Introduction to

FREE SURFACE HYDRODYNAMICS

(module 2)
Prof Arthur E Mynett Professor of Hydraulic Engineering
in addition to the lecture notes by Maskey et al.

Introduction to

FREE SURFACE HYDRODYNAMICS

(module 2)
basic principles: (i) physical concepts (ii) mathematical formulations

learning objectives: (re)fresh knowledge

physical conservation principles:
MASS / MOMENTUM / ENERGY

mathematical formulations:
CONTINUITY equation MOMENTUM equations (F = ma) (Euler, Navier-Stokes) ENERGY equation (Bernouilli)

learning objectives: (re)fresh knowledge

physical conservation principles:
REFERENCE CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM EULER / LAGRANGE description laminar / turbulent flows (500 < Re < 700)

mathematical formulations:
TOTAL (MATERIAL) DERIVATIVE FROUDE number, REYNOLDS number (Euler, Navier-Stokes) SPECIFIC ENERGY, CRITICAL DEPTH (Bernouilli)

basic principles
conservation of MASS
continuity principle (control volume) for incompressible flow (hydrodynamics): what comes in must go out

conservation of MOMENTUM / ENERGY

essentially derived from SAME (!) equation: Newtons second Law F = ma

example: hydraulic jump

given bcs upstream => what are downstream h1, v1 h2, v2 ?
_______

__h1____ -> v1 ___________________________________

example: hydraulic jump

conservation of MASS
continuity principle h1 v1 = h2 v2 (what comes in must go out)

conservation of MOMENTUM (mv)

F = ma can also be written as Fdt = d(mv)
Fdt = g (h12 h22)dt d(mv) = (mv)out (mv)in = ( v2dth2)v2 ( v1dth1)v1

excercise: impinging jet

given bcs upstream (diameter d1, velocity v1) => what is horizontal Force on wall Fx ?

Fx dt = -

(v1 dt) (

d12) v1
| | | | | | | | | |

___d1____ _________=>v1

<= Fx

basic principles (ctd)

conservation of MASS
continuity principle (control volume) for incompressible flow (hydrodynamics): what comes in must go out

conservation of MOMENTUM / ENERGY

essentially derived from SAME (!) equation: Newtons second Law F = ma

Bernouilli Equation
conservation of MASS
continuity principle (control volume) for incompressible flow (hydrodynamics): what comes in must go out

conservation of MOMENTUM / ENERGY

essentially derived from SAME (!) equation: Newtons second Law F = ma

Bernoulli Equation
basic assumptions
steady flow conditions (d/dt=0) valid along a streamline (bottom, free surface, )

practical (hydraulics) formulation

z + p/ g + v2/2g = H (constant)
z = position head p/ g = pressure head (z+p/ g) = piezometric head v2/2g = velocity head H = energy head

[L]
[L] [L] [L] [L] [L]

example: flow over weir

given bcs upstream => what are weir conditions __h1____ __ h2, v2 __ -> v1 _____________ h1, v1 h2, v2 ?

/ _________________/________________________

Bernoulli Equation
specific energy (in terms of h, q)
(NB appropriate choice of reference frame !!)

h + v2/2g = H (constant) q = vh
leads to

h + q2/2gh2 = H

(3rd order eq in h)

Bernoulli Equation
critical depth hc and velocity vc
(NB choice of appropriate reference frame !!)

hc = 2/3 H vc2/2g = 1/3 H

viz

vc2/2g = hc/2 => vc2 / (ghc) = Fr2 = 1

Specific Energy (h, q)

(ii) super critical flow over weir
(NB choice of appropriate reference frame !!)

h + v2/2g = H q = vh
leads to

h + q2/2gh2 = H

(3rd order eq in h)

Energy LOSSES Carnots Rule

sudden expansion (continuity + momentum):

H = H1 H2 = (v1 v2)2 / 2g

example: flow through culvert

contraction (coefficient ~ ) expansion (=> energy loss Carnot) pipe flow (=> friction head loss) velocity head (from continuity) piezometric head (from Bernouilli)

momentum principle:
a Dv/Dt D/Dt{vi(t,x,y,z)}
u/ v/ w/ t+ t+ t+ u/ x dx/dt + v/ x dx/dt + w/ x dx/dt + u/ y dy/dt + v/ y dy/dt + w/ y dy/dt +

F = ma
= F/m = F/m = Fi/m

u/ z dz/dt = fx v/ z dz/dt = fy w/ z dz/dt = fz

momentum principle:
a Dv/Dt D/Dt{vi(t,x,y,z)}
u/ v/ w/ t+ t+ t+ u/ x dx/dt + v/ x dx/dt + w/ x dx/dt + u/ y dy/dt + v/ y dy/dt + w/ y dy/dt +

F = ma
= F/m = F/m = Fi/m

u/ z dz/dt = fx v/ z dz/dt = fy w/ z dz/dt = fz

momentum principle:
a Dv/Dt D/Dt{vi(t,x,y,z)}
u/ v/ w/ t+u t+u t+u u/ x + v v/ x + v w/ x + v u/ y + w u/ z v/ y + w v/ z w/ y + w w/ z

F = ma
= F/m = F/m = Fi/m
= = = fx fy fz

D/Dt = TOTAL (material) DERIVATIVE

momentum principle:
a Dv/Dt D/Dt{vi(t,x,y,z)}
u/ v/ w/ t+u t+u t+u u/ x + v v/ x + v w/ x + v u/ y + w u/ z v/ y + w v/ z w/ y + w w/ z = = =

F = ma
= F/m = F/m = Fi/m
-1/ -1/ -1/ p/ p/ p/ x y z g

EULER EQUATIONS

momentum principle:
a Dv/Dt D/Dt{vi(t,x,y,z)}
Du/Dt Dv/Dt Dw/Dt = = = -1/ -1/ -1/ p/ p/ p/ x y z g

F = ma
= F/m = F/m = Fi/m

EULER EQUATIONS

momentum principle: F = ma
a Dv/Dt D/Dt{vi(t,x,y,z)}
xx /

= F/m = F/m = Fi/m

x+ xy/ x + xz / x +
yx /

Du/Dt = -1/ ( p/ x + Dv/Dt = -1/ ( p/ y + Dw/Dt = -1/ ( p/ z +

y+ yy/ y + yz / y +

zx/

z) zy/ z ) zz/ z ) g

NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

learning objectives: (re)fresh knowledge

physical conservation principles:
REFERENCE CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM EULER / LAGRANGE description Laminar / turbulent flows (500 < Re < 700)

mathematical formulations:
TOTAL (MATERIAL) DERIVATIVE FROUDE number, REYNOLDS number (Euler, Navier-Stokes) SPECIFIC ENERGY, CRITICAL DEPTH (Bernouilli)

learning objectives: (re)fresh knowledge

physical conservation principles:
MASS / MOMENTUM / ENERGY

mathematical formulations:
CONTINUITY equation MOMENTUM equations (F = ma) (Euler, Navier-Stokes) ENERGY equation (Bernouilli)

Introduction to

FREE SURFACE HYDRODYNAMICS

(module 2)
basic principles: (i) physical concepts (ii) mathematical formulations

Introduction to

FREE SURFACE HYDRODYNAMICS

(module 2)
Dr Shreedhar Maskey Dr Luigia Brandimarte Prof Dano Roelvink