AA.

INTRODUCTION
Steel as a Material: steel is homogeneous, isotropic material Advantages: high strength, low self weight of members Disadvantages: corrosion problem, fire protection (Lately, cost is becoming a disadvantage) Structural Design Objective: 1. to satisfy functional requirement 2. to safely support worst possible loading 3. to be economical

Design Concepts/Methods Two general methods or criteria are used: i) Allowable Stress Design (ASD) ii) Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) (Plastic design, limit state design-belong to this) i) Allowable Stress Design (ASD) The computed stress under service load is kept within allowable limit of stress, i.e. actual allowble allowble uses a factor of safety (FS) ii) Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) In this method, the required strength under factored load is kept within the structural capacity or resistance, i.e. Factored load effects i Qi Rn resistance The required strength ( i Qi ) is the summation of various load effects Qi multiplied by their factor respective factor i . The resistance Rn multiplied by the reduction factor ( < 1.0 ) is the design strength or the capacity LRFD is a method for proportioning structural sc That no applicable limit state is exceeded under the applicable load combination. Two limit states: 1. strength limit states -relates to load carrying capacity and safety 2. serviceability limit states - relates to deflection, settlement, fatigue etc. For each limit state and each load combination, the load factors i are different.

Specifications/Codes Regulates general procedure for design. LRFD design method prescribed by AISC will followed in this class

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Loads & Loads Combinations The following nominal loads are to be considered:

: dead load due to weight of structured elements and the permanent features on the structure : live load due to occupancy and movable equipment L Lr : roof live load W : wind load S : snow load E : earthquake load determined in accordance with part I of the AISC Seismic Provision for Structural Steel in Building R : load due to initial rainwater or ice exclusive of the ponding contraption The required strength of the structure and its elements must be determined from the appreciated load combination of factored loads. The most critical effect may occur when one or more loads are not acting. The following load combinations and the corresponding load factors shall be investigated:

1 .4 D (A4-1) (A4-2) 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5( Lr or S or R) (A4-3) 1.2 D + 1.6( Lr or S or R) + (0.5 Lr or 0.8W ) (A4-4) 1.2 D + 1.3W + 0.5 L + 0.5( Lr or S or R) 1 .2 D 1 .0 E + 0 .5 L + 0 .2 S (A4-5) (A4-6) 0.9 D (1.3W or 1.0 E ) Exception: the load factor on L in combinations A4-3, A4-4 and A4-5 shall equal 1.0 for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas were the live load is greater than 100 psf . Recommended values of loads are to be taken from governing building codes.

Important Material Properties i) Yield strength/yield point ( Fy ) ii) Proportional limit iii) Tensile strength ( Fu ) (ultimate strength in tension) iv) Modulus of elasticity, E ( E = 29000ksi = 29 10 6 psi ) v) Poisons ratio, = 0.3 vi) Ductility -ability of material to undergo large plastic deformation without fracture. Steel is very good ductile material (opposite word: brittle)
stress

Fu

ultimate failure

Fy plastic elastic
~

strain handering
~

0.002

strain

0.15

Fu Fy Proportional limit offset method is used to find yield point when there is no sharp yield

0.002

strain

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Structural Shapes 1 1. Plates/Flats: (t x b x L) [ thickness in 16 " up to 1" , then 1 8 "] 3 1 2. Angles : equal or unequal: L 6 { 2 thickness , L 3 {4 {3 { 8 thickness
leg leg leg leg

3. I-shapes (W, M, S etc.): W 14 { 50 wt .(lb / ft .length )

approx depth

leg
flange

web depth

4. Channels (C & MC): C 12 { 30 wt .(lb / ft .length )

approx depth

flange

web

5. Other shapes:

Tee

Pipes circular

Bars rectangular or square

Built-up Shapes Due to special situations or need, members can be made of built-up cross sections, using plates and other available shapes.

W Box

C or MC