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Circuit Theory I EE211

Chapter 1 Introduction to circuit theory

Introduction
Electrical engineers and electronics technology play an important role in the peoples daily life. Electrical engineers design systems that generate, transmit, receive, control and measure electrical signals. These electrical signals/waveforms distribute power or carry valuable information that enable us to communicate, control, monitor and compute (signal processing). Communication systems: Mobile, satellite, marine, wireless, wired (over cable, fiber optic) communications. Computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSP): Used for processing information, performing complex mathematical computations. These are also used for controlling, monitoring and regulating other systems.

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Circuit Theory
Circuit theory is the common mathematical language that is used to describe, analyze and design electrical circuits. An electrical circuit is a mathematical model that approximates (models) the behavior of practical electrical system.

1.1 Units and scale

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1.1 Units and scale

SI base units (System International)
Base Quantity Length Mass Time Electrical Current Thermodynamic Temp. Amount of Substance Luminous Intensity Name meter kilogram second Ampere kelvin mole candela Symbol m kg s A K mol cl

1.1 Units and scale (cntd.)

Other quantities such as power, energy are derived from those basic units. Work (Energy) (Joules)= . / Power (rate at which energy is expanded)(Watt)= j/s 1cal= 4.187j P 1Watt= E Btu=1055j . = 3.6 10

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1.1 Units and scale (cntd.)

SI uses decimal system list of prefix
Factor 10 10 Name femtopiconanomicromillicentidecim c d Symbol f p n Factor 10 10 Name petateragigamegakilohectodekaSymbol P T G M k h da

10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10

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*Engineering units N between 1-999 and power metric of power dev by 3.

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1.2 Charge

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1.2 Charge
Electrical charge: is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter There are two types of charges; +ve (protons) and ve (electrons). The charge symbol Q, q(t) and q. The charge unit is coulomb (C). A single electron has a charge of 1.6 10 . The motion of charges electrons is what create the electrical current.

1.3 Current

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1.3 Current
Is a measure of the rate at which charge is moving past a given reference point in a specified direction. Current has both a numerical value and a direction. Current in wire is actually due to ve charge in motion, not the ve charge as stated. Current unit is Ampere (A). Charge transferred between time hence, the total charge is = . + & . (
( ) )

1.3 Current (Cntd.)

There are two famous type of current; direct current (DC) which is constant in time. Alternating current; which vary sinusoidaly with time. Other types of current exists as well.

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1.3 Current (Cntd.)

Current Direction: Although current flow in metallic conductor results from electron motion, its convenient to think of current as the motion of +ve charges.
10A -10A

Current arrows does not indicate the actual direction of current flow. Its simply a part of convention.

1.4 Voltage

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1.4 Voltage
Circuit element: Shapeless object possessing two terminal at which connection to the other element may be made. Voltage Potential Difference: is a measure of the work (energy) required to move charge through the element. Voltage unit is volt (V=J/C) =

1.4 Voltage (Cntd.)

Conservation of energy: the energy that is expanded in forcing a charge through the element must appear somewhere else.

How can we express the difference between absorbed and supplied energy?

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1.5 Power

1.5 Power
Is the rate at which energy is expanded Circuit element is one of two cases; either power absorber or power supplier. Note: the direction of the current with respect to the voltage is what determine wether power is being absorbed or supplied. Power is denoted by P, p(t) or p. The unit of power is watt.

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1.5 Power (cntd)

Watt: if one joule of energy is expanded in transferring one coulomb of charge through the device in one second. Then, the rate of energy transfer (power) is one watt Hence from that definition we see that power must be proportional to both the current entering the element and the voltage across it. Thus, P=vi j/c.c/s=j/s= watt

1.5 Power (cntd)

Convention: If the current arrow is directed into the + marked terminal of any element, then p=vi yields the absorbed power. While, if the current arrow is directed out of the + marked terminal of any element the p=vi yields the generated power . Then we have two cases:
I + V Power Absorbed + V Power Generated I

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1.6 Circuit Elements

1.6 Circuit Elements

A simple circuit element is the mathematical model of a two terminal electrical device Circuit element can be characterized by its voltage current relationship. There is a difference between the physical device and the mathematical model.

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1.6.1 Independent Voltage Source

The terminal voltage is completely independent of the current going through it. The independent voltage source is an ideal source not a real physical device because it theoretically could deliver infinite energy.

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1.6.2 Independent current source

Current through the element is completely independent from the voltage across its terminal.

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1.6.3 Dependent Sources

The dependent source is a source in which the source quantity is determined by a voltage or current existing at some other location on the circuit being analyzed.

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1.7 Network and circuits

1.7 Network and circuits

Network: Interconnection of two or more simple circuit element. Circuit: is a network with at least one close loop.

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1.8 Ohms law

1.8 Ohms law

The voltage across conducting material is directly proportional to the current through the material = . R is a constant called the resistance

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The Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that conductor.

Units of resistance is Ohm Resistance Power absorption = & = Hence, for resistance =

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Very Important!!!
For an isolated resistive element, the polarity of the voltage drop is related to the current direction passing through it. The current direction goes from the + sign to the - sign (a). A reversal in the current will reverse the polarity, as shown in (b). In general, the flow of charge is from a high (+) to a low () potential.

Conductance
Is the inverse of the resistance. Which is the ratio of the current to the voltage. 1 = = Units of G is Siemens (S).

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