operating state and on eventual 6 presence of DG systems. A special concern in this sense is the loss of generation resulting from the disconnection of a significant amount of DG after a voltage sag, particularly in scenarios with large DG penetration [7]. For example, at distribution levels, the disconnection of significant amount of these DG systems could have local and global impact on the network operation, in particular on weak grids. For example, we consider a power system with DG connected to bus-bar 1 (Fig.4). When there is a sort-circuit in bus-bar 2, the voltage sag phenomena in bus-bar 1 cause the unwanted disconnection of DG system. At transmission levels, large wind parks could adversely affect the stability of the network in case of sudden disconnection due to a network disturbance. Currently, the philosophy of disconnecting at first sign of trouble is not acceptable anymore, it is necessary to have adequate and realistic immunity requirements for inverters against voltage sags [8]. B. Voltage swells Voltage swells in electrical systems are temporary increases of the voltage above a threshold, typically 1.1 times the nominal value. They are usually related to electrical systems fault conditions (e.g. temporary voltage rise on the unfaulted phases during a single-to-ground fault); they can be also caused by switching off large loads or energizing large capacitor banks. The power inverters have high sensitivity to voltage swells [9]. Future technical requirements for the interconnection of DG technologies should consider immunity issues in order to positively contribute to safety and quality goals without imposing significant additional constraints on DG equipment. Current standards of inverters lack detailed requirements of decoupling protection against voltage swells. C. Superimposed harmonics and inter-harmonics on the grid voltage Interharmonics are voltages or currents whose frequencies are not an integer of the fundamental; they can appear as discrete frequencies or as a wide band spectrum. The superimposed harmonics on the grid voltage have their origin in the harmonic currents drawn by the nonlinear loads present in the MV and LV levels, the harmonic voltages then propagate around distribution systems and branch circuits not concerned with carrying the harmonic currents. They also appear when linear loads operate under distorted voltage conditions. The interharmonics are produced by rapid load variations, or saturation of transformers. Interharmonics are produced by rapid load variations, or saturation of transformers [10].
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A high level of robustness against these phenomena is however very important, given their increasing presence in electricity networks.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented an overview of technical issues to connect DG system into power system. We have shows that the Vietnam Grid connects DG system Standard is necessary for the development of renewable energy in Vietnam.
REFERENCES
[1] Tan, W.S., Hassan, M.Y. ; Rahman, H.A. ; Abdullah, P. ; Hussin, F., Multi-distributed generation planning using hybrid particle swarm optimisation- gravitational search algorithm including voltage rise issue, Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET (Volume:7 , Issue: 9 ), 2013 [2] "Demonstration test results for grid interconnected photovoltaic power systems". Report IEA-PVPS T502:1999 [3] Halcrow Group, DTI, Co-ordinated experimental research into power interaction with the supply network Phase 1 (ETSU S/P2/00233/REP), 1999. <http://www.dti.gov.uk/publications> [4] V. Salas, DC injection into the network from PV grid inverters , IEEE 2006 [5] Projet DISPOWER, Identification of general safety problems, definition of test procedures and design measures for protection, 2006. [6] DC Injection into Low Voltage AC Networks, University Of Strathclyde, 2005 [7] Chau Le-Thi-Minh, Couplage Onduleurs Photovoltaques et Rseau, aspects contrle/commande et rejet de perturbations, G2Elab INPG France, 2012. [8] Le Thi Minh. C, Tran Quoc. T, Seddik. B, C, Kieny, Solution to Avoid Unwanted Trips for PV Systems Connected to LV Network Facing Voltage Sags, 1st International Workshop on the Integration of Solar Power into Power Systems, Danemark, 2011. [9] DISPOWER project (Contract No. ENK5-CT-2001-00522), Identification of general safety problems, definition of test procedures and design-measures for protection, 2004. http://www.dispower.org [10] "State of the art on dispersed PV power generation: publications review on the impact of PV Distributed Generation and Electricity networks", IEE PV Upscale, WP4-Deliverable 4.1, 2007.
95
Session 2
Medium-term and S$ort-term Electricity Demand .orecasting

8ao -oang !( 4ashem .!tta;i( 0shish 0galgaokar University of %ollongong, Ne$ South %ales, &ustralia
Abstract- .orecasting t$e future load demand is becoming a critical issue due to $ig$ &rice of electricity. !ccurate forecasting of electricity demand will contribute to an effecti%e o&eration of a &ower networ= under an uncertain en%ironment. >ased on time $ori:on3 t$e demand forecasting can be classified as long-term3 medium-term and s$ort-term forecasting. 0$ile t$e medium and long term forecasting are essential in sc$eduling t$e construction of new generation facilities and in de%elo&ment of transmission and distribution systems3 t$e s$ort term forecasting is &redominantly em&loyed to o&timi:e t$e o&eration of t$e &ower system3 and to im&ro%e t$e energy mar=ets. "$is study will re&ort t$e a&&lication of regression analysis to forecast t$e medium-term electricity demand and Oalman filter to &redict t$e s$ort-term load demand of t$e state of -ew Sout$ 0ales3 !ustralia. "$e results s$ow t$at wit$ t$e em&loyment of t$ese met$ods3 t$e corres&ondence between t$e forecasted %alue and t$e actual demand is %ery close3 and t$e error is %ery small wit$ t$e mean absolute &ercentage error is less t$an *.<,N for medium-term3 and less t$an +.9#N for s$ort-term forecasting.
96
University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering Australian power quality and Reliability centre
MEDIUM-TERM AND SHORT-TERM FORECASTING OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND

Principal supervisor: A/Prof. Kashem Muttaqi Co-supervisor: Dr. Ashish Agalgaonkar PhD student: Dao Hoang Vu
97
Outline
Introduction Objectives Methodology Results and discussion Conclusion Acknowledgement
98
Introduction
Dependence of electricity load
Price of electricity energy. Weather condition: temperature, humidity, wind speed. Population. Economic variables: + Gross domestic products (GDP), + Living standard. Technology aspects Customers behaviour: + areas (rural, city), + sectors (residential, commercial, and industrial), + seasonal (winter, summer) + time periods (daylight, night) + type of days (working day, holiday).
99
Introduction
Global warming Boom of population Development of economics Fluctuation of electricity price Higher living standard. Development of technology Change of electricity demand
Importance of load forecasting
Probability of unmet power between generation and demand
100
Introduction
Importance of demand forecasting
Short
term period: electricity market operation, load management. Medium term period: system maintenance planning, generation scheduling, resources acquiring. Long term period: system upgradation, construction of new generating plants.
101
Introduction
Electricity demand forecasting
Historical demand data Other data
Historical demand data: From electricity utility companies. Other data: + Climatic variables: temperature, humidity, wind speed. + Socioeconomic variables: gross domestic products (GDP), population. Prediction model: + Autonomous models (only use demand data): AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA + Condition models (use the other data): Regression, neural network, state space.
102
Prediction Model
Forecasted demand
Objectives
Medium-term forecasting
Forecast the demand in next few months to few years. System maintenance planning, generation scheduling.
Short-term forecasting
Forecast the demand next 30 minutes to next day, next week. Electricity market operation, load management.
103
Methodology
Historical data Regression Model Forecasted demand
Historical data State space Model Forecasted demand
104
Multiple linear regression analysis
Widely used in electricity demand forecasting. Transparent coefficients, easy to analyse.
Regression equation
y = a0 + a j x j + e
j =1 n
Where: + y is the dependent variable, + a0 is the constant, + xj is explanatory variable, + aj is coefficient of xj, + e is the error term, + n is number of independent variables
105
Regression analysis
Demand and temperature
Nonlinear relationship
Electricity demand Balance point temperature
At a certain point of temperature, the demand is low When the temperature is either higher or lower than that point, the demand increases That particular point is Balance point temperature
Heating demand
Cooling demand
Temperature independent demand
Average CDD and HDD:

CDD: cooling degree days HDD: heating degree days
Tb
Temperature
Ideal balance point temperature

106
Regression analysis
Actual balance point temperature
Average Mont hl y D emand [GW ] 10.5 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 11 13 15 17 19 21 Tem perat ure [ 0 C]
2001 2006 Trendlines 2002 2007
Trend line equations and balance point temperatures

Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1999-2010 Trendline equation y = 0.0254x2 - 1.0272x + 17.57 y = 0.0262x2 - 1.0401x + 17.728 y = 0.0263x2 - 1.0426x + 17.861 y = 0.0224x2 - 0.9077x + 16.992 y = 0.0282x2 - 1.1182x + 18.91 y = 0.0338x2 - 1.3175x + 20.8190 y = 0.0300x2 - 1.1930x + 20.0570 y = 0.0261x2 - 1.0435x + 18.848 y = 0.032x2 - 1.2344x + 20.423 y = 0.0252x2 - 1.0057x + 18.589 y = 0.0388x2 - 1.4717x + 22.357 y = 0.0362x2 - 1.3919x + 21.625 y = 0.0301x2 - 1.1757x + 19.497 Balance point temperature 20.2 19.8 19.8 20.3 19.8 19.5 19.9 20.0 19.3 20.0 19.0 19.2 19.5 107
23
25
1999 2004 2009
2000 2005 2010
2003 2008
Regression analysis
Variable selection
Dependent variable: Electricity demand Independent variables: + Cooling degree days (CDD) + Heating degree days (HDD) + Humidity + Number of rainy days Data (19992005) Regression model Model validation Data (20062010) All Data (1999-2010)
Application in demand forecasting

D = c0 + c j x j + e
j =1 m
Where D is the electricity demand, c0 is the constant, xj is explanatory variable, cj is coefficient of xj, e is the error term, and m is number of independent variables
108
Regression analysis
Results
Training period Prediction period
Correspondence between forecasted demand and actual demand is very close. Error is very small. MAPE = 1.02 for the training period, and 1.35 for the prediction period.
109
Correlation of demand in different hours, days
Workdays
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 04-Jan-99 05-Jan-99 07-Jan-99 09-Jan-99 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 8h00 9h00 10h00 8h30 9h30 10h30
Workdays
Weekends
06-Jan-99 08-Jan-99 10-Jan-99
Weekends
Holiday
Sample demand pattern in different days
Sample demand pattern in different hours

110
State space model

Moving window approach
Can capture the pattern of the load sample Can model the load based on the previous values Good for modelling the load in short-term period
Day i-2 Day i-1 Day i Day i+1 0h 0h 1h 1h 00 30 00 30 23h 30
97 96 95 49 48 47 1 0
Demand calculation equation

y ( k ) = a0 ( k ) + a1 ( k ) y ( k 1) + a 2 ( k ) y (k 47) + a3 (k ) y (k 48) + a 4 (k ) y (k 49) + a5 (k ) y (k 95) + a6 (k ) y (k 96) + a7 (k ) y (k 97)
Moving window
111
State space model

State space modelling
X k +1 = Ak X k + wk Z k = H k X k + vk
Where Ak: transition matrix; Xk: State of the system Zk: Observation value Hk: Connection matrix
State space is a powerful way to represent the systems. It is widely used in representing the load model in short-term period. Can apply the powerful statistics, Kalman Filter to estimate the parameter.
Application
Xk: coefficient matrix, Xk=[a0(k) a1(k) a2(k) a3(k) a4(k) a5(k) a6(k) a7(k)]T Ak: constant identity matrix Hk: Connection matrix, Hk=[1 y(k-1) y(k-2) y(k-3) y(k-4) y(k-5) y(k-6) y(k-7)] Zk=yk: the observation at step k
112
State space model

Data
Electricity demand data in January, 1999 of the state of New South Wales, Australia was used to validate the model.
Results
12000 Electricity demand [MW] 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0h00 8h00 16h00 0h00 8h00 16h00 0h00 8h00 16h00 0h00 8h00 16h00 0h00 8h00 16h00 0h00 8h00 16h00 0h00 8h00 16h00 Actual demand Modelled demand
Responses of the forecasting model

Percentate error [%]
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0h00 8h00 0h00 8h00
Variation of errors
0h00
8h00
0h00
8h00
0h00
8h00
0h00
8h00
0h00
16h00
16h00
16h00
16h00
16h00
16h00
8h00
Correspondence between the modelled demand and the actual demand is very close. Error is very small. MAPE = 0.69 for all forecasting period (Jan, 1999).
113
16h00
Conclusion
In medium-term forecasting, the climatic variables are very important. The relationship between demand and temperature is not linear, so using average CDD and HDD to represent temperature is necessary. In short-term period, the pattern of the load and the type of day (working day or holiday) are important for forecasting. The close correspondence between the forecasted demand and the actual demand demonstrate the advance of the forecasting models.
114
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by Hong Duc, Thanh Hoa UOW research scholarship program.
115
Thank you!
116
Session 2
Reconstruction of Syrian Electric Power Infrastructures by Renewable Energy

6. E. #amas( T. In!i( 4. 2akam!ra( 3. Wang( T. :hang( .. Taketani( 2. 2ishi( T. .oriyama( 2. 2akao( R. 0rakawa an$ 4. 0b$earahmano) *oshisha University, 6yoto, -apan
Abstract - 2nder t$e conflict situation in Syria3 all t$e infrastructures $a%e been se%erely damaged3 and t$e ci%il life is really in trouble. EB&ecting t$e end of t$e conflict3 students in t$e Global Resource Management Course of Dos$is$a 2ni%ersity are trying to find a way of su&&orting t$e reconstruction andDor new construction of Syrian electricity infrastructures3 in &articular reference to local and dis&ersed area3 w$ere e%en &resently not enoug$ electric &ower is su&&lied. .ocusing t$e sout$-east &art of Syria3 w$ere a desert and no transmission networ= is eBists3 &ossible installation of &$oto%oltaic ?P'@ solar &ower generation systems toget$er wit$ solar $eating of water3 wind farms and small $ydraulic turbine generators are discussed. >ecause t$e $ydraulic generator $as com&arati%ely $ig$ ca&acity wit$ a low cost and %ery $ig$ efficiency3 it s$ould be t$e first c$oice as far as &ossible if t$ere is a water flow. "$e wind turbine generator can be t$e second c$oice because of 18 $ours o&eration &ossibility and easier maintenance in com&arison wit$ t$e P' solar generation. "$e P' generation system reAuires a storage and a &ower conditioner w$ic$ are rat$er eB&ensi%e. !lso3 it in%ol%es a s$orter life time and an aging &roblem. In Syria3 tem&erature fluctuation wit$in a day reac$es 1+ w$ic$ mig$t result in t$e aging easily. !lso3 sand dusts become a big &roblem for its maintenance. "o reduce t$e aging due to t$e tem&erature difference3 it is &ro&osed to combine wit$ a solar $eating system3 to use $eated-u& water as a tem&erature conditioner for t$e P' solar &anels installed wit$in t$e same boB isolated from t$e eBternal en%ironment in t$e nig$t. "$e $eated-u& water can be also useful in $ouses for an air conditioner and s$ower water. /owe%er3 t$e abo%e reAuires water resource3 i.e. eit$er surface water or underground water flows. In t$e Syrian sout$-east desert3 t$ere is not enoug$ surface water flows. >ut3 it is eB&ected to $a%e underground water flows. "$en3 t$e generated electricity by t$e wind generator and t$e P' generation system mig$t be used to &um&-u& t$e water from t$e underground to t$e eart$ surfaces is done in t$e Eu&$rates Ri%er area. "$e water can be used for farming too in t$e desert by ado&ting a water-dro&&ing &i&e system ?not s&raying@ w$ic$ is %ery effecti%e in a desert area as $as been widely used in Israel. .urt$ermore3 t$e &um&ed-u& water mig$t be =e&t in a water reser%oir ?dam@ w$ic$ s$ould be constructed. If it is constructed in a $ig$er &lace3 t$e reser%ed water is used to generate electricity by using a $ydraulic turbine generator during t$e water su&&ly to $ouses and farmer lands. In future3 if sufficient electricity can be su&&lied by t$e wind farms3 t$e solar farms and t$e $ydraulic generators3 a 1<+ =' transmission line is to be constructed to connect !ldwer area ?sout$-eastest@ and "is$ree area ?sout$ west@ across t$e Syrian sout$-east desert so t$at electricity sur&lus can be sent to all t$e Syrian area.
117
Reconstruction of Syrias Electric Power Infrastructure using Renewable Energies

Global Resource Management Program, Doshisha University
J. E. Lamas * T. Inui K. Nakamura X. Wang T. Zhang M. Taketani N. Nishi T. Moriyama N. Nakao R. Arakawa K. Abdrahmanov M. Naito A. Ametani
118
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Energy generation in Syria 3. Assumptions for the study
4. Energy resources in Syria

5. Roadmap
119
1. Introduction
The ongoing civil war in Syria has caused:
Displacement of civilians, refugees Damaged energy infrastructure Many regions isolated from the power network
Reconstruction of the energy infrastructure

Restoring electricity supply for isolated regions is a priority Alternative power generation systems should be proposed
120
1. Introduction
Refugee camps are being set up Electric supply is needed for isolated regions
Northwest region is less densely populated
121
Map: International Rescue Committee, 2013
2. Energy generation in Syria

Gross power generation in Syria (2009)
43, 309 GWh
Balance of electricity distribution

Demand met: north and center Demand not met: south, west and northeast regions
Syrias electricity imports (2010)

13.6 GWh from Jordan 139 GWh from Egypt 330 GWh from Turkey
122
2. Energy generation in Syria

Electric demand (TWh)
Damages in energy infrastructure caused a decrease in power generation

Transmission lines supplying electricity to the northeast region were damaged
Only one hour of electricity each day
Forecasted power generation

90
62.4 77.9 49.9 39.1 21.7
60 30 0 2013 2015
2020
2025
2030
Predicted Population Growth Population (millions)

30
21.5 22.3 25.9 27.9 29.9
20 10 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

123
JICA, 2013
3. Assumptions for the study

Ceasefire is reached in 2013. Decrease of 50% in the availability of the power plants, transmission and distribution lines, compared with 2009.
Gross power generation is considered at 21,655 GWh.
124

Water resources Wind resources Solar resources
125
Map: Worldatlas, 2013
Map: JICA, 2013
Map: ChamSolar Initiative, 2013

Projected increase in power generation
Installed capacity (MW)
Syria has potential for implementing renewable energies Advantages of micro-scale systems using renewable energies
Transmission is not required No need for a constant fuel supply
3000
2500 2000
1500
2500
2000
1500
1000
1000
500
500
6 70 140
220
300
Micro scale systems can be used to supply electricity to isolated regions
0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Photovoltaic power
Wind power
126
JICA, 2013
4.1 Hydroelectric power

Rivers available and flow rate
Euphrates: 734 Khabur: 45 m3/s m3/s
Advantages
Constant power output, low variability
Disadvantages
Must be close to a river or water source
To obtain a 100 kWh system

Flow: Head: 1 m3/s 17 meters
Cost of electricity
13 JPY/kWh
Installation cost
900,000 JPY/kW
127
Image: Nikkei Business Publications, 2013
4.2 Solar photovoltaic power

Average solar irradiation
5 kWh/m2 Advantages
Easy to install; few terrain restrictions
Disadvantages
Efficiency affected by temperature
Solar photovoltaic energy density

170 W/m2
Cost of electricity
53 JPY/kWh
Installation cost
690,000 JPY/kW
128
4.3 Wind power

Energy density varies with wind speeds and tower height Should be installed in a flat and open land Cost of electricity
5 JPY/kWh
Advantages
Low cost; easy to increase capacity
Disadvantages
Sandstorms might damage the components
Installation cost
300,000 JPY/kW
129
4.3 Region for future capacity expansion

Conditions needed
Flat, open area Proximity to a water source High solar irradiance Wind speeds over 5 m/s2 Preferably close to power transmission lines
Al-Tayem: 25 km south 100 MW of power Deir Ez-Zor station
130
Map: One World - Nations Online, 2013
4.4 Water resource management

Power from renewable resources is not on demand
Surplus power can be used to pump water in or out of underground reservoirs
When flow from the Euphrates is high, water can be diverted into reservoirs, and used for irrigation Water storage can also be used to regulate flow between seasons
Iraq demands 60 % of the total Euphrates flow

Water reservoirs may be used to meet this demand
131
Image: Okinawa general bureau, 2013
5. Roadmap
I. Ceasefire II. Photovoltaic and hydroelectric power systems distributed to isolated regions III. Transition government IV. Repair transmission and distribution lines V. Renewal of the hydroelectric power plants. VI. Redistribution of the photovoltaic power systems VII. Raising the fee of the electricity for residential VIII.Wind power and water storage systems in Deir Ez-Zor IX. Concentrated solar tower system in Deir Ez-Zor X. Shift to an electricity exporting country
132
5. Roadmap
I. Ceasefire
The reconstruction of the power infrastructure is started after ceasefire. The northeastern region of Syria isolated from the power network.
II. Photovoltaic and hydroelectric power systems distributed to isolated regions

Batteries are used to provide electricity to residences, and are recharged in a photovoltaic power recharging station. Hospitals and schools receive independent systems to ensure a constant supply of electricity. Micro-scale hydroelectric power systems are installed in the northeast region in the Khabur River to partially restore electric supply.
133
5. Roadmap
III. Transition government
A transition government is established that can manage planning and investments for reconstruction of the energy infrastructure.
Priorities in treatment of victims, reconstruction of damaged cities, restoration of jobs and economy, and
reintegration of the country, should be critically analyzed.
IV. Repair transmission and distribution lines

Restoration of the damaged electric transmission and distribution lines will be required, to connect the northeast regions back to the electric network
134
5. Roadmap
V. Renewal of the hydroelectric power plants.
Tabqa dam currently generates only 150 MW out of the 800 MW installed due to lack of maintenance. Renovation of the facilities would increase the power output.
VI. Redistribution of the photovoltaic power systems

After power is restored, photovoltaic panels that are distributed in stage 2 should be collected and redistributed into other regions without access to electricity. All photovoltaic panels that are no longer needed, should be recollected to form a large scale power plant, located in the region selected for future expansion.
135
5. Roadmap
VII. Raising the fee of the electricity for residential
Currently the annual fee of electricity for a 6 person household is about 43 USD, equivalent to 0.2 % of the total GNI. Increasing the price of electricity would obtain funds for improving the energy infrastructure using renewable energies.
VIII. Wind power and water storage systems in Deir Ez-Zor

The expansion of power generation using renewable energies should be continued into the region south of Deir Ez-Zor. This power plant can be connected to the electric network through the Al Tayem power station. The Euphrates flow rate into Iraq must be maintained at 60 % of the total flow, according to international agreements.
136
5. Roadmap
IX. Concentrated solar tower system in Deir Ez-Zor
Concentrated solar tower systems should be considered, since they benefit from the high solar irradiance in the region.
Energy storage in concentrated solar power systems is more cost effective and can last from 1 hour (using
steam as energy carrier) up to 16 hours (using molten salts as energy carrier).
X. Shift to an electricity exporting country

Finally, Syria should may be able to reduce or stop importing electricity. Natural resources available in Syria appear to be enough to be produce sufficient electricity for exporting.
137
Conclusions
A roadmap was discussed to restore the energy infrastructure in Syria.
Syria counts with potential for renewable energy systems. Micro-scale power systems can provide immediate relief for isolated regions. The region southwest of Deir Er-Zor appears to be suitable for large scale power
plants using renewable energies.

Implementation of renewable energies would reduce natural gas consumption, and allow Syria to export electricity to other countries.
138
Session 2
Current Problem .aced in 'ietnam !ssociated wit$ t$e Integration of Small /ydro and 0ind Energy into 'ietnamese Electricity Grid
2g!yen The -!! Electricity 9egulatory &uthority of Vietnam (E9&V), Vietnam
Abstract - 'ietnam $as redundance &otential of renewable energy. !t commercial le%el3 small $ydro energy and wind energy $as great c$ance to &artici&ate into t$e electricity generation mar=et. 0$ile small $ydro $as growt$ dramatically in recent years3 t$ere are some &roblems wit$ t$e integration and o&eration of small $ydro into t$e national electricity grid. !mong t$em3 grid congestion3 en%ironment &rotection and benefit-s$aring mec$anism for %ulnerable &eo&le are t$e critical &oints. In ot$er case3 wind energy is at t$e %ery first ste& of de%elo&ment. "$ere are only < &ro7ects came into o&eration3 * off-s$ore and 1 on-s$ore. "$e biggest barrier of t$e wind energy integration at t$e moment is low electricity &rice. >ut in legislatureHs &oint of %iew3 tec$nical issues will be more im&ortant in near future. In conclusion3 small $ydro and wind energy are t$e most feasible solutions for t$e clean energy fe%er in t$e neBt decade in 'ietnam.
139
2013 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY HANOI, VIETNAM OCTOBER 2-3, 2013
CURRENT PROBLEM FACED IN VIETNAM ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTEGRATION OF SMALL HYDRO AND WIND ENERGY INTO THE NATIONAL GRID
Presented by:
Mr. N !"#$ T%# H!!

Deputy Director, Planning and Power Demand Supply balance monitoring Division, ELECTR C T! RE"#L$T%R! $#T&%R T! %' ( ET)$*
1
140
C&$'#$'
(ietnam Power Sector %verview Small &PP + Current situation and potential Small &PP: Regulation + Problems ,ind power Current situation and potential ,ind power: Regulation Problems Solutions
141
2
Vietnam Power Sector Overview

Correlation between Pea- load, installed and available capacity in ./0.
$verage electricity consumption growt1 rate in 0223+./0.: 0.,.4 Energy Consumption in ./0.: 0./5.63 7illion -,1
3
142
Vietnam Power Sector O(#r()#* - I$+',--#. C,/,0)'" 120122

mport 9rom C1ina8 ;4 %t1er8 /,./4 "as turbine8 .34
EVN3 45.67 IPP,BOT ,$. &'%#r3 54.17

&ydro8 ;34 %il 9ired t1ermal8 .4 .4 "as t1ermal Coal 9ired t1ermal8 0:4
Total (MW)
Hydro Coal fired thermal Oil fired thermal Gas turbine Gas thermal Diesel & Small hydro Other
4
26,475
12,009 4,900 550 7,446 468 1,170 110
143
V)#'$,9 P&*#r S#0'&r O(#r()#* - E-#0'r)0)'" #$#r,')&$ 120122

mport 9rom C1ina8 .,..4 &ydro8 ;<,2/4 Coal 9ired t1ermal8 0:,2/4 "as t1ermal8 /,.=4 %il 9ired t1ermal8 /,/;4 %t1er8 /,<24 "as turbine8 <;,</4
EVN3 46.817 IPP, BOT, )9/&r'3 50.167
Total (Million kWh)

Hydro Coal fired thermal Oil fired thermal Gas turbine Gas thermal Import from China Export to Cambodia Other
5
120,257
52,795 22,716 43 41,250 311 2,676 1,224 467
144
V)#'$,9 P&*#r S#0'&r O(#r()#* - N#'*&r:

Import from China-220kV
Transmission (oltage Level: 6//-(, ../-(, 00/-( + 6//-(: bac- bone, < region lin+ ../-(: Transmission line in eac1 region, . region lin+ 00/-(: Connected to ../-( Substations or power plans5 + Electri9ication: 2=,04
Import from Laos-220kV
Export to Cambodia 220kV
145
6
V)#'$,9 P&*#r S#0'&r O(#r()#* - P&*#r M,+'#r P-,$
N,')&$,- P&*#r D#(#-&/9#$' P-,$ VII ; in period o9 ./00+././, vision to ./</

Renewable Energy : 2010: <5645 2020: ;5648 2030: =5645 Energy e99iciency: 2014: 6+:48 2020: :+0/45
Total Capital /Annual average (Bill.USD)

7
Period
20112015
5.864
20162020
7.871
20212025
7.870
20262030
9.656
20112030
5.864
146
S9,-- HPP ; C!rr#$' +)'!,')&$ ,$. /&'#$'),De9inition o9 small 1ydro power plants: installed capacity less or e>ual </*,5
- Total installed capacity in ./0.: 0,0==*, ?contributed ;5;4 in w1ole system@5 - Energy generation in ./0.: ;,;2< million -,1 ?contributed <53<4 in w1ole system@5
%peration and sc1eduling: depend on t1e season, weat1er and type o9 &PP, capacity o9 reservoir, etc5
147
8
S9,-- HPP ; C!rr#$' +)'!,')&$ ,$. /&'#$'),Location and distribution in t1ree main region and area: t1e )ort1ern region, t1e central region and 1ig1land area $ccording to *inister o9 *% TAs Decision on approval o9 connection planning o9 small and medium &PP in )ort1, Sout1 and Central region, in ./06 t1e potential o9 small &PP is as 9ollows:
- )ort1: <;6 proBects, total installed capacity is around <,://*, - Central, Sout1 and concentrated in &ig1land: <.2 proBects, total installed capacity is around <,6//*,
9
High potential of HPP
LAOS
NORTHERN REGION
CENTRAL REGION
THAILAND
High potential of HPP HIGHLAND AREA
CAMBODIA
SOUTHERN REGION
148
S&!r0#3 D#0)+)&$+ 18<5=>?-BCT .,'#. 15=5=2008 ,$. 0<53=>?-BCT .,'#. 06=2=2006 )++!#+ @" MOIT
S9,-- HPP3 R# !-,')&$ + Problems

D#(#-&/9#$' ,$. P-,$$)$ 3 - Provincial PeopleAs Committee develop small &PP planning in t1eir provincial and submit to *% T 9or approval - "eneral Directorate o9 Energy develop t1e 1ydroelectric ladder planning and submit *% T 9or approval - %rientation o9 connection voltage level in planning:
C Less t1an <*,: Connect to medium voltage at current local networC 'rom <*, to 0/*,: Consider connect to medium bus bar o9 00/-( sub+station5 C 'rom 0/*, to </*,: connect directly to 00/-( networ- or medium voltage5
149
10

T#0%$)0,- r# !-,')&$3 - Distribution Code stipulated: + Tec1nical standards and re>uirements + Communication, operational and sa9ety standards: Procedure o9 operation cooperation + Tec1nical re>uirements o9 connectionDintegration o9 power plants ?&PP@ + Coordination in operation + *etering re>uirements,555etc - Tec1nical procedures, connection procedure: ,ill be speci9ied 9or eac1 -ind o9 renewable energy ?,ind, small &PP,55@ S0%#.!-)$ ,$. .)+/,'0%)$ 3 t depend on t1e ability o9 small &PP ?reservoir, ability o9 daily, wee-ly,55 Regulation@ and be consistent wit1 t1e provisions in t1e SPP$, PCs will dispatc1 accordingly5
150
11

G#$#r,')&$ /r)0)$
- Complied wit1 $voided Cost regulation: issued t1e avoided cost tari99 9or small renewable energy power plants and Standard PP$5 $ll t1e PP$s will use t1e standard PP$ ?according to Decision )o50:@ "enerator will sign t1e contract wit1 t1e Power Corporation according to t1e aut1oriEation o9 E()5 Priority is carried out sc1eduling t1e Small &PP in wet season5 Every year, Electricity Regulatory $ut1ority o9 (ietnam will issue t1e new generation c1arge structure 9or Renewable energy including small &PP in wetDdry season and pea-Do99+pea- 1our5
P,r')0)/,')&$ )$ '& V)#'$,9 C&9/#')')(# G#$#r,')&$ M,r:#'3 Small and medium &PPs are not obligated to participate in (C"*
151
12

A(&).#. 0&+' ',r)AA )$ 2013, )++!#. @" ERAV
Dr" +#,+&$ Peatime E$#r " ',r)AA 1VND=:W%2 )ort1ern region Central region Sout1ern region C,/,0)'" ',r)AA 1A&r '%r## r# )&$+2 1VND=:W%2 )ormal time W#' +#,+&$ %99+ Pea- )ormal peatime time %99+ Energy pea- surplus
=;3 =03 === 05:/6
=.; =00 =63
6:. 632 =.;
=.; 633 =00
6:6 6== =/.
6== 6=0 6:3
.:< .:0 .2<
$verage price o9 small &PPs: + ./00: :/; ()DD-,1 + ./0.: 20/ ()DD-,1
152
13
S9,-- HPP3 Regulation - Pr&@-#9+

T#0%$)0,- )++!#+3
- Connection planning issues: n some case t1e investment boundary o9 networconnection to power system was not clear, and it depend on t1e planning process5 - Power 9low management: Sometime ?wet season or o99+pea- o9 system@, t1e power 9low turn bac- to C1ina in t1e )ort1ern ?Lao Cai, !en 7ai, &a "iang province,55@ - "rid congestion: Capacity o9 transmission and distribution networare not enoug1 to trans9er all t1e power o9 small &PP in some area to national power system ?t1e )ort1ern and &ig1land@5 - Fuality o9 voltage normally was not meet t1e re>uirement in Tec1nical code5 - Communication and in9ormation ?SC$D$DE*SDD*S@ do not meet t1e re>uirements or can not operate5 - T1e operation cooperation was not good, still eGist contradiction5
153
14

Pr)0)$ )++!#+3
- T1e avoided cost tari99 may not enoug1 interested to attract investors - T1e avoided cost tari99 do not re9lect all t1e cost o9 proBect ?eGample: cost to invest t1e networconnection,55@
Lac-ing t1e bene9it s1aring mec1anism between sta-e1older to invest connection networ-5
154
15

S&0),- ,$. #$()r&$9#$'3
- Fuality o9 E $ was not good - C1ange t1e natural 9low on t1e river ?downstream@5 - De9orestation5 - mpact to ecosystem - *igration and resettlement5 - mpact on t1e agriculture in dry season5 - T1ere is no bene9it s1aring mec1anism 9or a99ected people5
155
16
W)$. /&*#r ; C!rr#$' +)'!,')&$ ,$. /&'#$'),C!rr#$'3

+ Currently, t1ere are ;. wind power proBects ranging 9rom = *, to 06/ *, at di99erent development stage5 %nly 0/ proBects 1as approved 9or development by *% T and only t1ree proBects are operating:
Tuy P1ong: </*, ?9irst stage, on grid@ 7ac Lieu: 06*, ?9irst stage , on grid@ P1u Fuy island: =*, ?o99+grid@
P&'#$'),-3
+ Tec1nical potential ?eGcluded t1e t1eory potential@: 656//*,, concentrate in t1e sout1ern and central regions ?according to t1e Dra9t )ational ,ind energy development plan, outloo- ./</@5 + $ccording to t1e Power *aster Plan ?P*P ( @: T1e "overnment set t1e targets 9or wind power development is at about 0,/// *, ?e>uivalent to /534 o9 t1e total electricity capacity@ by ././ and about =,.// *, ?.5;4@ by ./</5
156
17
W)$. /&*#r3 R# !-,')&$ + Problems

1. G#$#r,- /&-)0" @" G&(#r$9#$'
H Priority and support to development and use o9 RE+resources H RE+development in a sustainable manner H Support development o9 eGpensive renewable energy tec1nology on t1e selected base in order to develop t1e tec1nology and pro9essional 1uman resource5 H Develop renewable energy based on t1e mar-et mec1anism and t1e streamline incentive mec1anism5
2. F&r W)$. #$#r "3

- T1e "overnment issued Decision )o5 <3DFI+TTg in ./00 to provide t1e mec1anisms 9or support t1e development o9 wind power proBects in (ietnam ?9eed+in tari99 9or ,ind energy@
3. T#0%$)0,- +',$.,r.+3 T1ere is not speci9ic tec1nical

re>uirements 9or ,ind energy ?per9ormance, connection, operation, etc@
157
18
W)$. /&*#r3 R# !-,')&$ + Problems

S!//&r' A&r W)$. #$#r " .#(#-&/9#$' 1Decision )o5 <3D./00DFI+TTg23 ,ind power development plan: )ational plan ?approved by *r5 P*@ and province plan ?approved by Province People Committees@5
- ,ind power national plan 9or period ./00+././ toward ./</ is submitting to P*5 - 'or t1e neGt period, wind power plan will be include in t1e overall power plan5
Conditions to start a wind power proBect:

- T1e proBect must be in an approved planD P*As decision - Power Purc1ase $greement, "rid Connection $greement - %n+site wind 9lows data in at least 0. mont1s5
Connection point: ?0@ $n agreement between ,ind 9arm nvestor and "rid %wner, ?.@ Decision by *o T
19
158
W)$. /&*#r3 R# !-,')&$ + Problems

S!//&r' A&r W)$. #$#r " .#(#-&/9#$' 1Decision )o5 <3D./00DFI+TTg2 - 0&$')$!#.3 Reporting: nvestor must report to *o T >uarterly and annually during construction time5 Support mec1anism:
- 7uyer ?E()@ must buy all generated electricity 9rom wind 9arm at t1e price is B.8 #S centsD-,1 ?not includes t1e ($T@, among it 0 #S cent 9rom (ietnamese Enviroment Protection 'und - )o import taGes 9or e>uipmentsDproduct w1ic1 can not provide by local suppliers5 Corporate income taG: special o99er by provisions o9 nvestment Law, C T Law - Land: ReducedD'ree o9 rent 9ee ?by nvestment Law@
159
20
W)$. /&*#r3 Regulation - Pr&@-#9+

H Pr)0)$ ,$. F)$,$0),- )++!#+3 - T1e 'eed+in tari99 may not enoug1 interested to attract investors, do not re9lect all t1e cost o9 proBect ?eGample: cost to invest t1e networconnection,55@ - 'iG 'eed+in tari99 is not based on economic cost - 7ig investment 9or a unit o9 ,ind capacity installed5 - %t1er regulations are not encourage t1e investors ?CD* application8 eGport, import procedures, etc@5 H L# ,- Ar,9#*&r: ,$. )$+')'!')&$,- .#(#-&/9#$'3 - )eed a more clear and strong mec1anism 9or new ,ind proBect - Lac- o9 9ocal national body wit1 strong support 9unction 9or ,ind proBect
160
21
W)$. /&*#r3 Regulation - Pr&@-#9+

H T#0%$)0,- )++!#+3 - Planning issue: it still needs a overall planning 9or wind power plant: t1e ,ind power national plan 9or ./00+././ is not approved yet5 - Tec1nical standards not yet issued: ?connection, operation, SC$D$, voltageD9re>uency controlJ@ H W)$. - -&0,- '#0%$&-& "3 - )eed to improve local limitted -nowlegde on ,ind+tec1nology - )eed to develop t1e participation o9 local provider on e>uiment supply and services H S&0),- ,$. #$()r&$9#$'3 - Fuality o9 Environment mpact $ccess ?E $@ is still not good
- Land occupied - )oise pollution
- *igration and resettlement5 - T1ere is not t1e bene9it s1aring mec1anism 9or a99ected people5
161
22
S9,-- HPP ,$. W)$. PP3 S&-!')&$+

S&-!')&$+
D#(#-&/9#$' /#r+/#0')(#
Potential development as ensuring t1e balance between energy resources type ?&ydro, t1ermal, "as, nuclear, ot1er RE,J@ 7ut s1ould 9ocus on sustainability in development o9 RE: - %ptimiEe t1e social, economic, and environment aspects - 'ocus on development o9 placeDarea t1at 1ave t1e low rate o9 Electri9ication or o99+grid5
162
23
S9,-- HPP ,$. W)$. PP3 S&-!')&$+

S&-!')&$+
Develop, issue speci9ic and reasonable tec1nical regulations on small &PP and ,ind PP5
En1ance TDautomation in9rastructure o9 RE power plant i5e5 SC$D$, communication system to support t1e optimiEation o9 operation and communication between dispatc1 centers and RE power plants Develop tec1nical re>uirements customiEed 9or embedded generators to improve t1e >uality o9 voltage, reduce energy losses 'or Small &PP: En1ance and en9orce t1e process o9 reservoir operation cooperation between &PPsDsta-e1olders
163
24
S9,-- HPP ,$. W)$. PP3 S&-!')&$+

S&-!')&$+
Review small &PP plan, eliminate proBects are not e99icient and 9easible ?tec1nical, economic, social and environmental aspects@ Develop speci9ic mec1anism 9or RE may be considered
Pricing mec1anism s1ould be reviewed to ac1ieve t1e attraction o9 investors ?review eGisting avoided costD ' Ts mecanism@5 T1e bene9it s1aring mec1anism 9or a99ected peoples by &PP s1ould be considered5
164
25
THANK FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
For further information: Mr. Nguyen The Huu Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam Email: huunt@moit.gov.vn
26
165
Session 2
!&&lication of Renewable Energy to an 2nder De%elo&ing Country3 4ambia

T.In!i *oshisha University, 6yoto, -apan
Abstract - It is well-=nown t$at a renewable energy is effecti%e to reduce green$ouse gas suc$ as C61. "$is is one of t$e dominant reasons w$y t$e renewable energy becomes %ery attracti%e es&ecially in ad%anced countries w$ere a large amount of oil and coals are used in electricity generation &lants. "$e renewable energy is also effecti%e and %aluable in under-de%elo&ed and energy-&oor countries suc$ as an !frican country3 for eBam&le 4ambia3 because t$e constructionDinstallation is rat$er easy and t$e construction cost is not as eB&ensi%e as a large t$ermal or $ydraulic &ower &lant. In t$is re&ort3 t$e &resent situation of electricity in 4ambia is eB&lained and a &ossibility of introducing renewable energy3 es&ecially $ydraulic &ower is discussed. !lso3 t$e cost for t$e construction is in%estigated. 4ambia is located *3+++m -*3<++m abo%e sea le%el. "$e a%erage &reci&itation &er year is ,++mm -*3,++mm and t$e sout$ern&art of 4ambia is ric$er rainfall t$an t$e nort$ern &art. "$e dry season is May toSe&tember and t$e rainy season is 6ctober to !&ril. "$e ca&acity of t$e electric generation in 4ambia in 1++ was *3 9+M0. !bout # N of t$e ca&acity is co%ered by $ydraulic &ower &lants. "$e main consum&tion of electricity is industry3 es&ecially t$e mining industry and its &ercentage is more t$an 9+N."$e consum&tion rate of electricity will increase year by year because of t$e &o&ulation growt$3 economic growt$ and so on. It is informed t$at t$e &o&ulation will increase 1.<N yearly and t$e &ercentage of t$e electrification will rise about <.,N to 9N &er year. In addition to t$e abo%e3 t$e amount of &ower generation always decreases during dry season. "$us3 future &ower generation systems s$ould be introduced for t$e future demand of electricity in 4ambia and &ossibly for t$e dry season. >ased on t$e in%estigationsin t$is re&ort3 t$e following remar=s are obtained. ?*@ Installation of a &um&ed-storage $ydro generation) >y using electricity sur&lus of $ydraulic generation during rainy season3 water is &um&ed u& to a water reser%oir w$ic$ can be used forfarming3 $ousing and also electricity generation during dry season. ?1@ Possible installation of &$oto%oltaic or wind &ower generation for dry season. ?<@ Re&lacement of incandescent lum&s3 monitors and ot$er $ouse$old a&&liances suc$ as "'3 monitors and PC to 5ED lig$ts and 5ED used &roducts so as to sa%e electricity consum&tion by about 1+N. .or t$e abo%e3 t$e &ro&erties suc$ as religion3 culture and so on s$ould be considered.
166
Application of Renewable Energy to an Under Developing African Country, Zambia

Toshie INUI Graduate School of Global Studies, Doshisha University
167
Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Purpose of the Presentation Basic Information of Zambia Structure of the Electric Sector Power Plants Trend of the Consumption of Electricity 6. Current Situation 7. consumption of Electricity by Sectors 8. Loss of Electricity by Distribution 9. Prospect of the Demand and Supply 10. Charge of the Electricity 11. Renewable Energy 12. Conclusion
168
1. Purpose of the Presentation

To understand following points:
1. 2. The overview the situation of the electricity in Zambia To understand the possibilities and the issues for the application of renewable energy in Zambia
169
2. Basic Information of Zambia
170 Source: Worldatlas and Wikipedia
2. Basic Information of Zambia

Population: 14.08million (2012) Lower middle income country GDP: 20.68billion USD GNI(PPP): 1,350USD per capita Poverty Gap at 1.25USD(PPP) 41.9%, 2USD 56.8%(2010) Electric consumption: 609.4kWh per capita (2010)
171 Source: The World Bank and worldatlas
3. Structure of the Electric Sector

Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Department of Energy
OPPPI
REA
Management and Assemblage of Fund Operation and Renewal of the master plan, etc
ZRA*
Policy Planning Operation Regulations, etc
Evaluation Negotiation, etc
Research and Management of the Zambezi river (Zimbabwe), etc

172
Source: JICA 2010
4. Power Stations
Stations Main Hydro Installed Capacity (kW) Available capacity (kW)
ZESCO
CEC
Mini Hydro Diesel Gas Hydro
Lunsemfwa
1,713,000 23,750 7,285 80,000 38,000
1,233,000 12,750 6,545 80,000 38,000

173
Source: JICA 2010
4. Basic Information of Electricity
Source: JICA 2010
174
5. Trend of the Consumption of Electricity
175 Source: JICA 2010
6. Consumption of Electricity by Sectors

2%
7%
19%
68%
4%
Agricuture and Forestry Government and Services Households Commerce and Industry Mining
176 Source: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/envpdf/UNSD_UNEP_ECA%20Workshop/Session%2008-4%20Energy%20Statistics%20in%20Zambia%20(Zambia).pdf
7. Loss of Electricity by Distribution

Distribution Loss
Systematic Loss
Transmission Loss
177 Source: ZESCO
8. Prospects of the demand and supply

Scenario Base Case Low Case High Case Growth: GDP 6% 5% 7% Growth: Population 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Electrification 4% 3.5% 6%
8. Prospects of the demand and supply

Scenario
Base Case Low Case High Case
2020
16.6TWh 15.9TWh 19.9TWh
2030
21.6TWh 19.4TWh 28.5TWh
9. Charge of the Electricity
10. Renewable Energy

The possibility of the application of the renewable energy in Zambia
Solar power (PV and thermal) Wind power Geothermal power Biogas
181
10. Renewable Energy

The issues for the application of the renewable energy The cost of the investigation and construction The possibility: increase of the rate of the electricity
182
11. Conclusion
The application of the renewable energy to Zambia.. The importance of the development of renewable energy for the growth of the demand and supply Hydro power depends on the seasons The charge of the electricity for poor people (Poverty Gap at 1.25 and 2 USD)
183
References
JICA (Chubu Electric Co., Ltd), 2010, The Maser Investigation for the Development of the Electric Sector in Zambia () The World Bank (Accessed 12/09/2013) http://data.worldbank.org/country/zambia?display=graph Worldatlas (Accessed 12/09/2013) http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/zm.htm
Wikimedia (Accessed 12/09/2013) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg

HP unknown, (Accessed 12/09/13) http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/envpdf/UNSD_UNEP_ECA%20Workshop/Session%20084%20Energy%20Statistics%20in%20Zambia%20(Zambia).pdf
184
Session 2
!n Introduction to 0ind Power in 'ietnam) "ec$nology3 Grid Im&acts and Current Situation
8ao 2goc #ong Electricity of Vietnam (EVN), Vietnam
Abstract - 0ind energy $as a $uge resource and is globally eB&anded at a %ery $ig$ rate ?<+N annually@. 'ietnam3 according to 0orld >an=3 $as about ,++ G0 wind &ower ca&acity and many o&&ortunities to de%elo& wind &ower &ro7ects. /owe%er3 t$e de%elo&ers are still facing a lot of &roblems3 w$ic$ need t$e su&&ort from t$e go%ernment to resol%e. 0it$ t$e fact t$at &ower mar=et is now o&en in 'ietnam3 t$e In%estors are entitled to maBimi:e incenti%es for e%ery as&ect related to wind energy &ro7ects. 0ind &ower &ro7ects are considered clean and e%erlasting source of energy3 t$e wind &ower in%estments need to be encouraged. "$is &resentation will gi%e a brief introduction of wind &ower tec$nology3 &otential grid im&act wit$ %arious wind &ower &enetration and current situation of wind &ower in 'ietnam.
185
An introduction to Wind power in Vietnam.

Technology, Grid impacts and Current situation
Dr. Dao Ngoc Long National Load Dispatch Centre(EVNNLDC) Email: dnlong14@gmail.com
186 2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy
Contents
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
Overview Technology Grid impacts Current situation Conclusions
187
1. Overview
Vietnam has about 500 GW wind power capacity and many opportunities to develop wind power projects (World Bank) Lack of effective and feasible mechanism for the sales price of wind power Wind Measurement program 20102014, highest wind potential in Tay Nguyen and the Southern areas (highland, island, coastal areas)
188
High wind potential regions

Northern: Van Ly (Nam Dinh), Ky Anh (Ha Tinh) Central: Phuong Mai (Binh Dinh) Southern: Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Lam Dong, part of Ben Tre, Bac Lieu, Tra Vinh, Soc Trang
189
Vietnam power installed capacity and production
190
Important obligatory documents

Master Plan VII (2011) power development for the period from 2012 to 2020, with the vision to 2030:
+ Total wind power capacity: 30MW to 1,000MW in 2020 and 6,200MW in 2030 + Wind power production: 0.7% in 2020, about 2.4% in 2030
Decision 37/2011/QD-TTg dated on 29th June 2011 on the supporting mechanism in wind power developing in Vietnam:
+ EVN is responsible to buy all the power and electric production from wind power generation which is connected to the power network + The electricity trade is carried out using electricity trade contract for wind power project, published by MOIT + Wind power investors are subject to a lot of priorities in capital calling, import tax, income tax and land usage for developing project + Tariff for wind power projects is US7.8 cent/kWh (1 cent from government), which is still low to compare with other countries
Decision 4715/QD-BCT on wind power planning in Binh Thuan province period 2011-2020 and outlook to 2030:
+ Total wind power capacity: 30MW in 2011, 700MW in 2020, 2500MW in 2030 + Wind power production: 1.5 billion kWh in 2020, 5.4 billion kWh in 2030
Circular 32/2012/TT-BCT on Wind power projects development and standard power purchase agreement for wind power Circular 06 /2013/TT-BCT on Regulation on content, order, procedures for formulation, appraising and approving wind power development planning
Master plan for wind power development to 2020 should be approved and issued 2013
191
List of some wind power projects have been implemented or under construction by the end of 2012
PROJECT NAME
Tuy Phong, Binh Thuan Phu Quy island
PROGRESS
In operation Finishing construction and waiting for network interconnection
CAPACITY (MW)
30 (20X1.5) Fuhrlander 9 (3X2+ 6x0.5 diesel) Vestas
INVESTOR
REVN-BIT PVPower Cong Ly Construction-trade-
Bac Lieu
In operation
16 (10X1.6) GE
tourism Ltd Company Phuong Mai wind power joint-
Phuong Mai 1 wind farm project
By 2012
15 (6X2.5)
stock company
Central region wind power Phuong Mai 3- Binh Dinh Cau Dat wind farm- Lam Dong Con Dao Island Phuoc Dan, Ninh Thuan Ninh Hai, Ninh Thuan Mau Son, Lang Son Under construction Under construction Under construction Under construction Under construction Under construction Proposed by Cong Ly Can Gio, HCM city Construction-trade-tourism Ltd Company 200 (125X1.6) GE 21 (14x1.5) 30 (20X1.5) 7.5 + 3MW diesel 50 50-70 160 company Cavico transport and construction Aerogie Plus (Switzerland) Thuong Tin Energy joint-stock company Thuan Binh wind power company Avantis Energy joint-venture company (Ger)
192
List of wind power projects have been registered and their productions will be bought by EVN
PROJECT NAME WP projects Van Thanh WP plant WP project 1- Ninh Thuan WP project- Phu Qui LOCATION Thuan Nam, Ninh Thuan Bac Binh, Binh Thuan Ninh Phuoc, Ninh Thuan Phu Qui, Binh Thuan CAPACITY (MW) 360 120 30 6 30 40.5 2X0.5 50 99 90 82.5 52.9 30 30 30 DOCUMENT 358/EVN-KH 757/EVN-KH 3749/EVN-KH 3803/EVBN-KH1002/EVN-KH 2829/EVN-KH 2966/EVN-KH 3182/EVN-KH 3207/EVN-KH 4224/EVN-KH 4237/EVN-KH 4237/EVN-KH 4388/EVN-KH 1777/EVN-KH 3167/EVN-KH DATE 28/01/2010 03/04/2010 13/09/2010 15/09/2010 30/03/2011 05/08/2011 15/08/2011 29/08/2011 30/08/2011 14/11/2011 15/11/2011 15/11/2011 25/11/2011 30/05/2012 04/09/2012
193
Thuan Nhien Phong- WP Binh Thuan project Pleiku and Dakdoa, Gia Gia Lai- WP project Lai 2 turbines for WP project Nhon Hoi, Binh Dinh trial Phuoc Huu-WP project Ninh Phuoc, Ninh Thuan
Bac Lieu- WP project, 1st Vinh Trach Dong, Bac period Lieu Binh Thuan- WP project Tuy Phong, Binh Thuan 1, 2nd period Thai Hoa- WP plant Thai Phong- WP plant Bac Binh, Binh Thuan Tuy Phong, Binh THuan
Huong Linh- Wind Farm Huong Hoa, Quang Tri project Vinh Chau WP plant, 1st Vinh Chau, Soc Trang period Mui Dinh- WP project, 1st Ninh Thuan period
2. Technology
Typical wind turbine specifications Rotor radius Number of blades Angular velocity Can be 110m (6MW) Normally 3 Normally 25rpm for 52m blade, faster for shorter blade Stall, Pitch,Yaw control Normally asynchronous (DFIG becomes common) Horizontal axis, up wind Steel tube
194
Rotor power control Generator type
Rotor orientation Tower
Energy conversion
Wind energy Kinetic energy Electricity
1 dm 2 1 P= U = AU 3 2 dt 2
P: power in wind, : air density, U: wind speed Power curve of wind turbine
195
Wind turbine power control
Stall control
Rotational direction
196
Wind turbine power control

Pitch control
197
Type 1: Fixed speed Wind turbine

Operate with speed higher than synchronous speed Directly connect to grid, without converter Asynchronous generator, consuming reactive power, equipped with shunt capacitor
198
Type 2: Limited variable speed

Similar to type 1 with additional rotor variable resistor Doesnt need slip ring with high current Economic efficiency is not high compared with other types
199
Type 3: Variable speed with partial scale frequency converter (DFIG)

Used DFIG, rotor grid interconnection through 2 converters Reactive power exchange with grid through converters Many wind power plants in Vietnam use this type
200
Type 4: Variable speed with fullfullscale frequency converter

Usually equipped with synchronous generator (PMG) Connect with grid through 2 converters Less harmonic distortion and unity displacement factor operation
201
3. Grid impacts
Production is not consistent due to the variation in wind power sources Difficulty with power control almost cannot be dispatched (except energy production curtailment) Contribution in system inertia and frequency control are very limited The ability of reactive power provision is inconsistent, consuming reactive power when starting many generator units (asynchronous generator) Issues of power quality (harmonics power electronics, flicker tower shadow, voltage fluctuation variation in production)
202
Grid connected wind power plants

Bc Liu (16 MW), first turbine connected to grid on 29.5.2013 (110kV) Tuy Phong (30 MW) connected to grid from 2011
Power production (MWh)
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 350 300 250 200
Power production (MWh)
Bc Liu Tuy Phong
150 100 50
Bc Liu Tuy Phong
8/11/2
8/13/2 8/15/2
8/17/2
8/19/2
8/21/2
8/23/2
8/25/2
8/27/2 8/29/2
8/1/2013
8/3/2013
8/5/2013
8/7/2013
7/1/2013 7/3/2013 7/5/2013 7/7/2013 7/9/2013 7/11/2 7/13/2 7/15/2 7/17/2 7/19/2 7/21/2 7/23/2 7/25/2 7/27/2 7/29/2 7/31/2
8/9/2013
8/31/2
203
Bac Lieu Power (MW)
16 14 12
14-16 10
8 6 4 2 0 Hours
12-14 10-12 8-10 6-8 4-6 2-4 0-2
204
Tuy Phong Power (MW)
25
20
15 20-25 15-20
10
10-15 5-10 0-5

Hours
205
4. Current situation
Wind power penetration into grid in near future is low (<5%) small grid impact System operation, power dispatch become more difficult Research in grid interconnection is necessary:
Impact on active and reactive power flow Impact of wind farm operation onto transmission system stability and reliability Issues of wind power planning and grid expansion
Technical standards for grid interconnection establishment: frequency control, voltage regulation, fault current, flicker, low voltage ride through...
206
Voltage and frequency capabilities of wind generators
207
Active powerpower-frequency capability requirements

Distribution Grid
PA : 100%, PB : 20 100%; fA = 50.5 51 Hz fC = 50.5 to 52 Hz
Transmission Grid
Article 34 of Circular No: 12/2010/TT-BCT All generating units above 30MW shall be fitted with a fast acting speed governing system to provide frequency response under normal operational conditions. In this case, wind curtailments and frequency response will be considered
208
Reactive power capability requirements

Distribution Grid
The wind farm shall operate within the power factor of 0.95 leading to unity
Transmission Grid
209
LVRT requirements
parameters havent evaluated yet

210
Power quality (rapid voltage variations, flicker, and harmonics)

Distribution Grid
Flicker and harmonics: Articles 7 and 8 of Circular No: 32/2010/TT-BCT. Total harmonic distortion 110kV: 3%, MV: 6.5% Allowed tolerance for Flicker 110kV: Pst95% = 0.8, Plt95% = 0.6; MV: Pst95% = 1, Plt95% = 0.8 Voltage fluctuations due to switching operations 3% limit is recommended
Transmission Grid
Articles 7, 8 and 9 of Circular No: 12/2010/TTBCT Total harmonic distortion 110kV, 220kV and 500kV:3% Allowed tolerance for Flicker Pst95% = 0.8, Plt95% = 0.6 Voltage fluctuation due to load variation is less than 2.5% nominal voltage
211
Requirements of plant and apparatus

Distribution Grid
Based on Article 37-42 of Circular No: 32/2010/TTBCT and best international practices/standards the requirement for grounding arrangements, protection schemes, SCADA, comm unication and measurement and recording equipment
Transmission Grid
Based on Article 28-31 of Circular No: 12/2010/TTBCT and best international practices/standards the requirement for grounding arrangements, protection schemes, SCADA, comm unication and measurement and recording equipment
212
5. Conclusions
Wind power penetration increase can produce more difficulties for system operation Necessary to conduct research on grid impacts with specific grid areas, grid code for wind power Firm up the master plan for wind power development Develop more flexible mechanisms for renewable and wind power Integration of wind power into Vietnamese competitive electricity market
213
Thanks for your attention
214
Session 3
Recent a$)ances in renewable energies
#ession
C$airs)
Prof. P$ung "oan3 UNS% Dr. >ac$ Guoc O$an$3 HUST
215
Session 3
4eynote #ect!re
5ig$tning to "all 6b7ects

<oshihiro 1aba *oshisha University, 6yotana1e, 6yoto, -apan
Abstract - "all ob7ects suc$ as wind-turbine towers and o%er$ead &ower transmission towers are often struc= by lig$tning. "all towers are used as a means to measure lig$tning currents. Data from instrumented towers can be used to calibrate lig$tning locating systems ?55Ss@. Electromagnetic en%ironment mig$t be influenced by t$e &resence of a tall ob7ect. "$erefore3 it is of im&ortance to study lig$tning to tall ob7ects. In t$is &a&er3 recent studies on lig$tning to tall ob7ects are re%iewed. "all ob7ects eB&erience bot$ downward and u&ward lig$tning flas$es. "$e &ro&ortion is a function of $eig$t. Eri=sson ?*# 7@ P*Q &ro&osed t$e following em&irical eAuation for t$e annual number of lig$tning incidence3 w$ic$ includes bot$ downward and u&ward flas$es) - R 18 S *+-9 /s1.+,-g 0$ere /s is t$e structure $eig$t in meters3 -g is t$e ground flas$ density in =m1year -*. "$is indicates t$at t$e number of lig$tning incidence increases a&&roBimately in &ro&ortion to t$e sAuare of $eig$t. Eri=son and Meal ?*# 8@ P1Q &ro&osed t$e following em&irical eB&ression for t$e &ercentage of u&ward lig$tning flas$es) Pu R ,1. ln ?/s@ I 1<+3 w$ere 7 T /s T ,* . "$is eB&ression yields Pu R *<3 ,+3 and # N for /s R *++3 1++3 and ,++ m3 res&ecti%ely. ! lig$tning current wa%e suffers no attenuation or dis&ersion w$en it &ro&agates downward from t$e a&eB of a conical tower to its base3 w$ile it suffers significant attenuation and dis&ersion w$en it &ro&agates u&ward from t$e base to t$e a&eB P<Q. "$is &$enomenon mig$t need to be considered in modeling an o%er$ead &ower transmission tower struc= by lig$tning for transient simulations wit$ t$e Electro-Magnetic "ransients Program ?EM"P@ P8Q or its alternati%es. "$e &resence of a tall ob7ect struc= by lig$tning influences t$e magnitude of lig$tning current and on associated electric and magnetic fields. .or a ty&ical subseAuent lig$tning return stro=e3 t$e &ea= current at t$e bottom of a *++-m-$ig$ ob7ect is *., times larger t$an t$e c$annel base &ea= current for t$e same stri=e to t$e flat ground P,Q3 w$ile t$e lig$tning &ea= current at t$e to& of t$e stri=e ob7ect is not muc$ different from t$e current in t$e absence of t$e ob7ect. "$e %ertical electric field due to a lig$tning stri=e to a *++-m-$ig$ ob7ect E:-tall is reduced relati%e to t$at due to t$e same stri=e to t$e flat ground E:- flat at distances ranging from <+ m to 1++ m from t$e ob7ect and en$anced at distances greater t$an 1++ m. "$e a:imut$al magnetic field for t$e tall ob7ect case /&$i-tall is larger t$an t$at for t$e flat ground case /&$i-flat at any distance. >eyond about < =m3 E:-tall D E:- flat becomes insensiti%e to distance c$ange and is eAual to /&$i-tall D /&$i-flat. 5ig$tning location systems ?55Ss@ are used for estimating lig$tning stri=e locations and lig$tning current &ea=s. In estimating lig$tning current &ea=s3 55Ss use a far-field-to-current con%ersion factor for a lig$tning stri=e to flat ground. "$e use of t$is far-field-to-current con%ersion factor for estimating t$e current &ea= in t$e case of a lig$tning stri=e to a tall ob7ect yields a larger current &ea= t$an t$e actual one because of t$e far-field en$ancement effects due to t$e &resence of tall ob7ect3 w$ic$ $as been
216
Session 3
stated abo%e. "$e correction factor P9Q $as been deri%ed as follows) ftallUto& R P* V Wbot?* V Wto&@Q %D?% V c@3 w$ere Wbot and Wto& are current reflection coefficients at t$e ob7ect bottom and at t$e ob7ect to& for u&ward-&ro&agating wa%es3 res&ecti%ely3 % is t$e return-stro=e wa%efront s&eed3 and c is t$e s&eed of lig$t.
217
IWRE 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam
Oct. 2-3, 2013
Outline
1. Introduction: Why is lightning to tall objects important? 2. Influence of the presence of a tall object on the incidence of lightning 3. Models of a lightning strike to a tall object for electromagnetic-field computations 4. Influence of the presence of a tall object on the EM fields in the vicinity and at far distances 5. Summary
2
Lightning to Tall Objects

Yoshihiro Baba
Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan
ybaba@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
1. Introduction
Tall objects are often struck by lightning Tall objects are used as a means to record lightning currents
1. Introduction
Transient processes occur along a tall object
Current measured at the top and bottom of Peissenberg tower
From Heidler
Electromagnetic environment is influenced by the presence of a tall object Data from instrumented towers can be used to calibrate lightning locating systems (LLSs) 218 4
2. Incidence of Lightning to Tall Objects

Tall objects experience both downward and upward lightning flashes The proportion is a function of height
Mostly downward to short objects Mostly upward to tall objects

Eriksson (1987) proposed the following empirical equation for the annual number of lightning incidence (including both downward and upward flashes)
N 24 106 H s2.05 N g
where Hs is the object height (m), Ng is the ground flash density in km2year -1.
A. J. Eriksson: The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines, IEEE Trans. PWRD, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 859-870 (1987)

Percentage of upward lightning flashes (Eriksson and Meal, 1984) :
3. Modeling Lightning Strikes to Tall Objects

Antenna Theory (EM) Models
A lightning return-stroke channel and a tall object are modeled as an antenna fed by a voltage (or current) source.
Pu 52.8ln( H s ) 230
78 H s 518
Pu = 13% for Hs = 100 m Pu = 50% for Hs = 200 m Pu = 98% for Hs = 500 m

A. J. Erikson, and D. V. Meal, The incidence of direct lightning strikes to structures and overhead lines, in Lightning and Power Systems, IEE Conf. Publ., no. 236, pp. 67-71 (1984) 7
Engineering Models
A current pulse associated with the lightning returnstroke process is injected at the lightning attachment point both into the tall object and into the lightning channel. Distributed-current-source representation and Lumped-voltage source representation have been proposed. 219 8

Antenna Theory (EM) Models

Engineering Modeling
Zch
Lightning channel:
Uniform transmission line having characteristic impedance Zch and propagation speed v that is lower than the speed of light c
Tall object struck by lightning:

Lossless uniform transmission line having characteristic impedance Zt and propagation speed equal to the speed of light c The bottom is terminated in constant grounding impedance Z gr
Zt
Instead of Zch,, Zt, and Zgr constant current reflection coefficients at its extremities (the top and the bottom) are often employed
Zg Conducting plane
Conducting plane
Y. Baba, and V. A. Rakov: On the interpretation of ground reflections observed in small-scale experiments simulating lightning strikes to towers, IEEE Trans. EMC, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 533-542 (2005) 9
10

Distributed-current-source representation
TL representing channel (Zch)

Lumped-source representation
TL representing channel (Zch) V0=Zch Isc
Voltage source
top
TL representing tall object (Zob) h
V0(h,t)
top
TL representing tall object (Zob)
bot
Reference ground
Ground surface
gr
Ground surface
Grounding impedance Zgr Reference ground
bot
Grounding impedance Zgr Reference ground
gr
V0 (0,t)
Reference ground
F. Rachidi et al.: Effect of vertically extended strike object on the distribution of current along the lightning channel, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, no. D23, 4699 (2002) 11
Y. Baba, Y., and V. A. Rakov: On the use of lumped sources in lightning return stroke models, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 110, no. D03101 (2005)
220 12

Current Distributions
Lightning strike to a tall object
along the tall object
n 0

Current Distributions
Tall object bottom: 13.7 kA top: 10.7 kA
I (z ', t )
1 top 2
bot
(0 z ' h)
n
top n I sc h , t
h z ' 2nh h z ' 2nh bot n 1 top n I sc h , t c c c c
1 top z' h z ' h 2nh I sc h , t bot n top n 1 1 top I sc h , t v v c 2 n 1 along the lightning channel (z ' h) I (z ', t )
10.3 kA
Lightning strike to flat ground

z' I sc 0 , t 2 v along the lightning channel (z ' 0) I z', t 1 gr I sc 2 I 0
Flat ground: 10.3 kA 13 14
4. Influence of Tall Object on EM Fields Are Ez and H enhanced or reduced by the presence of a tall object ?
4. Influence of Tall Object on EM Fields

Influence of current risetime
3 Ez_tall / Ez_flat & H _tall / H _flat h = 100 m, v = 0.5c , top = -0.5, bot = 1, gr = 1 H
_tall
/H
_flat
0.15 s
ktall = 2.3 ktall = 2.3
1 Current risetime = 1.4 s 0 0.01 E z_tall / E z_flat 0.1 1 Distance [ km ] 10 100
Ez_tall
H_tall
vs.
Ez_flat
H_flat
RT > h/c=0.33 s
15
Y. Baba, and V. A. Rakov: Influences of the presence of a tall grounded strike object and an upward connecting leader on lightning currents and electromagnetic fields, IEEE Trans. EMC, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 886-892 (2007) 221

Influence of the height of tall structure
3 Ez_tall / Ez_flat & H _tall / H _flat d = 100 m, v = 0.5c , top = -0.5, bot = 1, gr = 1 H
_tall

Far Field Enhancement Factor, ktall
Far field enhancement factor, ktall
ktall
Ez _ tall Ez _ flat
H _tall H _ flat
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1.0
gr = 1
v=c /4 v=c /3 v=c /2
Current risetime = 0.15 s 1.4 s
/H
_flat
c 1 v 1 1
top gr
E z_tall / E z_flat
RT h / c 0.33 s
v=c v= 2c /3 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
0 0 100 200 300 Object height [ m ]
Current reflection coefficient at the strike-object top,
top
17
Y. Baba, and V. A. Rakov: Lightning strikes to tall objects: currents inferred from far electromagnetic fields versus directly measured currents, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 34, no. 19 (2007)
18

Far-Field-to-Current Conversion Factors
Strike to flat ground
5. Summary
Tall objects experience both downward and upward lightning flashes; the percentage of upward flashes increases with increasing object height. Owing to the presence of a tall strike object, vertical electric field Ez is reduced roughly within the distance d < h, and enhanced beyond it.
Strike to tall object
Azimuthal magnetic field H is enhanced at any distance. Ratio Ez_tall / Ez_flat and Ratio H_tall / H_flat increase with increasing distance d, and decreasing risetime of current RT. Beyond several km, Ez_tall / Ez_flat becomes insensitive to distance d and equal to H_tall /H_flat. Both are given by ktall=(1-top)(c/v+1)/(1+gr). 19
v=c / 3, Zch = 900 , Ztall =300 FH_tall_top = 0.38 FH_flat
222 20
Session 3
"$e Energy Management System for Solar Electric 'e$icles 2sing ! Combined Estimation Met$od
Tran Cong 1inh( 2go .anh 8!ng( 2g!yen 5!ang 2am( 2g!yen -!! /h!c Ho Chi 'inh City University of Technology, Ho Chi 'inh City, Vietnam
Abstract"$is &a&er describes a &ro&osed energy management system for solar electric %e$icles ?SE's@ using lead-acid battery. In an internal combustion engine %e$icle3 a fuel gauge is an im&ortant &art for dis&laying t$e remaining fuel in t$e fuel tan= of %e$icle. It $el&s &redict t$e remaining energy a%ailable to t$e %e$icle and $ow far t$e %e$icle can tra%el before running out of energy. .or SE's3 energy is su&&lied by a battery ban= and a &$oto%oltaic ?P'@ array. "$erefore3 a%ailable energy status of t$e %e$icle is determined from t$e state of c$arge ?S6C@ of t$e battery and t$e instantaneous a%ailable energy from t$e P'. "$e energy management system ?EMS@ measures t$e S6C of t$e battery3 P' &ower3 and &ower consum&tion of t$e electrical load ?mainly t$e electrical motor@ under s&ecific mec$anical load and s&eed of t$e %e$icle. .or a gi%en o&erating condition3 t$e EMS estimates and dis&lays remaining run-time and dri%ing range. "$is information may be used to ad7ust dri%ing strategy in order to eBtend t$e a%ailable dri%ing distance w$ile &ro%iding more energy from t$e P' array. "$e EMS continuously estimates and u&dates t$e das$board to &ro%ide t$e newly estimated remaining dri%ing distance w$en t$e dri%er ad7usts t$e %e$icle s&eed. EB&erimental tests and results are &resented to %alidate t$e &ro&osed EMS for solar electric cars. Keywords - solar electric %e$iclesM energy management system ?EMS@M lead-acid batteryM state of c$arge ?S6C@M dri%ing range
223
The Energy Management System for Solar Electric Vehicles Using A Combined Estimation Method
Tran Cong Binh, Ngo Manh Dung, Nguyen Quang Nam, Nguyen Huu Phuc
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam tcbinh@hcmut.edu.vn, nmdung@hcmut.edu.vn, nqnam@hcmut.edu.vn, nhphuc@hcmut.edu.vn
AbstractThis paper describes a proposed energy management system for solar electric vehicles (SEVs) using leadacid battery. In an internal combustion engine vehicle, a fuel gauge is an important part for displaying the remaining fuel in the fuel tank of vehicle. It helps predict the remaining energy available to the vehicle and how far the vehicle can travel before running out of energy. For SEVs, energy is supplied by a battery bank and a photovoltaic (PV) array. Therefore, available energy status of the vehicle is determined from the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and the instantaneous available energy from the PV. The energy management system (EMS) measures the SOC of the battery, PV power, and power consumption of the electrical load (mainly the electrical motor) under specific mechanical load and speed of the vehicle. For a given operating condition, the EMS estimates and displays remaining run-time and driving range. This information may be used to adjust driving strategy in order to extend the available driving distance while providing more energy from the PV array. The EMS continuously estimates and updates the dashboard to provide the newly estimated remaining driving distance when the driver adjusts the vehicle speed. Experimental tests and results are presented to validate the proposed EMS for solar electric cars. Keywordssolar electric vehicles; energy management system (EMS); lead-acid battery; state of charge (SOC); driving range
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, transportation and environmental problems are some of the primary challenges for the world, especially for developing countries. Recently, the increasing awareness of global warming has lead to the increasing demand for clean energy. As a consequence, there is a continuous shift towards electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Among different types of electric vehicle, the solar electric vehicle (SEV) might be a solution to the transportation and environmental problems. The SEV is supplied energy by two sources, the photovoltaic array and the battery bank. PV roof panels are installed to supply more energy to electric vehicle motor, while a smaller battery bank is used to store redundant energy or provide additional energy, and an energy management system (EMS) is used for energy monitoring and management [5]. This paper presents an implementation of the EMS on the solar electric vehicle. The EMS can extend the run-time per discharge cycle and the attainable number charging/discharging cycles for the battery. This is achieved by monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of the battery in the charging and discharging process. The energy system in an SEV is subject to frequent change in operating condition, leading to a complicated model of the energy system. Therefore, it is proposed to recalibrate the SOC-Voc relationship whenever the battery has been rested for a long enough period (for example, after being fully charged at night for a few hours). Between successive recalibrations, the SOC will be determined by ampere-hour counting method, under continuously varying operating conditions. The EMS can protect the battery from damage by warning the driver of too low SOC of deep cycle battery. The EMS also estimates and updates current battery capacity and gives early notification for the battery replacement. In a traditional vehicle, the driver looks at energy meter on dashboard to predict the remaining driving range. But on the SEV, energy is added while it is running from solar panels. Thus, energy status of the solar electric vehicle must be determined by EMS from not only battery but also solar power. Furthermore, the EMS also measures power consumption of motor. Under the same loading condition and speed of the vehicle, the EMS estimates remaining run-time and driving range and display them on the dashboard [2]. When the SEV runs slower, there might be more energy from the PV panels, the newly estimated available distance is updated on the screen.
SOC SOCN CN (I) VBatt IBatt IS IG IM VEMF Voc EMF EMFmin EMFmax A0 Savg Tr Dr
NOMENCLATURE State Of Charge of battery Nominal SOC Nominal capacity of battery (in ampere-hours) Current efficiency of charging or discharging Terminal battery voltage Battery current Solar charge current Grid charge current Vehicle motor discharge current Equilibrium voltage Open circuit battery voltage Electromotive Force EMF voltage at empty battery (zero SOC) EMF voltage at full battery (SOC=1) Slope of the SOC-VEMF curve Average speed of the vehicle (km/h) Remaining available run-time (hours) Remaining available driving range (km)
This work was sponsored by the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, under grant number T-DDT-2012-77
224
II. STATE OF CHARGE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES The capacity of a battery can be considered as the product of the current and the duration of the discharge. The state of charge of battery (SOC) or remaining battery capacity is determined from the previous capacity history and the capacity charged or discharged. The SOC is then: ( ) (1)
accumulated error results [3]. Therefore the initial SOC needs to be reestimated and recalibrated regularly to ensure an accurate SOC determination. C. Updating Nominal Battery Capacity After a number of charging/discharging cycles, the nominal battery capacity will be reduced. Furthermore, the battery capacity changes with temperature, which can cause error in ampere-hour counting method (4). By combination the SOC estimation based on open circuit voltage method (3) and ampere-hour counting method (4), the maximum deliverable capacity of battery should be observed. It is possible to estimate the actual capacity by only partially charging or discharging the battery using the ampere-hour counting method, and the nominal battery capacity CN will be updated frequently. When the nominal capacity is reduced by 50% of the original value at the standardized temperature, the EMS displays a warning message for the battery replacement. III. REMAINING DRIVING RANGE ESTIMATION
where SOCN is the nominal SOC, CN is the nominal capacity, IBatt is the battery current, and (I) is the current loss coefcient (typically 0.981.0) [1]. A. SOC Estimation Based on Open Circuit Voltage The electromotive force (EMF) voltage of battery varies almost linearly to the battery SOC [1]. (2) where VEMF the electromotive force voltage, EMFmin is the EMF voltage at zero SOC, A0 is obtained from the values of EMFmax and EMFmin at full battery (SOC%=100). EMFmax and EMFmin are available from the manufacturers datasheets. So determination of SOC is equivalent to the estimation of its EMF. The EMF can be determined from open circuit battery voltage (Voc) of battery. However, EMF is only the same as Voc when the batteries are disconnected from load and charger for a length of time, such as several hours, to reach a steady state. So, it is not posible to calculate the SOC of the battery during solar electric vehicle operating or charging conditions based on open circuit voltage [4]: (3) Open circuit voltage method is a high precision and simple method, but it has a higher demand of rest time. The battery should be stalling for long time so that it can obtain the stable value of open circuit voltage. It is only applicable to the electric vehicle in the stop state, not for the dynamic battery SOC estimation. Therefore, the measured open circuit voltage is used to periodically correct the estimated SOC derived from other techniques. B. Ampere-hour Counting Method Ampere-hour counting or Coulomb counting is a method to measure a delivered current during charge or discharge. It could present a change in battery capacity. The SOC of battery can be estimated as [6]: ( ) where SOC(0) is the initial SOC value. Ampere-hour counting is a convenient, stable and easily implemented method, which can be used for all electric vehicle battery. However, the current efciency of charging and discharging, the precision of the current measurement, selfdischarge and the time factor between measurements can cause (4)
The EMS can estimate the remaining run-time and driving range from remaining battery SOC, additional solar power, and power consumption of the vehicle motor. A. Additional Solar Power The solar electric vehicle is installed a photovoltaic array on the roof to get more clean energy while it is running on the street. This solution allows a reduction of battery capacity. By the same battery capacity, the solar electric vehicle should have longer driving range and battery life than traditional electric vehicle. This approach however poses a problem, the working condition is more complicated to be formulated, as the battery could go through starting, charging, and discharging conditions in a very short interval. It is much more complicated to estimate the remaining energy of the vehicle battery. The energy management system EMS (Fig. 1) will solve this problem by measuring solar current supplied to the system, then combining with battery SOC estimation and power consumption of the motor to estimate the remaining run-time. Furthermore, the remaining SOC of the battery is easy to be estimated by ampere-hour counting method.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of a typical energy management system (EMS)
225
SOC (%)
B. Remaining Run-time Estimation With the SOC estimation of battery, the average solar current, and the average motor current (under specific mechanical load and speed conditions), the EMS can calculate the remaining run-time (Tr) of the vehicle when it is running. (5) The driver can then reduce vehicle speed to decrease motor current IM and the available run-time Tr will be therefore longer. So, the SEV can get more solar energy for the longer time, and the driving range can be significantly increased. C. Remaining Driving Range Estimation The EMS can estimate the remaining distance (Dr) that the vehicle can still travel using the relationship between the average vehicle speed and the electric motor current, Savg(IM), without a speed sensor, as shown in (6). (6) If a speed sensor is available, the average speed Savg of the vehicle can be measured, and the EMS can also estimate the remaining driving range under current energy condition by (7): (7) Under sunlight condition, the SEV can get more energy from the solar power. Thus, the remaining distance can be extended if the vehicle runs more slowly. So the driver can reduce vehicle speed to travel a longer distance.
100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00 47,5 48,5 49,5 EMF (V)
Fig. 2. SOC EMF characteristic
SOC% = 27.429(Vemf- 47.577) 50,5 51,5
While the SEV is running, the ampere-hour counting method is used to estimate SOC of battery (Fig. 3, 4, 5). The EMS will display a message warning driver of too low battery condition when SOC reaching to 20%. Furthermore, to extend the life of deep cycle lead-acid battery, the vehicle should not run with SOC lower than 20% of nominal battery capacity. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 0 Vbatt Ibatt SOC (%)
1000
2000 Time (s)
3000
4000
IV. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION AND RESULTS The following data are obtained from an experimental setup of 4-seat solar electric vehicle: no-load weight 556kg, maximum weight 825kg, LWH = 3070x1150x1940 mm. The SEV uses a 48 V battery bank (4 x 12 V/30 Ah VRLA batteries), a 48 V/340 Wp photovoltaic array (4 x 12 V/85 Wp solar panels), and a 48 V/2500 W/1700 rpm/30 Nm DC motor. A. SOC Estimation The EMS reestimates the initial SOC using open circuit voltage method (3), Fig. 2. Since a direct measurement of open circuit voltage cannot be carried out under loading condition, especially in VRLA battery, where considerable amount of times, such as several hours, are needed before battery reaching a steady state after loading or charging, it is proposed to reestimate the initial SOC at night, after a long enough resting time. Hence, the initial SOC is reestimated everyday to ensure an accurate SOC determination, by eliminating accumulated error due to the ampere-hour counting process during daytime.
Fig. 3. SOC of battery under discharging, without solar power
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 0
Vbatt (V)
Ibatt (A)
SOC (%)
3000 Time (s)
6000
9000
Fig. 4. SOC of battery under discharging, with solar power
From the above shown graphs, it is evident that with the additional solar power supply, the vehicle can run over a significantly longer distance.
226
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 0
Vbatt (V)
Ibatt (A)
SOC (%)
The vehicle with the additional solar power supply has longer remaining run-time. It is displayed on the dashboard by the EMS while the vehicle is running (Fig. 8).
5000 Time (s)
10000
15000
Fig. 5. SOC under charging
B. Updating Battery Parameters Whenever the battery is empty, it is charged from grid until full while the motor is stopped. The EMS will update the nominal battery capacity CN by the SOC estimated. The ampere-hour counting method will be recalibrated with its parameter CN (4). If the nominal battery capacity is reduced to 50% of the original in the standard temperature, the EMS will then displays a warning message for the battery replacement. C. Remaining Run-time Estimation 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 0 1000 2000 Time (s) 3000 4000 T (!) SOC ("5000)
Fig. 8. Estimated remaining run-time being displayed on the dashboard
D. Remaining Driving Range Estimation The EMS estimates the remaining driving range from remaining run-time and the vehicle speed. 19 14 9 4 -1 0 1000 2000 Time (s) 3000 4000 #ema$%$%& a%&e ('m) #(%%$%& a%&e ('m)
Fig. 6. Estimated remaining run-time, without solar power
Fig. 9. Estimated remaining driving range, without solar power
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 0
T (!)
SOC ("5000)
19 14 9 4
#ema$%$%& a%&e ('m)
#(%%$%& a%&e ('m)
3000 Time (s)
6000
9000
-1
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Time (s)
Fig. 7. Estimated remaining run-time, with solar power
Fig. 10. Estimated remaining driving range, with solar power
227
According to the results obtained from experimental tests, the remaining driving range estimation will approximately represent the distance the car can travel. V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a proposed energy management system for solar electric vehicles. The system continuously estimates different factors during vehicle operation: SOC of battery, remaining run-time, and remaining driving range for the electric vehicle with the additional solar power. The SOC of battery is determined by combining the SOC estimation based on open circuit voltage method and ampere-hour counting method. It helps the driver to evaluate the amount of remaining charge capacity in battery in order to estimate how far the vehicle can still travel, and avoid running condition with low battery to extend the overall battery life. The EMS continuously estimates and updates the required information to the dashboard of the new remaining distance while the driver is reducing the vehicle speed. This helps get more energy from the solar panels for a longer driving range. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors express their thanks to the colleagues and students at the Faculty of Transportation Engineering and the Green Power Laboratory for their valuable support during carrying out the project.
Fig. 12. The Energy Management System for Solar Electric Vehicle
REFERENCES
[1] Martin Coleman, Chi Kwan Lee, Chunbo Zhu, and William Gerard Hurley, State-of-Charge Determination From EMF Voltage Estimation: Using Impedance, Terminal Voltage, and Current for Lead-Acid and Lithium-Ion Batteries, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp.2550-2557, October 2007. Yuhe Zhang, Wenjia Wang, Kobayashi Y., Shirai K, Remaining driving range estimation of electric vehicle, Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2012 IEEE International, 4-8 March, 2012. Haiying Wang, Yang Liu, Hang Fu and Gechen Li, Estimation of State of Charge of Batteries for Electric Vehicles, International Journal of Control and Automation, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.185-193, April 2013. B. S. Bhangu, P. Bentley, D. A. Stone, and C. M. Bingham, Nonlinear Observers for Predicting State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of LeadAcid Batteries for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 54, no. 3, pp.783-794, May 2005. C. Chen, K.L. Man, T.O. Ting, Chi-Un Lei, T. Krilaviius, T.T. Jeong, J.K. Seon, Sheng-Uei Guan and Prudence W.H. Wong, Design and Realization of a Smart Battery Management System, Proceeding of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, vol 2, 14-16 March, 2012, Hong Kong. Nathapol Taweewong, Chi-na Benyajati, Piyapong Premvaranon, Chinda Charoenphonphanich and Masaki Yamakita. Progressive State of Charge Estimation for Electric Bus, The Second TSME International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, 19-21 October, 2011, Krabi. Jonathan Scott, Kyle Pennington, Sergej Schwarz, and Philip Rowe, Vehicle Lead-Acid Battery State-of-Charge Meter, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics, November, 2011, Melbourne.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Fig. 11. The solar electric car at HCMUT, 2013
228
Session 3
Design and 6&timi:ation of a Micro-cogeneration System 2sing a ;Double Effect; Stirling Engine and a "ubular 5inear Induction Generator
Th! Th!y 802*( -ami$ 1E2 0-.E8( .arie R=E##02( #a!rent /RE >28 S&T E 3a1oratory, Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan, France
229
International Workshop on "Renewable Energy" - Hanoi, October 2013.
Design and Optimization of a Micro-cogeneration System Using a "Double Effect" Free Piston Stirling Engine and a Tubular Linear Induction Generator
Thu Thuy DANG, Hamid BEN AHMED, Marie RUELLAN, Laurent PREVOND SATIE Laboratory, Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan 61, Avenue du Prsident Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France dang@satie.ens-cachan.fr
Abstract
Micro-cogeneration (-CHP) is based on the principle of simultaneous production of electricity and heat at a small scale (Pe 50kW according to the European classification). It offers an economical autonomous solution for decentralized power production mainly for tertiary and home applications. Currently, several -CHP technologies are mature and widely adopted: -CHP powered by internal combustion engines, gas turbines. In this context, -CHP using the free piston Stirling engine seems to be a very promising technology with the following skills: silent operation, no release of harmful gas, low maintenance, good performance at low load, long life including compatibility with many primary energy sources as fossil fuels (gas, oil) and renewable (solar, biomass, etc.). However, this technology is not yet mature and the investment cost can be expensive. The multidisciplinary ANR - CETI project (Chaudire Electro-Thermique Intgre funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France) aims to develop an innovative -CHP system with a double effect free piston Stirling engine and a tubular linear induction generator. The structure of this system is shown in Figure 1. Two elementary Stirling engines work in phase thermodynamic opposition. The electrical generator is based on the principle of tubular linear stator FIG. 1 Structure of the -CHP system proposed by the ANR-CETI project. induction winding, (TLIG). supplied The by axisymmetric three-phase
sinusoidal voltages, creates an electromagnetic sliding field. The piston/ mover is the place of
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induced currents. It is moved linearly by the longitudinal component of the Lorentz force. In its operation, there is also the radial electromagnetic force that enables to lift the mover. The advantages of such a system are many including the remarkable compactness and energy efficiency. The system is connected to the home network through a chain of static inverters managing household energy flows (Figure 2).
I
bus_g
bus_r
Cbus
Lligne
bus
y p
ia ,ib
Vbus
irs
FIG. 2 Structure of the -CHP systems mechano-electrical chain (TLIG+ static inverters). Given the complexity of such a multi-physics system, the objective of this paper is to propose a design method for the -CHP with double effect Stirling engine and tubular linear induction generator. The approach presented includes all stages of design: the construction of subsystems analytical models, the simplification of models in order to control them and the assembly of these models for a virtual mock-up. The last step corresponds to the optimization of the design of the mechano-electrical chain. Indeed, the TLIG structure is an advantageous choice for our system. However, this structure may have a poor mechano-electrical performance due to a large airgap and the presence of Joule losses in the mover. The design study of this mechano-electrical chain must take into account all these drawbacks to optimize the overall electrical efficiency that the system will be able to reach. Optimization results will be analyzed and used for the evaluation of the time of return. The approach used in this study can be summarized in the diagram of Figure 3. It consists of four phases: construction of sub-systems analytical models, theoretical and experimental validations of these models, building a virtual mock-up, and finally optimization of the system design.
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FIG. 3 Approach to the design of micro-cogeneration Stirling engine double effect. The construction of Stirling engines thermo-mechanical analytical model has been treated by the team of heating researchers from the FEMTO Institute (Belfort, France) associated to the SATIEs research team. Readers wishing to know the details of this model may consult publications [2] [3]. The analytical electromagnetic model was established by the SATIE laboratory through the P. Francoiss thesis. The aim of this model is to solve Maxwell's equations analytically in magnetodynamics with cylindrical coordinates and a frequency approach [1] [4] [5]. These analytical models were validated theoretically and experimentally. Concerning the Stirling engine, the thermomechanical model has been partially validated by using a prototype of a simple effect free piston Stirling engine which is under construction. The analytical electromagnetic model has been completely validated, using, first, the finite element software FEMM and, then, an experimental mock-up. The overall simulation model called virtual mock-up, required the integration of validated subsystems multi-physics models and their associated control. This integration could be achieved through an intermediate stage of model simplification. For more details on the construction and the results of the overall model, the interested reader may consult [5]. An iterative optimization of the mechano-electrical chain (structure specified in Figure 2) has been implemented using Matlab codes. The design and the operating point of the double effect Stirling engine are assumed fixed. The objective is to determine the size of TLIG + static inverters chain that maximizes the overall electrical efficiency while minimizing the cost of the whole chain. In Page 3/5
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order to have reliable but also faster models for an optimization process, a reduction of the virtual mock-up into an overall simplified model that we called energy platform was conducted. This latter was established based on two main assumptions: (1) perfect control, (2) superposition of instantaneous values by average values in switching cycle. The use of energy platform has significantly shortened the computing time from few minutes to few ms [5]. In this optimization process, the 2D analytical electromagnetic model has been used instead of the 3D model to also reduce the running time. The genetic algorithm NSGA-II has been used for this problem multi-objective, multi-variable and multi-constraint. After a running time of about 12 hours (100 individuals 200 generations), the Pareto solution is obtained in terms of two criteria which shows two contradictory objectives.
Pareto front Front de Pareto
Total cost of the chains [] Cot total de la chane lectrique [Euros]
900 800 700 600 500 400 300
[m]
0.15
Machine A
C
Solutions haut efficiency rendement Solutions withhigh
[m]
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0 [m]
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Machine B
0.15
0.1
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0 -0.5
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A
Solutions with low cost Solutions faible cot
[m]
0 [m]
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
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Machine C
0.15
0.1
200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Puissance lectrique moyenne injecte au rseau [W] Mean power injected into network [W]
0.05
0 -0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0 [m]
0.1
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FIG. 4 Distribution of the optimal solutions.
FIG. 5 Optimal generators geometries.
We obtained the maximum possible overall electrical efficiency of 52% regardless of the iron losses. However, this performance seems low and may be better by examining the following three ways of improvement: 1) replace the aluminum mover by a copper mover by imposing an additional constraint on the mass; 2) replace the aluminum mover by a material composite mover with a greater relative permeability (r = 10); 3) reduce by 2,5 the airgaps. The results showed that the system performance improves significantly when making these changes to the magnetic circuit of the machine [5]. TAB. 1 Summary of optimum performance. TLIGs characteristics Solid aluminium mover Solid copper mover Solid material composite mover r = 10 Airgaps reduced by 2.5 times Maximum overall electrical efficiency 52% 63% 74% 69% Total cost 797 879 1120 1163
The time of return is one of the most important factors influencing the decision of investors for -CHP systems. In the ANR-CETI project, we considered the following definition: The time of return of the double effect free piston Stirling engine -CHP is the operating time at full power required for full refund of the investment and operating cost thanks to the gain of the resale of electricity to
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network. The calculation of the time of return is directly based on the optimal techno-economic characteristics of mechano-electrical chains (Pareto front, Figure 4). Three types of primary energy were chosen to power this system: natural gas, biomass and solar energy. We obtained, depending on the price of electricity purchase and the type of primary energy, the following evolution of the time of return of the whole system:
FIG. 6 Time of return of -CHP depending on the purchase price and the type of primary energy. This calculation was also applied in cases where the mover is copper or composite material and the airgaps are reduced. The time of return of the -CHP system is reduced thanks to these alterations.
Bibliographies
[1] P. FRANCOIS, Contribution la modlisation lectromagntique d'un gnrateur linaire induction applique un micro-cognrateur Stirling piston libre, 2011. [2] J. BOUCHER, F. LANZETTA et P. NIKA, Optimization of a dual free piston Stirling engine, Applied Thermal Engineering, n %127, pp. 802-811, 2007. [3] S. Bgot, G. Layes, F. Lanzetta and P. Nika, "Stability analysis of free piston Stirling engines," The European Physical Journal, 2012. [4] P. Franois, I. Garcia Burrel, H. Ben Ahmed, L. Prvond and B. Multon, "3D Analytical Model for a Tubular Linear Induction Generator in a Stirling cogeneration system," in IECON, 2006. [5] T. DANG, Optimisation de l'ensemble convertisseurs-gnrateurs-commande intgr un systme de microcognration thermo-mcano-lectrique, Cachan, 2013. [6] T. T. DANG, P. FRANCOIS, L. PREVOND and H. BEN AHMED, "Theoretical and experimental results of Tubular Linear Induction Generator for Stirling Cogenerator System," ICEM Conference, 2010.
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Session 3
5ig$tning Induced 6%er%oltage in "$e Control System of ! 0ind "urbine

2g!yen 5!ang Th!an1(2( Thinh /ham2( Top Tran an2
. /
University of ndustry, Hanoi, Vietnam
Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract 7 5ig$tning transients in wind turbine ?0"@ are t$e most im&ortant &$enomena w$en conducting insulation coordination studies. /owe%er3 a&&ro&riate models and met$ods for eac$ com&onent in a 0" are still under intensi%e in%estigation of academic and industrial communities. 5ig$tning o%er%oltage in 0"s reAuires a broad =nowledge on numerical met$ods of com&uting electric field3 dielectric brea=down3 electromagnetic transients and c$aracteristics of lig$tning current. "$is &a&er de%elo&ed an eAui%alent circuit model on t$e &at$ of lig$tning current for 0"3 in w$ic$ $ig$-freAuency distributed &arameters of t$e blade conducts3 tower3 control and &ower cables $a%e been calculated. 0$en3 t$e &a&er deals wit$ t$e simulation of lig$tning induced o%er%oltage ?5I6'@ in t$e control and electrical systems of a 0"3 w$ic$ $as been installing in 'ietnam by using EM"PD!"P. Simulation results s$ow t$at3 t$e 5I6's on t$e control and electrical systems are an eBcessi%ely $ig$ le%el it can result in damages to t$e control and electrical eAui&ment of a 0". !ccordingly3 surge arresters installed in two ends of t$e cable nearly eliminate t$e 5I6' in t$e cable of t$e &ower and control system of 0"s. Keywords: 5ig$tning 6%er%oltageM 5I6'M 0ind turbineM EM"PD!"P.
235
LIGHTNING INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE IN THE POWER AND CONTROL SYSTEM OF A WIND TURBINE
Thuan Nguyen Q1,2, Thinh Pham2 and Top Tran Van2
1
Hanoi University of Industry 2 Hanoi University of Science and Technology
10/1/2013
236
OUTLINE
1. Introduction 2. Equivalent circuit of a wind turbine 3. WT under investigation 4. esults and anal!sis
". #onclusion
10/1/2013 2 237
INT O$U#TION
Wind turbines (WT) are tall structure (h 100m), placed in windy locations. 71% of WT incidences due to lightning come from faults in the power and control system (I !"T#$1%00&'%).
10/1/2013 3 238
In()ietnam,(*g(is(up(to( 1% flashes"+m'.year. ,ightning(protection(is(a( big(issue(to(be(sol-ed(for( the(operation(of(WTs.(
10/1/2013
4 239
LI%&TNIN%'IN$U#E$'O(E (OLT)%E'*LIO(+'IN')'WT
3lade
The(path(of( lightning(current
%
#ontrol'cable L('cable *1ower'cable+
Induced voltage in the Control Cable Induced voltage in LV Cable
Tower #ontrol' Equi12ent
,.-./220(
%rid
10/1/2013
%rounding
5 240
&OW'TO'4I5UL)TE')'WT
3lade
Power/
The tower is di-ided into 10 sections of distributed parameters. #esistance, inductance and capacitance in the circuit are calculated from the geometry of the WT.
#ontrol'cable L('cable *1ower'cable+
,ightning( current
Tower #ontrol' Equi12ent
,.-./220(
%rid
10/1/2013
%rounding
6 241
WT'UN$E 'IN(E4TI%)TION
Typical WTs currently installed in the wind power pro.ects in /inh Thuan 0ro-ince).
#g
#g 9(4=
The power cable !u&1,0 &$00mm' and the control cable2 #3456"7. 8istance cables&inner wall 9 '00mm. I9:0+6, 10":40;s to the blade< ground resistance 4=.
10/1/2013 7 242
E4ULT4')N$')N)L64I4'
)oltage distribution along the cable of power and control cable.
( ower bottom side!
Significantly difference in voltage along the cable. Maximum voltage appears at the tower bottom side
( ower top side!
10/1/2013
8 243
Effect'of'grounding's!ste2
Maximum LI"V when #ointly grounded due to$ due to additional wire resistance.
10/1/2013 9 244
Effect'of't7e'rise'ti2e'of'lig7tning'current'
,I>) in the power cable 480 ,I>) in the control cable 260 (6t the tower bottom side< 40 #grounding94?)
-180 700 [kV]
'us
4us 10us
700 [kV] 500 300 100 -100 -300
'us 4us 10us
-400
wt_tower_pc_5om_c_(30kA_2_350us).pl4: v :311 wt_tower_pc_5om_c_(30ka_5_350us).pl4: v :311 wt_tower_pc_5om_c_(30ka_10_350us).pl4: v :311
[us] 10
The rise time smaller the higher the LIOV.
wt_tower_pc_5om_c_(30kA_2_350us).pl4: v :511 wt_tower_pc_5om_c_(30ka_5_350us).pl4: v :511 wt_tower_pc_5om_c_(30ka_10_350us).pl4: v :511
[us] 10
10/1/2013
10 245
In'1resence'of'surge'arrester'*4)+
Surge arresters are installed in % and & ends of the cable. LI"V in the power cable LI"V in the control cable.
Without SA
With SA
Without SA
With SA
S's installed in & ends of the cable nearly eliminate the LI"V in the cable of the power and control system.
10/1/2013
11 246
#ON#LU4ION
Lightning induced overvoltage was calculated for a typical wind turbine currently installed in Vietnam( LI"V is maximum at the tower bottom side of the power and control cable( )rounded individually can reduced LI"V in the power and control cable up to %.* times( he rise time of lightning current smaller the higher the LI"V( Surge arresters installed in two ends of the cable nearly eliminate the LI"V in the cable of the power and control system for very high lightning current (up to +,-'!.
10/1/2013 12 247
Session 3
Im&lementation Su&er%isory Controller for /ybrid 0ind Microgrid System 2sing !da&ti%e -eural Mimo Model
-o /ham -!y 0nh( 2g!yen -!! /h!c Ho Chi 'inh City University of Technology, Viet Nam
Abstract - "$is &a&er in%estigates a no%el forward ada&ti%e neural model w$ic$ is a&&lied for modeling and im&lementing t$e su&er%isory controller of t$e $ybrid wind microgrid system. "$e nonlinear features of t$e $ybrid wind microgrid system are t$oroug$ly modeled based on t$e ada&ti%e identification &rocess using eB&erimental in&ut-out&ut training data. "$is &a&er &ro&oses t$e no%el use of a bac= &ro&agation ?>P@ algorit$m to generate t$e ada&ti%e neural-based su&er%isory controller for t$e $ybrid wind microgrid system. "$e simulation results s$ow t$at t$e &ro&osed ada&ti%e neural based su&er%isory controller trained by >ac= Pro&agation learning algorit$m yields outstanding &erformance and &erfect accuracy. Keywords: $ybrid wind microgrid system3 >ac= Pro&agation 5earning !lgorit$m ?>P@3 !da&ti%e neuralbased su&er%isory controller3 0ind turbine3 Modeling and Identification.
248
IMPLEMENTATION SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER FOR HYBRID WIND MICROGRID SYSTEM USING ADAPTIVE NEURAL MIMO MODEL
Ho Pham Huy Anh1
1,2
Nguyen Huu Phuc2
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Viet Nam (Tel: +84-08-394-90415; E-mail: hphanh@hcmut.edu.vn)
Abstract: This paper investigates a novel forward adaptive neural model which is applied for modeling and implementing the supervisory controller of the hybrid wind microgrid system. The nonlinear features of the hybrid wind microgrid system are thoroughly modeled based on the adaptive identification process using experimental input-output training data. This paper proposes the novel use of a back propagation (BP) algorithm to generate the adaptive neural-based supervisory controller for the hybrid wind microgrid system. The simulation results show that the proposed adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller trained by Back Propagation learning algorithm yields outstanding performance and perfect accuracy. Keywords: hybrid wind microgrid system, Back Propagation Learning Algorithm (BP)), Adaptive neural-based supervisory controller, Wind turbine, Modeling and Identification.
I. INTRODUCTION: Hybrid renewable energy systems can be classified into two main types: grid-connected and standalone. The renewable energy sources can be PV or wind generators (or both), according to the availability of solar radiation or wind velocity (or both) at the system site. Batteries are often used as a backup source to supply the system when the renewable energy source is unavailable. Other backup sources can be used with or without batteries such as fuel cells (e.g. electrolysers, supercapacitors and flywheel energy storage). Diesel generators could be used as secondary sources of renewable energy. The standalone system might provide dc power, ac power, or both dc and ac power [1-3]. The gridconnected systems can work on standalone mode when the utility grid is unavailable. In grid-connected systems, the utility grid is a secondary source. For the most part, fuel cells and diesel generators are not used with such grid-connected systems. The supervisory controllers manage the power according to the type and different components of the
249
system. The supervisory controllers could be divided generally to two kinds; conventional-based and artificial intelligence-based methods. A small-scale hybrid PV-Wind generation system with batteries works only in standalone mode as proposed in [6]. The power conditioning unit is limited to maximize the output power from both the wind and the PV generators to the batteries. The charging and discharging methods of batteries, over power ratings and load management, are not taken into account in this system. A design of a supervisory controller based on a sliding mode control is presented in reference [4]. The system is a standalone hybrid PV-Wind generation system. For the design of such a supervisory controller, the wind generator plays the role of the main generator while the solar generator is a secondary power source. The system has three modes of operation: in the first mode, the wind generator is regulated to supply the system while the PV generator is OFF. In the second mode, the wind power is maximized and the PV power is regulated. Both PV and wind are maximized in the last mode. In the proposed control strategy, the battery state of charge is not taken into account. Furthermore, the wind power regulation strategy is not explained. A wind generation system with storage batteries is controlled to work in both grid and standalone operation modes discussed in this chapter [1]. The supervisory controller in this system is designed to provide smooth transitions between the modes. Furthermore, it controls the inverter, providing fault ride through to limit the output current during utility grid side faults. This fault ride through strategy is explained in reference [5]. The supervisory controller of a standalone hybrid Wind-PV-fuel cell (FC) energy system is proposed in [7-9]. Every source is connected to the ac bus bar via an inverter to supply the load. The FCelectrolyzer combination is used as a backup and long-term storage system. The battery bank is used in the system as a short-time backup to supply the transient power. At any given time, the supervisory controller controls any excess windPV-generated power to be supplied to the electrolyser. The hydrogen, which is delivered to the hydrogen storage tanks by a gas compressor, is consequently generated. If the generated power is less than the load demand, the FC stack begins to produce energy for the load using hydrogen from the storage tanks. A steady state model was used in the papers with no dynamical results. This study demonstrates that the low voltage
250
distribution network is supervised to optimize energy flow and control power quality [10]. This kind of system is supplied by renewable energy sources, diesel generators, and energy storage backups. The system is controlled, according to international power quality standards. The algorithm is universal and adapts its control variables. This controller is concerned with the utility grid not with controlling the local generators. A power management program is proposed in reference [11] for a grid-connected windgenerated system with energy storage. The energy storage is controlled to smooth the power output of the energy generation system to the grid. The average wind velocity is forecast for the next hour and then the energy storage output is managed according to the forecast value. A new scheme of a standalone hybrid PV-Wind system with batteries is proposed in [12]. The PV is directly connected in parallel with the batteries to supply the ac load through a three phase inverter which is connected from the other side to a wind generator. The power management strategy is simplified in this configuration as the batteries act as a constant voltage load line which charges both ways by the PV and the wind generators. A dump load can be switched on with batteries fully charged but the batteries are later disconnected to prevent overcharging. One of the drawbacks is that there is no ability in this scheme to provide PV or wind generators control. Furthermore, the batteries charging and discharging is not fully controlled. Recently, there are many researches focus on artificial intelligence-based methods applied to supervisory control of hybrid microgrid systems. A standalone system with hybrid PV-diesel power generators and flywheel backup energy storage system is proposed in [13]. A pump is used as an auxiliary load to absorb the extra power from the system. A fuzzy logic supervisory controller is proposed to manage the power from the generators to the load. According to the generated PV power and the rotor speed of the flywheel, the fuzzy controller adjusts the references for the diesel generator output power and the pump demand. A fuzzy logic supervisor is proposed also in reference [14] for a grid-connected wind generated system. The supervisory controller regulates the power of the wind generator according to the change in the grid frequency. The pitch angle is controlled to match the reference power generated by the supervisory controller. The same system used in the last reference is used in this reference [15] with the exception that there is a flywheel controlled by a fuzzy supervisor to smooth the output power of
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the wind generator. A storage capacitor could be used also in the same manner [16]. In a microgrid system [17], the PV generators could be used to remove frequency deviations using fuzzy supervisory controller. This controller increases or decreases the PV output power to match a high frequency or a low frequency respectively. In reference [18], the fuzzy supervisor controls the pitch angle of a fixed speed wind generator and the reactive power output of the static VAR compensator to smooth the wind generator output power and regulate the grid voltage respectively. A neural networks-based supervisory controller manages the power in a PV standalone system with batteries. Two neural networks are used: one neural network for direct control and the second to adapt the first one to optimize the systems operation [19]. This paper proposes the novel use of adaptive neural MIMO model to generate the supervisory controller for the hybrid wind microgrid systems. The Back Propagation (BP) learning algorithm is used to process the experimental input-output data that is measured from the optimal desired operation of the hybrid wind microgrid systems as to optimize all nonlinear and dynamic features of this system. Thus, the BP algorithm optimally generates the appropriate neural weightings to perfectly characterize the features of the supervisory controller for the hybrid wind microgrid systems. These good obtained results are due to proposed adaptive neural MIMO model combines the extraordinary approximating capability of the neural system with the powerful predictive and adaptive potentiality of the nonlinear ARX structure that is implied in the proposed adaptive neural-based model. Consequently, the proposed method of the generation of the adaptive supervisory controller for the hybrid microgrid systems has successfully modeled the nonlinear features of the desired operation of the hybrid wind microgrid system with good performance. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces the implementation of supervisory controller in hybrid wind microgrid systems. Section III presents the novel adaptive neural MIMO model using for the implementation of supervisory controller in hybrid microgrid systems. The results from the proposed adaptive neural-based supervisory controller are presented in Section IV. Finally, Section V contains the concluding remarks.
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II. IMPLEMENTATION SUPERVISORY CONTROL FOR THE HYBRID MICROGRID SYSTEM We consider an implementation a supervisory controller for the hybrid microgrid systems illustrated in fig.1.
Figure 1a. Schematic of a supervisory controller for the hybrid wind-turbine microgrid systems III. ADAPTIVE NEURAL MIMO MODEL FOR SUPERVISORY CONTROL THE HYBRID WIND MICROGRID SYSTEM The adaptive forward Neural MIMO model used in this paper is a combination between the Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLPNN) structure and the AutoRegressive with eXogenous input (ARX) model. Due to this combination, adaptive forward Neural MIMO model possesses both of powerful universal approximating feature from MLPNN structure and strong predictive feature from nonlinear ARX model. A fully connected 3-layer feed-forward MLP-network with n inputs, q hidden units (also called nodes or neurons), and m outputs units is shown in Fig. 3.
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Figure 3. Structure of feed-forward MLPNN. In Fig.3, w10,.., wq0 and W10,..,Wm0 are weighting values of Bias neurons of Input Layer and Hidden Layer respectively. Forwardly we consider an Auto-Regressive with eXogenous input (ARX) model with noisy input, which can be described as
A(q 1 ) y (t ) = B(q 1 )u (t T ) + C (q 1 )e(t )
(2)
with
A(q1) =1+ a1q1 + a2q2

B(q 1 ) = b1 + b2 q 1
C(q1) = c1 + c2q1 +c3q2
where e(t) is the white noise sequence with zero mean and unit variance; u(t) and y(t) are input and output of system respectively; q is the shift operator and T is the time delay. From equation (2), not considering the noise component e(t), we have the general form of the discrete ARX model in z-domain (with the time delay T=nk=1)
b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 + ... + bnb z nb y ( z 1 ) = u ( z 1 ) 1 + a1 z 1 + a 2 z 2 + ... + a na z na
(3)
in which na and nb are the order of output y(z-1) and input u(z-1) respectively. We investigate the potentiality of various simple adaptive neural MIMO models in order to exploit them in modeling, identification and control as well. The adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller of the hybrid wind microgrid system is investigated. Thus, by embedding a 3-layer MLPNN (with number of neurons of hidden layer equal 5) in a 1st order ARX model with its characteristic equation induced from (3) as follows: s1hat (k ) = b11 pW (k ) + b12 pL (k ) a11s1 (k 1) a12 s2 (k 1) a13 s3 (k 1) s2 hat (k ) = b21 pW (k ) + b22 pL (k ) a21s1 (k 1) a22 s2 (k 1) a23s3 (k 1) s3hat (k ) = b31 pW (k ) + b32 pL (k ) a31s1 (k 1) a32 s2 (k 1) a33s3 (k 1) (4a)
254
We will design the proposed adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller of the hybrid PV microgrid system (with na = 1, nb = 1, nk =1) with 5 inputs (including two input values pw(k), pl(k) and three recurrent delayed output values s1(k-1), s2(k-1), s3(k-1)) and three output values s1hat(k), s2hat(k) and s3hat(k). We remember that two input values pw(k), pl(k), representing the two power inputs [MW] of the wind turbine and the load, respectively and the three output values s1hat(k), s2hat(k) and s3hat(k) representing the responding switching output of the adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller. Its structure is shown in Fig. 4a.
pl(k) pw(k) s3hat(k) s3(k-1) pl(k) pw(k) s2(k-1) pl(k) s1hat(k) pw(k) s1(k-1) s2hat(k)
Fig.4b Model structure of the adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller of the hybrid wind-turbine microgrid system
By this way, the fifteen parameters a11, a12, a13, b11, b12, a21, a22, a23, b21, b22, a31, a32, a33, b31, b32 of the ARX structure of three switching output variables s1hat(t), s2hat(t) and s3hat(t), respectively, now become adaptively nonlinear and will be determined from the weighting values Wij and wjl of the proposed adaptive Neural MIMO NARX model. This feature makes adaptive Neural MIMO NARX model very powerful in modeling, identification and in model-based advanced control as well.
255
The prediction error approach, which is the strategy applied here, is based on the introduction of a measure of closeness in terms of a mean sum of square error (MSSE) criterion:
EN , Z N =
1 2N
N t =1
(t ) ] [y (t ) y (t ) ] [y (t ) y
T
(5)
Based on the conventional error Back-Propagation (BP) training algorithms, the weighting value is calculated as follows:
W (k + 1) = W (k ) E (W (k )) W (k )
(6)
with k is kth iterative step of calculation and is learning rate which is often chosen as a small constant value. Concretely, the weights Wij and wjl of neural MIMO NARX are then updated as:
Wij (k + 1) = Wij (k ) + Wij (k + 1) Wij (k + 1) = . i .O j i (1 y i )( y i y i ) i = y

with i is search direction value of ith neuron of output layer (i=[1 m]); Oj is the i are truly real output and output value of jth neuron of hidden layer (j=[1 q]); yi and y predicted output of ith neuron of output layer (i=[1 m]), and (7)
w jl (k + 1) = w jl (k ) + w jl (k + 1) w jl (k + 1) = . j .u l
(8)
j = O j (1 O j )
iW ij
i =1
in which j is search direction value of jth neuron of hidden layer (j=[1 q]); Oj is the output value of jth neuron of hidden layer (j=[1 q]); ul is input of lth neuron of input layer (l=[1 n]).
IV. IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION THE ADAPTIVE NEURAL MIMO MODEL FOR SUPERVISORY CONTROL THE HYBRID WIND MICROGRID SYSTEM
256
In general, the procedure which must be executed when attempting to identify a dynamical system consists of four basic steps. STEP 1 (Getting Training Data) STEP 2 (Select Model Structure ) STEP 3 (Estimate Model) STEP 4 (Validate Model)
In Step 1, the identification procedure is based on experimental input-output data values measured from the desired input-output of the adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller of the hybrid wind-turbine microgrid system. The two input values pw(k), pl(k), representing the two power inputs [MW] of the wind turbine and the load and the three desired referential output values s1hat(k), s2hat(k) and s3hat(k) representing the responding switching output of the adaptive neuralbased supervisory controller. Figure 5a presents the collected input-output data composes of the two input signals pw(k), pl(k) applied to the neuralbased supervisory controller of the hybrid wind-turbine microgrid system and the referential output values s1hat(k), s2hat(k) and s3hat(k).
TWO DAILY POWER INPUT VALUES OF TRAINING DATA 80 WIND POWER [MW] 60 40 20 0 0 80 LOAD POWER [MW] 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 5 10 time [hour] 15 20
10
15
20
Fig.5a Two power input signals pw(k), pl(k) of training data for identification process
257
THREE SWITCHING OUTPUT VALUES OF TRAINING DATA 1 S1
0.5
0 1 S3
10
15
20
0.5
0 0 1 S2 0.5 0 0 5 10 time [hour] 15 20 5 10 15 20
Fig.5b Three switching output signals of training data for identification process Back Propagation (BP) learning algorithm based on the error between the (s1,s2,s3,s4,s5) reference switching outputs and the responding (s1hat, s2hat, s3hat, s4hat, s5hat) switching outputs of adaptive neural MIMO NARX model to update the weights of proposed neural MIMO NARX supervisory controller. Fig.5c illustrate identification scheme of the neural MIMO NARX supervisory controller using proposed Neural MIMO NARX model for microgrid wind system.
258
Fig.5c Identification scheme of the neural-based supervisory controller using proposed
adaptive Neural MIMO NARX model The second step relates to selecting the model structure. The block diagram in Fig.5c illustrates the identification scheme of the proposed intelligent model. The proposed adaptive neural MIMO NARX model structure was attempted. Its model structure was presented in Fig. 4a. The third step estimates values for the trained adaptive Neural NARX model. The optimal fitness value to use for the BP-based optimization and identification process is calculated. The estimation result is presented in Fig. 8. This figure represent the fitness convergence values of the proposed forward kinematics of the industrial robot arm FNMN system which correspond to adaptive neural NARX identified and optimized with Back Propagation (BP) learning algorithm. The fitness value of the proposed adaptive neural-based supervisory controller identification produces an excellent global optimal value (equal to 0.000036).
259
10
FITNESS CONVERGENCE OF ADAPTIVE NEURAL MIMO NARX MODEL IDENTIFICATION
10
-2
10 ERROR
-4
10
-6
10
-8
10
-10
100
200
300
400 500 ITERATIONS
600
700
800
900
Fig.8 Fitness convergence of proposed adaptive neural-based supervisory controller identification
These good results are due to how the proposed model combines the extraordinary approximating capability of the neural system with the powerful predictive and adaptive potentiality of the nonlinear NARX structure that is implied in the adaptive neural MIMO NARX model. Consequently, the BP-based forward kinematics of the industrial robot arm FNMN model addresses all of the nonlinear features of the forward kinematics of the industrial robot arm system that are implied in the five responding output switching signals (s1, s2, s3, s4, s5) from three power input values (pw(k), ps(k), pl(k)). The last step relates to validating the resulting nonlinear adaptive models. Applying the same training diagram in Fig. 5c, a good validating result demonstrates the performance of the resulting forward Neural MIMO NARX (FNMN) model which are presented in Fig.9. The error which is optimized nearly zero between the real industrial 5-DOF robot arm system responding reference output signals (x,y) and the forward Neural MIMO NARX11 and forward Neural MIMO NARX22 model responding output signals (xhat, yhat) asserts the very good performance of proposed FNMN model. Forwardly, the error shown in Fig.9 consolidates again the quality of forward Neural MIMO NARX22 model.
260
VALIDATION RESULTS OF ADAPTIVE NEURAL-BASED SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION 1 ref 1 model 1 2 0 -6 x 10 5 10 15 20 25
error
S1
0 -2 1 0 5 10 15 20 ref model 0 5 10 15 20
S3 error
0.5 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 S2 0.5 0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0
10
15
20 ref model
10
15
20
error
10 time [hour]
15
20
Fig.9a Validation of Circular Trajectory of industrial 5-dof robot arm end-effecter Finally, Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 illustrate the auto-tuning variation of adaptive ARX parameters of proposed forward Neural MIMO NARX11 and NARX22 Models of the industrial 5-DOF robot arm. Concretely, the fifteen parameters a11, a12, a13, b11, b12, a21, a22, a23, b21, b22 and a31, a32, a33, b31, b32of the two 1st order ARX structure integrated in proposed FNMN11 model were adaptively auto-tuning as illustrated in Fig. 10. Similarly, the thirty parameters a11, a12, a13, a14, a15, a16, b11, b12, b13, b14, a21, a22, a23, a24, a25, a26, b21, b22, b23, b24 and a31, a32, a33, a34, a35, a36, b31, b32, b33, b34 of the two 2nd order ARX structure integrated in proposed FNMN22 model were adaptively and flexibly autotuning as illustrated in Fig. 11. These results show that the parameters of the ARX structure integrated in proposed FNMN models now become adaptively nonlinear and will be adaptively determined from the optimized weighting values Wij and wjl of the forward Neural MIMO NARX model. This feature once more proves the proposed adaptive forward Neural MIMO NARX (FNMN) model is very powerful and adaptive in identification and in model-based advanced control as well.
261
ADAPTIVE NARX PARAMETERS' AUTO-TUNING OF NEURAL MIMO NARX MODEL 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
ADAPTIVE NARX PARAMETERS' VALUES
-8
10
15
20 25 30 time (samples X 30 minutes)
35
40
45
Fig 10: Adaptive NARX parameters' auto-tuning of proposed neural MIMO NARX model In summary, Table 1 and Table 2 tabulate the optimized weighting values of the proposed forward Neural MIMO NARX11 and forward Neural MIMO NARX11 models. The final structures of forward Neural MIMO NARX11 and forward Neural MIMO NARX22 models respectively which are identified and optimized by BP learning algorithm are shown in Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b respectively.
Table 1 Optimized weights of forward NEURAL MIMO-NARX11 Total Number of weighting values = 68
262
V. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed control methods diverge according to the system components, the system operational modes, and the adopted algorithms. The following points could be concluded: 1. Using artificial intelligence is not advantageous for such small-scale systems, as the conventional algorithms are easier to be programmed. Artificial intelligence might be taken into account if the control process is complicated or needs online optimization. 2. Many research papers model only the steady state operation of the system and do not take transient dynamics into account. This does not give the right indication about the systems capability to work in the different modes of operation. Nevertheless, it will demonstrate the stable transitions between those modes. 3. Load management is a very important issue in this field of study, as the system works in standalone mode. 4. Storage means are a vital component in the PV-Wind renewable energy system. That is due to the disability of such systems to provide 100% availability, and to improve the quality of the output power. In this paper a new approach of forward neural MIMO NARX model firstly utilized in modeling and identification of the forward kinematics of the industrial 5-dof robot arm system. Training and testing results showed that the newly proposed inverse dynamic neural MIMO NARX model presented in this paper can be used in online control with better dynamic property and strong robustness. This proposed intelligent FNMN model is quite suitable to be applied for the modeling, identification and control of various complex plants, including linear and nonlinear processes without concerns of large change in external environments. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 107.04-2012.23. REFERENCES
[1] M khan, "Supervisory hybrid control of a wind energy conversion and battery storage system," Graduate Department Of Electrical And Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, PHD thesis 2008.
263
[2] M Lemmon, K He, and I Markovesky, "Supervisory hybrid systems," IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 42-55, 1999. [3] P Antsaklis and A Nerode, "Guest editorial hybrid control systems an introductory discussion to the special issue," IEEE Transactions On Automatic Control, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 457-460, 1998. [4] F Valenciaga and P Puleston, "Supervisor control for a stand-alone hybrid generation system using wind and photovoltaic energy," IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 398-405, 2005. [5] M Khan and M Iravani, "Hybrid control of a grid-interactive wind energy conversion system," IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 895-902, 2008. [6] C Liu, K Chau, and X Zhang, "An efficient windphotovoltaic hybrid generation system using doubly excited permanent-magnet brushless machine," IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 831 - 839, 2010. [7] C Wang and M Nehrir, "Power management of a stand-alone wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell energy system," IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 957-967, 2008. [8] D Ipsakisa, S Voutetakisa, P Seferlis, F Stergiopoulosa, and C Elmasides, "Power management strategies for a stand-alone power system using renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage," Internation Journal Of Hyderogen energy, vol. 34, no. 16, pp. 7081-7095, 2009. [9] T Gebre, T Undeland, O Ulleberg, and P Vie, "Optimal load sharing strategy in a hybrid power system based on PV/Fuel Cell/ Battery/Supercapacitor," in International Conference On Clean Electrical Power, Capri, Itali, pp. 141-146, 2009. [10] W Irena et al., "A power-quality management algorithm for low-voltage grids with distributed resources," IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1055-1062, 2008. [11] S Teleke, M Baran, A Huang, S Bhattachar, and L Anderson, "Control strategies for battery energy storage for wind farm dispatching," IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 725-732, 2009. [12] S Daniel and N Gounden, "A novel hybrid isolated generating system based on PV fed inverterassisted wind-driven induction generators," IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 416-422, 2004. [13] L Krichen, A Ouali, and G Boukettaya, "Fuzzy logic supervisor for power control of an isolated hybrid energy production unit," International Journal of Electrical and Power Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 279-285, 2007.
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[14] E El Mokadem, V Courtecuisse, and C Saudemont, "Fuzzy logic supervisor-based primary frequency control experiments of a variable-speed wind generator," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 1, 2009. [15] G Cimuca, C Saudemont, B Robyns, and M Radulescu, "Control and performance evaluation of a flywheel energy-storage system associated to a variable-speed wind generator," IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1074-1085, 2006. [16] C Abbey and G Joos, "Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy applications," in 40th Annual Meeting Of The IEEE-Industry-Applications-Society, vol. 43, Hong Kong, China, pp. 769-776, 2007. [17] M Datta, T Senjyu, A Yona, and T Funabash, "A fuzzy control based coordinated method for isolated power utility connected clustered photovoltaic systems to provide frequency control," in IEEE 15th International Conference On Intelligent System Applications To Power Systems, Curitiba, Brazil, pp. 1-6, 2009. [18] L Krichen, B Francois, and A Ouali, "A fuzzy logic supervisor for active and reactive power control of a fixed speed wind energy conversion system," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 418424, 2008. [19] R Welch and G Venayagamoorthy, "Optimal control of a photovoltaic solar energy system with adaptive critics," in IEEE International Joint Conference On Neural Networks, vol. 1-6, Orlando, USA, pp. 985-990, 2007.
265
Session 3
Modeling of Corona Disc$arge and Its !&&lication to 5ig$tning Electromagnetic Pulse Com&utations
Tran -!! Thang( <oshihiro 1aba( 2agaoka 2aoto( an$ 0kihiro 0metani *oshisha University, 6yoto, -apan
Abstract - When an o%er$ead s$ield wire of transmission line is struc= by lig$tning3 corona disc$arge will occur on t$is wire. Corona disc$arge around a s$ield wire reduces its c$aracteristic im&edance3 and increases t$e cou&ling between t$e s$ield wire and &$ase conductors. "$e reduced c$aracteristic im&edance of t$e s$ield wire results in a smaller tower current3 and t$e increased cou&ling to t$e &$ase conductors increases &$ase-conductor %oltages. !s a result3 corona disc$arge ser%es to reduce arcing$orn %oltages. !lso3 it distorts t$e wa%e fronts of &ro&agating lig$tning %oltage surges. "$us3 it is im&ortant to consider corona effects in com&uting lig$tning surges on transmission lines and in designing t$eir lig$tning &rotection. ! lig$tning surge &ro&agating along a transmission line radiates transient electromagnetic fields3 w$ic$ induce transient %oltages on nearby conductors3 suc$ as telecommunication lines. "$erefore3 it is also im&ortant to consider t$e effects of corona on o%er$ead conductors from t$e %iew &oint of electromagnetic com&atibility. Se%eral models accounting for corona disc$arge $a%e been &ro&osed for lig$tning surge com&utations using t$e Electromagnetic "ransients Program ?EM"P@. !lso3 engineering models3 w$ic$ ta=e into account &$ysical c$aracteristics of corona disc$arge3 are found in t$e literature. /owe%er3 no model $as been &ro&osed for electromagnetic com&utations using t$e .inite-Difference "ime-Domain ?.D"D@ met$od3 w$ic$ $as recently been a&&lied to surge com&utations. In t$is &a&er3 a sim&lified model of corona disc$arge de%elo&ed for surge com&utations wit$ t$e .initeDifference "ime-Domain ?.D"D@ met$od $as been &ro&osed. In t$e corona model3 t$e &rogression of corona streamers from t$e wire is re&resented as t$e radial eB&ansion of cylindrical conducting region around t$e wire. "$en3 t$e %alidity of t$is corona model $as been tested against eB&erimental data. .inally3 its a&&lications to lig$tning electromagnetic &ulse com&utations are re%iewed.
266
IWRE 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam
Oct. 2-3, 2013
OUTLINE
1. 2. 3.
Tran Huu Thang, Yoshihiro Baba, Naoto Nagaoka, and Akihiro Ametani
Introduction Modeling of Corona Discharge The Validity of Corona Model Application to Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP) Computations
4. 5.
Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan
Summary
2
etl1103@mail4.doshisha.ac.jp
INTRODUCTION
When an overhead shield wire of transmission line is struck by lightning, corona discharge will occur on this wire. As a result, corona discharge serves to reduce arcing-horn voltages. Also, it distorts the wavefronts of propagating lightning voltage surges. Thus, it is important to consider corona effects in computing lightning surges on transmission lines and in designing their lightning protection. A lightning surge propagating along a transmission line radiates transient electromagnetic fields, which induce transient voltages on nearby conductors, such as telecommunication lines. Therefore, it is also important to consider the effects of corona on overhead conductors from the view point of electromagnetic compatibility.
3
Several models accounting for corona discharge have been proposed for lightning surge computations using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Also, engineering models, which take into account physical characteristics of corona discharge, are found in the literature. However, no model has been proposed for electromagnetic computations using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, which has recently been applied to surge computations.
In this paper, a simplified model of corona discharge developed for surge computations with the FDTD method has been proposed. In the corona model, the progression of corona streamers from the wire is represented as the radial expansion of cylindrical conducting region around the wire.
4
267
MODELING OF CORONA DISCHARGE

Time step: n Wire z Ezb > 0.46E0
y
n
n+1
The critical electric field E0 on the surface

of a cylindrical conductor for initiation of corona discharge.
The radial current In per unit length of the wire at y=jDy from the excitation point at time step n is evaluated by numerically integrating radial conduction and displacement current densities as Eq. (3)
n n n n I n j Dy Exl Exr Dz Eza Ezb Dx Dy n n 1 n n 1 Exl Exl E Exr xr Dz Dt Dt Dy (3) 0 E n E n 1 E n E n 1 za zb za zb Dx Dt Dt
= 20 or 40 S/m Corona conductivity (cor)
0.1269 E0 m 2.594 106 1 0.4346 [V/m] ...(1) r0

r0: Wire radius m: Coefficient depending on the wire surface conditions
x
a. Corona inception
The critical electric field at the boundary

of the radially expanding discharge region is set to Ecp=0.5 MV/m and Ecn=1.5 MV/m. The corona radius rc is obtained.
Time step: n Ezan z Exln Ezb x

b.
n
rc Exrn
n+1
n+1 from Ec and qn
Ec
q 2 0 rc
= 20 or 40 S/m Corona conductivity (cor)
q 2 0 2h rc
V/m
...(2)
The total charge (charge deposited on the wire and emanated corona charge) per unit length of the wire at y=jDy from the excitation point at time step n is calculated as Eq. (4)
Radial expansion of corona discharge
Fig. 1. FDTD representations of (a) inception of corona discharge at the wire surface and (b) radial expansion of corona discharge.
The corona conductivity is assigned to xand z-directed sides of the cells around the wire within rc.
q n j Dy q n 1 j Dy
5
I n 1 j Dy I n j Dy Dt 2
(4)
6
THE VALIDITY OF CORONA MODEL

1. 2. 3.
Testing the Validity Against Measured Charge -Voltage (q-V) Diagrams
Fig. 2.1. Simulation configuration
Testing the Validity Against Measured Coupling Between Wires Testing the Validity Against Measured Surge Voltages
Overhead Wire Length: 44 m Radius: 5 mm Working Volume 20 m x 80 m x 30 m Cell sides Dy = 1 m Dx = 2.2,5,10,20,50 cm Dz = 2.2,5,10,20,50 cm
7
(a) Corona current (b) q-V curves Fig. 2.2. Measured and FDTD-computed (cor =40 S/m, E0=1.8 MV/m, Ecp=0.5 MV/m) waveforms of corona current and q-V curves.
8
268
Voltage [kV]
Overhead Wires Length: 22 m Radius: 2 mm Working Volume 20 m x 50 m x 30 m Cell sides Dy = 1 m Dx = 0.8,5,10,27,50 cm Dz = 0.8,5,10,27,50 cm
400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time [s]

Measured by Noda Computed Applied voltage
Overhead Wire Length: 1.4 km Radius: 12.65 mm Working Volume 60 m x 1460 m x 80 m Cell sides Dy = 1 m Dx = 5.5,10,20,100 cm Dz = 5.5,10,20,100 cm
9
Fig. 3.2. Measured and FDTD-computed (cor =40 S/m, E0=2.2 MV/m, Ecp=0.5 MV/m) waveforms of induced voltage on un-energized horizontal wire for 300-kV peak applied voltage.
Fig. 4.2. Measured and FDTD-computed (cor =40 S/m, E0=2.4 MV/m, Ecp=0.5 MV/m) waveforms of surge voltage at d=0, 350, 700, and 1050 m from the energized end of the wire. Applied voltage peak is 847 kV. 10
APPLICATION TO LEMP COMPUTATIONS

1.
Insulator Voltages of a Transmission Tower Struck by Lightning in the Presence of Ground-wire Corona
Overhead Wires Length: 400 m Radius: 21 mm Working Volume 400 m x 500 m x 750 m Cell sides Dy = 1 m Dx = 9, 50, 100, 500 cm Dz = 9, 50, 100, 500 cm
2
Ip =50 kA, RT=3 s

1.5
Voltage [MV]
60
2.
Current [kA]
Upper phase Middle phase Lower phase
50 40
30 20
Injected lightning current
Lightning-induced Voltages of a Distribution Line in the Presence of Corona
0.5
Tower current Ground wire current (one side)
10
0
0
4
Time [s]
10
-0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [s]
11
Fig. 5. 2. FDTD-computed waveforms of upper-, middle-, and lower-phase insulator voltages. The computations were performed for a 50-kA positive lightning with a risetime of 3 s.
12
269
400 m 100 m
1.200 m 50 m Phased current source array for representing lightning channel
z=200cm z=10cm
SUMMARY
A simplified model of corona discharge developed for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been proposed for surge computations.
(A) 1.200 m 50 m (A)
(B) 600 m
z=2.2cm
50 m 500 m 500 m 7.5 m 500 m
z y x
y
100 m z x
50 m (B)
z
Ground
100 m
(a) Plan (xy-plane) view
Fig. 6.1. Simulation configuration (b) Side (yz-plane) view

200 With corona Without corona 150
50
Current [kA]
Voltage [kV]
Overhead Wire Length: 1.0 km Radius: 5 mm Working Volume 400 m x 1200 m x 750 m
60
For stroke location B
40 30
The validity of this corona model has been tested against experimental data. Its applications to lightning electromagnetic pulse computations are reviewed.
100
For stroke location A
20
50
10 0
0 0 1 2 3 Time [s] 4 5
10
Time [s]
Dy = 1 m Dx = 2.2, 10, 200 cm Dz = 2.2, 10, 200 cm
Cell sides
Fig. 6. 2. Stroke at location A: FDTD-computed waveforms of induced voltage at d =0, 250, and 500 m from either end of the wire. The computations were performed for perfectly conducting ground
13
14
270
Session 3
-ew !lgorit$ms for Im&ro%ing t$e Reliability of 0ireless Sensor -etwor= in Renewable Energy Systems
8ong Thao /h!ong( 2g!yen 8ai 8!ong( Ta 5!ang .inh( #e .anh -!ng( 1!i 8ang Thanh Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract - In t$is &a&er3 we &resent a study concerning t$e reliability of wireless sensor networ=s ?0S-@ in renewable energy systems ?RES@ by de%elo&ing new algorit$ms. 0S- are used to measure &arameters of renewable energy sources suc$ as &ower3 freAuency3 and &$ase. "$e acAuired data of 0S- are sent to center station for monitoring3 acAuisition and control. /owe%er3 t$e loss data of 0S- are often $a&&en and t$ey can be eB&lained by different effects3 for eBam&le noise3 bro=en station. In our study3 we $a%e been built a 0S- for RES by using 4ig>ee standard. "$e new algorit$ms are de%elo&ed for im&ro%ing t$e 0S- reliability t$en t$ey are %erified by using "ruetime. "$e simulation results s$ow t$e effect of our algorit$ms com&aring wit$ normal cases and t$e loss data ratio can be reduced significantly. Keywords: 4ig>ee3 0S-3 RES3 networ= reliability
271
New Algorithms for Improving the Reliability of Wireless Sensor Network in Renewable Energy Systems
1DONG
Thao Phuong, 1NGUYEN Dai Duong, 2TA Quang Minh, 3LE Manh Hung, 4BUI Dang Thanh
1PFIEVstudent 2MICA 3Master
K55
student in Instrumentation and Control System 4Institute for Control Engineering and Automation Ha Noi University of Science and Technology 1 Dai Co Viet road, H Ni, Vit Nam eMail: thanh.buidang@hust.edu.vn
IWRE 2013
Hanoi Oct. 02-03 / 2013
272
Presentation outline
1. Introduction 2. Wireless technologies for sensor network 3. Algorithms for the wireless sensor network (WSN) 4. Simulation esults !. "onclusion
IWRE 2013
Hanoi Oct. 02-03 / 2013
273
Introduction
Illutration of Sensor Wireless Network in renewa#le energ$ s$stem
IWRE 2013
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274
Wireless technologies for sensor network
Comparision of Wi-fi , Bluetooth and ZigBEE Wi-Fi Bluetooth 802.11 802.15.1 2.4 GHz; 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 50-100 meters 54 Mb/s Point to hub 10-100 meters 1 Mb/s Ad-hoc ZigBee 802.15.4 868/915 MHz; 2.4 GHz 10-100 meters 250 Kb/s Ad-hoc; peer to peer; star; mesh
IEEE standard Working Frequency Range Maximum signal rate Networking Topology
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Algorithms for the wireless sensor network

System description: Initial positions and working ranges of 7 nodes
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Positions and working ranges of 7 nodes after node 5 has moved
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Algorithm is developed to ensure that the number of loss messages is as low as possible. When a message arrives at its destination, the receiving node will send back an acknowledgement to tell the transmitting node that the message has been received. While waiting for the acknowledgement message, the transmitting node does not serve any other nodes. This is to avoid mistaking acknowledgement messages from different nodes. The acknowledgement mechanism is mainly between neighboring nodes.
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Simulation Results
Without the acknowledgement mechanism
Messages sent by node 1 and messages received by node 7 (before node 5 has moved)
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Simulation Results
With the acknowledgement mechanism
Messages sent by node 1 and messages received by node 7 (after node 5 has moved)
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Simulation Results
Alternative Routing: Initial route: 1-3-5-7
Messages that reach medium nodes

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Simulation Results
Alternative Routing: Replacement route: 1-2-4-6-7
Messages that reach medium nodes
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Conclusion
elia#ilit$ is a ke$ factor in WSN for ensuring the successful data transmissions #etween e%er$ node in the network. A WSN with & notes has #een de%elo'ed #ase on (I)*++ to %erif$ the relia#ilit$ of network Algorithms ha%e #een carried out with "S,A-"A and mesh to'olog$ to im'ro%e the relia#ilit$ of WSN .he simulation results show the effect of our algorithms com'aring with normal cases and the loss data ratio can #e reduced significantl$.
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12
Thank you for your attention!

The authors would like to thank the Hanoi University of Science and Technology supporting their research activities in the project of Realizing the smart dust observation and measurement device using wireless communication, T2013-35 and the corresponding applications.
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13
Session 4
Win$( solar an$ ti$al energy
#ession $
C$airs)
Prof. J. >aba3 *oshisha University Dr. "ran "$an$ Son3 Electric !o$er University
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Session 4
4eynote lect!re
Direct 0a%e Energy Con%erters. Case of SE!RE' &ro7ect

/rof. -ami$ 1en 0hme$ S&T E75rittany 5ranch, ENS Cachan, France
Abstract - 0a%e re&resents a significant source of renewable energy3 &articularly in Euro&e ?1 ++ "0$@ and in t$e sout$ern $emis&$ere. Reco%er a small &ortion would significantly contribute to t$e &roduction of electrical energy and cause a low im&act on t$e en%ironment3 &articularly wit$ %ery low green$ouse gas emissions o%er t$e life cycle. "$is idea is already causing a lot of wor= on bot$ t$e $ydrodynamic as&ect of 0a%e Energy Con%erters ?0EC@ on t$e &roduction of electrical energy. "$e c$allenge is interesting because t$e reco%ery of t$e wa%e energy offers a &articular conteBt. Indeed3 t$e wa%e resource is $ig$ly fluctuating and it $as se%eral time scales. In our &resentation3 after a brief o%er%iew of wa%e energy &otential and t$e %arious reco%ery systems under de%elo&ment3 we focus on t$e so-called 0a%e Energy Con%erters ?D0EC@. 0e describe s&ecifically t$e &rinci&le of o&eration of a system called SER!E'. "$e met$ods and results of its energy o&timi:ation will also be analy:ed. .inally3 %arious control strategies associated electrical c$ain will be described.
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H. BEN AHMED B. MULTON, T. KOVALTCHOUK, J. AUBRY SATIE Lab. (UMR CNRS 8029) Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan (France) benahmed@bretagne.ens-cachan.fr
2013 Int. Workshop en Renewable Energies, Hanoi, October 2-3 , 2013
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Offshore Wind Energy
I. Introduction II. Different type WEC III. SEAREV Project IV. Some results of our research
QUALIPHE Project funded by Partners :
Wave energy ~ 2,000 TWh / year exploitable (~ 10% of global electricity consumption)
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State of sea Mer slight heavy sea huge seas
H (m) 0.6 m 9m 18 m
T (s) 5s 11 s 15 s
Pw (kW.m-1) 0.76 kW.m-1 374 kW.m-1 2041 kW.m-1
incident power per meter wave front
= =
surface density energy
x x
Velocity of Propagation
x x
Pw (W / m)
=1024 kg/m3
H2 g 8
gT 4
Adjustment factor to the real spectrum
0.43
P(W / m) ~ 420 H T
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Vietnam
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Classification:
The oscillating water column Systems to surge Body systems powered by wave
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Classification:
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Classification:
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Classification:
The oscillating water column Systems to surge Body systems powered by wave (our case)
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hydromechanical conversion
electromechanical conversion
Non-direct WEC
Storage
Storage
Grid
pneumatic, hydraulic
Storage direct WEC
Grid
chemical, electrostatic, magnetic, ...

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Example of non non-direct WEC (Pelamis (Pelamis system)

750kW - 2.7 GWh / year for a swell of 55kW / m 4 tubes - 3.5m diameter - length 150m 700 tons - three converters modules + Hydraulic cylinders pressurized storage + Hydraulic motors + asynchronous generators
http://www.pelamiswave.com/
Module de conversion
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Example of direct WEC (SEAREV (SEAREV project project) )

(Systme Electrique Autonome de Rcupration de lEnergie des Vagues)
SEAREV
Fewer moving mechanical parts Less maintenance Fewer conversion stages Recovery optimal energy
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Electric conversion chain of SEAREV :
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Research topics
The main research aims to optimize DWEC to generate energy high quality and low lifetime cost To meet this goal we must adopt a multi-physics approach because it is a strongly coupled problem hydrodynamic-mechanical-electrical-controlnetwork Which implies: - a reliable hydrodynamic model - optimal control strategy - a realistic model of aging - a methodology for sizing the electric chain - one or more power quality criteria
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1. Hydrodynamic model
Fext= Fh+Fp+FR+FH+CR With :
[M].[X]= [Fext] ..
Fh = Wave force Fp = pendulum force FH = hydrostatic force FR = radiation force CR = Generator TORQUE (i.e. recovery torque)
1/12th scale prototype

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2. Optimal control
optimal damping = fixed optimized value (t)=opt
opt
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Latching control without leveling
with : u=1 if = 0
Without latching
Example : wave 9s - 3m
With latching 16/26
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Optimal damping + leveling
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3. Problem of short-term fluctuation of the power
Example : houle 9s - 3m
There are two major impacts: A) Aging thermal cycling of power electronic converter B) Fluctuations of the grid voltage: flicker
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A) Thermal Cycling Lifetime of a Power Electronic conv.

Generator side power converter (PWM active rectifier) Thermal model
Current waveforms in the first phase of the PMSG vs. time Hs = 6 m and Tp = 10 s (average production: 590 kW))
Junction, case and heatsink temperature waveforms for a rated current of 1400 A and heatsink thermal resistance of 7 K/kW
Results of Thermal cycling aging models
Single-module lifetime prediction for two sea-state examples with a rated current of 1400 A and a heatsink temperature resistance of 7 K/kW 2013 Int. Workshop en Renewable Energies, Hanoi, October 2-3 , 2013
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B) Network impact of the fluctuation of the injected power:
DWEC
If grid injection is : - R/X<<1 - and/or HTB grid (400 kV) If grid injection is : - R/X~1 - and/or HTA grid (20 kV)
P does not generate flicker
P generates flicker Limit the variations of P to meet the flicker limit (International Standard IEC 61000-4-15) Injection of Reactive Power Q :
BUT oversized converters :

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There are two solutions to reduce the impact :

Firstly: The use of a short-term storage system The most appropriate technology: supercapacitors
superCapa
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One constraint : Limit the variations of Pgrid to meet the flicker limit
Calculated for 20 years
replacement cost of SC is important
SC Replacement cost SC investment cost SC losses cost

OPTIMUM
cost of SC is important
Energy Storage (kWh)

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Secondry: Farm: Use foisement production units
d=150m
power produced by a single module
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4. Sizing Methodology of electric chain

Primary endpoint: Minimization of cost per kWh
Electric energy
CkWh(/kWh)=(Cchain+Cothers) /E
Cost of PM Generator + Power Electronic Converters Cost of others parts of SEAREV (shell, pendulum wheel,) Pareto front from a Multiphysics optmization
Cchain
Then :
C kWh = MIN C kWh E Cchain Cchain = E E Cothers =0
Optimal chain Optimal /kWh
-Cothers
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Example of results
The case study Data :
Wave: 8 m - 3 s (Pwave=80 kW/m, i.e. 2.4 MW) Diameter of the shell=10m Length of the shell = 30m Cothers=1 M
dsignation Longueur active Nb de paires de ples Rayon dalsage Rayon extrieur Valeurs 53.3 cm 258 4.8 m 5m
OPTIMUM
Dsignation average power recovered Converters cost PM Generator cost rated inverter power Power leveling Total mass of Generator Total mass of PM
Valeurs 228 kW 140 k 73.6 k 1.5 MVA 1 MW 14.7 tonnes 447 kg
9.6 m
PMG
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Thats all, thanks

Some references :
Aubry J., Ruellan M., Ben Ahmed H. & Multon B., Minimization of the kWh cost by optimization of an all-electric chain for the SEAREV Wave Energy Converter., in Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy, Brest, 2008. Aubry J., Ben Ahmed H. & Multon B., Bi-Objective Sizing Optimization of a PM Machine Drive on an Operating Profile, in Proc. of 19th IEEE International Conference on Electrical Machines, pp. 17, Roma, Septembre 2010. Aubry J., Ben Ahmed H. & Multon B., Sizing Optimization Methodology of a Surface Permanent Magnet Machine-Converter System over a Torque-Speed Operating Profile : Application to a Wave Energy Converter, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011. Thibaut Kovaltchouk, Judicael Aubry, Bernard Multon, Hamid Ben Ahmed, Influence of IGBT Current Rating on the Thermal Cycling Lifetime of a Power Electronic Active Rectifier in a Direct Wave Energy Converter, EPE, Lille, September 2013 T. Kovaltchouk, B. Multon, H. Ben Ahmed, F. Rongre, A. Glumineau, and J. Aubry, Influence of control strategy on the global efficiency of a Direct Wave Energy Converter with electric Power Take-Off, in EVER13, March 27-30, 2013, Monte-Carlo (Monaco),
PhD (in French) :

Babarit A., Optimisation Hydrodynamique et Contrle Optimal dun Rcuprateur de lEnergie des Vagues, Thse de Doctorat, Universit de Nantes, Avril 2005. Ruellan M., Mthodologie de dimensionnement dun systme de rcupration de lnergie des vagues, Thse de Doctorat, Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan, 2007. Aubry J., Optimisation du dimensionnement dune chane de conversion lectrique directe incluant un systme de lissage de production par supercondensateurs. Application au houlognrateur SEAREV., Thse de Doctorat, Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan, 2011. 2013 Int. Workshop en Renewable Energies, Hanoi, October 2-3 , 2013
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Session 4
6&timal 6&eration of Isolated 0ind- diesel Power System - a Case Study

2g!yen 8!c -!y Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract - Distributed energy systems ?renewable energies3 diesel generators3 $ybrid systems etc.@ interconnection wit$ utility grid $as been one of t$e most im&ortant RXD orientations for many years. Ma7ority of t$e utilities in t$e world were not concei%ed to accommodate t$e large scale distributed energy systems t$at can cause &roblems to t$e utility grid and different solutions $a%e been de%elo&ed and &ro&osed. /owe%er3 t$e $ybrid system ?wind turbines and diesel generators@ wit$ large ca&acity of wind turbine interconnection to t$e local isolated electrical grid on an island $as not yet gained a com&re$ensi%e solution. In t$is &a&er3 we &resent t$e solution for our $ybrid system in P$u Guy island I 'ietnam3 w$ic$ $as < wind turbines ?< B 1 M0@ and 9 diesel units ?9 B +., M0@ interconnected to t$e local isolated grid ?11 ='@. 6ur goals are to maBimi:e t$e &enetration of t$e wind &ower and =ee& t$e system stable. !nalytical and simulation studies were &erformed in order to %alidate t$e accuracy of t$e &ro&osed solution. "$e results were a&&ro%ed by 'ietnam Electricity and t$e solution &ro&osed is being used now for t$e stable o&eration of our $ybrid system.
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Optimal Operation of Isolated Winddiesel Power System - a Case Study

Huy Nguyen-Duc Hanoi University of Science and Technology Huy.nguyenduc1@hust.edu.vn
314
Plan of presentation
Wind diesel system Technical requirements Case study Low load diesel Optimi ation pro!lem setup Conclusions
315
Diesel system
"iesel generation is the pre#erred technology in rural$ isolated areas %sed in several islands in &ietnam' (uan Ln$ )h* (u+$ ,ch Long &$ C-n o . Operating cost is high$ and is increasing
316
Wind - Diesel system

/ttractive solution #or isolated communities with high wind potential / lot o# technical issues need to !e solved #or smooth and relia!le operation$ especially at high wind penetration level Technical solutions can vary greatly$ depending on wind generation technology$ unit si e$ etc.
317
Common issues
0educed system inertia with too much wind penetration "etermination o# spinning reserve #or the system &oltage regulation )rotection coordination Comple1 2C/"/ systems.
318
Technical solutions
Capacitors ,attery storage Other 3inds o# storage 4pumped hydro5 6lywheel 2uper capacitors Low load diesels
319
The low load diesel generator

Capa!le o# running at very low output level 47895 Helps increase wind penetration level )rovide sta!ility support 4inertia5 Highly relia!le (uestion What is the optimal size for LLD generator?
320
Sizing of LLD generator

Reliability criteria need to be established Loss o# Load )ro!a!ility$ or simply hours o# !lac3out per year /llowa!le #requency deviation range : /mount o# spinning reserve : ;a1imum allowed penetration level : )ro!lem is more challenging when diesel gen sets and wind tur!ines !elong to di##erent owners.
321
Sizing of LLD generator data needed

Load pro#ile "istri!ution o# wind speed "iesel generator capa!ility curve Wind generator capa!ility curve Other constraints Wind energy price:
322
!ormulation of optimization pro"lem

A Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem ,inary varia!les' diesel operating states$ at each hour ,inary varia!les' wind tur!ines operating states$ at each hour 0eal varia!les' output #rom wind and diesel 4active and reactive5 O!<ective' li#e cycle cost
323

O!<ective #unction
Constraints' /ctive power !alance
0eal varia!les' output #rom wind and diesel 4active and reactive5 O!<ective' li#e cycle cost
324

O!<ective #unction
Constraint' /ctive power !alance
Constraint' 0eactive power !alance Constraint' ;inimum output #or diesel
325

Constraint' 2pinning reserve
Constraint' "iesel capa!ility curve
Constraint' wind tur!ine capa!ility curve

326
Pro"lem size
)ro!lem si e increases with' =um!er o# hours per day>num!er o# year =um!er o# diesel generators =um!er o# wind generators 0esolution o# wind speed distri!ution data
327
#ctual pro"lem studied

"iesel generator ' ? unit Low load "iesel' 1 unit Wind tur!ine' @ unit =um!er o# year' 8 ,inary varia!les' ABC 0eal varia!les' 1BCC Constraints' ABCC
328
#ctual pro"lem studied

2olution e1ample
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
)ro!lem is solved much #aster with price higher than 18cent>3Wh Current 6DT o# A.Ecent>3Wh does not encourage #urther investment
329
Session 4
! Pro&osal of MPP" Control for P' System under Partial S$aded Conditions
2ik .ohama$ 07am( Ter!hisa 4!mano 'ei;i University, 6anda7Surugadai, Chiyoda7,u, To,yo, -apan
Abstract - "$e out&ut &ower of P$oto%oltaic ?P'@ &anels %aries wit$ atmos&$eric conditions as well as t$eir out %oltage and current. "$erefore3 MaBimum Power Point "rac=ing ?MPP"@ met$ods are used in P' system to constantly o&erate at maBimum &ower. "$e Perturbation and 6bser%ation ?PX6@ or Incremental Conductance MPP" algorit$ms are commonly used in P' systems due to t$eir sim&le im&lementation and its efficiency to trac= maBimum &ower. /owe%er3 P' &anels are bound to be &artial s$aded in &ractical situations due to nearby obstacles suc$ as trees3 building3 clouds and ot$er factors. P' &anel under &artial s$aded state generally causes multi&le &ea=s on its resulting &ower%oltage ?P-'@ c$aracteristics. "$is may confuse t$e common MPP" control o&eration as t$ere is &ossibility t$at it could con%erge to local &ea=s rat$er t$an global &ea=. It is crucial to o&erate t$e P' system constantly close to t$e maBimum &ower &oint ?global &ea=@ in order to increase its out&ut efficiency. In t$is &a&er3 t$e c$aracteristics of %arious &artial s$aded states P' &anel $a%e been eBamined. >ased on t$e results and obser%ations3 an im&ro%ed MPP" control tec$niAue is &ro&osed to sol%e t$e multi&le &ea=s &roblem. "$e &ro&osed met$od uses t$e P-' cur%e scan a&&roac$ to trac= t$e global &ea=. "$e reference %oltage is used to scan t$e P-' cur%e w$ene%er t$ere is any drastic c$ange in out&ut &ower of t$e P' system. !fter P-' scan &rocess end3 t$e PX6 MPP" control will ta=e o%er t$e system so t$at its o&eration &oint will oscillate close to global &ea=. "$e P-' scan range is %ariable and it de&ends on t$e s$a&e of t$e P-' cur%e so it could considerably reduce scanning time. "$e time reAuires &erforming t$e P-' scan is %ery s$ort w$ic$ is negligible and it will reco%er to PX6 MPP" control system Auic=ly rig$t after locating t$e global &ea=. Effecti%eness of t$e &ro&osed met$od $as been %erified by using PSIM simulations software. !n electric circuit consists of 8 &$oto%oltaic &anels connected in series3 a ste&-u& con%erter3 an in%erter and a load is set u&. "$e simulation runs for a few seconds w$ile t$e c$anges in irradiation on different &anels are set to occur se%eral times. E%ery im&ortant data and be$a%ior of t$e system is recorded. "$e result is t$e &ro&osed met$od able to o&erate fine in &artial s$ading conditions and better out&ut efficiency.
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A Proposal of MPPT Control for PV System under Partial Shaded Conditions

Meiji University Science & Engineering Department Nik Mohamad Azam Teruhisa Kumano
331
Index
Research Background Objective Proposed Technique Simulation
Conclusion
332
Research Background
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) Control
MPPT Control Techniques : Perturb & Observe Incremental Conductance Fuzzy Control Etc.
The control system alters the reference voltage by responding to the change of power in order to approach the maximum power The control system operates consistently to maintain the maximum power
Figure 1 Incremental Conductance Techniques MPPT Control (P-V Curve)

Zhou Xuesong, Song Daichun, Ma Youjie : [The Simulation and Design for MPPT of PV System Based on Incremental Conductance Method], Information Engineering International Conference (ICIE), pp.314-317(2010) 333
Research Background
PV Panel under partial shaded conditions problem. (Example with Incremental Conductance technique)
Two maximum points exist on the P-V curve of the PV panel under partial shaded conditions The control system has the tendency to track local maximum point rather than the global maximum point
This situation is considered loss of power since the PV system does not operate at the maximum power
Figure 2 Incremental Conductance method on PV panel under partial shaded conditions
Stefano Bifaretti, Vincenzo Iacovone, Lucio Cina : [Global MPPT Method for Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules], Energy Convertion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp.4768-4775(2012) 334
Research Background
Local Maximum Power point
Power [W]
Global Maximum Power point
Time [s]
Time [s]
Voltage [V]
Figure 4 P-V Curve of PV panel under partial shaded conditions Figure 3 Incremental Conductance MPPT control weakness
335
Objective
Design a MPPT control method that can operate the PV system consistently at maximum output even under partial shaded conditions
PV system output improvement

336
Proposed Technique
Scan the P-V curve of the PV System to track the global maximum point by altering the reference voltage
If P2 > P1 Then, Maximum output Pmax = P2 Therefore, Optimum Reference Voltage Vref = Vref2
Figure 5 Scanning of the P-V Curve to track maximum point by changing the reference voltage
337
Proposed Technique
Incremental Conductance is set as base MPPT method
The scan operation of the P-V curve start if the MPPT control system detect any drastic change in output power (example: 10% decrease/increase)
The scan operation of the P-V curve ends if the reference voltage exceed the maximum value or the output decrease too much
Figure 6 The proposed MPPT technique flowchart
338
Proposed Technique
The probability of global maximum output point to appear after over declining from another point is very low
The scanning process will stop immediately if the formulae below meets the conditions
Figure 7 Partial shaded P-V Curves

Renewable Energy,Volume 60, December 2013, Pages 402414 339
Simulation
Structure of the Simulation Circuit
The simulation circuit is constructed by simulation software PSIM 4 PV panels are series connected to act as one PV panel with 4 different parts of radiations intensity
MPPT control system is a part of boost chopper (converter) circuit Inverter is connected to transform the direct current to alternate current
Figure 8 Simulation circuit

340 10
Simulation
Power [W] ,Voltage [V]
scan
Time [s]
Power [W]
Figure 9 Simulation result with proposed method
Voltage [V]
Figure 10
P-V Curve
341
11
Simulation
Power [W] ,Voltage [V] Case(1) Case(2) Case(3)
Figure 11 Simulation with randomly changed radiation intensity

Power [W] Case(1)
Time [s]
Figure 12
Voltage [V]
Case(1) P-V Curve
342
12
Simulation
Power [W]
Time [s]
Case(2)
Figure 13
Voltage [V]
Case(2) P-V Curve
343
13
Simulation
Power [W]
Time [s]
Case(3)
Figure 14
Case(3 ) P-V Curve
Voltage [V]
344
14
Simulation
Scanning process is very short
The PV system will start operate at maximum output after the scanning process
The Incremental Conductance method (or Perturb & Observe method) will take place after the scanning process and the output will oscillates around the maximum point
Power [W]
Time [s]
Figure 15
Randomly changed radiation intensity (2 seconds simulation) 345
15
Simulation
Power [W]
Average Energy : 59.479 J

Time [s]
Power [W]
Figure 16
Simulation with basic Incremental Conductance
Average Energy : 47.809J

Time [s]
Figure 17
Simulation with Proposed method
346
16
Conclusion
Simulation result confirms that the proposed method could control the PV system to operate at maximum output even when the PV panel is under partial shaded conditions
The scanning process of the P-V curve of the PV panel is very short and negligible so it will not disturb the main purpose of the PV system
347
17
Thank You for your kind attention
348
Session 4
Solution for 5ocal Isolated Grid wit$ /ybrid System Including 0ind "urbin Interconnection
1
8!ng Tran 4hanh iet( 2Tr!ng 2am Tran( 3-!y 2g!yen 8!c( 35!ang 2g!yen /h!ng( " Thai o -ong
. / 4 >
!o$er *ivision, Vietnam <il and =as =roup
Engineering *epartment, Vietnam Electricity
Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Vietnam !etroleum nstitute, Vietnam <il and =as =roup
Abstract - Distributed energy systems ?renewable energies3 diesel generators3 $ybrid systems etc.@ interconnection wit$ utility grid $as been one of t$e most im&ortant RXD orientations for many years. Ma7ority of t$e utilities in t$e world were not concei%ed to accommodate t$e large scale distributed energy systems t$at can cause &roblems to t$e utility grid and different solutions $a%e been de%elo&ed and &ro&osed. /owe%er3 t$e $ybrid system ?wind turbines and diesel generators@ wit$ large ca&acity of wind turbine interconnection to t$e local isolated electrical grid on an island $as not yet gained a com&re$ensi%e solution. In t$is &a&er3 we &resent t$e solution for our $ybrid system in P$uGuy island I 'ietnam3 w$ic$ $as < wind turbines ?< B 1 M0@ and 9 diesel units ?9 B +., M0@ interconnected to t$e local isolated grid ?11 ='@. 6ur goals are to maBimi:e t$e &enetration of t$e wind &ower and =ee& t$e system stable. !nalytical and simulation studies were &erformed in order to %alidate t$e accuracy of t$e &ro&osed solution. "$e results were a&&ro%ed by 'ietnam Electricity and t$e solution &ro&osed is being used now for t$e stable o&eration of our $ybrid system. Keywords: Distributed energy3 wind turbine3 $ybrid system3 grid isolated3 wind &enetration3 electrical Auality.
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SOLUTIONS FOR LOCAL ISOLATED GRID WITH HYBRID SYSTEM INCLUDING WIND TURBINE INTERCONNECTION 1 1 Dr.Dung Tran Khanh Viet, Dr.Vinh Nguyen Tien, 2Dr.Trung Nam Tran, 3Dr.Huy Nguyen Duc, 3 Prof.Quang Nguyen Phung, 4M.Sc Thai Vo Hong.
1
Power Division, Vietnam Oil and Gas Group 18 LangHa, BaDinh, Hanoi, Vietnam (dungtkv@pvn.vn)
Engineering Department, Vietnam Electricity 3 Hanoi University of Technology, Vietnam 4 Vietnam Petroleum Institute, Vietnam Oil and Gas Group ABSTRACT Distributed energy systems (renewable energies, diesel generators, hybrid systems etc.) interconnection with utility grid has been one of the most important R&D orientations for many years. Majority of the utilities in the world were not conceived to accommodate the large scale distributed energy systems that can cause problems to the utility grid and different solutions have been developed and proposed. However, the hybrid system (wind turbines and diesel generators) with large capacity of wind turbine interconnection to the local isolated electrical grid on an island has not yet gained a comprehensive solution. In this paper, we present the solution for our hybrid system in PhuQuy island Vietnam, which has 3 wind turbines (3 x 2 MW) and 6 diesel units (6 x 0.5 MW) interconnected to the local isolated grid (22 kV). Our goals are to maximize the penetration of the wind power and keep the system stable. Analytical and simulation studies were performed in order to validate the accuracy of the proposed solution. The results were approved by Vietnam Electricity and the solution proposed is being used now for the stable operation of our hybrid system. KEYWORDS: Distributed energy, wind turbine, hybrid system, grid isolated, wind penetration, electrical quality. 1 INTRODUCTION
PhuQuy is the largest island of Cu Lao Thu, in BinhThuan province, Viet Nam. The island area is approximately 16.52 km2 with 24,000 residents. The main generation source for the island up until 2012 was 6 diesel generators with total capacity of 3 MW, commissioned in March 2009. This source of energy met the basic residential demand and part of industrial usage on the island. The downsides of using diesel generation were high cost (~24 US cents/kWh) and high carbon emission [1]. This imposed a restriction on the economic and social development, trading and commercial services on the island. The current load on the island is primarily residential (~2 MW). PhuQuy island is in the region of highest wind potential in Vietnam average wind speed over a year is around 9 m/s at 60 m hub height. This is an ideal speed for developing wind power. The wind power project in PhuQuy island with the total capacity of 6 MW was commenced in 2010 and commissioned in January 2013. The wind-diesel hybrid system in PhuQuy island currently consists of 6 diesel units with capacity 6x0.5 MW and 3 wind turbines 3x2 MW (Vestas V80). While operating this hybrid system, there existed a number of technical challenges that need resolving including designing operation scheme for the hybrid system, developing a suitable SCADA system for operational purposes. In addition, research has been undertaken to improve the penetration of wind power in order to reduce electricity tariff and the amount of carbon released from burning fossil fuel on the island.
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Actually, there are a number of applications in the world that currently deploying the wind-diesel hybrid configuration such as the isolated grid in Alaska-US [2], those in remote areas in Australia and larger scale applications in Canary islands-Spain [3]. The technical constraints for each particular network depend on several factors: wind turbine technology, ratio of installed wind capacity over diesel generation, load characteristics (controllability and reliability required). Therefore, there is no such universal solution for wind-diesel hybrid systems; an optimal operation scheme needs to be developed for each case. The power system in PhuQuy island belongs to the high penetration class according to NRELs classification [2]. During the development and operation of the system, there existed a number of technical challenges need resolving. This paper presents results found from a study to improve PhuQuy systems stability, reliability and penetration of wind power. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section II introduces technical constraints for the hybrid system in PhuQuy island, Section III gives an overview and analysis of solutions for enhancing the wind power penetration. Section IV presents a financial analysis for investing a low-load diesel generator. Finally, conclusion and recommendations are provided in Section V. 2 2.1 CURRENT OPERATION SCHEME AND TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Constraints on frequency stability
In a 3-phase power system with synchronous machines, keeping the system frequency within acceptable tolerances is equivalent to maintaining a good balance between generation power and demand. In such a system the synchronous generator speed is always kept at the synchronous speed. The rotor inertia, turbine inertia and speed governor play an important role in stabilizing and keeping the system frequency at 50/60 Hz. The principle of grid connected synchronous machines does not apply to wind turbine generators. Wind turbines nowadays utilize a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) or permanent magnet synchronous generator connecting to grid via a bi-directional power electronic converter. The rotor speed can be varied within a wider range in order to harvest maximum wind energy. For these two technologies, the rotor inertia does not play a role in stabilizing the system frequency. Therefore, a common problem for a system with high penetration level of wind power is reduced inertia [3]. When large switching events occur, system frequency changes affecting equipment operation and may trigger frequency relays. For the power system in PhuQuy island, due to high ratio of wind power capacity over diesel generation capacity, the number of diesel generators operating simultaneously plays an important role to the system inertia. The phenomenon of reduced inertia can be clearly seen from a partial load shedding simulation in figure 1.
Figure 1: Frequency response to a load switching event with different number of diesel generators
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On the other hand, simulations also show that with the same number of diesel units operating, increasing power ratio of wind power has negligible impact on the system frequency response (figure 2).
Figure 2: Frequency response to sudden load increase at different penetration levels Existing Cummins diesel generators in PhuQuy island have reasonably good frequency response and controllability. In practice, with more than 3 diesel generators operating, the hybrid system is relatively stable. According to technical references, Vestas V80 wind generators also have the capability of adjusting power generated to the system frequency thus helps improving the stability of system frequency. However, this function has not yet been activated. 2.2 Constraints on voltage stability
In addition to the requirement of balancing active power, power system also requires a balanced reactive power. Balancing reactive power is directly related to the grid voltage. Cummins diesel generators in general have good reactive power generation capability with rated power factor in the range 0.8-0.85. The capability of generating reactive power of wind turbine generators in PhuQuy island is limited: generator power factor falls in the range 0.98-1. This means wind generators have little ability in controlling voltage at the connection point. The load in PhuQuy island is mainly residential with very high power factor (0.92-0.93). The load therefore consumes very little reactive power and operational experience shows insignificant technical problems relating to voltage stability. However, the limited capability of generating reactive power from wind turbines would become a challenge when increasing the penetration level. When the penetration level increases, the number of diesel generators decreases leading to a drop in reactive power reserve. Besides, the use of diesel generators to meet reactive power demand results in those generators operating at a low power factor meaning low efficiency. 2.3 Constraints on diesel generator operating modes
In addition to maximum power constraints, diesel generators are also restricted by minimum power generated (~30% rated power). This is a barrier for increasing wind power penetration. To maintain system stability, there must be a minimum number of diesel generators operating to maintain systems inertia (2-3 generators with existing loading). Therefore the wind power penetration is also limited by the minimum power generated by diesel generators.
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Figure 3: Power constraints of Cummins diesel generators 2.4 Spinning reserve
Maintaining spinning reserve and responding to load variations is also an important technical issue for the hybrid system in PhuQuy island. At the moment, frequency control is governed by the diesel units. Diesel generators respond in the first place when there are load variations. The SCADA system detects the change in load and adjusts the power generated by wind turbines to ensure the predefined wind penetration. Due to the slow update duration of the SCADA system (in terms of seconds), wind turbines do not play a role in spinning reserve and primary response. This is an enormous barrier when trying to increase the wind penetration. As discussed in Section 2.1, enabling the frequency response function of Vestas wind turbines would help wind power in providing primary response. 2.5 Minimum wind power
With wind speed over 7 m/s, the minimum wind power generated by V80 generator is 500 kW. When the wind speed increases over 17 m/s, the minimum wind power generated is 800 kW. At certain load range, these restrictions limit the number of wind turbines operating since if utilizing all wind turbines this would violate the maximum allowable penetration. 2.6 Current operation scheme
The maximum allowed wind penetration at the moment is 50%. Considering all constraints given above, the operation scheme for the PhuQuy hybrid system is illustrated in figure 4. This operation scheme has been developed based on the fact that diesel generators are responsible for all spinning reserve of the system ensuring high reliability. Results in figure 4 show that 4 diesel generators are required at maximum load and 3 diesel generators are required at lower load.
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Figure 4: Current operation scheme in PhuQuy island If the wind penetration is not limited, in order to meet all technical constraints discussed above, the operation scheme is illustrated in figure 5. The maximum wind penetration reaches 69% at peak load.
Figure 5: Operation scheme optimizing wind penetration level and satisfying all technical constraints If comparison is made between the two operation schemes in Figure 4&5, it is clear that the number of diesel generators remains unchanged when the penetration level increases. This is due to the spinning reserve requirement. Nonetheless, diesel generators would have to operate at a low power factor in this case (approximately 0.6). 3 OVERVIEW OF AUXILIARY TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE WIND-DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEM
Auxiliary solutions to improve stability and efficiency in hybrid system can be classified into 3 categories as follows: auxiliary equipment to improve stability, low-load diesel generators to improve penetration level and energy storage devices.
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3.1
Auxiliary equipment to improve stability
Auxiliary equipment used for improving stability includes flywheels and dump-loads. Dump-loads have been used widely in wind powered systems in Alaska with the aim of consuming excess energy generated by wind turbines. Dump-loads are generally equipped with a control system enabling fast response. Flywheels developed by Beacon [4] and ABB [5] consist of a rotating element which stores rotational dynamic energy and a bi-directional converter which allows either storing or releasing energy of the flywheel. Advantages of a flywheel include very fast response (milliseconds) and high efficiency. However the downside of the device is its limited storage capacity (order of kWhs) and can only be used to adjust the frequency in a short duration. The use of a flywheel does not increase the penetration level of wind power, it only improves the system stability and reliability. It is therefore difficult to quantify financial benefits from a flywheel. On the other hand, the use of a dump-load may resolve the issue of minimum wind power (section 2.5), enabling higher penetration level at certain loading levels. As a consequence, a dump-load investment can be considered on the basis of having a better possibility to improve the wind power penetration. 3.2 Low-load diesel generator
Unlike conventional diesel generators which have to operate at a minimum 30% rated power, lowload diesel generators are particularly designed to operate efficiently at 5% loading. This helps reducing diesel operating costs, and at the same time utilizing generators to govern the frequency, voltage and spinning reserve. The solution of using a low-load diesel generator is particularly useful for isolated hybrid system of wind-diesel. This solution has been applied at several isolated systems such as Coral Bay (900 kW wind power + 2240 kW diesel), Delham (920 kW wind power + 1920 kW diesel). The financial model for analyzing an investment of a low-load diesel generator is relatively simple with low uncertainties. 3.3 Auxiliary energy storage devices
Energy storage devices include pumped-storage, fuel cells, batteries of different technologies integrated with power electronic converters [6]. One of many advantages of energy storage devices is the fact that almost all of wind energy can be exploited. Storage devices will store energy when wind power is larger than load demand and will release the energy when wind power ceases. In addition to storage function, such devices can be integrated with control functionality to stabilize frequency, voltage and spinning reserve. Each energy storage device has its own technical characteristics and features. Fuel cells normally have large capacity and energy. Super capacitors have good efficiency, fast response however the amount of stored energy is limited. A common feature of storage devices is high cost therefore an investment has to be thoroughly considered. The possibility of using storage devices to store energy and make the most of wind energy depends on the correlation between wind power and load demand. With present condition of load demand in PhuQuy island, the use of storage devices is not feasible because with 3 wind turbines of 2 MW each, at all times, dispatchable power is around 2-2.1 MW (30% of installed capacity). This power level is still higher than peak load in PhuQuy island, not to mention, the wind power needs to be limited due to the requirement of diesel operation to control the frequency and voltage. Preliminary calculations show that in the near future it is inefficient to invest a storage device on PhuQuy island.
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Table 1: Comparison of auxiliary solutions Auxiliary device Flywheel Dump-load Fuel cell Super Capacitor LL diesel Capacitor + Dump load Frequency stabilization +++ + ++ +++ ++ + Spinning reserve ++ + +++ Voltage Stability + ++ +++ ++ + Enhance penetration + ++ + +++ + Low High Costs High
Table 1 presents a qualitative comparison between different auxiliary solutions which can be applied to the PhuQuy power system. It is obvious that the low-load diesel generator solution meets reasonably well all technical requirements with simple operation scheme. Hence this solution should be carefully considered. Besides, the solution of using a compensation capacitor in combination with a dump-load also proves useful as it allows improving stability and penetration level and at relatively low costs. 4 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ON INVESTING A LOW-LOAD DIESEL GENERATOR
A computational model for analyzing optimal investment for an auxiliary solution is a complex one as it depends on a number of variable factors such as wind speed distribution, load growth, electricity tariff, restrictions on operation scheme, reliability requirements etc. With each auxiliary solution there is a separate computational model. A preliminary study on an investment of a low-load diesel generator has been conducted and the results are presented here. The existing diesel generators and the wind turbines belong to two different owners. The investment analysis is carried out for the wind turbine owner, on the basis of maximizing profit from increased penetration. The objective function of the model is as follows: Maximization (within the project lifetime): Revenue from selling electricity fuel costs for lowload diesel generator investment cost for low-load diesel generator. Principal technical constraints consist of: Balancing active and reactive power. Constraints on generation characteristics of low-load and existing diesel generators (maximum and minimum power). Spinning reserve level. Maximum allowed penetration for wind power (maximum of 85% in the presence of a low-load diesel generator).
The optimization model was calculated with different electricity tariffs and with assumptions of different load growth scenarios. Typical results are shown in figures 6 and 7.
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Figure 6: Investment analysis for a low-load diesel generator. Diesel generator responsible for 100% spinning reserve. Figure 6 shows the optimal capacity for the low-load diesel generator for each electricity tariff and load growth with the project lifetime of 5 years. The diesel generator is responsible for 100% spinning reserve. The results clearly show that it is efficient to invest a low-load diesel generator of 300 kW. Once the tariff reaches 14 US cents/kWh, the investment proves cost-effective. In case the diesel generator is responsible for 90% spinning reserve and all other assumptions are kept unchanged, the results are shown in figure 7. In comparison with figure 6, the financial benefits in this case become evident. Both analyses show that when the requirement for reliability can be compromised (higher risks), the investment for a low-load diesel generator yields better return.
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Figure 7: Investment analysis for a low-load diesel generator. Diesel generator responsible for 90% spinning reserve. 5 CONCLUSION
This paper reports technical and financial challenges that need resolving for the existing winddiesel hybrid system in PhuQuy island. In order to improve system stability and reliability the following technical solutions are recommended: Operate 3 diesel generators at low and medium loads, 4 diesel generators at peak load in order to stabilize system frequency. Allow wind penetration level up to 70% on the basis of diesel generators cover all of the spinning reserve. Consider the possibility of using the frequency control function of V80 wind turbines in combination with the control function of the SCADA system to improve frequency stabilization. Regarding financial models to invest auxiliary equipment, it is concluded that: At present, a low-load diesel generator is considered to be a potential and feasible investment as this solution meets all technical requirements i.e. stability, spinning reserve, increase of wind penetration level and simple operation scheme.
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The solution of using a dump-load and a compensation capacitor is also attractive due to low cost investment and it may increase wind penetration level in certain cases. Energy storage devices are considered not necessary at the moment due to low load demand as compared to the total installed capacity. Auxiliary storage equipment can be designed to improve stability and voltage controllability however costs are high. In all cases the solution for the financial model to select appropriate auxiliary equipment depends on a number of factors such as electricity tariff, technical constraints and reliability requirements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been supported by the PetroVietnam R&D fund.
REFERENCES [1] Vietnam Power Engineering Consulting Company 3, Investment report for Phu Quy wind power plant (2010). [2] Alaska Center for Energy and Power, Alaska Isolated Wind-Diesel systems: Performance and Economic Analysis ( 2010). [3] ABB, The world's first renewable energy island. [Online] http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/2445a8fea944fac8c125789b00507caa.aspx [4] National Renewable Energy Labolatory. [Online] www.nrel.gov [5] Power System Engineering Research Center, Impact of increased DFIG wind penetration on power system and markets ( 2009). [6] BEACON, About flywheel energy storage. [Online] http://www.beaconpower.com/products/about-flywheels.asp [7] ABB, Flywheel Energy Storage system. [Online] http://www.abb.com.vn/product/us/9AAC167812.aspx [8] Roger Peters, Linda Omalley, Storing Renewable Power. s.l. : PEMBINA Institute (2008). [9] Dung Tran Khanh Viet, Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, Kodjo Agbossou, Improved Correlation Technique for Islanding Detection of Inverter Based Distributed Generation, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Cambridge, UK (2008). [10] Dung Tran Khanh Viet et al, Islanding Detection for Utility Interconnection of Multiple Distributed Generators, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada (2008).
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Session 4
6&timi:ation !&&roac$es for Si:ing and Placing Distributed Generators in a -etwor= System
3.#. 8ang1( -. 1en 0hme$2( E. -oang1( .. /etit3 an$ -.T. /ham"
. / 4 >
S&T E, ENS de Cachan, France
S&T E75rittany 5ranch, France
*epartment of Energy, Suplec, France
Hanoi University of Science and Technology,Vietnam
Abstract + "$e distributed generation wit$in t$e distribution and low %oltage networ= is one of t$e most &otential studies in order to re&lace t$e fossil generators and to &rotect t$e en%ironment. ! substantial increase of distributed &roduction in low %oltage and medium %oltage networ=s is a result of decentrali:ing &ower systems and introducing electricity mar=et as well as fa%oring renewable energy sources to decrease green $ouse. In t$is &a&er3 two a&&roac$es are &resented to determine o&timal si:e and o&timal location of distributed generators ?DG@. "$ese a&&roac$es are formulated to consider &ower Auality and stability limit currents t$roug$ t$e cable in t$e &ower grid. "$e consideration of &ower Auality in our study is res&ected %oltage at eac$ node between t$ese limits during grid code. >ot$ met$ods could be calculated distributions of &ower flow at %arious sections of t$e feeders and %oltage &rofiles of all nodes of t$e networ= for o&eration &lanning. Overview of the network simple with distributed enerators
Fig. 1. Overview of the network with DG
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Session 4
In t$e networ=3 %oltage dro& at some node $a&&ened at t$e &ea= $our due to t$e increasing demand of consumer as s$own in Fig2 /. !dditionally3 t$e &ower losses in t$e networ= are also raised wit$ t$e dro& of %oltage at eac$ node. So t$e Auestion $ere is) Could DG improve the voltage profile in the network? Is there method to determine the capacity installed optimal of DG in the network in order to respect the variation of voltage following the grid code?
"$e ca&acity installed of DGsZ 0$ere could install DGsZ
(a) Without DGs
(b) With DGs
Fig. 2. Profile voltage at each node in the network
The comp!tational proce$!re of these metho$s "wo flows of c$arts are used to eB&lain t$e &rinci&al of two met$ods in t$e .ig. < and .ig. 8. "$e first a&&roac$ called discrete met$od3 t$e simulation time is de&ended on t$e discrete %alue of t$e in7ected &ower on eac$ node in t$e networ=. "$e ad%antage of t$e met$od is &ermitted to consider all &ossibilities in7ected &ower on all of nodes in t$e networ= and to calculate t$e losses of eac$ branc$ in all cases. /owe%er3 t$e met$od is %ery sensiti%e wit$ t$e selected discrete %alue and also t$e maBimal installed &ower at eac$ node. "$e second %alue is also c$osen from t$e way of installing &anel &$oto%oltaic on t$e roof of $ouse in one Auarter. In t$e second met$od3 it is an analytical met$od. "$e &roblem of calculation time is sol%ed by setting t$e nonlinear eAuality and ineAuality constraints in t$e ob7ecti%e function. "$is met$od is based on an algorit$m for minimi:ing a nonlinear function sub7ect to nonlinear eAuality and ineAuality constraints. It can be seen as an eBtension of &rimal interior &oint met$ods to non-con%eB o&timi:ation. "$is algorit$m a&&lies seAuential Auadratic &rogramming tec$niAues to a seAuence of barrier &roblems3 and uses trust regions to ensure t$e robustness of t$e iteration and to allow t$e direct use of second order deri%ati%es. It could be done by a&&lying t$e function CfminconY in M!"5!>. "$e %ariables are t$e am&litude of %oltage and t$e angle of %oltage %ector at eac$ node.
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Session 4
&T0RT
- Number of node in the network : N - Number of node is installed DG: -om R m a%ec 1 and 1 - A m-combination of a set N :
! ! !
- Creation a matrix of integration DG into node : $ $ ! " # $ $% &'
- Initial conditions :
_
Mo%e to t$e neBt line of t$e matriB MP- Save the load at each selected node :
_
- Integration DG into k-node :

_ _
- Appliquation method Newton-Raphson : V 6btain t$e %alues of %oltage at eac$ &$ase) V 6btain t$e losses at eac$ branc$)
- Return the load at each node above:

_
-6
'erify t$e tolerance of
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'erify installed ca&acity of DG at selected node)
_ _
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JES -6
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'erify number of selected node in t$is networ=)
JES
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Fig. 3. Flow chart of the discrete method.
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Session 4
&T0RT
In&ut load data at eac$ node) Initial conditions)

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and
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Fig. 4. Flow chart of the analytical method.
!esults of the optimi"ation by usin the analytical method
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Session 4
[ R *\ minium losses
Pertes R +\ com&ensa]on en total t$e consummation at eac$ node
[ R +\ minimum
installed ca&acity
Fig. 5. Pareto frontier in the case of the most critical hour consomation by injecting active power from DG
Fig. 6. Pareto frontier in the case of four days by injecting active power from DG
Fig. 7. Pareto frontier in the case of the most critical hour consommation by injecting apparent power from DG.
Fig. 8. Pareto frontier in the cas of four days by injecting apparent power from DG.
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Optimization approaches for sizing and placing distributed generators in a network system
Xuan Linh DANG
Supervisors:
Hamid BEN AHMED Emmanuel HOANG Marc PETIT Hong Thinh PHAM
IWRE 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam 3rd October, 2013
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Content
Introduction Overview of the network with distributed generators (DGs) Optimal methods for sizing and placing DGs Strategy to optimize generated power from DGs Conclusion
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Introduction
DGs are connected directly to the distribution network or installed at the customers side of the meter; Reliability DGs capacity are normally the small scale generators ( 50 MW) ; DGs are not centrally planned.
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Introduction
Limited number of loads Reliability problems refer to sustained interruptions in electricity supply Limited voltage support in an area far from central production
Increased loading Reliability level is improved due to reduce the distance to the consumers DG can contribute voltage support because connecting DG leads to rise in voltage
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Overview of the network simple with DGs
Capacity installed of DGs? Where could install DGs?
Using Domestic Electricity Demand Model of R.Ian and T.Murray to generate a load profile for each node.
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Distributed generation compose of panel PV and battery acid ; A distribution network has five nodes connected a transformer medium voltage to low voltage (22 kV/0.4 kV).
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Optimal methods for sizing and placing DGs Objective: To determine a node where DGs are installed in this network; To optimizer un profile of DGs installed capacity Two criteria for optimization: Minimize DGs installed capacity; Minimize power losses in all branches in this system Application of an objective function:
with the constraint inequalities:
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Optimal methods for sizing and placing DGs
SG
Ploss
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= 1Minimum power losses
= 0Minimum installed DGspower Pareto frontier in the case of four days by injecting active power from DGs Pareto frontier in the case of four days by injecting apparent power from DGs
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Integrate DGs into all nodes
= 1Minimum power losses
Integrate DGs into two nodes
Integration DGs into node 5
= 0Minimum installed DGspower Pareto frontier in the case of four days by injecting apparent power from DGs
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Strategy to optimize generated DGs
Climate data in one day
An analytical model of system completed (PV + Lead acid battery + Converters + grid ) is built in MATLAB.
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Generated power minimal into node 5
Select a configuration of PV system
Operate this system in case of minimizing injected power from generators There is not a efficiency operation because we could not profit 377 produced energy from panel solar.
SDGmax
With a fixed configuration of the PV system, generated power actually could be operated in a range from SGmin (blue line) to SGmax (green one). In both case, the profile voltage of each node is respected the grid code (0.9 |u| 1.1)
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S
PPVmax
SDGmax
Bat supp
SDGmin t
While generated maximum power from PV is not enough to supply into grid, the battery will discharge in order to compensate the different demanded power minimal and generated PV power.
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S
PPVmax
SDGmax
SDGmin t
Once generated maximum PV power is between SDGmin et SDGmax , a maximum power from panels solar is injected into the grid.
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S
PPVmax
PV Bat
PPV
SDGmax
SDGmin t
When generated maximum PV power is higher than SDGmax , energy from panels solar will be used to charge the battery in the first time. After that, if the battery is full of charge and generated PV power is still higher than SDGmax , this power is reduced by SDGmax .
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S
PV Bat
PPV
SDGmax
Bat supp
SDGmin t
In order to estimate of the efficiency of this strategy, a energy loss ratio is proposed. It is ratio between unproductive energy from PV and maximum energy from PV
Before using strategy 0.89
After using strategy 0.17

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Conclusion
Set up a system distributed generators (PV + Battery + Converters + Grid) which takes into account losses. Propose a strategy to operate efficiency lead acid battery. Integration DGs into the distribution network is allowed to improve the voltage profile. In the future work,
Sizing each sources in the PV system (PV+Battery) by applying a method multi-objectives optimization. Taking into account aging of lead acid battery in optimization procedure. The presented method will apply in the distribution network of Hanoi.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! CHN THNH CM N!
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Optimal methods for sizing and placing DGs Injection of power at the node i :
Generated power by DGs:
Amplitude of branch current:
Power losses in all branches:
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387
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Conclusion
Modlisation des composants du systme DGs (PV+batterie+convertisseurs+rseau) et prise en compte de leurs pertes. Elaboration dune stratgie de gestion de la batterie. Integration DGs into the distribution network is allowed to improve the voltage profile. In the future work,
Dimensionnement PV + Cbat par optimisation multi-objectives avec des critres Prise en compte du vieillissement de la batterie Cette mthode pourra appliquer sur le rseau distribution de Hano.
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Session 4
Grid Integration Study of 0ind Power in >in$ "$uan Pro%ince

8inh 2goc 5!ang nstitute of Energy, Vietnam
Abstract - "$is is a study for connection of <8+ M0 wind farms ?in 1+*,@ in >in$ "$uan &ro%ince to t$e **+=' and 11+=' local grids. "$e study focuses in some as&ects as) im&act on t$ermal limits of local subtransmission networ=3 im&act on %oltage %ariation3 im&act on s$ort circuit le%els3 im&act on $armonics and flic=er ?&ower Auality@ to local networ=.
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1. 2. . $. %. &. '. (.
Overview of using renewable energy in Vietnam and Binh Thuan province Grid Configuration !mpact on thermal "imits in the surrounding subtransmission networ# !mpact on voltage variations at the connection point and the surrounding networ# !mpact on short circuit current !mpact on harmonics !mpact on flic#er )ummary of *esults
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1. Overview of using renewable energy in Vietnam and Binh Thuan province
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At the end of 2012 -Peak load demand : 18,000 MW -Total installed capacity: 23,000 MW
Incl din!: "PP: 38# $$%T - TPP: 38# $oal &i'ed TPP: 11# ()*&) TPP: 3+3# Impo'ted ,f'om $hina, -aos.: /+3# )the's: 0+0#
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P1: 0-2 MW 3ill 4e installed each yea' Wind fa'm -T y Phon! PP, in 5inh Th an p'o6ince in $ent'al 'e!ions, 30MW, yea' in ope'ation 2007, on sho'e -Ph 8 y islands 2MW, some p'o4lems in connectin! to the !'id, 2012 -5ac -ie , in 5ac -ie p'o6ince in 9o the'n 'e!ions, 100MW, offsho'e, nde' const' ction ,12MW is online on a ! st 2012. In the nea' f t 'e: / mo'e Wind t '4ine PPs 3ith total capacity 3/0MW in 5inh Th an p'o6ince a'e nde' &9+
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*enewable+ current situation - P1 ,photo6olataic. : 13MW o' 0+002# total installed capacity -Wind t '4ines: 00MW, o' 0+2/# -)the's ,4iomass, 4io!as, 4iof el. 0# -9mall hyd'o po3e' plants: 2+7# &o' Wind ;ne'!y: Total potential capacity: 12+000 MW ) ' ta'!et: To 2020: Total installed capacity of 'ene3a4le PP: 3100MW ,o' /+0# total installed capacity of 3hole co nt'y., incl din!: - Wind T '4ine: 2000MW To 2030:
395
Current situation of using wind energy in Vietnam.

Total capacity : 20=1+0MW, (&I%, 5inh Th an P'o6ince, !'id inte'!'ated Total capacity: 77MW In ope'ation: 10=1+2MW, (&I%, 5ac -ie P'o6ince %'id inte'!a'ted
,ind pro-ects only in Bac "ieu and Binh Thuan provinces with total capacity of %2.,.
Ph 8 y Island
Total capacity: 3=2MW, (&I%, Isolated system , 5inh Th an P'o6ince With small !ene'atin! nits+ Total $apacity: less than 0 MW
6 396
Vietnam > Ma=im m load demand in 2012: 18+000MW

> Installed capacity : 23+000MW > Installed capacity of ?ene3a4le ene'!y ,incl din! small hyd'o, sola', 3ind, 4iomass, 4io!as@.
Binh Thuan province locates in the )outhern /Central regions of Vietnam and has the highest potential capacity of wind energy 02%112 111.,3 2 Tuy 4hong wind farm+ in operation in 21156 2171.%.,. 2 4hu 8uy !sland+ 72.,6 in operation in 2112. To 211%+ $ more wind pro-ects will be built in this province with total capacity $1.,+ 9 4hu "ac ,ind :arm+ %1., 9 4huoc ;uu ,ind :arm+ %1., 9 Tuy 4hong 2+ 121., 9 ;oa Thang+ 121.,
7 397
5inh Th an P'o6ince
2. Grid Configuration
398
Grid configuration of Binh Thuan 4rovince in 2111 > Ma=im m load demand in 2012: 18+000MW
9 399
)ingle line diagram of Binh Thuan province power system in 2111 > Ma=im m load demand in 2012: 18+000MW
10 400
"ocation of ,ind :arms in Binh Thuan province in 211%
11 401
4ropose the connecting alternative for wind farms
12 402
!mpact on thermal "imits in the surrounding subtransmission networ#
403
"oad flow study
14 404
-oad flo3 'es lts and load ca''ie' of 110k1 o6e' head lines of 5inh Th an p'o6ince
15 405
1+ In conti!ency ope'ation: the most dan!e'o s cases - 110k1 o6e'head line "oa Than! WT A "oa Than! 110k1 s 4station o t: > 110k1 Phan ?i A - on! 9on o6e'head line is hea6ily o6e'loaded ,1<0#. - 110k1 o6e'head line T y Phon! A Phan ?i o t: > 110k1 Phan ?i A T y Phon! o6e'head line is hea6ily o6e'loaded ,121#. - 110k1 o6e'head line Phan ?i A - on! 9on o t: > 110k1 "oa Than! WT A "oa Than! o6e'head line is hea6ily o6e'loaded ,1/0#. $onst' ctin! one mo'e 110k1 o6e'head line Phan ?i B - on! 9on is needed In cases of Phan ?i A T y Phon! and "an Ciem A Phan Thiet 110k1 o6e'head line, 3ind fa'ms 3ill ha6e to 'ed ce !ene'atin! po3e' to p'e6ent lines o6e'load+
16 406
"oad flow study
17 407
$.
!mpact on voltage variations at the connection point and the surrounding networ#
408
substation
Voltage level
,ithout :arms
,ind ,ith ,ind
:arms
107
Phan ThiEt
110
107
In the p'esence of 3ind fa'ms, the 6olta!e 6a'iation 3ill sastify the !'id code 'eD i'ements+ ,5% in normal condition and 10% in contigency condition).
MFi GH
110
102
107
"Ia ThJn!
110
102
110
Lng Sn
110
102
107
Phan ?K
110
107
112
L+%iM T y Phon!
110
108
113
$G 1Nnh "Oo
110
108
113
R Lng Sn Phan ThiEt 2
110
102
107
110
107
110
19 409
%.
!mpact on short circuit current
410
Without WFs
With WF
difference (%)
3 phases 1 phase 3 phases 1 phase 3 phases 1 phase faults faults faults faults faults Voltage faults current current current current current current level (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) Substation (kV) Phan Thit Mi N Ha Thng 110 110 110 14506 6054 5744 7014 7048 5453 4729 6296 7099 15231 7433 10616 3441 3257 4174 5468 5864 3618 5880 4241 11676 7386 15950 9858 9443 8528 10989 9488 6600 7104 8595 16601 8603 9212 5141 6749 6806 3543 5562 6061 6172 7660 7576
6650
11740 6275 6521 5430 9366 9627 5060 6425 5480 12760 8296 8831 4948 6704 6921
6117
9.06% 9.57% 38.59% 45.17% 39.17% 50.06% 17.76% 23.13% 35.87% 41.62% 42.53% 39.09% 28.34% 28.49% 11.37% 8.48% 17.41% 22.62% 8.26% 8.50%
Lng Sn 110 Phan R 110 Tuy Phong 110 KCN Vnh Ho 110 T Bc Bnh 110 R Sn Lng 110
- The 'eD i'ement sho't ci'c it c ''ent of 110k1 is 31+0k1+ - In p'esence of W&, sho't ci'c it c ''ent is inc'easin! 4 t still sastify the !'id code 'eD i'ement+
TC 110kV Phan Thit 2 110 TC 110kV T i Ninh 110 in gi Ha Thng 110 Ninh Phc 110 110kV Thp Chm 110 TC 110kV Thp Chm 110 in gi Phc Hu 110
13.60% 10.97%
16.71% 28.39% 11.89% 17.04% 10.17% 12.42%
21 411
&.
!mpact on harmonics
412
Acco'din! to I;$ 21/00-21

I h I h ,i = n i =1 i
N wt
Whe'e: G3t- n m4e' of 3ind t '4ines at P$$: IhP A Total c ''ent of h o'de' ha'monic at P$$: ni - t'ansfo'me' 'atios of ith t '4ine: Ih,i A h o'de' ha'monic c ''ent of ith t '4ine: Q- e=ponent !i6en in ta4le "a'monics o'de' hS0 0 T h T10 h U10 Q 1,0 1,/ 2,0
If the 3ind t '4ines a'e all the same and thei' con6e'te's line comm tated, Q R 1
23 413
Case )tudy 2 1., Binh Thuan wind farm+
- Type of 3ind t '4ine: & h'laende' &- 1000, (&I%: - Type of con6e'to': I%5T APWM: - G m4e' of 3ind t '4ines at P$: G3 R10: - T'ansfo'me' 'atios of 3ind t '4ine R0+27*22k1: - QR1+/ )tudies results+ - Ma=+ ha'monic c ''ent: /th o'de' I/ R 0+2# Inom: - $ ''ent ha'monic c ''ent disto'tion: T"(I R0+7/# Inom: - Ma=+ ha'monic 6olta!e: /th o'de' I/ R 0+/0# Vnom: - 1olta!e ha'monic disto'tion: T"(V R0+02#Vnom+ Current and voltage distortion are below the limitation of standard !<C &1111
414
'.
!mpact on flic#er
415
Acco'din! to I;$ 21/00-21 $ase of contin o s ope'ation

Pst = Plt = c( k , a ). Sn Sk Sn Sk
$ase of s3itchin! ope'ation

0 , 31 Pst = 18.N10 .k f ( k ). 0 , 31 Plt = 8.N120 .k f ( k ).
Sn Sk
Whe'e: Pst- sho't te'm flicke': Plt- lon! te'm flicke': $ A flicke' coefficient fo' contin o s ope'ation: 9n- 'ated appa'ent po3e' of 3ind t '4ine: 9k- sho't ci'c it appa'ent po3e' of !'id: Wk- phase an!le of sho't ci'c it impedance: 6a- 3ind speed: kf- flicke' step facto': G10- ma=+ n m4e' of s3itchin! ope'ations in 10 mins pe'iod: G120- ma=+ n m4e' of s3itchin! ope'ations in 120 mins pe'iod:
416
1., Binh Thuan ,ind farm studies results+ 9ho't ci'c it calc lation:
9ystem 9ho't ci'c it po3e' 9k ,M1A. Phase an!le X*? ,0. "i!h load case ,ma= load 'e!ime. /20 <<+2 -o3 load case , min load 'e!ime. 202 <2+2
&licke' calc lation 'es lts:

9ystem Pst R Plt ,contin o s ope'ation. 0,0/80 0,0<77 Pst ,s3itchin! ope'ation. 9ta't p at c t in 3ind speed 0,030/ 0,0002 9ta't p at c t in 3ind speed 0,0/82 0,0807 Plt ,s3itchin! ope'ation. 9ta't p at c t in 3ind speed 0,020< 0,0/28 9ta't p at 'ated 3ind speed 0,0/11 0,0280
"i!h load case -o3 load case
417
(.
)ummary of *esults
418
!mpacts of $1., ,ind :arm to Binh Thuan power system+

1: Possi4ility t'ansmission 3ind fa'm sho ld 'ed ce the !ene'atin! - &'om load of flo3 st dy 3e line o6e'load capacity to a6oid o6e'load+ calc lated n-se'6ed po3e' of thison a'ea in no'mal and sli!htly 4ette' than e=istin! system 2: Impact 6olta!e 6a'iation: eme'!ency conditions 3: Impact ci'c it c ''ent: in p'esence of W&s, sho't ci'c it c ''ent in some 4 s 4a' ,4asedon on sho't total o6e'loaded 3o capacity ld 4e inc'easin! 4 t still sho ld satisfy the !'id code 'eD i'ement+ of lines and t'ansfo'me's of this a'ea /: Impact on ha'monics: in p'esence of W&s, 6olta!e T"( and c ''ent T"( a'e D ite lo3 ,0+02 3itho t T;P p'oYects and. # and 0+7/# 'especti6ely. Time of ene'!y, 0: Impact on n-se'6ed flicke': in p'esence of W&s, sho't te'm and lon! te'm flicke's a'e fa' 4elo3 the 4y load c !'iddete'mine code 'eD i'ement + '4 and se'6ed po3e'+ - $ost fo' 1MWh n se'6ed eD al to cost !ene'ated 4y diesel !ene'ato' ,fo' no'mal condition. - $ost of 1MWh n se'6ed in eme'!ency condition is taken 419 f'om P(P 1II

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October 2-3, 2013 Ta Quang Buu Library, Hanoi University of Sicence and Tec no!

ogy 1 "ai #o $iet Street, Hanoi, $ietna%

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy

&ession 3 ............................................................................................... 21% Recent a$*ances in renewable energies ................................................ 21%

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy

IWRE 2013 Leadership

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy

International Workshop on Renewable Energy 201 !ea"ership

#ocal organi7ing committee

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy

Implementation of renewable energy in power system

Insulation Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics in Grid-connected Renewable Energy Systems

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy (IWRE)

Insulation Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics in Grid-connected Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable Energy Resources in Vietnam

regions, and ~4 to 5.9 kWh/m2/day in Southern and Central areas.

speeds of 5.6m/s. Capacity is estimated about 513 GW.

Biomass Power is forecasted potential of 1000-1600 MW.

range from 30C to 148C. Potential capacity of 1,400 MW.

hydro power plants.

(Source: http:/www.laurea.fi/en/connect/results/Documents/Vietnam%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf accessed 19/09/2013)

Solar Radiation Distribution in selected Asian regions

Wind Resource Distribution in VIETNAM at 80m height

Renewable Energy in Australia

Renewable Energy Resources in Australia

across country including solar, wind, wave and bioenergy resources.

Receive annual average of equivalent to 16 billion GWh of solar energy.

large. It is forecasted to reach 72,629 GWh per year.

kinetic energy is estimated equivalent to 679.3 TWh.

Annual capacity of Solar Energy installed in Australia

Wind Speed Distribution in Australia (at 70m height)

Development of Wind Power Generation in Australia

420MW Macarthur Wind Farm, Victoria, Australia

420MW Macarthur Wind Farm

Principal generation by fuel type (GWh)

Installed capacity by fuel type (MW) June 2010

Source: Energy Supply Association of Australia

Some technical issues from grid-connected RES

Wind and Large Solar (Bulk System Connected Generation)

Distributed Solar and Small Wind (Distributed Generation)

Ref.: Ben Kroposki, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Wind turbine step-up (WTSU) transformers

Impacts on power losses and efficiency

Impacts on insulation from RES

Electrical insulation materials

Role of insulation condition assessment within risk assessment. CIGRE TF15.11/33.03.02

Tests for insulation condition assessment

Partial Discharges (PD)

Typical maximum operating stress: ~ 3kV/mm (for MV) to ~6 kV/mm (HV)

Electric stress enhancement in a gas void within a solid dielectric:

Stress profile (without void)

Stress profile (with void)

On-line condition monitoring of PDs in cables

Data processing: trend analysis, phase-resolved pattern, PD pulse sequence

PD fault classification, location expert systems

General configuration of the Partial Discharge Monitor (PDM) system

HF-CTs clipped onto the cable fault screen earth link

2013 International Workshop on Renewable Energy (IWRE)

Implementation of renewable energy in power system

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Small Power Systems

Implementation of renewable energy in power system

! "wo-Stage Model Calculated Distribution System Planning Integrated Distribution Generator

F (tkh - TF ) N N . Lij (C FF .a ij.t + C FC .Fij,t ) TF i =1 j =i +1 S - TS ) NS SF (tkh . (C .g i ,t + C SC .Si, tS ) TS i =1 N DG K DG DG (tkh , k - TDG , k )