Thermocouple Thermometry Theory

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NIMT
The principle of The Thermocouple (Thermo+couple) is based on the Seebeck effect
that Thomas Seebeck observed this effect in 1821 .
Seebeck effect: A temperature gradient
or A temperature difference between two
points in a metal results in voltage
difference between these.
The thermoelectric voltage developed (dV) per
unit temperature difference(dT) in a conductor
is call Seebeck coefficient. S = dV/dT
The emf between the thermocouple wire
is given by
Metal A, SA
T T V
E = ∫ ( S − S )dt = ∫ S dt Metal B, SB
AB
T0
A B
T0
AB
Measuring junction/
Thermocouple Hot junction
Where SAB = The Seebeck coefficient for Reference junction/
the thermocouple pair A-B Voltage,emf Cold junction Thermocouple Circuit
 Inhomogeneity Error In Thermocouple
“The variation of the thermocouple output along the used length.”
•TC As Use TC emf,E
1 2 3 4
E=S12(T1-T2)=small E=S23(T2-T3)=largeE=S34(T3-T4)=small

Un-Aged Transition Aged

wire wire wire 1 2
3 4

•TC in calibration furnace

Causes of inhomogeneity in thermocouple wire:

-Cold work (bending, twisting,etc.)
-Chemical (environment and in-use) Typical inhomogeneity for new Thermocouple;

-Heat treatment (above 250oC for base-metal) Pt thermocouple S R B ≈ ± 0.02%of E

Base-metal thermocouple ≈ ± 0.1%of E
- Change in immersionÆMeaningless results. (test by Thermal Scan)
 Thermocouple Types TC In Use

Standard Type Non Standard Type

(Letter-designed types) (Special designed)

Pt/Pd, Au/Pt,
Noble (Rare) Metal Base Metal W3-Re/W25-Re(Type C)
Type B, R ,S Type E,J,K,N,T

General Range use :

•Type R or Type S < 1300 oC , Type B > 1300 oC.
•Type T,E and K At low temp / Room temp.
•Type K (< 200 oC), Type N (300 – 600) oC .
• Type K, N > 600 oC.
 NIMT Thermocouple Calibration System
- Calibration Method-
ITS-90

NIMT Fixed Point Cell

Triple point of Mercury,Triple point of Water,Melting point
of Galium, Freezing point of Tin,Freezing point of NPL(UK), NMIA(Aus)
Zinc,Freezing point of Aluminum,Freezing point of Silver
(-38.8344 oC to 961.78oC )
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N IM T
1.Comparison with Fixed Point

Nobel Metal TC
SPRT / HSPRT
Reference Standard Thermocouple
(Pt/Pd ,Au/Pt,Type B,Type R ,Type S)
Range (0oC-962oC)
(-38.8344 oC to 961.78oC )
(0 oC to 1100 oC )
Uncertainty 0.4 oC – 0.5 oC
Calibration Laboratory

Thermocouple
SPRT IPRT DTM LIG
(All Type)

USERS

2.Comparison with SPRT / Ref. TC

NIMT Traceability Chart(2006) Range (0oC-1100oC)
Uncertainty 0.5 oC – 1.5 oC