CHAPTER 5 Operational Amplifiers 191

5.10 Difference amplifiers are used in: (e) summing amplifiers

(a) instrumentation amplifiers (f) subtracting amplifiers
(b) voltage followers
(c) voltage regulators Answers: 5.1c, 5.2c,d, 5.3b, 5.4b, 5.5a, 5.6c, 5.7d, 5.8b, 5.9c, 5.10a,f.
(d) buffers

PROBLEMS
Section 5.2 Operational Amplifiers +
741 vo
5.1 The equivalent model of a certain op amp is shown −
in Fig. 5.42. Determine:
(a) the input resistance +−
(b) the output resistance 1 mV
(c) the voltage gain in dB.
Figure 5.44 For Prob. 5.6.
60 Ω
− 5.7 The op amp in Fig. 5.45 has Ri = 100 k,
vd 1.5 MΩ
+ 8 × 10vd Ro = 100 , A = 100,000. Find the differential
− voltage vd and the output voltage vo .
+

Figure 5.42 For Prob. 5.1. − −

vd
+
+
5.2 The open-loop gain of an op amp is 100,000.
Calculate the output voltage when there are inputs of 10 kΩ 100 kΩ
+10 μV on the inverting terminal and + 20 μV on
the noninverting terminal. +
1 mV + vo
5.3 Determine the output voltage when −20 μV is −
−
applied to the inverting terminal of an op amp and
+30 μV to its noninverting terminal. Assume that
the op amp has an open-loop gain of 200,000. Figure 5.45 For Prob. 5.7.
5.4 The output voltage of an op amp is −4 V when the
noninverting input is 1 mV. If the open-loop gain of Section 5.3 Ideal Op Amp
the op amp is 2 × 106 , what is the inverting input?
5.8 Obtain vo for each of the op amp circuits in Fig. 5.46.
5.5 For the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.43, the op amp has
an open-loop gain of 100,000, an input resistance of
10 k, and an output resistance of 100 . Find the 10 kΩ
voltage gain vo /vi using the nonideal model of the
2 kΩ
op amp. 2V −
+

− −
− + +
+ + +
+
1 mA vo 1V + 2 kΩ vo
vi + vo − −
− −
−
(a) (b)
Figure 5.43 For Prob. 5.5.
Figure 5.46 For Prob. 5.8.
5.6 Using the same parameters for the 741 op amp in
Example 5.1, find vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.9 Determine vo for each of the op amp circuits in Fig.
5.44. 5.47.
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192 PART 1 DC Circuits

2 kΩ 4 kΩ

1 kΩ
− vo
− +
+
+
1 mA 1.2 V +
+ 4V vo −
− 2 kΩ
− 4 kΩ

− Figure 5.50 For Prob. 5.12.

+

+ 1V +
3V + 5.13 Find vo and io in the circuit of Fig. 5.51.
− − 2 kΩ vo
−

10 kΩ
Figure 5.47 For Prob. 5.9. − io
+
1V +
− 100 kΩ +
5.10 Find the gain vo /vs of the circuit in Fig. 5.48. 90 kΩ 10 kΩ vo
−
50 kΩ
20 kΩ
+
−
+
10 kΩ Figure 5.51 For Prob. 5.13.
vs +
− vo

10 kΩ 5.14 Determine the output voltage vo in the circuit of Fig.

− 5.52.

Figure 5.48 For Prob. 5.10. 10 kΩ

5.11 Find vo and io in the circuit in Fig. 5.49. 10 kΩ

20 kΩ
−
+
8 kΩ +
2 mA 5 kΩ vo
−
2 kΩ io
−
+
5 kΩ + Figure 5.52 For Prob. 5.14.
3V + 10 kΩ 4 kΩ vo
− −
Section 5.4 Inverting Amplifier
5.15 (a) For the circuit shown in Fig. 5.53, show that the
gain is
 
Figure 5.49 For Prob. 5.11. vo 1 R1 R2
=− R1 + R 2 +
vi R R3
5.12 Refer to the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.50. Determine (b) Evaluate the gain when R = 10 k,
the power supplied by the voltage source. R1 = 100 k, R2 = 50 k, R3 = 25 k.
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 CHAPTER 5 Operational Amplifiers 193

R1 R2 2 kΩ 4 kΩ 10 kΩ

R3 io
+ −
1V − 4 kΩ +
R 5 kΩ
vi − vo
+

Figure 5.53 For Prob. 5.15.

Figure 5.56 For Prob. 5.18.

5.19 In the circuit in Fig. 5.57, calculate vo if vs = 0.

5.16 Calculate the gain vo /vi when the switch in Fig.
5.54 is in: 8 kΩ
(a) position 1 (b) position 2 (c) position 3
2 kΩ
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
−
12 kΩ +
+
9V + +
1 − vs − vo
80 kΩ −
2

2 MΩ 3
Figure 5.57 For Prob. 5.19.
5 kΩ
−
+ 5.20 Repeat the previous problem if vs = 3 V.
+
vi + 5.21 Design an inverting amplifier with a gain of −15.
− 10 kΩ vo
−
Section 5.5 Noninverting Amplifier
5.22 Find va and vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.58.

Figure 5.54 For Prob. 5.16.

− va
2V + +− vo

5.17 Calculate the gain vo /vi of the op amp circuit in Fig. 3V

5.55.
Figure 5.58 For Prob. 5.22.

1 MΩ
5.23 Refer to Fig. 5.59.
(a) Determine the overall gain vo /vi of the circuit.
10 kΩ 50 kΩ
− (b) What value of vi will result in
+ vo = 15 cos 120πt?
+
vi + 20 kΩ
− vo
20 kΩ 1 MΩ
−

8 kΩ −
+
Figure 5.55 For Prob. 5.17. +
vi + 2 kΩ vo
−
−

5.18 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 5.56. Figure 5.59 For Prob. 5.23.
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194 PART 1 DC Circuits

5.24 Find io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.60. 5.28 Refer to the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.64. Calculate ix
and the power dissipated by the 3-k resistor.
50 kΩ
1 kΩ
−
+ ix
io +
−
10 kΩ + 0.4 V 20 kΩ
−
1 mA 4 kΩ 2 kΩ 3 kΩ

Figure 5.60 For Prob. 5.24. Figure 5.64 For Prob. 5.28.

5.25 In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.61, find ix and the 5.29 Design a noninverting amplifier with a gain of 10.
power absorbed by the 20- resistor.
Section 5.6 Summing Amplifier
5.30 Determine the output of the summing amplifier in
60 kΩ Fig. 5.65.
−
+ ix
+ 1V
1.2 V 30 kΩ 20 kΩ 10 kΩ
−
−+ 30 kΩ

2V
20 kΩ
Figure 5.61 For Prob. 5.25. −+ −
+ +
5.26 For the circuit in Fig. 5.62, find ix . 3V vo
30 kΩ −
+−
12 kΩ

6 kΩ
+ Figure 5.65 For Prob. 5.30.
ix −
+
4 mA 3 kΩ 5.31 Calculate the output voltage due to the summing
6 kΩ vo amplifier shown in Fig. 5.66.
−
10 mV 25 kΩ
Figure 5.62 For Prob. 5.26. −+

+
5.27 Calculate ix and vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.63. Find 20 mV 20 kΩ
the power dissipated by the 60-k resistor. −
+− +
vo
ix 50 mV 10 kΩ −
+ 20 kΩ
− −+ 50 kΩ

+ 100 mV
50 kΩ
4 mV + 50 kΩ +−
− 60 kΩ 30 kΩ vo
−
10 kΩ

Figure 5.66 For Prob. 5.31.

5.32 An averaging amplifier is a summer that provides an

Figure 5.63 For Prob. 5.27. output equal to the average of the inputs. By using
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 CHAPTER 5 Operational Amplifiers 195

proper input and feedback resistor values, one can 5.38 The circuit in Fig. 5.69 is a differential amplifier
get driven by a bridge. Find vo .
−vout = 14 (v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 )
Using a feedback resistor of 10 k, design an
averaging amplifier with four inputs.
5.33 A four-input summing amplifier has 20 kΩ 80 kΩ
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 12 k. What value of
feedback resistor is needed to make it an averaging 10 kΩ 30 kΩ
amplifier?
5.34 Show that the output voltage vo of the circuit in Fig. + 5 mV − vo
+
5.67 is
(R3 + R4 ) 40 kΩ 60 kΩ
vo = (R2 v1 + R1 v2 )
R3 (R1 + R2 )
20 kΩ
80 kΩ
R4

R3
− Figure 5.69 For Prob. 5.38.
vo
R1
v1 +
R2
v2
5.39 Design a difference amplifier to have a gain of 2 and
a common mode input resistance of 10 k at each
Figure 5.67 For Prob. 5.34.
input.
5.40 Design a circuit to amplify the difference between
5.35 Design an op amp circuit to perform the following
two inputs by 2.
operation:
(a) Use only one op amp.
vo = 3v1 − 2v2 (b) Use two op amps.
All resistances must be ≤ 100 k. 5.41 Using two op amps, design a subtractor.
5.36 Using only two op amps, design a circuit to solve ∗
5.42 The ordinary difference amplifier for fixed-gain
v1 − v 2 v3 operation is shown in Fig. 5.70(a). It is simple and
−vout = + reliable unless gain is made variable. One way of
3 2
providing gain adjustment without losing simplicity
and accuracy is to use the circuit in Fig. 5.70(b).
Section 5.7 Difference Amplifier
Another way is to use the circuit in Fig. 5.70(c).
5.37 Find vo and io in the differential amplifier of Fig. Show that:
5.68. (a) for the circuit in Fig. 5.70(a),

2 kΩ 4 kΩ vo R2
=
vi R1
io (b) for the circuit in Fig. 5.70(b),
1 kΩ −
+ + vo R2 1
10 V − Fg5_70b =
+ vi R1 R1
+ 8V 3 kΩ 5 kΩ vo 1+
− 2RG
−
(c) for the circuit in Fig. 5.70(c),
 
vo R2 R2
= 1+
Fg5_70c vi R1 2RG
Figure 5.68 For Prob. 5.37.

∗ An asterisk indicates a challenging problem.

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196 PART 1 DC Circuits

R2 5.44 In a certain electronic device, a three-stage amplifier

is desired, whose overall voltage gain is 42 dB. The
R1 individual voltage gains of the first two stages are to
− be equal, while the gain of the third is to be
−
vi one-fourth of each of the first two. Calculate the
+ + voltage gain of each.
+
R1 vo
R2
5.45 Refer to the circuit in Fig. 5.72. Calculate io if:
−
(a) vs = 12 mV (b) vs = 10 cos 377t mV.
(a)
12 kΩ
12 kΩ
R2
R1 R1 6 kΩ
4 kΩ
2 2 −
+ −
− − +
io
vi vs +
RG
+ −
+ 2 kΩ
+
R1 R1
vo
2 2 R2
− Figure 5.72 For Prob. 5.45.

(b)
5.46 Calculate io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.73.
R2 R2
2 2 10 kΩ

1 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
R1
RG + −
− +
+ 5 kΩ io
vi
+ 0.6 V +
− − 3 kΩ 4 kΩ
+
R1 vo
R2 R2
2 2 −
Figure 5.73 For Prob. 5.46.
(c)

5.47 Find the voltage gain vo /vs of the circuit in Fig. 5.74.
Figure 5.70 For Prob. 5.42.

20 kΩ
Section 5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits
10 kΩ
5.43 The individual gains of the stages in a multistage
amplifier are shown in Fig. 5.71. 5 kΩ
(a) Calculate the overall voltage gain vo /vi . −
+ +
(b) Find the voltage gain that would be needed in a − +
vs +
fourth stage which would make the overall gain − vo
to be 60 dB when added. −

vi –20 –12.5 +0.8 vo Figure 5.74 For Prob. 5.47.

5.48 Calculate the current gain io /is of the op amp circuit

Figure 5.71 For Prob. 5.43. in Fig. 5.75.
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 CHAPTER 5 Operational Amplifiers 197

4 kΩ R3

10 kΩ R2 R4

R1
− R5
+ −
+ + +
− −
vi + R6 +
io − vo
is 5 kΩ −
3 kΩ
3 kΩ 2 kΩ

Figure 5.78 For Prob. 5.51.

Figure 5.75 For Prob. 5.48.

5.52 For the circuit in Fig. 5.79, find vo .

25 kΩ
5.49 Find vo in terms of v1 and v2 in the circuit in Fig.
5.76.
40 kΩ 100 kΩ

20 kΩ
20 kΩ
R3 R4 −
+ −
v2 + +
6V − +
R2
+ 10 kΩ
R1 4V − vo
v1 R5
−
+ − vo 2V +
+ −
−

Figure 5.79 For Prob. 5.52.

Figure 5.76 For Prob. 5.49.

5.53 Obtain the output vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.80.

5.50 Obtain the closed-loop voltage gain vo /vi of the

circuit in Fig. 5.77. 80 kΩ 80 kΩ
20 kΩ
− 40 kΩ
+ −
+ −
+ vo
Rf
0.4 V +
−
R2
20 kΩ
R1
−
R3 −
+ + + −
+ +
vi − R4 vo
0.2 V +
− −

Figure 5.77 For Prob. 5.50. Figure 5.80 For Prob. 5.53.

5.54 Find vo in the circuit in Fig. 5.81, assuming that

5.51 Determine the gain vo /vi of the circuit in Fig. 5.78. Rf = ∞ (open circuit).
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198 PART 1 DC Circuits

Rf 5.58 Determine the load voltage vL in the circuit of Fig.

5.84.
15 kΩ
5 kΩ 50 kΩ
−
+ +
− 10 kΩ
− −
+ +
10 mV + +
− 6 kΩ vo 1 kΩ +
− 5 kΩ
2 kΩ 4 kΩ vL
+ 1.8 V
− −

Figure 5.81 For Probs. 5.54 and 5.55. Figure 5.84 For Prob. 5.58.

5.55 Repeat the previous problem if Rf = 10 k.

5.59 Find io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.85.
5.56 Determine vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.82.

30 kΩ 100 kΩ 32 kΩ
40 kΩ

10 kΩ 10 kΩ io 1.6 kΩ
A 20 kΩ − −
− C
− + +
+ vo 20 kΩ
1V +
− + 0.6 V +
−
+
− 0.4 V
60 kΩ
10 kΩ 10 kΩ

2V + 20 kΩ
− Figure 5.85 For Prob. 5.59.
10 kΩ
B
−
Section 5.9 Op Amp Circuit Analysis with
+
3V + PSpice
−
5.60 Rework Example 5.11 using the nonideal op amp
10 kΩ LM324 instead of uA741.
5.61 Solve Prob. 5.18 using PSpice and op amp uA741.
4V +
−
5.62 Solve Prob. 5.38 using PSpice and op amp LM324.
5.63 Use PSpice to obtain vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.86.
Figure 5.82 For Prob. 5.56.
10 kΩ 20 kΩ 30 kΩ 40 kΩ
5.57 Find the load voltage vL in the circuit of Fig. 5.83.
− −
100 kΩ 250 kΩ + + +

1V + 2V + vo
− −
20 kΩ − − −
+ + +
0.4 V + 2 kΩ vL
−
−
Figure 5.86 For Prob. 5.63.

5.64 Determine vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.87

Figure 5.83 For Prob. 5.57. using PSpice.
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 CHAPTER 5 Operational Amplifiers 199

20 kΩ 10 kΩ 5.70 If RG = 100  and R = 20 k, calculate the

voltage gain of the IA in Fig. 5.37.
5V +
− 5.71 Assuming a gain of 200 for an IA, find its output
−
+ voltage for:
+
vo (a) v1 = 0.402 V and v2 = 0.386 V
100 kΩ − (b) v1 = 1.002 V and v2 = 1.011 V.
20 kΩ 10 kΩ 40 kΩ
5.72 Figure 5.89 displays a two-op-amp instrumentation
amplifier. Derive an expression for vo in terms of v1
+ and v2 . How can this amplifier be used as a
1V − −
+ subtractor?

v1 − R4

Figure 5.87 For Prob. 5.64. +

R2 R3
5.65 Use PSpice to solve Prob. 5.56, assuming that the op −
amps are uA741. vo
v2 +
R1
5.66 Use PSpice to verify the results in Example 5.9.
Assume nonideal op amps LM324.

Section 5.10 Applications

Figure 5.89 For Prob. 5.72.
5.67 A five-bit DAC covers a voltage range of 0 to 7.75 V.
Calculate how much voltage each bit is worth. ∗
5.73 Figure 5.90 shows an instrumentation amplifier
5.68 Design a six-bit digital-to-analog converter. driven by a bridge. Obtain the gain vo /vi of the
(a) If |Vo | = 1.1875 V is desired, what should amplifier.
[V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 ] be?
(b) Calculate |Vo | if [V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 ] = [011011]. 25 kΩ 500 kΩ
+
(c) What is the maximum value |Vo | can assume? 20 kΩ 30 kΩ −
∗
5.69 A four-bit R-2R ladder DAC is presented in Fig. 5.88.
vi −
(a) Show that the output voltage is given by 10 kΩ + vo
 
V1 V2 V3 V4 40 kΩ 80 kΩ
−Vo = Rf + + + 2 kΩ
2R 4R 8R 16R
(b) If Rf = 12 k and R = 10 k, find |Vo | for 10 kΩ
[V1 V2 V3 V4 ] = [1011] and [V1 V2 V3 V4 ] = [0101].
25 kΩ
Rf −
+
2R
V1 −
+ Vo 500 kΩ
R
2R
V2

R
Figure 5.90 For Prob. 5.73.
2R
V3

R
2R
V4

Figure 5.88 For Prob. 5.69.

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200 PART 1 DC Circuits

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
5.74 A gain of 6 (+ or −, it does not matter) is required 5.77 Refer to the bridge amplifier shown in Fig. 5.93.
in an audio system. Design an op amp circuit to Determine the voltage gain vo /vi .
provide the gain with an input resistance of 2 k.
5.75 The op amp circuit in Fig. 5.91 is a current amplifier. 60 kΩ
Find the current gain io /is of the amplifier. 30 kΩ
−
20 kΩ +
+
50 kΩ RL vo
− 20 kΩ −
+ −
4 kΩ + +
vi −
io

is 5 kΩ 2 kΩ Figure 5.93 For Prob. 5.77.

∗
5.78 A voltage-to-current converter is shown in Fig. 5.94,
which means that iL = Avi if R1 R2 = R3 R4 . Find
Figure 5.91 For Prob. 5.75. the constant term A.

5.76 A noninverting current amplifier is portrayed in Fig. R3

5.92. Calculate the gain io /is . Take R1 = 8 k and
R1
R2 = 1 k.
−
+ +

− R4
+
vi
R2 iL
R1
io R2 RL

is R2 −

Figure 5.94 For Prob. 5.78.

Figure 5.92 For Prob. 5.76.

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