On GREEN COMPUTING Submitted By Mr. Nikunj P. Agrawal Under The Guidance Of Prof. Mr. V. S.

Gulhane

Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SIPNA S I!S AN PRASARA! MANDA"#S College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati $EAR% &'('%&'((

This is to certify that

Mr. Nikunj P. Agrawal

Of final year B.E.(Comp. Sci & engg) has Successfully completed his seminar titled

)GREEN COMPUTING*
and submitted the seminar report in partial fulfillment of the Degree in Bachelor of Engineering(Comp. Science & engg) during academic year !"!# !""

$rof.Dr.$.%.Deshmu&h

$rof.'.S.(ulhane

+ .O.D,
(Dept. Comp Sci & Engg)

+Gui-e,
(Dept. Comp Sci & Engg)

Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SIPNA S I!S AN PRASARA! MANDA"#S

College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati $EAR%&'('%&'((

The ma ing of the seminar needed co!o"eration and guidance of a number of "eo"le# $ therefore consider it my "rime duty to than all those %ho had hel"ed me through his venture# $t is my immense "leasure to e&"ress my gratitude to Prof. Mr. V. S. Gulhane as my guide %ho "rovided me constructive and "ositive feedbac during the "re"aration of this seminar# $ e&"ress my sincere than to the head of de"artment Prof. Dr. P. R. Deshmukh (Com"uter Science And Engg' and all other staff members of Com"uter de"artment for their ind co! o"eration# (ast but not least,$ am than ful to my friends and library staff members %hose encouragement and suggestion hel"ed me to com"lete my seminar# $ %ill be also than ful to my "arent %hose best %ishes are al%ays %ith me# Than ing you# )r# *i un+ ,# Agra%al -inal .ear! C),S S$,*A/S College of Engg# & Tech# Amravati#

( & 2 8

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= Con1lu/ion (' Referen1e/

(.A?STRACT@
Green com"uting or green $T, refers to environmentally sustainable com"uting or $T# $n the article )arnessing (reen *T+ $rinciples and $ractices , San )urugesan defines the field of green com"uting as 6the study and "ractice of designing, manufacturing, using, and dis"osing of com"uters, servers, and associated subsystems7such as monitors, "rinters, storage devices, and net%or ing and communications systems7efficiently and effectively %ith minimal or no im"act on the environment#6 4esearch continues into ey areas such as ma ing the use of com"uters as energy!efficient as "ossible, and designing algorithms and systems for efficiency!related com"uter technologies#89:

Green com"uting is the environmentally res"onsible use of com"uters and related resources# Such "ractices include the im"lementation of energy!efficient central "rocessing units, servers, "eri"herals as %ell as reduced resource consum"tion and "ro"er dis"osal of electronic %aste#One of the earliest initiatives to%ard green com"uting in the United States %as the voluntary labeling "rogram no%n as Energy Star# $t %as conceived by the Environmental ,rotection Agency ;E,A' in 9<<= to "romote energy efficiency in hard%are of all inds# The Energy Star label became a common sight, es"ecially in la"to"s and dis"lays# Similar "rograms have been ado"ted in Euro"e and Asia#8>: Today/s ,Cs are so "o%erful that the vast ma+ority of a""lications only use a small fraction of the com"uter/s ca"acity# it can be simultaneously shared by multi"le users#Consumes <?@ less energy "er user ,Cs ty"ically consume bet%een 99? to =?? %atts of electricity#A single ,C generates more heat than a 9?? %att light bulb# A classroom, com"uter lab, or office %ith ,Cs %arms u" very 3uic ly# $n fact, ,C!filled %or areas almost al%ays have to be air conditioned# Air conditioners raise electricity costs and re3uire large ca"ital e&"enditures to buy, install, and maintain them# <A@ less e!%aste in landfills Electronic %aste is a large and gro%ing "roblem throughout the %orld# ,eo"le rarely thin of their ,Cs in the same %ay that they thin of other

to&ic %aste, but %hile electronic %aste re"resents only =@ of trash in landfills, it re"resents A?@ of the to&ic %aste#8>: On a broader scale, %e have the Byoto ,rotocol and the Climate Savers Com"uting $nitiative ;CSC$'7global efforts to save the environment %hich re3uire active "artici"ation of governments, organi1ations and manufacturers# .ou too can do your bit to save the environment# The ne&t time you boot your ,C or noteboo , head straight to the ,o%er O"tions ;Control ,anel' and choose a scheme that/s a good trade off bet%een "erformance and "o%er saving# Also, s%itch off the lights %hen you leave home, and do use "ublic trans"ortC 8>:

ow 4our -eAi1e/ har5 0he enAiron5en07

.our com"uter and "eri"herals dra% significant amounts of energy in slee" and standby modes# They contribute to harmful CO= emissions# These days everyone seems to be tal ing about global %arming and %ays to "rotect the environment# Unconsciously, all of us are contributing to un%anted CO= ;carbon dio&ide' emissions from home, through the careless use of our electrical devices# The sheer amount of energy %asted by devices li e ,Cs, televisions, and most other electronic a""liances, even %hen they are in standby mode, is enormous# According to re"orts from the German -ederal Environment Office, devices consume around 9D billion iloEatts hours ; Eh' in a year %hen they are in the standby mode# This mode is also res"onsible for CO= emissionsF the CO= dissi"ated from Gslee"ing/ devices amounts to about one!seventh the CO= emitted by an automobile#)anufacturers do not "rovide a "ro"er shut!off button in devices# 202 "layers, 202 recorders or even multifunctional "rinters continue to dra% electricity because of the absence of an GOff/ button# $f you "ress G,o%er off/ on the remote, these devices go into standby mode# The situation is even more serious in the case of ,Cs# Eindo%s 0ista never shuts do%n or "o%ers off the ,C com"letely# 4ather, the default shut do%n mode is a dee" slee" mode that re3uires "o%er# $t/s only %hen you s%itch off the mains s%itch at the bac of the com"uter that the "o%er su""ly unit sto"s dra%ing "o%er# [6]

&. INTRODUCTION@
Green com"uting is the study and "ractice of using com"uting resources efficiently# The goals are similar to green chemistryF that is reduce the use of ha1ardous materials, ma&imi1e energy efficiency during the "roductHs lifetime, and "romote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct "roducts and factory %aste# Ta ing into consideration the "o"ular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before# $t is %orth em"hasi1ing that this Igreen technologyJ should not be +ust about sound bytes to im"ress activists but concrete action and organi1ational "olicy# O""ortunities lie in green technology li e never before in history and organi1ations are seeing it as a %ay to create ne% "rofit centers %hile trying to hel" the environmental cause# The "lan to%ards green $T should include ne% electronic "roducts and services %ith o"timum efficiency and all "ossible o"tions to%ards energy savings#The "rimary ob+ective of such a "rogram is to account for the tri"le bottom line, an e&"anded s"ectrum of values and criteria for measuring organi1ational ;and societal' success# )odern $T systems rely u"on a com"licated mi& of "eo"le, net%or s and hard%areF as such, a green com"uting initiative must be systemic in nature, and address increasingly so"histicated "roblems# Elements of such as solution may com"rise items such as end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory com"liance,dis"osal of electronic %aste, telecommuting, virtuali1ation of server resources, energy use, thin client solutions, and return on investment ;4O$'#89: Today, data volumes are doubling every 9A months, and enter"rises %ant to ee" more data online and "rovide access to more users# The im"act is huge increases in the amount of hard%are infrastructure needed, resulting in corres"onding increases in "o%er, cooling and data center s"ace needs#8>: The recycling of old com"uters raises an im"ortant "rivacy issue# The old storage devices still hold "rivate information, such as emails, "ass%ords and credit card

numbers, %hich can be recovered sim"ly by someone using soft%are that is available freely on the $nternet# 2eletion of a file does not actually remove the file from the hard drive# Before recycling a com"uter, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if there is more than one, and "hysically destroy it or store it some%here safe# There are some authori1ed hard%are recycling com"anies to %hom the com"uter may be given for recycling, and they ty"ically sign a non!disclosure agreement#8>: 4ecycling com"uting e3ui"ment can ee" harmful materials such as lead,

mercury, and he&avalent chromium out of landfills, and can also re"lace e3ui"ment that other%ise %ould need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions# Com"uter systems that have outlived their "articular function can be re!"ur"osed, or donated to various charities and non!"rofit organi1ations# Ko%ever, many charities have recently im"osed minimum system re3uirements for donated e3ui"ment# Additionally, "arts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and munici"al or "rivate recycling centers# Com"uting su""lies, such as "rinter cartridges, "a"er, and batteries may be recycled as %ell#89: A dra%bac to many of these schemes is that com"uters gathered through

recycling drives are often shi""ed to develo"ing countries %here environmental standards are less strict than in *orth America and Euro"e# The Silicon 0alley To&ics Coalition estimates that A?@ of the "ost!consumer e!%aste collected for recycling is shi""ed abroad to countries such as China and ,a istan#89:

2.3 $..GREEN COMPUTING7

$n a %orld %here business is transacted =LMD across every "ossible channel available, com"anies need to collect, store, trac and analy1e enormous volumes of data7everything from clic stream data and event logs to mobile call records and more# But this all comes %ith a cost to both businesses and the environment# 2ata %arehouses and the s"ra%ling data centers that house them use u" a huge amount of "o%er, both to run legions of servers and to cool them# Nust ho% muchO A %ho""ing >9 billion ilo%att!hours of electricity, at an estimated cost of PL#QB annually#8>: The $T industry has begun to address energy consum"tion in the data center through a variety of a""roaches including the use of more efficient cooling systems, virtuali1ation, blade servers and storage area net%or s ;SA*s'# But a fundamental challenge remains# As data volumes e&"lode, traditional, a""liance!centric data %arehousing a""roaches can only continue to thro% more hard%are at the "roblem# This can 3uic ly negate any green gains seen through better cooling or more tightly "ac ed servers#8>: To minimi1e their hard%are foot"rint, organi1ations also need to shrin their 6data foot"rint6 by addressing ho% much server s"ace and resources their information analysis re3uires in the first "lace# A combination of ne% database technologies e&"ressly designed for analysis of massive 3uantities of data and affordable, resource!efficient, o"en!source soft%are can hel" organi1ations save money and become greener#8>: Organi1ations can do so in the follo%ing three ey areasR reduced data foot"rint, reduced de"loyment resources, and reduced ongoing management and maintenance# 8>:

8. APPROAC ES TO GREEN COMPUTING@

Energy costs of $T and data center o"erations are significant, %hether for internal cor"orate $T o"erations or as "art of $T outsourcing, ,o%er consum"tion, Cooling, I$nefficientJ e3ui"ment o"erations, e#g#, data servers Is"inningJ %hen no active o"erations are being "erformed# $n Iold daysJ energy costs %ere assumed to be free# $n current environment ;"un intended', e3ui"ment costs have been reduced, "utting focus on energy costs#89:

8.( Vir0ualiBa0ion@
$nitiatives in this area include server virtuali1ation and consolidation, storage consolidation and des to" virtuali1ation# These "ro+ects ty"ically im"rove cost and energy efficiency through o"timi1ed use of e&isting and ne% com"uting and storage ca"acity, electricity, cooling, ventilation and real estate#8>: )oving des to"s to a virtual environment and em"loying thin!client machines reduces energy consum"tion and environmental im"act of user infrastructure# As one senior "artner at a 9??!em"loyee services firm re"orts, I8Thin clients have: no C,U, no 4A), no moving "arts, and connect to the virtual des to" environment# Our ty"ical com"uter used u" to a =Q?!%att "o%er su""lyF our thin client uses a L#A!%att "o%er su""ly, so the reduction in electricity usage is <D, <A "ercent, %ith all the functionality# J Energy savings result, as does cost avoidance, than s to e&tended refresh cycles "rovided by thin client e3ui"ment# )id!si1e businesses face a "re"onderance of issues %hen it comes to the server room# $n this study, businesses cite the follo%ing reasons for underta ing server room u"grades and the construction of ne% server roomsR S 2ecrease cost and increase effectiveness of cooling and ventilation systems# )any e&isting K0AC systems cannot ee" u" %ith smaller, more "o%erful servers that thro% off more heat than older, lo%!density e3ui"ment# )ost server rooms %ere not designed to ee" "ace %ith the modern com"lement of fully virtuali1ed servers and consolidated storage#

S $ncrease server and com"uting ca"acity# Server room s"aces are sim"ly ma&ed outF they are either too small to house needed servers, or inade3uately e3ui""ed to deal %ith a high rate of virtuali1ation on fe%er devices that run hotter# S Tuestionable reliability of aging server room infrastructureF the server room design of yesterday no longer su""orts business needs of today, in terms of u"time and availability# S )ounting maintenance and management costs for older facilities, %hich may not affordably handle gro%th of com"uting and storage# S The need to decrease real estate costs, through server room infrastructure that su""orts denser, smaller foot"rints of ne% servers and storage#8>: Com"uter virtuali1ation is the "rocess of running t%o or more logical com"uter systems on one set of "hysical hard%are# The conce"t originated %ith the $B) mainframe o"erating systems of the 9<>?s, but %as commerciali1ed for &A>! com"atible com"uters only in the 9<<?s# Eith virtuali1ation, a system administrator could combine several "hysical systems into virtual machines on one single, "o%erful system, thereby un"lugging the original hard%are and reducing "o%er and cooling consum"tion# Several commercial com"anies and o"en!source "ro+ects no% offer soft%are "ac ages to enable a transition to virtual com"uting# $ntel Cor"oration and A)2 have also built "ro"rietary virtuali1ation enhancements to the &A> instruction set into each of their C,U "roduct lines, in order to facilitate virtuali1ed com"uting# 89: Server 0irtualisation increases net%or utili1ation and reduces net%or

e3ui"ment needs by allo%ing multi"le virtual servers to share one or more net%or ada"ters %ithin the confines of a single "hysical server# On the s%itch side, features such as CiscoHs 0irtual S%itching System allo% one s%itch to function li e many, %hich means more than one server can connect to the same "ort# This %or s because most organi1ations over"rovision s%itching ca"acity based on "ea loads# 4educing the total number of "hysical "orts re3uired lo%ers overall "o%er consum"tion#

Similarly, 9K,Hs 0irtual Connect technology abstracts K, server blades from Ethernet and -ibre Channel net%or s# $t re3uires fe%er net%or reduces cabling re3uirements and increases net%or utili1ation#89: One of the "rimary goals of almost all forms of virtuali1ation is ma ing the most efficient use of available system resources# Eith energy and "o%er costs increasing as the si1e of $T infrastructures gro%, holding e&"enses to a minimum is 3uic ly becoming a to" "riority for many $T "ros# 0irtuali1ation has hel"ed in that res"ect by allo%ing organi1ations to consolidate their servers onto fe%er "ieces of hard%are, %hich can result in si1able cost savings# The datacenter is %here virtuali1ation can have the greatest im"act, and it/s there %here many of the largest com"anies in the virtuali1ation s"ace are investing their resources#89: 0irtuali1ation also fits in very nicely %ith the idea of IGreen Com"utingJF by consolidating servers and ma&imi1ing C,U "rocessing "o%er on other servers, you are cutting costs ;saving money' and ta ing less of a toll on our environment Storage virtuali1ation uses hard%are and soft%are to brea the lin bet%een an a""lication, a""lication com"onent, system service or %hole stac of soft%are and the storage subsystem# This allo%s the storage to be located +ust about any%here, on +ust about any ty"e of device, re"licated for "erformance reasons, re"licated for reliability reasons or for any combination of the above#89: interface cards,

8.& PC PO3ER MANAGEMENT@

)any loo to managing end!user device "o%er consum"tion as an easy, effective %ay to reduce energy costs# These "o%er management initiatives include the follo%ingR S Using soft%are that centrally manages energy settings of ,Cs and monitors# S Enforcing standardi1ed "o%er settings on all ,Cs before distributing to end users# S ,rocuring energy!efficient e3ui"ment, such as Energy Star certified devices#8>:

EAer4 kilowa00 1oun0/

Older com"uters can use u" to U?? %atts during "ea load, but less than eight %atts during slee" modes# By ma&imi1ing the number of ,Cs and monitors controlled for hibernate, slee" or shut!do%n times, com"anies reduce the amount of energy consumed during lengthy idle times, "articularly overnight# ,rocuring Energy Star! com"liant devices or more energy!efficient e3ui"ment can also reduce "o%er consum"tion during e3ui"ment use# This includes re"lacing old des to"s %ith la"to"s, or refreshing C4T monitors %ith (C2 flat!screens# Altogether, these "o%er management strategies result in significant energy and maintenance cost savingsF such benefits are reali1ed by >Q@ of com"anies that com"lete such initiatives#8>: ,o%er management for com"uter systems are desired for many reasons, "articularlyR V,rolong battery life for "ortable and embedded systems# V4educe cooling re3uirements# V4educe noise# V4educe o"erating costs for energy and cooling# V(o%er "o%er consum"tion also means lo%er heat dissi"ation, %hich increases system stability, and less energy use, %hich saves money and reduces the im"act on the environment# VThe Advanced Configuration and ,o%er $nterface ;AC,$', an o"en industry standard, allo%s an o"erating system to directly control the "o%er saving as"ects of its underlying hard%are# This allo%s a system to automatically turn off com"onents such as monitors and hard drives after set "eriods of inactivity# $n addition, a system may hibernate, %here most com"onents ;including the C,U and the system 4A)' are turned off# AC,$ is a successor to an earlier $ntel!)icrosoft standard called Advanced ,o%er )anagement, %hich allo%s a com"uterHs B$OS to control "o%er management functions# VSome "rograms allo% the user to manually ad+ust the voltages su""lied to the C,U, %hich reduces both the amount of heat "roduced and electricity consumed# This "rocess is called undervolting# Some C,Us can automatically undervolt the "rocessor de"ending on the %or loadF this technology is called 6S"eedSte"6 on $ntel "rocessors, 6,o%er*o%C6M6CoolHnHTuiet6 on A)2 chi"s, (ongKaul on 0$A C,Us,

and

(ong4un

%ith

Transmeta

"rocessors#

The

"o%er

management

for

micro"rocessors can be done over the %hole "rocessor, or in s"ecific areas#Eith dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic fre3uency scaling, the C,U core voltage, cloc rate, or both, can be altered to decrease "o%er consum"tion at the "rice of slo%er "erformance# This is sometimes done in real time to o"timi1e the "o%er!"erformance tradeoff# E&am"lesR V $ntel S"eedSte" V A)2 CoolHnHTuiet V A)2 ,o%er*o%C V 0$A (ongKaul ;,o%erSaver' V Transmeta (ong4un and (ong4un= *e%er $ntel Core "rocessors su""ort ultra!fine "o%er control over the function units %ithin the "rocessors#89:

8.2 PO3ER SUPP"$@

,o%er su""lies in most com"uters ;,SUs for short' arenHt designed for energy efficiency# $n fact, most com"uters drain more "o%er than they need during normal o"eration, leading to higher electrical bills and a more dire environmental im"act# The A? ,lus "rogram is a voluntary certification system for "o%er!su""ly manufacturers# The term 6A? ,lus6 is a little com"licated, so bear %ith me for a moment# $f a ,SU meets the certification, it %ill use only the "o%er it needs at a given loadR $n other %ords, it %onHt use more "o%er than it needs# -or e&am"le, if your ,C re3uires only =? "ercent of the total "o%er of a Q??!%att ,SU, the system %ill consume no more than 9?? %atts# Only %hen the ,C re3uires full "o%er %ill the ,SU run at the full %attage load# An A? ,lus "o%er su""ly can save about AQ ilo%att hours "er ,C, "er year# $n many %ays, itHs the heart of a green ,C, since it manages the "o%er for all the other com"onents# $t also has the most dramatic effect on your energy bill# Of course, all A? ,lus "o%er su""lies are also lead!free and 4oKS com"liant#89:

2es to" com"uter "o%er su""lies ;,SUs' are generally D?WDQ@ efficient, dissi"ating the remaining energy as heat# An industry initiative called A? ,(US certifies ,SUs that are at least A?@ efficientF ty"ically these models are dro"!in re"lacements for older, less efficient ,SUs of the same form factor# As of Nuly =?, =??D, all ne% Energy Star L#?!certified des to" ,SUs must be at least A?@ efficient# 0arious initiatives are under%ay to im"rove the efficiency of com"uter "o%er su""lies# Climate savers com"uting initiative "romotes energy saving and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging develo"ment and use of more efficient "o%er su""lies#89:

8.8 STORAGER
There are three routes available, all of %hich vary in cost, "erformance, and ca"acity# The most conventional route is the U#Q6 des to" hard drive# 4ecently, ma+or drive manufacturers have begun to focus on reduced "o%er consum"tion, resulting in such features as the reduced 4,) lo%!"o%er idle mode %ith fi&ed rotation s"eed for reduced "o%er consum"tion# The advantages of this route are the highest "ossible ca"acity, the best "erformance ;out of the highest!end solid!state drives'# The second o"tion, %hich also lends itself to affordability, is to use a =#Q6 la"to" hard drive# These consume less "o%er than larger dis s as a result of their smaller "latters, smaller motors, and firm%are that is already o"timi1ed for "o%er consum"tion versus most U#Q6 harddis s# Eith ca"acities u" to U=?GB, reasonable ca"acity is %ell %ithin reach, although the "rice is substantially higher than an e3uivalent U#Q6 dis #89: Eith a green system aimed at light use, a 9=?GB or 9>?GB la"to" drive is a very affordable, lo%er!"o%er alternative to a U#Q6 dis # The lo%est!"o%er o"tion is to use a solid state hard drive ;SS2', %hich ty"ically dra% less than one!third the "o%er of a =#Q6 dis # The latest, highest!"erformance SS2s are very fast but e&tremely e&"ensive, and currently to" out at only >LGB# ThatHs ade3uate for light use, but

%holly inade3uate for gamer , video editing, and other heavy uses# )ore affordable SS2s are available in larger ca"acities, but are not chea" and ty"ically have slo% %rite "erformance, %hich limits their "ractical utility# Smaller form factor ;e#g# =#Q inch' hard dis drives often consume less "o%er than "hysically larger drives# Unli e hard dis drives, solid!state drives store data in flash memory or 24A)# Eith no moving "arts, "o%er consum"tion may be reduced some%hat for lo% ca"acity flash based devices# Even at modest si1es, 24A) based SS2s may use more "o%er than hard dis s, ;e#g#, LGB i!4A) uses more "o%er and s"ace than la"to" drives'# -lash based drives are generally slo%er for %riting than hard dis s#89:

8.9 VIDEO CARD@

A fast G,U may be the largest "o%er consumer in a com"uter# Energy efficient dis"lay o"tions includeR V*o video card ! use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or des to" sharing soft%are if dis"lay re3uired# VUse motherboard video out"ut ! ty"ically lo% U2 "erformance and lo% "o%er# V4euse an older video card that uses little "o%erF many do not re3uire heatsin s or fans# VSelect a G,U based on average %attage or "erformance "er %att# The easiest %ay to conserve "o%er is to go %ith integrated video# This is the lo%est"erformance o"tion, but for office users, casual bro%sing, and "ure =2 use, itHs more than ade3uate and %ell %orth saving the 9?E, =?E, or even UQE from a discrete video card# )otherboards s"itting out integrated video via 20$ or K2)$ arenHt that hard to find, so "o%er!users %ith their massive (C2s donHt have to suffer#89:

8.: DISP"A$S@
(C2 monitors ty"ically use a cold!cathode fluorescent bulb to "rovide light for the dis"lay# Some ne%er dis"lays use an array of light!emitting diodes ;(E2s' in "lace of the fluorescent bulb, %hich reduces the amount of electricity used by the

dis"lay# (C2 monitors uses three times less %hen active, and ten times less energy %hen in slee" mode# (C2s are u" to >>@ more energy efficient than C4Ts, (C2s are also u"%ards of A?@ smaller in si1e and %eight, leading to fuel savings in shi""ing# (C2s "roduce less heat, meaning youHll need less AC to ee" cool#(C2 screens are also easier on the eyes# Their lo%er intensity and steady light "attern result in less fatigue versus C4Ts# A ne%er (C2 dra%s L?!>?E ma&imum in a modest 9<6, =?6, or ==6 si1e# That number gro%s close to AQE or 9??E ma&imum for a =L6 unit# 2ro" them do%n to standby or turn them off entirely %hen not using them to minimi1e "o%er consum"tion# By com"arison, a =96 C4T ty"ically uses more than 9=?E, more than double the "o%er of a ty"ical ==6 (C2#89:

8.; IT ECUIPMENT REC$C"ING@

After you/ve finished %ith your $T "roducts, %hat ha""ens %hen they/re no longer neededO $n nature, organic materials rot do%n and feed future gro%th, so %hy not dismantle "roducts at the end of their lives and use the elements as ra% materials for future "roductsO Several re"utable com"uter manufacturers use metal and easily! se"arated "lastics in order to ma&imise ra% material reuse# $t/s im"ortant that the environmental costs of recovery don/t e&ceed the benefits e&"ected# And that, of course, loo"s bac to design in the first "lace#8>: The "riorities for all material things are reduce, reuse and recycle ! in that order of im"ortance# $f you can e&tend the %or ing life of your $T "roducts, you reduce the environmental conse3uences of mining, manufacture, "ac aging, shi""ing and dis"osal# Can you u"grade something rather than finish using itO $f you have to re"lace it, can someone else inside your organisation use itO $f not, charities and refurbishing organisations may be able to e&tend the "roduct/s life# And, %aiting at the end of the line, many organisations, including some manufacturers themselves, are %illing to ta e e3ui"ment bac and recycle the com"onents into ne% "roducts#Out of all initiatives in this study, the success of $T e3ui"ment recycling relies not on a business case %ith cost savings, but on a combination of environmental res"onsibility

and regulatory "ressures# The single most im"ortant factor in ado"ting recycling initiatives is to decrease %aste sent to landfills#8>: 4ecycling com"uting e3ui"ment can ee" harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and he&avalent chromium out of landfills#Obsolete com"uters are a valuable source for secondary ra% materials, if treated "ro"erly, ho%ever if not treated "ro"erly they are a ma+or source of to&ins and carcinogens# 4a"id technology change, lo% initial cost and even "lanned obsolescence have resulted in a fast gro%ing "roblem around the globe# Technical solutions are available but in most cases a legal frame%or , a collection system, logistics and other services need to be im"lemented before a technical solution can be a""lied# Electronic devices, including audio!visual com"onents ;televisions, 0C4s, stereo e3ui"ment', mobile "hones and other hand! held devices, and com"uter com"onents, contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, co""er, and gold# They also contain a "lethora of to&ic substances, such as dio&ins, ,CBs, cadmium, chromium, radioactive isoto"es, and mercury# 89: Additionally, the "rocessing re3uired to reclaim the "recious substances ;including incineration and acid treatments' release, generate and synthesi1e further to&ic by"roducts )ost ma+or com"uter manufacturers offer some form of recycling, often as a free re"lacement service %hen "urchasing a ne% ,C# At the userHs re3uest they may mail in their old com"uter, or arrange for "ic u" from the manufacturer# $ndividuals loo ing for environmentally!friendly %ays in %hich to dis"ose of electronics can find cor"orate electronic ta e!bac and recycling "rograms across the country# O"en to the "ublic ;in most cases', cor"orations nation%ide have begun to offer lo%!cost to nocost recycling, and have o"ened centers nationally and in some cases internationally#8L: Such "rograms fre3uently offer services to ta e!bac and recycle electronics including mobile "hones, la"to" and des to" com"uters, digital cameras, and home and auto electronics# Com"anies offer %hat are called Ita e!bac J "rograms that

"rovide monetary incentives for recyclable andMor %or ing technologies# Ehile there are several health ha1ards %hen it comes to dealing %ith com"uter recycling some of the substances you should be a%are ofR V(ead common in C4Ts, older solder, some batteries and to some formulations of ,0C# Can be harmful if not dis"osed of "ro"erly# V)ercury in fluorescent tubes# Eith ne% technologies arising the elimination of mercury in many ne% model com"uters is ta ing "lace# VCadmium in some rechargeable batteries# $t can be ha1ardous to your s in if e&"osed for too long# Although many "eo"le are e&"osed to it everyday it +ust de"ends on the amount of e&"osure# V(i3uid crystals are another health ha1ard that should be ta en into consideration although they do not have the nearly the same effects as the other chemicals#8=:

8.< REMOTE CON>ERENCING D TE"ECOMMUTING STRATEGIES@

Given recent +um"s in fuel costs and greater a%areness of harm caused by greenhouse gas emissions, many com"anies %ish to reduce travel to cut costs and decrease negative im"act on the environment# The initiatives in this study consist of the follo%ingR 4emote Conferencing & Collaboration S 0ideo!conferencing and teleconferencing im"lementations bet%een facilities or bet%een office and client sites# S Online collaboration environments# Telecommuting Strategy & Ca"abilities S 0irtual ,rivate *et%or ;0,*', remote access, and unified or voice communications ca"abilities to enable access from home and other remote locations# S ,olicies and strategies allo%ing or encouraging em"loyees to %or from home# S ,olicies allo%ing or enforcing em"loyees to %or I-our!TensJ ;L days a %ee , 9? hours a day'#8>:

Cu00ing 0raAel 1o/0/ where i0 1oun0/

*ot sur"risingly, businesses ado"ting travel reduction initiatives see to decrease the travel and fuel consum"tion costs associated %ith driving or flying bet%een office locations and to client sites# These initiatives not only reduce costs of fuel, flights, hotels and related e&"enses, but also result in higher em"loyee satisfaction# After im"lementation, more than three!3uarters of organi1ations re"ort their e&"ectations regarding travel cost savings are either met or e&ceeded# Teleconferencing and tele"resence technologies are often im"lemented in green com"uting initiatives# The advantages are manyF increased %or er satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and increased "rofit margins as a result of lo%er overhead costs for office s"ace, heat, lighting, etc# The savings are significantF the average annual energy consum"tion for U#S# office buildings is over =U ilo%att hours "er s3uare foot, %ith heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for D?@ of all energy consumed# Other related initiatives, such as hotelling, reduce the s3uare footage "er em"loyee as %or ers reserve s"ace only %hen they need it# )any ty"es of +obs !! sales, consulting, and field service !! integrate %ell %ith this techni3ue# 4ather than traveling great distances, in order to have a face!face meeting, it is no% "ossible to teleconference instead, using a multi%ay video "hone# Each member of the meeting, or each "arty, can see every other member on a screen or screens, and can tal to them as if they %ere in the same room# This brings enormous time and cost benefits, as %ell as a reduced im"act on the environment by lessening the need for travel ! a damaging source of carbon emissions#89: 0oice over $, ;0o$,' reduces the tele"hony %iring infrastructure by sharing the e&isting Ethernet co""er ;a to&ic metal'# 0o$, and "hone e&tension mobility also made Kot des ing and more "ractical#89:

8.= PRODUCT "ONGEVIT$@

Gartner maintains that the ,C manufacturing "rocess accounts for D? @ of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a ,C# Therefore, the biggest contribution to green com"uting usually is to "rolong the e3ui"mentHs lifetime# Another re"ort from

Gartner recommends to 6(oo for "roduct longevity, including u"gradability and modularity#6 -or instance, manufacturing a ne% ,C ma es a far bigger ecological foot"rint than manufacturing a ne% 4A) module to u"grade an e&isting one, a common u"grade that saves the user having to "urchase a ne% com"uter#89:

8.(' A"GORIT MIC E>>ICIENC$@

The efficiency of algorithms has an im"act on the amount of com"uter resources re3uired for any given com"uting function and there are many efficiency trade!offs in %riting "rograms# As com"uters have become more numerous and the cost of hard%are has declined relative to the cost of energy, the energy efficiency and environmental im"act of com"uting systems and "rograms has received increased attention# A study by Ale& Eissner!Gross, a "hysicist at Karvard, estimated that the average Google search released D grams of carbon dio&ide ;CO='# Ko%ever, Google dis"utes this figure, arguing instead that a ty"ical search "roduces only ?#= grams of CO=#89:

8.(( RESOURCE A""OCATION@

Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers %here electricity is less e&"ensive# 4esearchers from )$T, Carnegie )ellon University, and A amai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that successfully routes traffic to the location %ith the chea"est energy costs# The researchers "ro+ect u" to a L? "ercent savings on energy costs if their "ro"osed algorithm %ere to be de"loyed# Strictly s"ea ing, this a""roach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being usedF it only reduces the cost to the com"any using it# Ko%ever, a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is "roduced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient %ay# A similar a""roach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic a%ay from data centers e&"eriencing %arm %eatherF this allo%s com"uters to be shut do%n to avoid using air conditioning#89:

8.(& TERMINA" SERVERS@

Terminal servers have also been used in green com"uting# Ehen using the system,

users at a terminal connect to a central serverF all of the actual com"uting is done on the server, but the end user e&"eriences the o"erating system on the terminal# These can be combined %ith thin clients, %hich use u" to 9MA the amount of energy of a normal %or station, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consum"tion#8citation needed: There has been an increase in using terminal services %ith thin clients to create virtual labs# E&am"les of terminal server soft%are include Terminal Services for Eindo%s and the (inu& Terminal Server ,ro+ect ;(TS,' for the (inu& o"erating system#89:

8.(2 OPERATING S$STEM SUPPORT@

The dominant des to" o"erating system, )icrosoft Eindo%s, has included limited ,C "o%er management features since Eindo%s <Q# These initially "rovided for stand!by ;sus"end!to!4A)' and a monitor lo% "o%er state# -urther iterations of Eindo%s added hibernate ;sus"end!to!dis ' and su""ort for the AC,$ standard# Eindo%s =??? %as the first *T based o"eration system to include "o%er management# This re3uired ma+or changes to the underlying o"erating system architecture and a ne% hard%are driver model# Eindo%s =??? also introduced Grou" ,olicy, a technology %hich allo%ed administrators to centrally configure most Eindo%s features# Ko%ever, "o%er management %as not one of those features# This is "robably because the "o%er management settings design relied u"on a connected set of "er!user and "er!machine binary registry values, effectively leaving it u" to each user to configure their o%n "o%er management settings#89: This a""roach, %hich is not com"atible %ith Eindo%s Grou" ,olicy, %as re"eated in Eindo%s X,# The reasons for this design decision by )icrosoft are not no%n, and it has resulted in heavy criticism )icrosoft significantly im"roved this in Eindo%s 0ista by redesigning the "o%er management system to allo% basic configuration by Grou" ,olicy# The su""ort offered is limited to a single "er! com"uter "olicy# The most recent release, Eindo%s D retains these limitations but does include refinements for more efficient user of o"erating system timers, "rocessor "o%er management, and dis"lay "anel brightness#89:

9.

O3 TO IMP"EMENT7
Greening $our Organi/a0ion@

The %hole idea of re"lacing "hysical movement %ith electronic communications li e videoconferencing reduces environmental im"acts, not to mention associated costs# This also a""lies to ho% you manage your business "rocesses# Consider distributing information electronically rather than "rinting it first and then distributing it# This G"rint on demand/ a""roach saves trans"ort and unnecessary co"ies, not to mention saving moneyC Com"anies %ith trans"ort and logistics o"erations can reduce emissions by using soft%are a""lications to o"timise routes and eliminate %asted +ourneys# Solutions can range from sim"le sat!nav devices to more com"le& trans"ortation management systems %hich coordinate multi"le vehicles and routes, saving both time and fuel, and "roviding more "redictable customer service too#8U: ,o%er management soft%ares hel" the com"uters to slee" or hibernate %hen no in use# 4eversible com"uting ;%hich also includes 3uantum com"uting' "romises to reduce "o%er consum"tion by a factor of several thousand, but such systems are still very much in the laboratories# 4eversible com"uting includes any com"utational "rocess that is ;at least to some close a""ro&imation' reversible, i#e#, time!invertible, meaning that a time!reversed version of the "rocess could e&ist %ithin the same general dynamical frame%or as the original "rocess#4eversible com"utingHs efficient use of heat could ma e it "ossible to come u" %ith U!2 chi" designs, Bennett said# This %ould "ush all of the circuitry closer together and ultimately increase "erformance#8=:

Nearing green nirAana

Audit your data centre and remove unused e3ui"ment and soft%are 0irtualise a""lications, storage and servers in the data centre %herever a""ro"riate Consider consolidating data centres

 $ntroduce videoconferencing or tele"resence facilities# ,o%er!suc ing dis"lays can be re"laced %ith green light dis"lays made of O(E2s, or organic light!emitting diodes# Use of to&ic materials li e lead can be re"laced by silver and co""er# )a ing recycling of com"uters ;%hich is e&"ensive and time consuming at "resent' more effective by recycling com"uter "arts se"arately %ith an o"tion of reuse or resale# Buy and use a lo% "o%er des to" or a la"to" com"uter ;L?!<? %atts' rather a higher "o%er des to" ;e#g# U?? %atts'# Thin clients can use only L to A %atts of "o%er at the des to" as the "rocessing is done by a server# -or des to"s, buy a lo% "o%er central "rocessing unit ;C,U'# This reduces both "o%er consum"tion and cooling re3uirements# Buy hard%are from manufacturers that have a hard%are recycling scheme, and recycle your old com"uter e3ui"ment rather than sending it to landfill# Turn your com"uter and monitor off %hen you are not using it# Enable hibernation using the "o%er management settings# Standby does not save as much "o%er# 4e"lace your C4T screen %ith an (C2 screen# Bee" your ,C or la"to" for at least Q years# $f youHre leasing, shift to a Q year "eriod# This reduces energy consum"tion by L?@, com"ared to re"lacing ,Cs every U years %hich is current cor"orate "ractice# Avoid an unnecessary o"erating system version u"grade %hich re3uires a hard%are u"grade# Use (inu& ;such as Ubuntu', %hich re3uires less resources than many other o"erating systems on an older com"uter as a s"are or a file server# Use server virtuali1ation to aggregate multi"le under!utili1ed servers onto more energy efficient server infrastructure#8U:

:.>UTURE O> GREEN COMPUTING@

As =9st century belongs to com"uters, gi1mos and electronic items, energy issues %ill get a serious ring in the coming days, as the "ublic debate on carbon emissions, global %arming and climate change gets hotter# $f %e thin com"uters are non"olluting and consume very little energy %e need to thin again# $t is estimated that out of P=Q? billion "er year s"ent on "o%ering com"uters %orld%ide only about 9Q@ of that "o%er is s"ent com"uting! the rest is %asted idling# Thus, energy saved on com"uter hard%are and com"uting %ill e3uate tonnes of carbon emissions saved "er year# Ta ing into consideration the "o"ular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before# O""ortunities lie in green technology li e never before in history and organi1ations are seeing it as a %ay to create ne% "rofit centers %hile trying to hel" the environmental cause#89: The "lan to%ards green $T should include ne% electronic "roducts and services %ith o"timum efficiency and all "ossible o"tions to%ards energy savings# -aster "rocessors historically use more "o%er# $nefficient C,UHs are a double hit because they both use too much "o%er themselves and their %aste heat increases air conditioning needs, es"ecially in server farms!!bet%een the com"uters and the K0AC# The %aste heat also causes reliability "roblems, as C,UHs crash much more often at highe tem"eratures# )any "eo"le have been %or ing for years to lice this inefficiency out of com"uters# Similarly, "o%er su""lies are notoriously bad, generally as little as D@ efficient# And since everything in a com"uter runs off the "o%er su""ly, nothing can be efficient %ithout a good "o%er su""ly# 4ecent inventions of "o%er su""ly are hel"ing fi& this by running at A?@ efficiency or better#8=:

;. GREEN IT >OR ?USINESS@

$t is becoming %idely understood that the %ay in %hich %e are behaving as a society is environmentally unsustainable, causing irre"arable damage to our "lanet# 4ising energy "rices, together %ith government!im"osed levies on carbon "roduction, are increasingly im"acting on the cost of doing business, ma ing many current business "ractices economically unsustainable# $t is becoming "rogressively more im"ortant for all businesses to act ;and to be seen to act' in an environmentally res"onsible manner, both to fulfill their legal and moral obligations, but also to enhance the brand and to im"rove cor"orate image#8U: Com"anies are com"eting in an increasingly Ggreen/ mar et, and must avoid the real and gro%ing financial "enalties that are increasingly being levied against carbon "roduction# $T has a large "art to "lay in all this# Eith the increasing drive to%ards centrali1ed mega data centers alongside the huge gro%th in "o%er hungry blade technologies in some com"anies, and %ith a shift to an e3ually "o%er!hungry distributed architecture in others, the $T function of business is driving an e&"onential increase in demand for energy, and, along %ith it, is having to bear the associated cost increases#8U: .ou may be %ondering %hy %e haven/t mentioned carbon offsetting as an o"tion to im"rove an organisation/s environmental "erformance# Eell, a lot of organisations are using carbon offsetting ;%here you buy an Goffset/ for the carbon dio&ide emissions you "roduce W usually a "ayment to%ards emissions! reducing "ro+ects' as a Gget out of +ail free/ card and claiming carbon neutrality because they/re "lanting a forest or outsourcing their manufacturing# Ehile this is all very %ell, the "ro+ects need to be genuine, authenticated and sustainable, rather than sim"ly shifting the blame, or e&cusing a lac of action# Ee suggest that you ee" offsetting as a bac sto" to com"ensate for those unavoidable emissions that remain after you/ve ta en all "ossible measures to im"rove your "erformance in the first "lace# One of the biggest challenges in reducing electricity consum"tion is ensuring that electricity users can

monitor their o%n consum"tion#8U:

Da0a Cen0er/@
2ata centres consume a lot of electricity and this demand, along %ith the si1e of the associated utility bill, attracts boardroom attention# )any server com"uters run at less than U? "er cent ca"acity and, although more effective than the average des to" machine, this isn/t using them to their fullest "otential# $f you can double the amount of %or each "rocessor does, you can halve the number of devices in use and cut the overall environmental im"act# A common %ay to achieve this is %ith virtualisation soft%are %hich enables a""lications to run %herever there/s room for them#8=: The ne% systems are more com"act and of higher density, and can call for more locali1ed "o%er and cooling than %ill ty"ically be found in an e&isting data centre environment# A blade server system set u" in a single rac , can easily %eigh more than a tonne, and can in theory call for more than U? E of "o%er W more than 9? times %hat %ould have been re3uired a fe% years ago#8=: At an alarming rate, virtuali1ation has invaded the data center# The ra"id rise and success of virtuali1ation is mainly due to large "hysical servers that are underutili1ed# The costs to "o%er these underutili1ed servers is staggering#8=: Other $T users may need to investigate the use of 2C "o%er# )ost energy su""liers "rovide AC "o%er because it is easier to trans"ort over long distances, although most ,Cs and servers run on 2C, so that the AC current from the utility has to be converted to 2C before it reaches the hard%are, %ith inevitable losses of energy in conversion# Some com"anies may benefit from moving a%ay from distributed com"uting based on individual des to" ,Cs to small, thin client server architecture# $t has been suggested that a 9?!user system could save about U,=?? Eh "er year in direct electricity costs ;%hile further energy savings, e3uivalent to about 99 tonnes of CO= "er year, %ould be saved in manufacturing costs'# The total "roduction and o"erating cost savings over the three!year life s"an of a 9?!user system %ould be more than UU tonnes#8=:

<. INDUSTRIA" IMP"EMENTATIONS O> GREEN COMPUTING@

<.( ?la1kle@
Blac le is a search!engine site "o%ered by Google Search# Blac le came into being based on the conce"t that %hen a com"uter screen is %hite, "resenting an em"ty %ord "age or the Google home "age, your com"uter consumes DLE# Ehen the screen is blac it consumes only Q<E# Based on this theory if everyone s%itched from Google to Blac le, mother earth %ould save DQ?)E each year# This %as a really good im"lementation of Green Com"uting# The "rinci"le behind Blac le is based on the fact that the dis"lay of different colors consumes different amounts of energy on com"uter monitors#8Q:

<.& >i0%PC@ a 0in4 PC 0ha0 -raw/ onl4 9w@

-it!,C is the si1e of a "a"erbac and absolutely silent, yet fit enough to run Eindo%s X, or (inu&# fit!,C is designed to fit %here a standard ,C is too bul y, noisy and "o%er hungry# $f you ever %ished for a ,C to be com"act, 3uiet and green W then fit! ,C is the "erfect fit for you# -it!,C dra%s only Q Eatts, consuming in a day less "o%er than a traditional ,C consumes in 9 hour# .ou can leave fit!,C to %or =LMD %ithout ma ing a dent in your electric bill#8Q:

<.2 Eon.u Co56u0er@

The 5onbu is a ne%, very energy efficient ,C# The 5onbu consumes +ust one third of the "o%er of a ty"ical light bulb# The device runs the (inu& o"erating system using a 9#= gigahert1 "rocessor and Q9= meg of 4A)# $t also contains no moving "arts, and does even contain a fan# .ou can get one for as little as USP<<, but it does re3uire you to sign u" for a t%o!year subscri"tion#68Q:

<.8 Sunra4 0hin 1lien0@

Sun )icrosystems is re"orting increased customer interest in its Sun 4ay, a thin des to" client, as electricity "rices climb, according to Subodh Ba"at, vice "resident

and chief engineer in the Eco 4es"onsibility office at Sun# Thin clients li e the Sun 4ay consume far less electricity than conventional des to"s, he said# A Sun 4ay on a des to" consumes L to A %atts of "o%er, because most of the heavy com"utation is "erformed by a server# Sun says Sunrays are "articularly %ell suited for cost!sensitive environments such as call centers, education, healthcare, service "roviders, and finance# ,Cs have more "o%erful "rocessors as %ell as hard drives, something thin clients donHt have# Thus, traditional ,Cs invariably consume a substantially larger amount of "o%er# $n the United States, des to"s need to consume Q? %atts or less in idle mode to 3ualify for ne% stringent Energy Star certification#8Q:

<.9 The A/u/ Eee PC an- o0her ul0ra 6or0a.le/@

The 6ultra!"ortable6 class of "ersonal com"uters is characteri1ed by a small si1e, fairly lo% "o%er C,U, com"act screen, lo% cost and innovations such as using flash memory for storage rat er than hard drives %ith s"inning "latters# These factors combine to enable them to run more efficiently and use less "o%er than a standard form factor la"to"# The Asus Eee ,C is one e&am"le of an ultra"ortable# $t is the si1e of a "a"erbac , %eighs less than a ilogram, has built!in Ei!-i and uses flash memory instead of a hard drive# $t runs (inu& too#8Q:

<.: O0her i56le5en0a0ion/@

No0e.ook/
Usually, noteboo s are more modest than des to" ,Cs %hen it comes to the energy re3uirements# On average, noteboo batteries last for less than t%o hours, so energy saving is an im"ortant issue for those %ho are a%ay from a "lug "oint for long durations# $f you %ant to achieve ma&imum battery runtime then it/s essential for a noteboo to have energy!efficient com"onents#The %armer the e&ternal "o%er su""ly unit, the higher the electricity consum"tion# A""le/s )acBoo s or Acer!models have intelligent charging electronics that ensure the current!flo% sin s belo% ?#9 Eatts after the battery is charged# 0alues less than U#? Eatts, in Samsung/s T9?, for instance, are acce"table# This is no%n as Gconservation charging#/8A:

Prin0er/ an- 5ul0ifun10ional -eAi1e/

Usually, monochromatic laser "rinters re3uire less electricity than color lasers# And this is true even in the standby mode# Color lasers use more energy %hen they go into the standby mode instead of the slee" mode# All color lasers re3uire more than 9? Eatts %hen they are in standby# To conserve energy, chec the settings in the "rinter driver#8A: Co55uni1a0ion/ an- ne0work@ E!(A* routers, 2S( modems and 2ECT tele"hones do not have a standby mode since they must al%ays be ready for o"eration# But lo% "o%er consum"tion is a must since these devices are on =L hours a day, seven days a %ee #8A:

EF0ernal har- -i/k/

Users are increasingly buying U#Q inch e&ternal hard dis s as bac u" devices for des to" and noteboo com"uters# These are also being used to e&tend the system storage# Once connected, it/s easy to forget that its "o%er su""ly continues to dra% "o%er, even %hen nothing is being read or %ritten to the dis # Only a fe% models have so"histicated "o%er!saving mechanismsF Seagate devices are 3uite commendable# )ost devices do not have a G,o%er/ button# The U#Q!inch hard drives need 9= 0olts and therefore they have an e&ternal "o%er su""ly unit ;"o%er bric '# But =#Q!inch drives re3uire +ust Q 0olts and they can dra% "o%er from the ,C via a USB cable# Since they dra% "o%er from the ,C/s "o%er su""ly unit, the =#Q!inch drives %ill s%itch off automatically %hen the ,C shuts do%n# 2rive manufacturers are no% incor"orating features such as the reduced 4,) lo%!"o%er idle mode#8A:

DVD an- Ai-eo

Older 202 "layers and recorders are "o%er hogs# Some devices consume u" to =Q Eatts in the standby mode and a s%itch!off button is absent# .ou can save energy in most such devices %ith a sim"le tric R The K- am"lifier in 202 recorders is res"onsible for consuming a good amount of electricity in the standby mode# The am"lifier refreshes the incoming antenna signal for the television, %hich is "erha"s connected %ith an antenna cable# $f one "laces the recorder and the television ne&t to each other and connects them to the antenna using a T!connector, this am"lification is rendered useless# )any devices have the o"tion of com"letely deactivating the K-

out"ut in the set!u"# Older video recorders often have sliding s%itches for this#8A:

Ci/1o
Some of the activities Cisco follo%s includeR revie% of energy efficiency conce"ts, enhance and standardi1e recycling "rograms and green cleaning, e&"lore trans"ortation services and landsca"ingM"ar ing for sustainability o""ortunities, incor"orate (EE2 certification and energy collection data re3uests in future site selection criteria and standard lease agreements#8A:

Ala--in
Aladdin has a global initiative to GGo Green#/ -rom the earliest stages of "roduct design, through manufacturing, use, and recycling, it ensures that its activities and "roducts are environment!friendly#So its factories and "roduction com"ly %ith $SO environmental standards# Aladdin claims that it is fully 4oKS com"liant too# $t has set u" recycling bins in all its offices for bottles, "lastics, and "a"er# $t encourages its em"loyees to save "a"er too#8A:

D%"ink
2!(in claims its Ggreen/ "roducts have been com"liant %ith 4oKS since =??> and %ith EEEE since =??Q# 2!(in /s Green Ethernet technology save "o%er %hen des to"!to!s%itches are idle and o"timi1ed "o%er usage on detection of cable length# )ost s%itches today still consume considerable "o%er even %hen a cable lin or des to"s!to s%itch is turned off# 2!(in /s Green Ethernet technology %ill "ut the "ort in a slee" mode, thus reducing "o%er used by that "ort# Usually, most s%itches send enough "o%er to sustain data over a 9??m cable regardless of the actual cable length# $n a ty"ical users/ environment, ho%ever, the cable is usually less than =?m# But Green Ethernet technology %ill automatically detect the cable length o"timally ad+ust "o%er usage to save energy#8A: and

Cli5a0e SaAer/ OAerAiew

$t is started by Google and $ntel to drive energy efficiency by increasing the energy efficiency of ne% ,Cs & servers and "romoting the use of "o%er management Ee can reduce global CO= emissions from the o"eration of com"uters by QL million tons a year by =?9?# That/s li e ta ing 99 million cars off the road each year#8D:

=. CONC"USION@
Businesses see ing a cost!effective %ay to res"onsibly recycle large amounts of com"uter e3ui"ment face a more com"licated "rocess# They also have the o"tion of contacting the manufacturers and arranging recycling o"tions# Ko%ever, in cases %here the com"uter e3ui"ment comes from a %ide variety of manufacturers, it may be more efficient to hire a third!"arty contractor to handle the recycling arrangements# There e&ist com"anies that s"eciali1e in cor"orate com"uter dis"osal services both offer dis"osal and recycling services in com"liance %ith local la%s and regulations# Such com"anies fre3uently also offer secure data elimination services#8=: So far, consumers havenHt cared about ecological im"act %hen buying com"uters, theyHve cared only about s"eed and "rice# But as )ooreHs (a% marches on and com"uters commoditi1e, consumers %ill become "ic ier about being green# 2evices use less and less "o%er %hile rene%able energy gets more and more "ortable and effective# *e% green materials are develo"ed every year, and many to&ic ones are already being re"laced by them# The greenest com"uter %ill not miraculously fall from the s y one day, it/ll be the "roduct of years of im"rovements# The features of a green com"uter of tomorro% %ould be li eR efficiency, manufacturing & materials, recyclability, service model, self!"o%ering, and other trends# Green com"uter %ill be one of the ma+or contributions %hich %ill brea do%n the Hdigital divideH, the electronic gulf that se"arates the information rich from the information "oor#8U:

('. RE>ERENCES@
9#htt"RMMen#%i i"edia#orgM%i iMGreenYcom"uting =#Nones, Ernesta 6 *e% Com"uter Efficiency 4e3uirements6# U#S# E,A# U#GGreen $T -or 2ummies/!Ke%lett ,ac ard (imited Edition L#4e"ort of the Green Com"uting Tas En,ironment Q#a b c San )urugesan, IKarnessing Green $TR ,rinci"les and ,ractices,J $EEE $T ,rofessional, Nanuary!-ebruary =??A, "" =L!UU# >#JGreen $TR Ehy )id!Si1e Com"anies Are $nvesting *o%J D#%%%#climatesaverscom"uting#org A#$*TE(($GE*T CO),UT$*G CK$,!G4EE* CO),UT$*G Grou" (reen Computing and the