DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1
2
3
4
5
6
6

In side diamentions
Super imposed load
Live load
Wieght of soil
Angle of repose
Nominal cover top/bottom
Cocrete

7 Steel
1 Solution

Mcbc
Fy

4
x
12000
45000
18000
30
50
20
7
415

3.05 m
N/m3
N/m2
N/m2
Degree
mm

wt. of water
Nominal cover Side
wt. of concrete
m
Out side st
water side side st

N/m2

N/m3

9800
50
25000
13
190
150

mm
N/m3
N/m2
N/m2

Genral

For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.
Let the thicness of Horizontal slab
Vertical wall thicness
Effective slab span
Effective Height of wall

400
400
4
3.05

mm
mm
+
0.4
+
0.4

=
=
=
=

0.4
0.4
4.4
3.45

m
m
m
m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
10000
Self weight og top slab =
0.4 x
1x
1 x 25000 =
57000
Live load and dead load =
45000 + 12000
=
67000
Total load on top =
34500
Weight of side wall =
3.45 x
0.4 x 25000
=
Upward soil reaction at base = ( 67000 x
4.4 )+(
2 x 34500 )=
82681.8
4.4
Ka =

1 - sin 30
1 + sin 30

11+

0.5
0.5

1
3

0.5 =
1.5

Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka

19000
p = 57000 x 0.333 =
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h
= 0.333 x 18000 h = 6000
Hence total pressure
= 19000 +
6000 h
19000 N/m2
Latral presure intencity at top
=

N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m
N/m2

= 0.33

Latral pressure intencity at bottom

= 19000 +

6000 x
w=

Fig 1 show the box culvert

frame ABC D, along with the external
loads, Due to symmetry, half of
frame (i.e. AEFD ) of box culvert is
considered for moment distribution.
Since all the members have uniform
thickness, and uniform diamentions,
the relative stiffness K for AD will be
equal to 1 while the relative stiffness
for AE and DF will be 1/2.

N/m2
h

39700

3.45 =

N/m2

67000 N/m2
19000

19000
A

4.40

h
19000

3.45

6000 h
D

C
19000

39700
w

82682 N/m2

Fig 1

20700

Distribution factore for AD and DA=

1
=
1+1/2

Fix end moments will be as under :

MFAB=

wL2
12

Mfdc=
MFAD = +
MFAD = +
MFDA = MFDA = -

pL2
12
19000

+
x
12

pL2
12
19000 x
12

WL
15
3.45
WL
15
3.45

2/3

Distribution factore for AB and DC=

3.45 2=

1/3

-66456 N - m

82682 x
wL2
3.45 2= 82010 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

+ 20700 x
2

2-

67000 x
12

1/2
=
1+1/2

- 20700 x
2

3.45

3.45

3.45 =
15

3.45 =
10

27059

-18846

N-m

-12319

-31165

The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
82010.03

DA
-31165

AD
27059

AB
-66456

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
-66456
82010.03
-31165
27059
Fix end moment
-16948
-33897
13132
26264
Balance
13132
-16948
Carry over
5649
-4377
-8755
11299
balance
5649
-4377
Carry over
-1883
-3766
2918
1459
balance
1459
-1883
Carry over
-973
1255
-486
628
balance
628
-486
Carry over
-418
-209
324
162
balance
-209
162
Carry over
139
70
-54
-108
balance
-54
70
Carry over
-23
36
18
-46
balance
18
-23
Carry over
8
-6
-12
15
balance
58023
-58023
45330
-45330
Final moment

45330

67000

115575

115575

54096
19000

45330

116810

45330

1.725
#####
3.45 m

58023

1.725

20700 D
39700

D
75044

58023

181900

142067

181900

75044

82682

Fig 2

67000 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
67000 x 3.45 =
115575 N/m2
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82682 N/m
82681.8 x 4.40 = 181900
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 4.40
) + 45330 - 58023 + 19000 x 4.40 x 4.40 x 1/2
1/2
20700
+
x
x 4.40 x 4.40 x 1/3
-12693
183920 + 66792
-ha x 4.40 +
+
From which, ha = 54096
Hence , hd =( 19000 + 39700 )x
4.40 - 54096 = 75044 N
2

45330

54096

x 4.40 2=
162140 N-m
8
162140
45330
116810 N-m
Net B.M. at E =
=
82681.8182 x 4.40 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
200090 N -m
8
200090
58023
142067 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
19000
x 4.40 2+
1/16 x 20700 x 4.40 2= 71027
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
58023
+ 45330
- 71027 = -19351 N-m
Net B.M. =
=
51677
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and
9800 x 3.45 = 33810 N/m2
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures are
w=
67000 N/m2
marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus be
19000
19000
19000
subjected to a net latral pressure of
2
13110
Itensity
= 19000 N/m At the Top
A
E
B
And
= 39700 33810
4.40
=
5890 N/m2 at the bottom
3.45

39700

39700
w

Fix end moments will be as under :

wL
12

MFAB=

MFAD = +

pL2
12
5890

+
x
12

WL
10
4.4

82682 N/m2

= 67000 x
12

Fig 3
4.40 2=

-108093 N - m

82682 x
wL2
4.4 2= 133393 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

Mfdc=
MFAD = +

5890

Net latral pressure diagram

67000

Free B.M. at mid point E =

+ 13110 x
2

4.4

4.4
10

WL
pL2
12
15
5890 x
4.4 2- 13110 x
4.4
4.4
MFDA = x
12
2
15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.

22194

N-m

-17963 N -m

MFDA = -

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
133393.3

DA
-17963

AD
22194

AB
-108093

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
133393.3
-17963
22194 -108093
Fix end moment
-38477
-76954
57266
28633
Balance
28633
-38477
Carry over
-9544
-19089
25651
12826
balance
12826
-9544
Carry over
-4275
-8550
6363
3181
balance

61460

67000

61460

20044

115575

19000

115575
61460

38224

20044

61460

1.725
51903
3.45

79378

1.725

-1060

balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Carry over
balance
Final moment

-2121
1425
-950
353
-236
158
-106
39
-26
-79378

-475
-118
-53
-13
79378

2850
-1060
707
-475
317
-118
79
-53
35
61460

1425

22892

353

43637

79378

142626

142626

22892

158
82682

39

Fig 4

18
-61460

67000 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
67000 x 3.45 =
115575 N/m2
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82682 N/m
82682 x 3.45 = 142626
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.45
) + 61460 - 79378 + 5890 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/2
1/2
13110
+
x
x 3.45 x 3.45 x 2/3
-17918
35052.9 + 52013.9
-ha x 3.45 +
+
From which, ha = 20044
Hence , hd =( 5890 + 19000 )x
3.45 - 20044 = 22892 N
2
67000
x 3.45 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E =
99684
N-m
8
99684
61460
38224 N-m
Net B.M. at E =
=
82682
x 3.45 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
123015 N -m
8
123015.043 79378
43637 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
5890
x 3.45 2+
1/16 x 13110 x 3.45 2= 18516
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
79378
+ 61460
Net B.M. =
=
70419
- 18516 = 51903 N-m
2
4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '=
67000 N/m2
w=

67000 N/m2

4000

4000
A

N/m

N/m

4000

4.40
3.45

Hence earth pressure at depth h is =

4000

6000

24700

Earth pressure intensity at top

4000

N/m2

24700
33810

w=

Net latral pressure diagram

and the bottom slab is subjected to a load

Itensity
= 82682 N/m2
Lateral pressure due to dead load =
12000 = 4000
1/3 x
Lateral pressure due to soil
=
1/3 x
18000 = 6000

13110

82682 N/m 33810

Fig 5
24700 N/m2
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom=
4000 +
6000 x
3.45
=
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6

33810

Fix end moments will be as under :

wL2
12

MFAB=

MFAD = +

pL2
12
4000

x
12

WL
15
4.4

67000 x
12

4.40 2=

-108093 N - m

82682 x
wL2
4.4 2= 133393 N - m
=
12
12
Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.

Mfdc=
MFAD = +

- 13110 x
2

4.4

4.4
15

WL
6453 8460
pL2
+
12
10
4.4
4000 x
4.4 2- 13110 x
4.4
MFDA = x
12
2
10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.

-2007

N-m

6237

N -m

MFDA = -

Fixed End Moments

Member

DC
133393.3

DA
6237

AD
-2007

AB
-108093

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

D
A
Joint
DC
DA
AD
AB
Member
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
Distribution factore
133393.3
6237
-2007
-108093
Fix end moment
-46543
-93087
73400
36700
Balance
36700
-46543
Carry over
-12233
-24467
31029
15514
balance
15514
-12233
Carry over
-5171
-10343
8156
4078
balance
4078
-5171
Carry over
-1359
-2719
3448
1724
balance
1724
-1359
Carry over
-575
-1149
906
453
balance
453
-575
Carry over
-151
-302
383
192
balance
192
-151
Carry over
-64
-128
101
50
balance
50
-64
Carry over
-17
-34
43
21
balance
67280
-67280
49361
-49361
Final moment

49361

67000

49361

=
115575

115575
49361

4000
A
49361

112779
A
1.725

64504
3.45

67280
0D
13110

1.725

D
67280

142626
5833

142626

82682
Fig 4

67000 N/m2.
For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @
67000 x 3.45 =
115575 N
Vertical reactionat a and B =
0.5
x
2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 82682 N/m
82682 x 3.45 = 142626
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5
x
N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 3.45
) + 49361 - 67280 + 4000 x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/2
1/2
13110
x
x 3.45 x 3.45 x 1/3
-17919
23805
26007
-ha x 3.45 +
+
5833
From which, ha =
Hence , hd =( 13110 x
3.45 )- 4000 x
3.45 - 5833 = 2981.8

Free B.M. at mid point E =

67000

2
x
8

4.40

162140

N-m

132810

49361
112779 N-m
=
2
x 4.40 =
Similarly, free B.M. at F =
200090 N -m
8
200090
67280
132810 N-m
Net B.M. at F =
=
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000
x 4.40 2+
1/16 x 13110 x 4.40 2= 6183.1
Simply supporetd at mid sapn =
8
67280
+ 49361
Net B.M. =
=
58321 + 6183 = 64504 N-m
2
Net B.M. at E =

162140
82682

5 Design of top slab :

Case
(i)
(II)
(II)

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
B.M. at Center (E)
B.M. at ends (A)
Direct force (ha)
116810
45330
54096
38224
61460
20044
112779
49361
5833

116810 N -m
The section will be design for maximum B.M. =
for water side force
wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
= 150 N/mm2
st =
2
wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
7
N/mm
=
cbc =
for water side force
m
= 13
m*c
13
x 7
= 0.378
K =
0.378
k=
=
13
x
7
+ 150
m*c+st
0.874
j=1-k/3 =
1 0.378 /
3
= 0.874
J =
1.155
R=1/2xc x j x k
x
7
x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155
R =
= 0.5
Provide over all thickness
= 400 mm so effective thicknesss
= 350
mm
141516561
116810000
1000 x 350 2=
>
O.K.
Mr = R . B .D2
= 1.155 x
116810000
= 2545 mm2
BMx100/stxjxD=
Ast =
150 x 0.874 x 350
3.14 x
20 x 20
3.14xdia2
A
=
=
using
20 mm bars
= 314 mm2
4 x100
4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast
314 x 1000 / 2545 =
123
say
=
120 mm
Hence Provided
20
120 mm c/c
mm Bars @
Acual Ast provided 1000 x
314 /
120 = 2617
mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5
=
4.40 /
5 = 0.90 m
0.1 x(
400 100
%
Area of distributionn steel =
0.3
= 0.21
450 100
Ast
=
0.21
x
400 x
10 =
858 mm2
area on each face= #
mm2
2
3.14 x
8
x
8
3.14xdia
using
8 mm bars
A
=
=
= 50 mm2
4 x100
4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =
50
x 1000 / 429 =
117
say
=
110 mm
mm Bars @
110 mm c/c on each face
Hence Provided
8
Section at supports :61460 N-m. There is direct compression of
54096 N also.
Maximum B.M.=
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
st =
Since steel is at top
190 N/mm2
concrete M
20
k = 0.324
J = 0.892
R = 1.011
61460000
=
=
1037

Ast
mm2
190 x
0.892 x
350

Area

2617 /
available from the bars bentup from the middle section =
2 = 1308
mm2
1037 <
1308 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c

6 Design of bottom slab:

The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case
B.M. at Center (F)
B.M. at ends (D)
Direct force (ha)
(i)
142067
58023
75044
(II)
43637
79378
22892
(II)
132810
67280
2982
The section will be design for maximum B.M. =
for water side force
wt. of concrete =
= 150 N/mm2
st =
2
wt of water =
7
=
N/mm
cbc =
m
= 13
m*c
13
x 7
k=
=
=
13 x
7
+ 150
m*c+st
j=1-k/3 =
1 0.378 /
3
=
R=1/2xc x j x k
x
7
x 0.87 x 0.378 =
= 0.5
142067000
=
351
mm
d =
1000 x
1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 410 mm so that d =
142067000
=
BMx100/stxjxD=
Ast =
150 x 0.874 x 360
3.14xdia2
=
4 x100
x 1000 / 3010 =

142067 N -m
25000 N/m3
9800 N/mm2
for water side force

0.378

0.378

0.874
1.155

J
R

=
=

0.874
1.155

401

mm

360

mm
3010 mm2

20 x 20
= 314 mm2
4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast
314
104
say
=
100 mm
Hence Provided
20
100
mm
c/c
mm Bars @
Acual Ast provided 1000 x
314 /
100 = 3140
mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5
=
4.40 /
5 = 0.90 m
0.1 x(
410 100
= 0.21 %
Area of distributionn steel =
0.3
450 100
Ast
434 mm2
=
0.21
x
410 x
10 =
867 mm2
area on each face=
2
3.14 x
8
x
8
3.14xdia
using 8
mm bars
A
=
=
= 50 mm2
4 x100
4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =
50
x 1000 / 434 =
116
say
=
110 mm
mm Bars @
Hence Provided
110 mm c/c on each face
8
Section at supports :79378 N-m. There is direct compression of
75044 N also.
Maximum B.M.=
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
st =
Since steel is at top
190 N/mm2
concrete M
20
k = 0.324
J = 0.892
R = 1.011
79378000
=
=
1301

Ast
mm2
190 x
0.892 x
360
3140 /
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section =
2 = 1570
mm2
using

20

1301 <

mm bars

1570

Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia.
Additional bars @ 200 mm c/c
-269
mm2
3.14 x
8
x
8
3.14xdia
A
=
=
= 50 mm2
4 x100
4
50
x 1000 / -269 = -187
say
=
-180 mm
-180 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

Additional reinforcemet required

2

using 8

3.14 x

mm bars

Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast =

Hence Provided
8 mm Bars @

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
B.M. at Center (F)
B.M. at ends (D)
Direct force (ha)
-19351
58023
181900
51903
79378
142626
64504
67280
142626

Case
(i)
(II)
(II)

The section will be design for maximum B.M. =

79378
Eccentricity =
proposed thickness of side wall '=

79378

N -m,
1000

x
181900

and direct force

=

400 mm
e/D
thickness of side wall is OK

Let us reinforce the section with

437

mm

437 /

400 =

1.09 <

1.5 OK

300 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown

and D =
mm
400 mm
1000
3.14 x
20 x
20
Asc = Ast =
x
=
1047
mm2
300
4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
n
3
3
D
= e+
- dt
D - dt - n
2
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc
- m Ast
n
n

in fig xxx . With cover of

1000 n
2
1000 n+
2

20

181900

mm bars @

50

50

12

50

50

50

n2

+ -1256000

1047
x
n

12

500 n

350

n
3

500 n+

12560
n

175000 n

167

500 n

12560

multiply by n
175000 n2
500 n2

167 n3
12560

+ -1256000 n
n- 628000 -

175000 n2
293500 n2

167 n3
15359833

+
n

-118500 n2

14103833

-3101325667

= 167 n3

n
=

18607954

= n3

1047
x
n

84623
-711 n2
+
Solwing this trial and error we get, n
= (

500

x
x(

112.86 +
400 -

13

n
350

n
4762333

-1256000 n
-

1047
x 400 n

-100

50

-n

= 437 + 150
-

-62800000

-1256000

13607
x
n

628000

50

c'

n
3

400

or

n
-

587

+ 13607

-62800000
4762333 + 13607 n

-62800000
3164125667

587

112.86 mm
12 x
1047
( ##### 112.86
50 -

##### )

50

)-

13 x 1047
112.86

or
c' =
Also stress in steel t

=
=

56432 +
181900
34840
m c'
n

111.3 x

5.22

=
(D-dc-n)

142.6 N/mm2

62.86 -

<

237.14 =

120.6 x

N/mm2

13 x
5.22
x(
112.86

400

34840

Stress is less than permissiable

-

50

< 190 N/mm2

O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.

- 112.86