1872 - Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora; propaganda movement 1880 manila is connected through telegraphic cable

e to the western world by eastern telecom 1880, july 18 & 20 two shocks of an earthquake create destruction from manila to santa cruz, laguna. Tremors continue until aug 6 1882, march 3 a talented offspring of the native elite, jose rizal, leaves manila for Barcelona to continue his studies in medicine 1882, june 2 in Madrid, rizal begins writing noli me tangere, a political novel set in the Philippines 1884 exaction of tribute from all male natives is ended and the required forced labor of 40 days is reduced to 15 days 1884, june 21 rizal finishes his medical studies in spain 1887, may 29 noli me tangere is published in Madrid and Barcelona 1887, October rizal begins writing el filibusterismo 1888, December 13- Filipinos in Barcelona establish the organization la solidaridad. Members: jose rizal, lopez jaena, Marcelo del pilar, Antonio luna, mariano ponce 1891, march 28 rizal finishes el filibusterismo 1892, june 26 rizal arrives in the Philippines via hong kong 1892, july 3 in tondo, rizal founds la liga Filipina 1892, july 7 Spanish authorities arrest rizal for organizing la liga Filipina Spain is experiencing political instability due to the successive rise and fall of the leaders brought by the conflict between the liberals and the conservatives. Last reign of Queen Isabel II, marshall Serrano as regent of spain, reign of amadeo I, period of Spanish republic, bourbon restoration and reign of alfonso XII, regency of queen maria cristina In 1802-1812 the Spanish people fought against the invasion of napoleon Bonaparte as the latter appointed himself as the leader of the French and aimed to expand their territory to the Iberian peninsula. The los afrancesados are the well educated elite who were asking for liberal reforms in the government and the result of their struggle is a constitution which constitutes a more liberal idea of the government. The cadiz constitution of 1812 mandated the transformation of the Spanish government from monarchy to the constitutional monarchy, the parliamentary system In the creation of law, division of power in the government, equality, free trade, competition and the divestment of properties held if mortmain or the properties from the church and other institution.

In 1820, don Fernando VII reigned over the throne in the midst of the battle between liberal and absolutism and the rebellion and struggle for independence of their colonies in south America. The political instability led to the bankruptcy of the government. And when don Fernando vii was about to end his term in 1833, the liberal members of the parliament made a way to change the law which prohibited women to become the next heir to the throne. And this act made queen Isabel, a liberal leader to assume the leadership. In the context of her leadership, her liberal clique initiated aggressive policies which harassed the church and in 1935 a law was passed that legalized the confiscation of the properties of the church by the government and the abolition of the religious orders in spain. In 1844, the moderate liberals and conservatives succeeded to overthrow the government and put Isabel II to the throne ad upon the gaining of the conservatives power and influence in the parliament, they worked for the new constitution of spain. The new laws passed by the government of queen Isabel II resurrected the religious orders, introduced a new method of taxation and helped the government gain their stability. It is to be noted that from 1834 to 1862, spain had adopted 4 constitutions, elected 28 parliaments, and installed no less than 529 ministers and from 1835 to 1897 the Philippines was ruled by 50 governors general. The secularization issue started in the times of archbishop sta. justa and governor general anda. The problems about the vacancies in the numerous churches were solved by the appointment of Filipino priest and this decision of the archbishop was supported by governor general anda. The problem reached the consejo de indias and in the royal decree in December 1776, the secularization of the parishes implemented by archbishop sta. justa was suspended. The administration of Rafael de izquierdo cancelled the benefits enjoyed by the Filipino soldiers in cavite like the exemption in tribute and personal services result to the unrest of the laborers in the cavite arsenal. Also known as cavite mutiny. Propaganda is the use of reasoning or facts in order to persuade another person to favor a particular kind of action that he would otherwise not favor. Propaganda is the manipulation of social symbols to influence. Propaganda is essentially a technique that manipulates the behavior and influences the opinions of a number of individuals by the use of words, person, objects, pictures, music, etc. Triumvirate of the Philippine propaganda was dr jose p rizal, Marcelo h del pilar, graciano lopez jaena. Aims of propaganda: 1. representation of the Philippines in the cortes generals, the Spanish parliament 2. secularization of the clergy 3. legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality 4. creation of a public school system independent of the friars 5. abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandal (forced sale of local products to the government) 6. guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association

7. equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service 8. recognition of the Philippines as a province of spain 9. secularization of Philippine parishes 10. recognition of human rights Graciano lopez jaena: - born in jaro, Iloilo Parents: placido lopez, maria jacoba jaena - his mother taught him the alphabet - at the age of 6, he was tutored by father Francisco jayme, a Filipino priest who was then teaching in colegio provincial -entered seminary at the age of 14 when he studied theology and philosophy - preferred to become a physician rather than to become a priest - sought entrance at the medical college of ust, but rejected due to not having a required degree of bachelor of arts. - worked in san juan de dios hospital because he is determined to learn medicine - published fray botod, a satirical novelette which deals with the abuses and immortality of the friars - founded la solidaridad in Barcelona (advocated for representation of the Filipino in Spanish cortes, freedom of speech, press and assembly and equality of races) - forte is oratory - believed that Philippines can only separate from spain by means of revolution -died from tuberculosis Marcelo H. Del Pilar: - born in kupang, bulacan - studied at colegio de san jose and ust where he finished his law course in 1880 - established diariong tagalong in 1882 - pedro Serrano laktaw helped him in publishing Dasalan at Tuksuhan and the Pasyong Dapat Ipagalab ng Puso ng Taong Bayan. - published la solidaridad with pedro Serrano laktaw (organ which contained their desires in improving the Philippine government) - succeeded lopez-jaena as editor of the la solidaridad - freemason - died of tuberculosis Ten commandments: 1. thou shall worship and love the friars above all 2. thou shall not cheat them of their stipends 3. thou shall sanctify the friars, Sundays or holidays 4. thou shall pawn thyself to pay for the burial of thy father or mother 5. thou should not die if thou does not have the money to pay for the internment 6. thou shall not covet his wife 7. thou shall not steal with him 8. thou shall not accuse him even if thou shall be called a liar 9. thou shall not refuse him your wife 10. thou shall not deny him of your property - frailocracia government run and led by the friars Jose Rizal:

- born in calamba, laguna - father: Francisco Mercado rizal model of fathers, from binan laguna - mother: teodora Alonzo y quintos, loving and prudent mother - wrote Sa Aking Mga Kabata Other Propagandists: Mariano Ponce Antonio Luna Juan Luna Jose Ma. Panganiban Pedro A. Paterno La Solidaridad: - foremost organ/newspaper of the propaganda movement - first editor was graciano lopez jaena Pen Names: Domingo Gomez Romero Franco Antonio Luna Taga-Ilog Jose Ma. Panganiban Jomapa Marcelo del Pilar Plaridel Mariano Ponce Tikbalang, Naning, and Kalipulako Jose Rizal Dimasalang and Laong Laan Ferdinand Bluementritt bohemian scholar Miguel Morayta Spanish historian Aims of la solidaridad: 1. the removal of the friars and the secularization of parishes 2. active participation of the Filipino in the affairs in the government 3. freedom of speech, press and assembly 4. equality before the law 5. a wider social and political freedom 6. assimilation to become regular province of spain and not as a colony 7. representation to Spanish cortes Causes of failure of la solidaridad: 1. the Spanish friars counter-acted la solidaridad. They founded la political en espana de Filipinas under the editorship of wenceslao y retana 2. financial problem were the financial contributions of wealthy Filipino who adhere in the principle of la solidaridad was not sustained 3. the Filipino propagandist rivalry between the pilarista and rizalista faction Two Political Factions when rizal was arrested and deported to dapitan: 1. the cuerpo de compromisarios - conservative 2. katipunan or kataastaassang kagalang galangang katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan revolutionary Causes that led to the failure of the propaganda movement: 1. the obvious lack of funds and financial support which hampered the operations of organization

2. the lack of unity as well as political differences among the leaders of the movement. It must be noted that the propagandists were divided among the rizalists and the pilarists. Any organization will not reach its goal if there is disunity in the ranks. 3. some propagandists lost track of their vision. Many have been involved in gambling, merrymaking drinking and womanizing in Europe. 4. spain is involved in many domestic problems that is why the colony was not given due attention.