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13 Light and Reflection

FLAT MIRRORS
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

b 5. c d 6. d a 7. b b 8. b Answers may vary. Sample answer: Virtual; the rays that form the image appear to come from a point behind the mirror.
Eye p q

Solution Rearrange the equation to isolate the image distance, and calculate. 1/q 1/f 1/p 1/q 1/20.0 cm 1/50.0 cm 0.0500/1 cm 0.0200/1 cm 0.0300/1 cm q 33.3 cm

13 Light and Reflection

COLOR AND POLARIZATION
c 5. b a 6. a d 7. c b 8. d Answers may vary. Sample answer: In the correct proportions, a mixture of the three primary pigments produces a black mixture because all colors are subtracted or absorbed from white light. 10. Answers may vary. Sample answer: By rotating a polarizing substance in the beam of light. If the light intensity changes as the polarizing substance is rotated and eventually no light can pass through, the beam of light is polarized.
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

10.
1

q q

Object

Image

Mirror

13 Light and Reflection

CURVED MIRRORS
a 5. b b 6. c c 7. d b 8. a Answers may vary. Sample answer: A spherical mirror is a portion of a spherical shell. In contrast, a parabolic mirror is made from segments of a reflecting paraboloid. With a parabolic mirror, all rays parallel to the principal axis converge at the focal point regardless of where on the mirrors surface the rays reflect. Thus, a real image forms without spherical aberration. 10. 33.3 cm Given f 20.0 cm p 50.0 cm The mirror is concave, so f is positive. The object is in front of the mirror, so p is positive.
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

14 Refraction
REFRACTION
d 5. a c 6. b a 7. c b 8. d Answers may vary. Sample answer: As wave fronts enter a transparent medium, they slow down, but the wave fronts that have not yet reached the surface of the medium continue to move at the same speed. During this time the slower wave fronts travel a smaller distance than do the original wave fronts, so the entire plane wave changes directions. 10. 31.6 Given ni 1.333 nr 1.458 qi 35.0
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

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Solution Rearrange the Snells law, ni sin qi nr sin qr, and solve for qr. ni qr sin1 (sin qi) nr
10. 47.29

Given ni 1.361 nr 1.000 Solution Use the critical angle equation, sin qc nr/ni, and solve for c. 1.000 nr qc sin1 sin1 1.361 ni

1.333 sin1 (sin 35.0) 31.6 1.458

14 Refraction
THIN LENSES
b 5. c b 6. b a 7. c d 8. c Answers may vary. Sample answer: The image formed by the first lens is treated as the object for the second lens. 10. 1.00 102 cm Given p 25.0 cm f 20.0 cm Solution Rearrange the thin lens equation, 1 1 1 , and solve for q. q f p 1 1 1 1 1 q f p 20.0 cm 25.0 cm 0.0500 0.0400 0.0100 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm q 1.00 102 cm
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

47.29

15 Interference and Diffraction

INTERFERENCE
a 5. d b 6. c a 7. c d 8. a Both coherent and incoherent waves are periodic disturbances that transfer energy. Coherent waves have wavelengths that are equal and travel in phase. Incoherent waves usually do not have equal wavelengths and do not travel in phase. 10. 610 nm Given d 2.1 103 mm q 17.0 m1 Solution dsinq ml dsinq l m (2.1 103 mm)(sin17.0) 1 6.1 104 mm 6.1 102 nm
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

14 Refraction
OPTICAL PHENOMENA
1. 2. 3. 4. 9.

c 5. d d 6. a b 7. a b 8. d Answers may vary. Sample answer: When an observer views a raindrop high in the sky, the red light reaches the observer, but the violet light, like the other spectral colors, passes over the observer because it deviates from the path of the white light more than the red light does.

15 Interference and Diffraction

DIFFRACTION
1. 2. 3. 4.

c b d a

5. 6. 7. 8.

a c b d

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10. b 20. q 20.0 cm

Given f 10.0 cm q 30.0 cm Solution Rearrange the mirror equation, 1 1 1 , and solve for p. q f p 1 1 1 1 1 f q p 10.0 cm 30.0 cm 3 1 2 30.0 cm 30.0 cm 30.0 cm p 15 cm
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

M 2.00
2

Mirror 2 3 1 C 3 Principal axis 1 F Object Front of mirror Image Back of mirror

Given h 2.00 cm R 40.0 cm p 10.0 cm Solution Since R 40.0 cm, f 20.0 cm. Rearrange the mirror equation, 1 1 1 , and solve for q. q f p 1 1 1 1 1 q f p 20.0 cm 10.0 cm 1 2 1 20.0 cm 20.0 cm 20.0 cm q 20.0 cm Since q is negative, the image is located 2.0 101 cm behind the mirror. (20.0 cm) q M 2.00 10.0 cm p

16.

17.

18.

19.

d d c d The ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is made of sufficiently high frequency (i.e., high energy) electromagnetic radiation that can destroy bacteria or other pathogens. Electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their different frequencies and wavelengths. Luminous flux is a measure of the amount of light emitted from a light source. It is measured in lumens. Illuminance is a derived unit that indicates the relationship between luminous flux and the distance from the light source squared. Illuminance is the ratio of lumens/m2. 52; According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. When the candle is at the focal point, the image is infinitely far to the left and therefore is not seen, as shown in the answer diagram.
Mirror 3 1 Principal 3 axis C Object F 1 Front of mirror Back of mirror

Refraction
CHAPTER TEST A (GENERAL)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 21. 22. 23.

b 11. c b 12. a c 13. a c 14. a d 15. c a 16. b a 17. a c 18. a d 19. b c 20. d The speed of light decreases. The image is upright and virtual. The index of refraction of the first medium must be greater than the index of refraction of the second medium.

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24. Each colored component of the

incoming ray is refracted depending on its wavelength. The rays fan out from the second face of the prism to produce a visible spectrum. 25. 16.7 Given qi 28.0 ni 1.00 nr 1.63 Solution Rearrange Snells law, ni sin qi nr sin qr, and solve for qr. ni qr sin1 (sin qi) nr

10. c 11. when the difference between the sub-

12.

13.

sin

1.00 (sin 28.0) 1.63

14.

16.7

Refraction
CHAPTER TEST B (ADVANCED)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

b c a a b d Solution Rearrange Snells law, ni sin qi nr sin qr, and solve for qr. ni qr sin1 (sin qi) nr
15.

stances indices of refraction is the greatest An object placed just outside the focal length of the objective lens forms a real, inverted image just inside the focal point of the eyepiece. This eyepiece, the second lens, serves to magnify the image. In order to be seen, the object under a microscope must be at least as large as a wavelength of light. An atom is many times smaller than a wavelength of visible light. A light ray represents the direction of propagation of a planar wave front, which is the superposition of all the spherical wave fronts. As these wave fronts enter a transparent medium, all of them strike the surface simultaneously and experience a similar change in velocity at the same instant. Although this results in a change in the overall wavelength of the spherical wave fronts, there is no change in the direction of the wave fronts relative to each other. Therefore, no refraction occurs. A real, inverted image that is smaller than the object will form between F and 2F.

1.00 sin1 (sin 3.0 101) 18 1.65

7. d 8. a
Object Front 2F F F Image 2F Back

Solution Use the thin-lens equation to find f. 1 1 1 1 1 f q p 20.0 cm 8.00 cm 0.0500 0.125 0.175 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm f 5.71 cm
9. a

16. The light will undergo total internal

reflection.
17. Rays of light from the sun strike

Solution Use the magnification of a lens h equation, M , to find M. h h (151 cm) M 141 h (1.07 cm)
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Earths atmosphere and are bent because the atmosphere has an index of refraction greater than that of the near-vacuum of space.

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18. Dispersion is the process of separating

polychromatic light into its component wavelengths because n is a function of wavelength for all material mediums. Snells law states that the angles of refraction will be different for different wavelengths even if the angles of incidence are the same. 19. 48 cm Given p 24 cm f 16 cm (f is positive, since this is a converging lens) Solution Rearrange the thin-lens equation, 1 1 1 , and solve for q. q f p 1 1 1 1 1 q f p 16 cm 24 cm 0.063 0.042 0.021 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm q 48 cm (since q is positive, the image is real and in back of the lens) 20. 11 cm Given F0 1.00 cm p0 1.25 cm Fe 1.50 cm pe 1.50 cm 0.180 cm 1.32 cm Solution The focal length and object distance of the objective lens do not enter into the calculation. The image of the objective lens is the object of the eyepiece lens. Rearrange the thin-lens equation, 1 1 1 , and solve for q. q f p 1 1 1 1 1 qe fe pe 1.50 cm 1.32 cm 0.667 0.758 0.091 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm qe 11 cm (since q is negative, the image is virtual and in front of the lens)

Interference and Diffraction

CHAPTER TEST A (GENERAL)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 16.

17. 18.

19.

20.

b 9. a b 10. c a 11. b c 12. a c 13. c d 14. d c 15. d b Diffraction is a change in the direction of a wave when the wave encounters an obstacle, an opening, or an edge. spectrometer A spectrometer separates light from a source into its monochromatic components. Resolving power is the ability of an optical instrument to separate two images that are close together. 480 nm Solution d sin q ml d sin q l m (2.5 106 m)(sin 35) 3 4.8 107 m 4.8 102 nm

Interference and Diffraction

CHAPTER TEST B (ADVANCED)
1. 2. 3. 7.

a b c d Solution d sin q ml d sin q l m

4. c 5. c 6. d

(4.0 105 m)(sin 2.2) 2 7.7 107 m 7.7 102 nm

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