Front. Energy 2011, 5(1): 8392 DOI 10.

1007/s11708-010-0125-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Yilin ZHANG, Wen WANG

Effects of leakage and friction on the miniaturization of a Wankel compressor

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

Abstract This paper presents a numerical simulation of the performance of a meso-scale Wankel compressor and discusses the factors affecting its miniaturization. The discussion is related to the effect of leakage and friction on the design limit (cooling capacity and dimension) of the meso Wankel compressor. In the simulation, the main leakage comes from the gaps between the rotor and the endplates as well as between the seal apex and the cylinder. The largest friction originates from the clearance among the end face of the eccentric shaft, the end faces of the rotor, and the endplates. The decreasing cooling capacity of the meso Wankel compressor increases the proportion of leakage to displacement and causes the coefcient of performance COP and the mechanical efciency to decrease. The rational design cooling capacity limit for the meso-scale Wankel compressor is approximately 4 W. Keywords friction meso-scale, Wankel compressor, leakage,

made up of a gear pair and an eccentric shaft, which drives the rotor to make planetary motion in the cylinder of the compressor. The angular speed of the eccentric shaft is three times that of the rotor; thus, two refrigeration cycles are accomplished when the eccentric shaft completes a revolution.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of a Wankel compressor

Introduction

Highly efcient mini and meso refrigeration systems are widely needed in the eld of electronic cooling. The Wankel compressor has good potential for the meso vapor compression refrigeration system because of its advantages, such as simple structure, high efciency, low vibration, and low noise. The Wankel compressor is similar to the Wankel engine and rotary compressor in terms of structure and operation; it consists of a rotor, a cylinder, a shaft, a pair of gears and apex seals, and three enveloped chambers (V1, V2, V3) (Fig. 1). The driving structure of a Wankel compressor is
Received May 20, 2010; accepted August 27, 2010 Yilin ZHANG, Wen WANG ( ) School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: wenwang@sjtu.edu.cn

The Wankel machine is a kind of rotary machine. Great progress has been made in terms of research about Wankel and rotary machines in the last century. Numerical simulations have contributed greatly in the research and development of Wankel and rotary machines. Pennock and Beard [1] derived equations for the radial and transverse components of the acceleration of an apex seal in the rotor of a Wankel rotary compressor and made a dynamic force analysis of the seal, including the friction forces between the tips of the seal and the chamber as well as between the side of the seal and the rotor. Heppner et al. [24] analyzed the leakage ow and the friction loss of rotary engine and compressor and established design parameters for micro engine sealing systems. Prater and William [5, 6] described the methodology and results of an experiment to measure the fundamental undamped natural frequency and damping ratio for the discharge reed valve in a rolling piston rotary compressor. Hsiao et al. [710] presented the simulation of a rotary compressor and its performance comparison with measured results. Several factors, such as friction loss, leakage, the rotor and cylinder proles, and the positions of the inlet and

84

Front. Energy 2011, 5(1): 8392

exhaust ports, should be considered in designing a meso Wankel compressor. The introduction of computer simulation can greatly shorten the design period and reduce design cost. Therefore, numerical simulation is necessary to obtain the rational design dimensions. The inuences of some factors, such as leakage and the friction loss, on the performance of a meso Wankel compressor differ from the effects on a conventional Wankel compressor. Based on current manufacturing and lubrication technologies, the inuences of leakage and friction loss increase continuously with the gradual decrease of the design dimensions and the cooling capacity. The displacement and the mechanical efciency drop greatly when the design dimensions and the cooling capacity reach certain values. Thus, the limit of rational design dimension should be analyzed in designing a meso Wankel compressor. This paper presents a numerical simulation of the performance of a meso-scale Wankel compressor and discusses the design limit of the cooling capacity and dimensions for a meso Wankel compressor. The simulation model is focused on the cycle performance. The mechanical optimization simulation is performed to search for the optimum dimensions of a meso Wankel compressor. The design limit has been obtained based on the analysis of leakage and friction loss of the meso Wankel compressor.

" # 270 540 X X z vT sin vT sin F F L4 $ : 540 1 t2 sin  271 t1 sin  (4) 5) The friction loss between the apex seal and the sealing groove, L5 [A.13], L5
540 z X f p F v : 540 1 2 gs T R

(5)

6) The friction loss among the end face of the eccentric shaft, the end faces of the rotor, and the endplates, L6, ( ) 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2R4 r Rr Rge Rr Re e Rs : L6  6a 6b (6) 7) The friction loss between the gears, L7 [A.17]. L7 f7 lz z1 Me3 : 2sin (7)

In this work, the friction losses of L4, L5, and L7 were derived on the basis of friction principle. Detailed derivation is depicted in the Appendix, and the friction loss of L1, L2, L3, and L6 are cited from [3, 4, 911].
2.2 Optimization to reduce friction in a Wankel compressor

2
2.1

Mechanical optimization
Friction in a Wankel compressor

Friction loss usually plays an important role in compressor performance. In meso and mini machines, the ratio of surface by volume to the contact surfaces with friction are large and cannot be lubricated adequately as normal scale machines. In this simulation model, eight friction pairs were taken into account and listed as follows: 1) The friction loss between the main shaft and the main bearing, L1, L1 22 R3 s lm cm : (1)

Given that friction is unavoidable in a Wankel compressor, it is necessary to search for the optimum parameters based on the minimum friction loss at given operational conditions (Table 1). The complex optimization method was used in this study. The objective function is to search for the minimum total friction loss of the Wankel compressor.
Table 1
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Operational conditions of a Wankel compressor with

parameter Q n Teva Tcon pin pin description cooling capacity/ W motor speed/(r$min ) evaporation temperature/C condensation temperature/C intake pressure/MPa back pressure/MPa
1

refrigerant R134a
value 300 1800 5 46 0.35 1.20

2) The friction loss between the main shaft and the accessory bearing, L2,

22 R3 s lm : L2 cm

(2)

3) The friction loss between the eccentric bearing and the eccentric shaft, L3, L3 2 r 2 R3 e le : 3 (3)

4) The friction loss between the seal apex and the internal surface of the cylinder, L4 [A.10],

Here, nine design variables were chosen as optimal parameters based on the analysis of friction losses (L1L7) in Eqs. (1)(7). The design variables included the thickness and height of apex seal, the shape factor, the offset, the radius of the main shaft, the radius and height of the eccentric shaft, the number of tooth of the external gear, and the modulus of the gear.

Yilin ZHANG et al. Effects of leakage and friction on the miniaturization of a Wankel compressor

85

The optimization can be described as The objective function is F Fmin L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 f bs ,hs ,K ,a,Rr ,Re ,he ,z1 ,mg and is subjected to the following constraints: Explicit constraints: aj xj bj j 1,2,:::,9: Implicit constraints: gi X 0i 1,2,:::,5: (10) (9)

(8)

step-by-step process, after which the corresponding output power of the motor was measured. The predicted and the experimental results are compared in Table 6. The relative error of total friction loss is about 5.53%, indicating that the rationality of the friction loss equations and the optimization model of Wankel compressor are feasible.

3 Thermodynamic analysis of a meso Wankel compressor

3.1 Leakage of a Wankel compressor

In Eq. (9), the xj (j = 1,2,,9) are the explicit constrains Gas leakage occurs in all the gaps connected to the represented by the parameters bs ,hs ,K ,a,Rs ,Re ,he ,z1 , and chamber (Fig. 2). The leakage in a Wankel compressor can mg , respectively. The values of aj and bj (Table 2) are the be divided into internal and external leakages. The internal range limits. In Eq. (10), gi (i = 1,2,,5) is the implicit leakage in a Wankel compressor may occur in the four gaps constraint, and i is the number of implicit constraints. between the seal apex and the cylinder (mscy), the seal sides and the endplates (msc), the seal and the sealing groove Table 3 lists the limit values of the implicit constraints. The optimum results in terms of dimensions and friction (msg), and the rotor and the endplates (mrc). The external losses obtained from the optimization are shown in leakage mainly occurs in the gap between the main bearing Tables 4 and 5, respectively. Results show a total friction and the main shaft (mbs) and can be neglected by the loss of 11.03 W; the largest friction loss comes from L6, rational shaft seal design. The gaps of leakage mscy are very short; therefore, the which is equivalent to approximately 63.29%. leakage process is simplied as a gas ow through the The design dimensions (Table 4) shows the creation convergent nozzle. The leakage can be calculated by of a Wankel compressor prototype and the experiment conducted on friction loss under normal atmosphere. m fAg pi ,i ,po , (11) Friction losses were obtained by detaching the friction parts of the Wankel compressor prototype through a where 8 v 2 3 u >  2  k 1     k u > > k 1 po k 4 po k 5 po 2 > u 2k > > , 1 , > t k 1 i pi p > pi pi k1 > i < g pi ,i ,po (12) > v > u > >     k 1  k u  > > k 1 k 1 2 po 2 > t > > i pi , : < : pi k 1 k1 The other three leakage gaps employ long narrow passages compared with their height and are simplied as a convergent nozzle with equal section straight pipe. The mass ow can be expressed as [11]: m Hpe ve =Rg Te : (13) capacity, leakage, intake mass, exhaust mass, and so on, were obtained as well. The typical simulation results are demonstrated in Fig. 3. The variations of parameters in the three chambers (V1, V2, and V3) are the same. The V3 chamber was taken in this study as a sample to be analyzed in detail. Figure 3(a) shows the variation of pressure in three chambers of the Wankel compressor. The pressure (p_V3) remained almost unchanged during the intake process. The compression process commenced when the volume started to increase until the volume reached the maximum. The pressure increased continually with the volume decrease until the pressure reached the back pressure (the eccentric angle is approximately 360 in this paper). The pressure was almost stable at a certain level in the exhaust process until the exhaust valve shut off (at this point, the eccentric

3.2

Analysis of compression process

The optimum dimensions and the operation condition are presented in Tables 4 and 1, respectively. Predicted results, such as the variation of volume, pressure, temperature, and mass in three chambers in a Wankel compressor with different eccentric angle, were obtained by numerical simulation. Other performance parameters, such as cooling

86

Front. Energy 2011, 5(1): 8392

Table 2
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Explicit constraints used in optimization design

explicit constraints xj bs hs Ka) a Rs Re he z1 mg description thickness of apex seal/mm height of apex seal/mm shape factor offset/mm radius of main shaft/mm radius of eccentric shaft/mm height of eccentric shaft/mm number of tooth of external gear modulus of gear/mm lower limit 0.5 4 5.5 0.5 2 3 3 18 0.4 higher limit 3 10 7.5 1.5 5 15 15 30 1

a) K is the shape factor of the Wankel compressor, and it is equal to R/e.

Table 3
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Implicit constraints used in the optimization design

implicit constraints gi mgz1/4 R e Rs e p V a =3 3Ke ae K $e 3e 2 p a V =3 3Ke ae he Ke 5e description eccentric distance/mm difference between eccentric shaft radius and sum of main shaft radius and eccentric distance/mm height of cylinder/mm depth of sealing groove/mm height of gear/mm thickness of thinnest wall of rotor/mm lower limit 2 0 4 5 1 3 higher limit 5 6 20 15 12 10

a) V is the volume for each chamber of the Wankel compressor, and it is decided by the cooling capacity.

Table 4
No. 1 2 3 4 5

Optimum dimensions of the Wankel compressor

parameter bs/ mm hs/mm K a/mm R/mm value 1.64 5.56 6 0.86 2.82 No. 6 7 8 9 parameter Re/mm he/mm z1 mg/mm value 5.82 4.05 20 0.6

angle was approximately 450). The operation process transitioned to the expansion process at the closing of the exhaust valve and ended at the opening of the intake valve, thereby completing the whole cycle.
Table 5

The variation of gas temperature shown in Fig. 3(b) is proportional to the gas pressure in the chamber. In the intake process, the intake gas was heated by the hightemperature gas leaked from the other two chambers and the high-temperature wall of the rotor, cylinder, and endplates, resulting in a slight increase of gas temperature in the intake process. In the compression process, the temperature increased rapidly with the increase of pressure, and the gas temperature decreased continually in the exhaust and the expansion process. Figure 3(c) illustrates the variation of the gas mass in three chambers of the Wankel compressor. The gas mass maintained constant increase in the intake process and decreased continually in the exhaust process. The gas mass
friction loss

Mechanical analysis for the Wankel compressor under the aforementioned operational conditions and optimum dimensions
L1 L2 0.28 2.51 L3 1.18 10.67 L4 1.49 13.55 L5 0.46 4.20 L6 6.98 63.29 L7 0.36 3.29 total 11.03 100.00

predicted/W contribution/%

0.28 2.51

Table 6

Comparison between the predicted and experimental (under normal pressure and n = 1800 r/min) results of friction losses
friction loss L1 L2 0.28 0.23 16.77 L3+ L7 1.54 1.27 17.22 L4+ L5 2.09 1.76 15.76 L6 6.98 7.06 1.14 total 11.17 10.55 5.53

predicted /W experimental /W relative deviation /%

0.28 0.23 16.77

Yilin ZHANG et al. Effects of leakage and friction on the miniaturization of a Wankel compressor

87

Fig. 2

Leakage of a Wankel compressor

had a slight increase in the early stage of the compression process and a slight decrease in the later stage of the compression process. This condition was conversed in the expansion process. This mechanism is attributed to the gas pressure in chamber V3 being the lowest of the three chambers at the beginning of compression, causing the

increased mass to come out from the other two chambers through the leakage gaps. With the continued compression process, the gas pressure in chamber V3 increased continually, and the gas mass decreased when the mass exchange with the other two chambers became negative. The mass variation in the expansion process is similar to the compression process. The variation of the intake mass and the exhaust mass are shown in Fig. 3(d). The intake mass ow increased at rst and then decreased in the intake process. This is a phenomenon, which is related with the volume variation of chambers. The exhaust mass ow decreased continuously in the exhaust process. The exhaust rate was higher than the intake rate because the gas density in the exhaust chamber was higher than that in the intake chamber. Figures 3(e) and 3(f) show the variation of leakage. The

Fig. 3 Variation of operation parameters of the Wankel compressor with eccentric angle
(a) Pressure; (b) gas temperature; (c) gas mass; (d) exhaust mass; (e), (f) leakage

88

Front. Energy 2011, 5(1): 8392

main leakage ways are shown by the gap between the rotor and endplates and that between the seal apex and cylinder, accounting for 42% and 28% of the total leakage, respectively.

4 Design limit of a meso Wankel compressor

The impact of leakage and friction loss on compressor performance gradually increases with the decrease of the meso Wankel compressor dimension. Accordingly, there are two factors determining the design limit of the meso Wankel compressor. First, with an increasingly serious leakage situation, lesser compressed gas is pushed out of the exhaust valve, making it difcult for the gas pressure in the compression chamber to reach the back pressure. Therefore, one design limit for the meso Wankel compressor was that the exhaust valve cannot be opened during the entire operation. Friction loss served as another determinant of the design limit. The proportion of friction loss to shaft power continuously increased, and the mechanical efciency gradually decreased with the decrease of compressor dimension. Another design limit was set when the mechanical efciency reached below a certain value (50% in this paper). In the calculation, the meso Wankel compressor has the same operation conditions except the cooling capacity (as presented in Table 1) and machining tolerance (5 m). In this work, the initial cooling capacity of the Wankel compressor was estimated on the basis of mathematical model without considering leakage and friction loss; in addition, the volumetric efciency of the Wankel compressor was assumed as 80%. Table 7 lists a set of optimization dimensions obtained by the optimization model of the meso Wankel compressor. The corresponding
Table 7

performance parameters obtained by the simulation model are respectively presented in Tables 8 and 9. Table 8 shows that the proportion of the leakage to the gas displacement increases with the decrease of the cooling capacity of the meso Wankel compressor. The deviation between the actual cooling capacity and the initial design value is magnied gradually. Under 5 m machining tolerance, the leakage between the three chambers is higher than the displacement when the initial cooling capacity reaches 10 W, and the actual cooling capacity is only approximately 4 W. The compressed gas cannot reach the back pressure, and the exhaust valve cannot be opened when the initial cooling capacity is approximately 5 W; otherwise, the meso Wankel compressor cannot work normally. Table 9 shows the variation of friction loss, shaft power, coefcient of performance (COP), and mechanical efciency with different cooling capacities of the meso Wankel compressor. The COP and the mechanical efciency gradually decrease with the decrease of the cooling capacity; both parameters drop to 2.1 and 44.6%, respectively, when the initial cooling capacity of the meso Wankel compressor reaches approximately 10 W. From the above analysis, the rational cooling capacity limitation obtained for the meso Wankel compressor is approximately 4 W.

Conclusion

Based on the predicted results of the model for the meso Wankel compressor, the variation of pressure, temperature, mass, and leakage in chambers are analyzed in detail in this paper. The analysis has shown that the main leakage stems from the gap between the rotor and the endplates and that between the seal apex and the cylinder. The optimization for the meso Wankel compressor is

A set of the optimization dimensions for the Wankel compressor with different cooling capacities
cooling capacity/W 300 250 1.5 5.3 0.6 6 20 5.5 2.5 2767 0.82 3.6 18 3 9.4 200 1.4 5.1 0.6 6 18 5 2.3 2112 0.75 3.2 16.2 2.7 8.9 150 1.2 4.8 0.5 6 20 4.6 2.1 1704 0.7 3 15 2.5 8.4 100 1 4.6 0.5 6 18 4.25 2 1123 0.65 2.6 13.5 2.25 6.8 50 1 4.3 0.5 6 16 3.8 1.8 524 0.6 2 12 2 4 40 0.9 4 0.5 6 14 3.25 1.5 450 0.5 2 10.5 1.75 4.5 30 0.9 3.8 0.4 6 16 2.9 1.3 336 0.4 1.8 9.6 1.6 4.0 20 0.8 3.6 0.4 6 16 2.7 1.1 252 0.4 1.6 9.6 1.6 3.0 10 0.7 3.2 0.4 6 14 2.4 1 129 0.4 1.4 8.4 1.4 2.0 5 0.6 2.5 0.3 6 14 2.05 1 74 0.3 1.2 6.3 1.05 2.1

bs/mm hs/mm mg/mm K z1 Re/mm Rs/mm V/mm3 a/mm he/mm R/mm e/mm H/mm

1.6 5.6 0.6 6 20 5.8 2.8 3388 0.86 4.1 18 3 11.5

Yilin ZHANG et al. Effects of leakage and friction on the miniaturization of a Wankel compressor

89

Table 8

Parameters related to the Wankel compressor with different cooling capacity

cooling capacity/W 300 250 2.40 20.2 11.9 270 200 2.18 15.1 14.4 202 150 2.01 12.0 16.9 160 100 1.68 7.5 22.5 100 50 1.16 3.0 38.7 40 40 1.11 2.5 45.2 33 30 0.97 1.7 58.6 22 20 0.83 1.1 75.2 15 10 0.58 0.3 193 4 0 5 0.41 0

leakage/(10 kg$s ) displacement/(10 kg$s ) contribution/% actual cooling capacity/W

4 1

2.66 24.8 10.7 332

Table 9

Parameters related to the Wankel compressor with different cooling capacities

cooling capacity/W 300 250 11.1 63.4 4.3 82.6 200 7.7 46.9 4.3 83.6 150 5.9 37.0 4.4 83.9 100 4.2 23.7 4.2 82.1 50 2.6 10.4 3.9 75.2 40 1.8 8.2 4.1 77.9 30 1.4 5.7 4.0 75.0 20 1.3 4.1 3.6 69.3 10 1.1 1.9 2.1 44.6 5 0.7 0.8 0.0 17.9

friction loss/W shaft power/W COP mechanical efciency/%

11.0 75.5 4.4 85.4

discussed based on the friction loss analysis. There are seven kinds of friction loss (L1L7) discussed in this paper. The greatest friction loss comes from L6, which contributes to approximately 63.29% of the total friction loss. The feasibility of the system model and the optimization model of the meso Wankel compressor has been proven by the friction loss experiment at normal pressure on a meso Wankel compressor prototype. The relative error of the total friction loss between the predicted and the experimental results is approximately 5.53%. The impacts of leakage and friction loss are mainly considered in analyzing the design limit of the meso Wankel compressor. With the decrease of the cooling capacity, the proportion of leakage to displacement has been found to gradually increase, and the COP and the mechanical efciency gradually decreased. The rational cooling capacity limit for the meso Wankel compressor has been found to be approximately 4 W, while those for COP and mechanical efciency are 2.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The simulation model has been used in assisting the design of the meso Wankel compressor for microsystems. It also provides a way for more comprehensive simulation studies and for possible overall computer optimization design study.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50976067).

Appendices: The derivation of friction loss 1 The friction loss between the seal apex and the internal surface of cylinder, L4 (Fig. A1)
The total force of the apex seal [12] is expressed by: F pgB FR Fs pgT f2 pgs FT : (A:1)

The gas pressure in the gap between the bottom of the seal and the bottom of the sealing groove is pgB ls bs kB ph : (A:2)

The gas pressure in the gap between the side of the seal and the side of the sealing groove is given by: pgs ls hs ks ph ls cpl : (A:3)

The friction between the front seal and the cylinder is expressed by:

Fig. A1Friction between seal and cylinder

90

Front. Energy 2011, 5(1): 8392

1 f p F v , 2 gs T R

(A:11)

where vR is the radial velocity of the seal expressed by:     vy sin : (A:12) vR vx cos 3 3 Thus, L5 can be shown as: L5
540 z X f p F v : 540 1 2 gs T R

(A:13)

3
Fig. A2Forces of gear pair

The friction loss between gear pairs, L7(Fig. A2)

Ft1

F sin : cos

(A:4)

The friction between the post apex seal and the cylinder is expressed by: Ft2 F sin : cos  (A:5)

The forces on the gear pairs come from the radial force and the circumferential force. However, the impact of circumferential force is so small that it can be neglected by rational design in this paper. The centrifugal inertial force of the rotor [12] is given by: Sr Me2 : The radial force is expressed by:    Sr   Fr   2sin : (A:14)

The friction angle is represented by: arctan f1 : (A:6)

(A:15)

The tangential velocity of the seal is expressed by:     vT vx sin vy cos : (A:7) 3 3 The friction powers between the front seal and the cylinder and between the post seal and the cylinder are given by: P1 Ft1 and P2 Ft2 vT sin : sin (A:9) vT sin sin  (A:8)

The contacting tooth number of the gear is three times that of the external gear tooth with rotor rotating a cycle, and the total contacting length is 6z1lz. The relative velocity is given as: v So, L7 is given as: L7 f7 lz z1 Me3 : 2sin (A:17) z1 lz : (A:16)

Notations
a A bs c cm, c m e f1, f2, f7 offset/m effective ow area of the intake port or the exhaust port/m2 thickness of apex seal/m rising height of seal in the sealing groove/m radial clearance values of the main bearing and accessory bearing/m eccentric distance/m friction coefcients between the seal apex and the cylinder surface, between the seal and the sealing groove and between gear tooth

Thus, the friction loss between the seal and the internal surface of the cylinder can be shown as: " # 270 540 X z X vT sin vT sin L4 F F : 540 1 t2 sin 271 t1 sin (A:10)

The friction loss between the seal and the sealing groove, L5

The friction loss between the seal and the sealing groove for a degree eccentric angle [12] is:

Yilin ZHANG et al. Effects of leakage and friction on the miniaturization of a Wankel compressor

91

Fr FR Fs FT g he, hs kB, ks K

radial force of gear/N radial inertial force of seal/N spring force of seal bottom/N tangential inertial force of seal/N mass ow of unit area / (kg$m2$s1) heights of the eccentric shaft and apex seal/m the average pressure reduction coefcients of the seal bottom and seal side shape factor lengths of the main bearing, accessory bearing, eccentric bearing and seal/m contact length of gear tooth/m friction loss between the main shaft and the main bearing/W friction loss between the main shaft and the accessory bearing/W friction loss between the eccentric bearing and the eccentric shaft/W friction loss between the seal apex and the internal surface of cylinder/W friction loss between the apex seal and the sealing groove/W friction loss among the end face of the eccentric shaft, the end faces of rotor, and the endplates/W friction loss between the gear pairs/W mass ow/(kg$s1) modulus of gear leakage between the bearing and the main shaft /(kg$s1) leakage between the seal apex and the cylinder 1 /(kg$s ) leakage between the apex seal sides and the endplates/(kg$s1) leakage between the apex seal and the sealing 1 groove/(kg$s ) leakage between the rotor and the endplates/kg quality of the rotor/kg motor speed (r$min1) pressure levels at the valve section of the inlet port and the exhaust port/Pa gas pressure levels of the seal bottom, seal apex, and seal side/Pa gas pressure levels in the high-pressure chamber and the low-pressure chamber/Pa cooling capacity/W generation radius of the rotor/m radii of the main shaft, eccentric shaft, and internal gear/m equivalent radius of rotor/m centrifugal inertial force of the rotor/N evaporation temperature temperature/C and
1

VR, VT vx, vy H z z1 Greek letters   3 6a , 6b , r i f k

radial velocity and tangential velocity of seal 1 /(m$s ) x and y axis velocity/(m$s ) width of leakage gap/m number of seal tooth number of external gear rotation angle of main shaft/() pressure anger of tooth/rad lubricant viscosity/(Pa$s) swinging angle/rad height of leakage gap/m gap between eccentric bearing and eccentric shaft/m gaps between rotor and endplate and between eccentric shaft and endplate/m anger velocities of the main shaft and rotor /(rad$s1) friction anger/rad gas density of intake section/(kg$m3) ow coefcient gas isentropic coefcient
1

, l , l lm, lm e s
lz L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 m mg mbs mscy msc msg mrc M n Pi, Po PgB, PgT, Pgs Ph, P1 Q R Rs, Re, Rge Rr Sr Teva, Tcon Ve

References
1. Pennock G R, Beard J E. Force analysis of the apex seals in the Wankel rotary compressor include the inuence of uctuations in the crankshaft speed. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 1997, 32(3): 349361 2. Heppner J D, Walther D C, Liepmann D, Pisano A R. Leakage ow analysis for a MEMS rotary engine. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (INECE), Washington D C, 2003, 1521 3. Pandeya P N, Soedel W. Rolling-piston-type rotary compressors with special attention to friction and leakage. In: Proc of the 1978 ICECP, Purdue University, USA, 1978, 147156 4. Yanagiswa T, Shimizu T. Friction losses in rolling-piston-type rotary compressors . International Journal of Refrigeration, 1985, 8(3): 159165 5. Prater J G, William P H. Optical measurement of discharge valve model parameters for a rolling piston refrigeration compressor. Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 2003, 33 (1): 7584 6. Prater J G. Computer modeling and simulation of stationary-vane, rolling piston refrigeration compressors. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 2002, 3(3): 299312 7. Hsiao W, Jiro Y, Takeshi A and Michio Y. Analysis of performance in a rotary compressor. In: Proc of the 1982 ICECP, Purdue University, USA, 1982, 140147 8. Padhy S K. Dynamic analysis of a rotary compressor. Journal of Mechanical Design, 1994, 116(2): 639646 9. Ooi K T, Wong T N. A computer simulation of a rotary compressor

condensation

velocity of exhaust section/(m$s )

92

Front. Energy 2011, 5(1): 8392

for household refrigerators. Applied Thermal Engineering, 1997, 17 (1): 6578 10. Ooi K T. Design optimization of a rolling piston compressor for refrigerators. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25(5,6): 813829

11. Ma G Y, Li H Q. Rotary Compressor. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2003 12. Lu F, Yu N B. Wankel Engine. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 1990