CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

SYSTEM AT ONE BUS STOP

RF ID READER

MICROCONTOLLER

DISPLAY

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Fig 1.1 Block Diagram of bus stop automation

SYSTEM AT ANOTHER BUS STOP

Connection with Bus Stop

RF ID READER

MICROCONTOLLER

DISPLAY

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

1.2 Block Diagram Description

Microcontroller Block:It is a low power, high-performance 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory ROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology, instruction set and pin out. The on chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, it provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications.

RFID Block: RFID is a dedicated short-range communication technology. The term RFID used to describe various technologies that use radio waves to identify people or objects automatically. RFID technology is similar to the bar code identification systems;it consists of reader and tag. RFID tags support a larger set of unique IDs than bar codes.

Real Time Clock (RTC): The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a low power, full binary coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Address and data are transferred serially through the bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information.

Display Block: In this project, we are using 16X2 LCD displays, for displaying current date and bus status. The liquid-crystal display has the distinct advantage of having low power consumption than the LED.

Power Supply Block: Initial stage of every electronic circuit is power supply system that provides required power to drive the whole system. The specification of power supply depends on the power requirement and this requirement is determined by its rating. For our project we require + 5 Volt. 5Volts given to micro-controller board, and other devices.

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1Main required components for making RFID based BUS STOP AUTOMATION A] Hardware part:1. Power Supply Unit 2. Microcontroller AT89S52 3. Voltage regulator LM7805 4. Timer IC DS1307 5. RFID reader 6. LCD Display 7. Pull-up resistors 8. RTC (Real time clock) 9. Dome keypad 10. Passive Cards

B] Software used:

i) Embedded C For programming ii) Express SCH Express SCH software is used for Circuit designing. Steps for Designing: 1. Begin a new schematic by running Express SCH. You can launch Express SCH from your desktop by clicking on the icon. 2. Select New from the File menu. Then start designing a schematic diagram. 3. Take component from Components and Symbols manager as per required and it by using wire. 4. In this way we can make schematic diagram.

EXPRESS SCH

Fig 2.1 Express SCH

2.2 HARDWARE PARTS

2.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT Power supply block consists of following units: Step down transformer Full wave rectifier circuit Input filter Voltage regulators Output filter Indicator unit

INTRODUCTION There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. For example a 5V regulated supply can be shown as below

Fig 2.2: Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System Similarly, 12V regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection of the individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail below and the power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output.

Transformer A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Here we are using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with 36volts peak to peak value.

Fig 2.3: Output Waveform of transformer

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier circuit. RECTIFIER A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several types of rectifiers; here we use a full wave rectifier. The full wave rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The circuit has two diodes connected to form a FWR. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends.Now the output of the rectifier is shown in Figure 4.3 below.

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Fig 2.4 Output of rectifier

Smoothing or filtering The smoothing block smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple and the ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its DC value. Smoothing is also named as filtering.Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The action of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor storesenergy during the conduction period and delivers this energy to the loads during the no conducting period. In this way, the time during which the current passes through the load is prolonging Ted, and the ripple is considerably decreased. The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of waveform.

Figure 2.5 Smoothing action of capacitor REGULATOR Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5V, 12V and 15V) or variable output voltages. Negative voltage regulators are also available. Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads (input, output and high impedance). They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Zener diode is an example of fixed regulator which is shown here.

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Fig.4.9 Regulator IC 2.4RFID READER RFID READER is the main component of our project. Main function of RFID reader is to provide excitation voltage to the RFID tag and get unique no. From it the unique no from the RFID reader is then transfer to the microcontroller through the serial communication or serial port. Microcontroller then compares the received no from the reader with its internal memory. If that no is matches with the stored no then it sends that data to another bus stop.Each transponder tag contains a unique identifier that read by the RFID Card Reader and transmitted to the host via a simple serial interface. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Card Readers provide a low-cost solution to read passive RFID transponder tags up to 7 cm away. The RFID card reader read the RFID tag in range and outputs unique identification code of the tag at baud rate of 9600. The data from RFID reader can be interfaced to be read by microcontroller or PC.

2.4.1 Features Low-cost method for reading passive RFID transponder tags 9600 bps serial interface at 5V TTL level for direct interface to microcontrollers LED indicate valid RFID Tag detection Range up to 7 cm for 125 KHz RFID Cards

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Specification Parameter Value Input Voltage5V DC regulated Output Data Speed9600 BPS 8 Bit Data/No-Parity/1 Stop Bit Output Data Level 5V TTL level Detection Range 7 cm contact-less Valid Tag in Range Indicated by Buzzer and LED

2.4.2Communication When the RFID Card Reader is active and a valid RFID transponder tag placed within range of the activated reader, the unique ID transmitted as a 12-byte printable ASCII string serially to the host in the following format: Start Byte (0x0A) Unique ID Digit 1 Unique ID Digit 2 Unique ID Digit 3 Unique ID Digit 4 Unique ID Digit 5 Unique ID Digit 6 Unique ID Digit 7 Unique ID

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Digit 8 Unique ID Digit 9 Unique ID Digit 10 Stop Byte The start byte and stop byte are used to easily identify that a correct string has been received from the reader. The middle ten bytes are the actual tag's unique ID.For example, for a tag with a valid ID of 0F0184F07A, the following ASCII data would be sent 0F0184F07A Same data in HEX bytes can be interpreted as: 0x0A, 0x30, 0x46, 0x30, 0x31, 0x38, 0x34, 0x46, 0x30, 0x37, 0x41, 0x0D All communication is 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and least significant bit first. The baud rate is configured for 9600 bps, a standard communications speed supported by most any microprocessor or PC, and cannot be changed. The RFID Card Reader initiates all communication. This allows easy access to the serial data stream from any programming language that can open a COM port.

2.4.3 Using RFID Reader When powered on the RFID reader will activate a RF field waiting for a tag to come into its range. Once tag is detected, its unique ID number is read and data is sent via serial interface. The face of the RFID tag should be held parallel to the front of the antenna (where the majority of RF energy is focused). Only one transponder tag should be held up to the antenna at any time. The use of multiple tags at one time will cause tag collisions and confuse the reader. The tags available with us have a read distance of approximately 7 cm. Actual distance may vary slightly depending on the size of the transponder tag and environmental conditions of the application.

2.4.4 RFID Technology Overview Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a generic term for non-contacting technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. There are several

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methods of identification, but the most common is to store a unique serial number that identifies a person or object on a microchip that is attached to an antenna. The combined antenna and microchip are called an "RFID transponder" or "RFID tag" and work in combination with an "RFID reader" (sometimes called an "RFID interrogator"). There are two major types of tag technologies. "Passive tags" are tags that do not contain their own power source or transmitter. When radio waves from the reader reach the chips antenna, the energy is converted by the antenna into electricity that can power up the microchip in the tag (known as "parasitic power"). The tag is then able to send back any information stored on the tag by reflecting the electromagnetic waves as described above. "Active tags" have their own power source and transmitter.

2.5THE SERIAL PORT

In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (contrast parallel port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.Modern computers without serial ports may require serial-to-USB converters to allow compatibility with RS 232 serial devices. Serial ports are still used in applications such as industrial automation systems, scientific instruments, shop till systems and some industrial and consumer products. Server computers may use a serial port as a control console for diagnostics. Network equipment (such as routers and switches) often use serial console for configuration. Serial ports are still used in these areas as they are simple, cheap and their console functions are highly standardized and widespread. A serial port requires very little supporting software from the host system.

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2.6AT89S52- 8 bit Microcontroller with 8K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash

Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KBytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured usingAtmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable flash ona monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

Pin Configurations

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Fig2.7 Pin configuration of AT89S52

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Fig2.8 Architecture of AT89S52

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Fig2.9 Pin Diagram of AT89S52

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Pin Description

VCC- Supply voltage. GND- Ground. Port 0- Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. When 1sare written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1-Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table.

Fig 2.10 Pin configuration of Port 1

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and
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during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

Fig 2.11 Pin configuration of port 3

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

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ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one

Preprogram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped duringeach access to external data memory.

EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1- Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to theinternal clock operating circuit. XTAL2- Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

2.7 DS1307 - Serial, I2C REAL TIME CLOCK

GENERAL DESCRIPTION The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a low power, full binary-coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of RAM. Address and data are transferred serially through an I2C, bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically

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adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with AM/PM indicator.

FEATURES Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month, and Day of the week and Year with Leap-Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100 56-Byte, Battery-Backed, General-Purpose RAM with Unlimited Writes I2C Serial Interface Programmable Square-Wave Output Signal Automatic Power-Fail Detect and Switch Circuitry Consumes Less than 500nA in Battery-Backup Mode with Oscillator Running Optional Industrial Temperature Range: -40C to +85C Available in 8-Pin Plastic DIP or SO Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Recognized

TYPICAL OPERATING CIRCUIT

Fig 2.12 Real time clock operating circuit

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2.8 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY LCD MODULE The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix liquid crystal display under the control 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the functions such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this controller/driver. In the recent years LCD, is finding in daily use replacing LEDs which may be Single, Seven Segment or Multi Segment LEDs Because of Declining Pricing of LCD and ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. Another advantage of LCD is that, Incorporation of refreshing controller in to LCD for relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing LCD. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD, each character is displayed in 5x7-pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

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Fig 2.13 LCD in 4 bit Module

2.9 SOFTWARE PART 2.9.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED C Looking around, we find ourselves to be surrounded by various types of embedded systems. Be it a digital camera or a mobile phone or a washing machine, all of them has some kind of processor functioning inside it. Associated with each processor is the embedded software. If hardware forms the body of an embedded system, embedded processor acts as the brain, and embedded software forms its soul. It is the embedded software which primarily governs the functioning of embedded systems. During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used to check correct execution of the program. Some very fortunate developers had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they were too costly and were not quite reliable as well. As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-only as the programming language reduced and embedded systems moved onto C as the embedded programming language of choice. C is the most widely used programming language for embedded

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processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions of the code where very high timing accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime requirements. Advantages

It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug. Compared to assembly language, C Code written is more reliable and scalable, more portable between different platforms.

C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.

Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not specific to any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system. This makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems.

As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level languages, C is treated as a middle-level computer language or high level assembly language

It is fairly efficient It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded projects.

2.9.2 PROGRAMMING #include<at89c51ed2.h> //#include<stdio.h> //#define ALARM P3_6 #define I2C_DELAY 0x07 #define SEC 0x00 #define MIN 0x01

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#define HOUR 0x02 #define DATE 0x04 #define MONTH 0x05 #define YEAR 0x06 void save(unsigned int eeprom,unsigned int addr,unsigned int val); int read_mem(unsigned int eeprom,unsigned int addr); void display(); code unsigned char data1[52]={ ' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ','M','I','E','T',' ','W','E','L','C','O','M','E',' ','Y','O','U',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '}; code unsigned char data2[11]={'B','U','S',' ','N','O',':','1','1','1','1'}; code unsigned char data3[11]={'B','U','S',' ','N','O',':','2','2','2','2'}; code unsigned char data4[11]={'B','U','S',' ','N','O',':','3','3','3','3'}; code unsigned char data5[11]={'B','U','S',' ','N','O',':','4','4','4','4'}; code unsigned char data6[11]={'A','R','R','A','V','I','N','G','*','*'}; code unsigned char data7[15]={'N','A','G','P','U','R',' ','C','I','T','Y','*'}; code unsigned char data8[15]={'G','O','N','D','I','A',' ','C','I','T','Y','*'}; //code unsigned char data8[15]={'G','P','B','R','*',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '};

unsigned char distance[15]={68,73,83,84,65,78,67,69,32,32,48,48,48}; unsigned char distance1[15]={48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48,48}; idata date[15]={68,65,84,69,32,48,49,47,48,49,47,48,49};

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idata time[15]={84,73,77,69,32,48,48,58,48,49,58,48,49}; idata char smin,shour,sdate,smonth,syear,dat,hour,min,sec,month,year; int sdst,x2; void main(void); void delay_ms1(unsigned int t); void send(unsigned char k); void int_fun(); //void ck_status(); unsigned int x1,cnt1,eepromid; unsigned int cnt,cnt2; int cvl; char redata; unsigned int dst,dst1,dst2,dst3; void ms_delay(unsigned int t) { void decdate() { //unsigned char i; sdate=sdate-1; void incmin() {

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//unsigned char i; smin=smin+1; } void dechour() { //unsigned char i; shour=shour-1; if(shour<0) { shour=23; } else { shour=shour; } void save(unsigned int eeprom,unsigned int addr,unsigned int val) { unsigned int r,s; r=val/256; s=val%256; //separate out 16bit data for loading //devide by 256 to fit 8 bit data//

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//addr=addr; EEPROM_set(eeprom,addr,r); //save on 1st(0x00) loc.of mem ms_delay(120); //disp_vl(11,x2);

addr++; EEPROM_set(eeprom,addr,s); //disp_vl(11,x2); } for(i=0;i<13;i++) { lcd_data(date[i]); } ms_delay(2000); } void set_year() { unsigned char j,l; syear=DS1307_get(YEAR); for(j=0;j<3;j++) {

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//disp_para(4,19,20,syear); dis_date(syear,11); setd_dis(); } for(l=0;l<250;l++) { for(j=0;j<1;j++) {

//disp_para(4,19,20,syear); dis_date(syear,11); //display(); setd_dis(); } ms_delay(20000);*/ switch(distance1[11]) } if(P3_4==0) { dis1(); //dis1();

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P1_4=1; } if(P3_5==0) { dis2(); //dis2(); P1_5=1; } if(P3_6==0) { dis3(); //dis3();

P1_6=1; } if(P3_7==0) { dis4(); //dis4(); P1_7=1; }

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} for(i=0;i<12;i++) { lcd_data(data7[i]); } ms_delay(20000); } /*void run_mode() { //unsigned char l,m,n; while(1) { display(); display(); //work(); //motor();

switch(distance1[11]) { case 'C': P2_0=0;

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P2_7=1; distance1[11]=0; break; case 'D': P2_1=0; P2_6=1; distance1[11]=0; break; case 'F': P2_2=0; P2_5=1; distance1[11]=0; break; case '3': P2_3=0; P2_4=1; distance1[11]=0; break; } if(P2_4==0)

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{ dis1(); //dis1(); P2_3=1; } if(P2_5==0) { dis2(); //dis2(); P2_2=1; } if(P2_6==0) { dis3(); //dis3(); P2_1=1; } if(P2_7==0) { dis4(); //dis4();

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P2_0=1; } }

{ lcd_data(data1[i]); } ms_delay(5000); } //unsigned char i; TCON=0x00; PCON=0x00; dst2=0; /*TMOD=0x21;//for serial & interrupt function SCON=0x50; TH0=0x4B;//for 1 sec TL0=0xFD; TH1=0xFD; IE=0x92; TR0=1; TR1=1;*/

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lcd_cmd(0x38); disp_start();

2.10 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Fig 2.14 Circuit diagram

CHAPTER 3 PCB DESIGNING AND PLANNING

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3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PCB ARTIST

Printed Circuit Boards Basics PCBs are the backbone of any electronic devices, and therefore knowledge of PCB layout tools can be a vital skill. Both analog and digital circuits used in PCBs depending on the application, and with different types of circuits, the designer must take into account certain design considerations. More Advance circuits like RF circuits or Power circuits take more thought in the layout and design because the circuit is more sensitive to component placement and the lengths of the connections between them.

The process for PCB design is to first create a list of parts you will use in the circuit, and then take the footprint of the component from libraries available. After taking footprint, you have to connect that component by track. Then finally place all the components in

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this manner and connect them physically how you want them to be fabricated on the board.

3.2 LAYOUT PLANNING: The layout of PCB has to in co-operate all possible information and components on the circuit board, as given in the circuit diagram. After that one can proceed to artwork preparation. LAYOUT SCALE: Depending upon the accuracy in the layout artwork is done according to scale selected. Scales selected may be 1:1, 2:1 or4:1 which is four times or sixteen times of the actual PCB. The layout is best prepared using the same scale.

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3.3 LAYOUT PROCEDURE: While preparing any layout of an electronic circuit the first rule is to be remembered is not to start the designing of the layout unless and until an absolutely clear and is not available. Another important note is to prepare a before a hand PCB layout from component side. This minimizes any further complication. Among the larger ones are placed first and the space in between is filled with smaller ones. All components are not necessary if they have to be replaced. To take distance between terminal leads of each component. To take size of the components into consideration. Smaller components like ICs resistance etc. are placed in the center of the layout and bigger component like electronic capacitor are placed in the outskirts. All components are placed in such a manner that disordering is possible. This they help in fast testing of circuit. LAYOUT SKETCH: The end product of layout designing is a pencil sketch on the copper clad sheet and conductor draw in which is labeled as layout sketch which contain of reluctant information for preparation of artwork. ARTWORK PREPARATION: The preparation of artwork is considered as the first step in preparation of PCB, different procedure is available to prepare a good network. Some of them are listed below. Use of paint or marker for preparation of artwork. Use of black tape on transparent base toil. Use of PCB drifting aid. Screen-printing.

ETCHING After the artwork is prepared on the circuit board, all excessive copper on the copper clad sheet is to be removed, only copper tracks remaining on the copper clad. The copper clad sheets are the once on etching tape of paint is applied.

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During the etching process it is understood that the process happen vertically however practically, the etching action is always sideways. ECHENTS Among the etchants uses ferric chloride (Fecl3) is the most common etchants used because of its hygroscopic non-volatile and good solubility with wafer. The following reaction takes place during the etching process. Fecl3 + Cu Fecl2 +cucl Due to high corrosiveness of fecl3 etching is faster. RINSING After etching is done fecl2 contaminated surface should be cleaned. The usual practice follows rinsing by wafer and cleaning by oxalic acid. A vigorous final wafer rinse has to follow. DRILLING Drilling mechanical holes is also an important operation. Drilling is done by using drill bits from 0.8mm to 2mm as per components, drilling can be done by using hand drill or an electric drill. To compensate for the lamination a drill bit 0.04mm bigger than the whole diameter is chosen. SOLDERING Soldering is the stage for completion of any circuit. It is the process in which the alloy of tin and lead is heated of about 300 to melt and set itself around the components lead surface. There are two types of soldering techniques: Manual Soldering Wave Soldering Manual soldering is the technique which is operated by us for soldering very few components whereas wave soldering is used to solder mass number of components. Wave

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soldering is done by special machines.Care should be taken that flux or solder paste is applied to surface where soldering to be done so as to quicken the process.

3.4 PCB LAYOUT

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Fig 2.16 PCB layout

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CHAPTER 4 FEATURES

It is a RFID Enabled & contactless system.

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RFID technology has following features RFID tags dont need to be positioned in a line of sight with the scanner. RFID tags can be read at a faster rate; as approximately 40 RFID tags can be read at the same time. RFID tags can work within much greater distances; information can be read from a tag at up to 300 ft. RFID tags are read/write devices. RFID contain high levels of security; data can be encrypted, password protected or set to include a kill feature to remove data permanently. RFID tags carry large data capabilities such as product maintenance, shipping histories and expiry dates; which can all be programmed to the tag. Once these are set up; it can be run with minimal human participation. RFID tags are more reusable and rugged as they are protected by a plastic cover.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE EXPANSION

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CONCLUSION

Thus we have studied RFID based bus stop automation. We got that this is very useful in present and future demand. It is simple to operate & can be installed conveniently. In this project we can control the data which is sending from transmitter to receiver by using microcontroller AT89S52.

FUTURE EXPANSION

Using GSM, this project can be made wireless. Generalized version of this project is also possible with some variations in programming.

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REFRENCES

www.8051microcontroller.com
www.wikipedia.org RFID reader RFID tags & contactless smart card technology Smartcard alliance www.alldatasheets.in

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APPENDIX

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51

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