A History of Jazz

Ragtime Late 1800s

One of the earliest musical styles that contributed to the development of Jazz. Formed around 1890s It as played by blac! people "lend of #uropean classical styles and $frican $merican %armony and &hythm. ' incorporated into ca!e al!s (dances) and music. *one of the early music as recorded. "en %arney as a ell !no n ra+ time musician. ,here is speculation as to ho published the first composition thou+h. It as brief lived- its popularity lastin+ around .0 years. Formed an essential in! bet een earlier /ne+ro music- #uropean (0lassical 1usic) and Jazz. 2efined by revolutionary use of 3yncopation %ad a /boom chic! bass chord pattern and ri+ht hand playin+ a syncopated tune. Composer ' 3cott Joplin ' 1aple 4eaf &a+ 1899 #ntertainer

Blues 1900s 1920s

$s ith &a+time- "lues had an important influence on Jazz 1usic %i+hly e5pressive- predominantly vocal tradition 3on+s e5pressed stories and emotions of $frican6$mericans- many of hom ere slaves- at the be+innin+ of the .0th 0entury *ot 7ust a type of music- but state of mind and ay of life for $frican6$mericans 1. "ar chord pro+ression ' chords 1- 8 and 9 Instruments li!e :uitar- ;iano- %armonica ere used a lot. 3a5ophone- trumpet often imitate vocal effect ' bedin+ pitches- raspin+ and creatin+ +ro l of voice. Performers Bessie mit!" Lemo# Jefferso#

*ol+ Blues 1900 , 1920

$e% &rlea#s 1910 'i(iela#)

%appy 1usic 0onsisted of small bands ' Front line tune ' trumpet or cornet- 0larinet ould play fast improvisation over the top as a counter melody- ,rombones ould play underneath to ans er the tune- 4ots of slidin+. ;iano played the chords or ban7o !eepin+ the rhythm. ,uba used as bass- then ta!en over by 2ouble bass. 2rums ere then sometimes used ' often too overpo erin+ in recordin+s .<8 rhythm ' oom pah pah Composers Ori+inal 2i5ieland Jazz "and < =ild "ill 2avidson and the 0ommodores.

Hot Jazz 1920s -.arly Big Ba#)/

4in! bet een 2i5ieland and "i+ band 3 in+ 3olos embellished melody ith improvisation- but still usin+ a melodic structure 3olos built up to a clima5 &hythm section consisted of drums- bass- ban7o or +uitar 0ombined &a+time syncopation ith popular tempos e.+ march style. 4ar+er bands and orchestras too! hold =ith advance of recordin+ technolo+ies it started to spread across countries Composer 4ouis $rmstron+ ' %ot Fives and %ot 3evens

C!i0ago tyle Boogie Blues Classi0 Jazz a#) Blues 1920s mi) 1930s
"reedin+ +round for many players 0haracterised by harmonic arran+ements %i+h technical ability players 0hica+o style Jazz furthered improvised music Composers .))ie Co#)o#" Be##y 1oo)ma#

%i#g 1920s 1930s -Big Ba#) Boom/

:enerally early bi+ band arran+ements ere as follo s ' 1elody played by entire band in unison or harmony- soloists improvised based on tunes melody- style and chord pro+ression- melody then restated in sometimes a varied settin+. 3tructure is very ti+ht 1ore formal and usually less improvised overall 0ollective sound but ith chance for individual musicians to improvise melodicthematic solos. ' 0ould sometimes be comple5. 2erived from *e Orleans Jazz ' robust and invi+oratin+ Jazz +roups ere mostly "i+ "iands and consisted of sections ' e.+ 8 trumpets- 8 trombones and four reeds ' sa5ophones< clarinets- drums- +uitar- piano and bass ,echni>ues such as call and response ' one section ould play a riff and another ould repeat. 4ots of riffs or musical- phrases repeated allot. ?ery popular and danceable *early died in late 1990s. 1ade a comebac! in mid 1990s ' fuelled by retro trends in dance. Invention of 1icrophone in 19@9 chan+ed the ay vocalists approached sin+in+ ith "i+ "and Composers 1le# 4iller 5# t!e moo) 'u+e .lli#gto#

Be,Bop 1930s -Bop/

:reat contrast to 3 in+ and "i+ "and 3maller 7azz ensembles- more opportunity for solo improvisation 1uch more comple5 melodies- close harmonies- dissonant 0hords- unconventional chromaticism- accents in melodies 1ore emphasis on the role of the rhythm section Auic! tempos Irre+ular phrase len+ths ' interestin+ to listen to but unsuitable for dancin+ &eaction a+ainst hite musicians ta!in+ over in 3 in+. "lac! musicians used "e6"op to sho off ho technically sound they ere. 3cat used here. "e6bop named after nonsense syllables used in Jazz &eco+nisable throu+h not bein+ able to histle melody- hard drivin+ drums 4usi0ia#s 0harlie ;ar!er- 2izzie :illespie

R!yt!m a#) Blues 1930s 1960s

Cool Jazz Late 1930s 1960s -7est Coast Jazz/

&eaction a+ainst "e6bop 1ore subtle- moody- muted and restrained than be6bop 3moothed out misture of s in+ and be6bop 4aid bac! beat ,ones bac! to harmonic and softened dynamics #nsemble arran+ements re+ained importance 1any innovations cam from 4os $n+eles ' =est 0oast Jazz Bnusual time si+natures 'e.+. 9<8 Performers 1iles 2avis- :il #vans- 0het "a!er

Har) Bop 1988 1990

#5tension of "e6bop interrupted by cool 7azz 1ore soulful melodies than "e6"op- borro in+ from &hythm and "lues and :ospel themes &hythm section is sophisticated and more diverse than "e6"op #mer+ed a+ain in 1990s as a ma7or influence "y 1id 19C0s it split into ;ost "op- 1odal Jazz and 3oul Jazz. Performers %orace 3ilver 6 ;ianist

*ree Jazz 1960s oul 1960s 1990s

3ometimes referred to as $vante :arde #5perimental- provocative 3ome shed even the ensemble arran+ement structure +ivin+ it a totally free impulse e5perience %i+h d+ree of dissonance ;itch and tone >uality manipulated by players to create s>uea!s on their instruments 3ounds from non estern traditions ' India- 0hina- $frica sometimes used. 0ollective improvisation ' all players improvise at the same time- ithout a chord pro+ression frame or! as common. Or+anised 0haos

Afri0a# : 5#)ia# i#flue#0es

Lati# 5#flue#0es

 *ot idely accepted by the public $n+ry ed+e ' reflection of turbulent 19C0sD Performers 0ecil ,aylor- John 0oltrane

*usio# -Jazz Ro0+/ 1990s Prese#t

0ombines Jazz improvisation and chord pro+ressions ith the rhythms of roc! Bnusual time si+natures- comple5 harmonies- improvisation. 1ore electronic than acoustic no - featurin+ synthesisers- electric bass- electric +uitarelectronically processed ood ind and brass instruments. 4ots of percussion &hythm section plays a series of syncopated repeated notes to create the +roove over hich a vocalist and other instruments play the tune- improvised solos and accompaniment fi+ures.