!"#$%& ($)$%* +,-.

$ ,/ 011%)2*
/,. $3% 4%&%.)2 +#.5-#$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
#$%& '())*+ ,-)(./$)+ $00-.( $0 1()2$&&(3
45&56(4(&/+
!"#$#$%&"'(
78
)%$&,5 98 .$&*()2 5&, ,(:$& %5;6%/$&
&$)/%$:()+
*"+,%&-"&#+(
<=>
4()-/ 2*2/(42 1)$/(./-$& '$5),+
*"+,%&-"&#.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20ll-320?
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IofIfIon for !ovIow of fho MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon
Ionrd In ConsoIIdnfod Cnso os. CH0?52090925-!-l nnd
AT0?52l00l84-!-l.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ocIdod: Augusf l?, 20l2
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AIIY C. W!ICHT, Affornoy, AoIInfo Sfnff, Commor-
cInI !IfIgnfIon Irnnch, !nIfod Sfnfos onrfmonf of
JusfIco, of WnshIngfon, C, nrguod for ofIfIonor. WIfh
hor on fho brIof woro TOY WIST, AssIsfnnf Affornoy
ConornI, JIAI I. AVISO, Irocfor, TO M.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 2


H!CHIS, oufy Irocfor, A!!ISO KI-MI!!I!, SonIor
TrInI CounsoI, nnd O!C!AS . !ITTI!, Affornoy. Of
counsoI on fho brIof woro I!AII KAI!A, ConornI Coun-
soI, KATHII A. WHIII!I, oufy ConornI CounsoI, STIVI
I. AIOW, AssIsfnnf ConornI CounsoI, OffIco of fho ConornI
CounsoI, OffIco of IorsonnoI Mnnngomonf, of WnshIngfon,
C.

A!IS M. C!AJA!IS, AmorIcnn IodornfIon of Cov-
ornmonf ImIoyoos, of WnshIngfon, C, nrguod for
rosondonfs !hondn K. Conyors nnd ovon Hnughfon
orfhovor. WIfh hor on fho brIof woro AVI A. IO!I!,
ConornI CounsoI, nnd JOSIIH I. HII!SO, oufy
ConornI CounsoI.

JIII!IY A. CA!CI!, Affornoy, OffIco of fho ConornI
CounsoI, MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon Ionrd, of WnshIngfon,
C, nrguod for rosondonf. WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro
JAMIS M. IISIMA, ConornI CounsoI, nnd KIISHA
AW II!!, oufy ConornI CounsoI.

A!TH!! I. SIITZI!, AmorIcnn CIvII !IborfIos !nIon of
fho nfIon`s CnIfnI, of WnshIngfon, C, for nmIcI curIno
AmorIcnn CIvII !IborfIos !nIon of fho nfIonnI CnIfnI
Aron. WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro C!ICO!Y O`!I,
ConornI CounsoI, !A!!Y J. AKIS, oufy ConornI
CounsoI, J!!II M. WI!SO, AssocInfo ConornI CounsoI,
nnd IA!AS . SHAH, AssIsfnnf CounsoI, nfIonnI Tronsury
ImIoyoos !nIon, of WnshIngfon, C.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ioforo !O!!II, YK, nnd WA!!ACH, !"#$%"& (%)*+,.
OInIon for fho courf fIIod by !"#$%"& (%)*+ WA!!ACH.
IssonfIng oInIon fIIod by !"#$%"& (%)*+ YK.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 3


WA!!ACH, !"#$%"& (%)*+.
Tho Irocfor of fho OffIco of IorsonnoI Mnnngomonf
(OIM) sooks rovIow of fho docIsIon by fho MorIf Sys-
foms IrofocfIon Ionrd (Ionrd) hoIdIng fhnf fho Su-
romo Courf`s docIsIon In ,+-.#&/+0& 12 &3+ 4.56 57
8*.0, 484 !.S. 5l8 (l988), IImIfs Ionrd rovIow of nn
ofhorwIso nonInbIo ndvorso ncfIon onIy If fhnf ncfIon Is
bnsod uon oIIgIbIIIfy for or n donInI, rovocnfIon, or sus-
onsIon of nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon. 8*.0, how-
ovor, rohIbIfs Ionrd rovIow of ngoncy doformInnfIons
concornIng oIIgIbIIIfy of nn omIoyoo fo occuy n sonsI-
fIvo osIfIon, rognrdIoss of whofhor fho osIfIon roquIros
nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon. AccordIngIy, wo
!IVI!SI nnd !IMA.
I. IACKC!O!
!hondn K. Conyors (Conyors) nnd ovon Hnughfon
orfhovor (orfhovor nnd coIIocfIvoIy, !osondonfs)
l

woro IndofInIfoIy susondod nnd domofod, rosocfIvoIy,
from fhoIr osIfIons wIfh fho onrfmonf of ofonso
(Agoncy) nffor fhoy woro found InoIIgIbIo fo occuy
noncrIfIcnI sonsIfIvo osIfIons.
2
Ms. Conyors nnd Mr.


1
AIfhough fho Ionrd, Ms. Conyors, nnd Mr.
orfhovor nro nII !osondonfs, wo rofor fo fho Ionrd ns
fho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs wIII rofor fo Ms. Conyors
nnd Mr. orfhovor.


2
onrfmonfs nnd ngoncIos of fho Covornmonf
cInssIfy jobs In fhroo cnfogorIos: crIfIcnI sonsIfIvo, non-
crIfIcnI sonsIfIvo, nnd nonsonsIfIvo. 8*.0, 484 !.S. nf
528. Tho undorIyIng cnsos InvoIvo noncrIfIcnI sonsIfIvo
osIfIons, whIch nro dofInod ns: 91:"&"10: ;"&3 -1&+0&".<
&1 $.%:+ )./.*+ &1 7 7 7 0.&"10.< :+$%#"&6, u fo nnd IncIud-
Ing dnmngo nf fho sIgnIfIcnnf or sorIous IovoI. Thoso
osIfIons IncIudo: (l) Accoss fo Socrof, !, ConfIdonfInI
cInssIfIod InformnfIon|;] (2) =06 1&3+# -1:"&"10: ;"&3
II!!Y v. COYI!S 4


orfhovor IndoondonfIy nonIod fho Agoncy`s ncfIons fo
fho Ionrd. In bofh nonIs, fho Agoncy nrguod fhnf,
bocnuso !osondonfs` osIfIons woro dosIgnnfod noncrIfI-
cnI sonsIfIvo, fho Ionrd couId nof rovIow fho morIfs of fho
Agoncy`s doformInnfIons undor fho rocodonf sof forfh In
!"#$.
A. Tho !"#$ HoIdIng
In !"#$, fho Suromo Courf hoId fhnf fho Ionrd
Inys n IImIfod roIo In ndvorso ncfIon cnsos InvoIvIng
nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns. Tho rosondonf In !"#$ Iosf
hIs Inboror`s job nf n nnvnI fncIIIfy whon ho wns donIod n
roquIrod socurIfy cIonrnnco. 484 !.S. nf 520. !ovorsIng
our docIsIon In !"#$ &' ()*#+,-)$, ./ ,0) 1#&2, 802 I.2d
l563 (Iod. CIr. l986), +)&34, 484 !.S. 5l8 (l988), fho
Courf hoId fhnf fho Ionrd doos nof hnvo nufhorIfy fo
rovIow fho subsfnnco of fho socurIfy cIonrnnco doformInn-
fIon, confrnry fo whnf Is roquIrod gonornIIy In ofhor
ndvorso ncfIon nonIs. 484 !.S. nf 530-3l. !nfhor, fho
Courf hoId fhnf fho Ionrd hns nufhorIfy fo rovIow onIy:
(l) whofhor nn IxocufIvo Irnnch omIoyor doformInod
fho omIoyoo`s osIfIon roquIrod n socurIfy cIonrnnco; (2)
whofhor fho cIonrnnco wns donIod or rovokod; (3) whofhor
fho omIoyoo wns rovIdod wIfh fho rocodurnI rofoc-
fIons socIfIod In 5 !.S.C. ?5l3; nnd (4) whofhor frnns-
for fo n nonsonsIfIvo osIfIon wns fonsIbIo. 54' nf 530.
I. Ms. Conyors`s InIfInI IrocoodIngs
Ms. Conyors occuIod n comofIfIvo sorvIco osIfIon of
CS-525-05 AccounfIng TochnIcInn nf fho ofonso IInnnco
nnd AccounfIng SorvIco. 6.$2)+7 &' ()*3, ./ ()/', ll5
M.S.I.!. 5?2, 5?4 (20l0). IoIIowIng nn InvosfIgnfIon, fho
Agoncy`s WnshIngfon Hondqunrfors SorvIcos (WHS)

*.,)$,8#9 ,. :#;7) 0#+- ,. $#,8.$#9 7):;+8,2 ,. # -.4)+#,)
4)"+)) . . . . J.A. 326 (omhnsIs nddod).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 5


ConsoIIdnfod AdjudIcnfIons IncIIIfy (CAI) dIscovorod
InformnfIon nbouf Ms. Conyors fhnf rnIsod socurIfy con-
corns. J.A. l49-52. As n rosuIf, offocfIvo Sofombor ll,
2009, fho Agoncy IndofInIfoIy susondod Ms. Conyors
from hor osIfIon bocnuso sho wns donIod oIIgIbIIIfy fo
occuy n sonsIfIvo osIfIon by WHS/CAI. !"#$%&', ll5
M.S.I.!. nf 5?4. Tho Agoncy ronsonod fhnf Ms. Conyors`s
noncrIfIcnI sonsIfIvo osIfIon roquIrod hor fo hnvo nccoss
fo sonsIfIvo InformnfIon, nnd bocnuso WHS/CAI donIod
hor such nccoss, sho dId nof moof n qunIIfIcnfIon ro-
quIromonf of hor osIfIon.
3
()* nf 5?4.
Ms. Conyors nonIod hor IndofInIfo susonsIon fo fho
Ionrd. ()* In rosonso, fho Agoncy nrguod fhnf +,-#
rohIbIfod Ionrd rovIow of fho morIfs of WHS/CAI`s
docIsIon fo dony Ms. Conyors oIIgIbIIIfy for nccoss fo
sonsIfIvo or cInssIfIod InformnfIon nnd/or occunncy of n
sonsIfIvo osIfIon. ()* On Iobrunry l?, 20l0, fho ndmIn-
IsfrnfIvo judgo Issuod nn ordor corfIfyIng fho cnso for nn
InforIocufory nonI nnd sfnyIng nII rocoodIngs ondIng
rosoIufIon by fho fuII Ionrd. ()* nf 5?5. In hor ruIIng, fho
ndmInIsfrnfIvo judgo docIInod fo nIy +,-# nnd In-
formod fho nrfIos fhnf |sho] wouId docIdo fho cnso undor
fho brondor sfnndnrd nIIod In . . . ofhor |5 !.S.C.]
Chnfor ?5 cnsos whIch do nof InvoIvo socurIfy cIonr-
nncos. ()* (brnckofs In orIgInnI).

3
Tho rocord IndIcnfos fhnf Ms. Conyors roquosfod
nn nonrnnco boforo nn ndmInIsfrnfIvo judgo wIfh fho
ofonso OffIco of HonrIngs nnd AonIs (OHA) rognrd-
Ing hor donInI of oIIgIbIIIfy fo occuy n sonsIfIvo osIfIon.
!"#$%&', ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 5?4; J.A. l23. OHA uIfImnfoIy
donIod roIIof. !"#$%&', ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 5?4. Tho Agoncy
subsoquonfIy romovod Ms. Conyors offocfIvo Iobrunry l9,
20l0. ()*
II!!Y v. COYI!S 6


C. Mr. orfhovor`s InIfInI IrocoodIngs
Mr. orfhovor occuIod n comofIfIvo sorvIco osIfIon
of CSll440? CommIssnry Mnnngomonf SocInIIsf nf
fho ofonso CommIssnry Agoncy. !"#$%"&'# &) *'+,$ "-
*'-), ll5 M.S.I.!. 45l, 452 (20l0). IffocfIvo ocombor 6,
2009, fho Agoncy roducod Mr. orfhovor`s grndo IovoI fo
nrf-fImo CSll0l04 Sforo AssocInfo duo fo rovocn-
fIon/donInI of hIs onrfmonf of ofonso oIIgIbIIIfy fo
occuy n sonsIfIvo osIfIon. ./) nf 453. In Ifs ofIco of
Iroosod omofIon, fho Agoncy sfnfod fhnf Mr. orfhovor
wns In n osIfIon fhnf wns dosIgnnfod ns n sonsIfIvo
osIfIon nnd fhnf WHS/CAI hnd donIod hIm oIIgIbIIIfy
for nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon nnd/or occunncy of n
sonsIfIvo osIfIon. ./) nf 453 (cIfnfIon omIffod).
Mr. orfhovor subsoquonfIy nonIod fho Agoncy`s
docIsIon fo fho Ionrd. ./) In rosonso, fho Agoncy nrguod
If hnd dosIgnnfod fho CommIssnry Mnnngomonf SocInI-
Isf osIfIon n modornfo rIsk nnfIonnI socurIfy osIfIon
wIfh n sonsIfIvIfy IovoI of noncrIfIcnI sonsIfIvo, nnd
undor 0123, fho Ionrd Is bnrrod from rovIowIng fho
morIfs of nn ngoncy`s socurIfy-cIonrnnco/oIIgIbIIIfy do-
formInnfIon. ./)
On ArII 2, 20l0, confrnry fo fho ruIIng In 4"35'#6,
fho rosIdIng chIof ndmInIsfrnfIvo judgo ruIod fhnf 0123
nIIod nnd fhnf fho morIfs of fho Agoncy`s doformInnfIon
woro unrovIownbIo. ./) Tho chIof ndmInIsfrnfIvo judgo
subsoquonfIy corfIfIod hIs ruIIng fo fho fuII Ionrd. ./) AII
rocoodIngs woro sfnyod ondIng rosoIufIon of fho corfI-
fIod Issuo. ./)
. Tho IuII Ionrd`s ocIsIon In 4"35'#6 nnd
!"#$%"&'#
On ocombor 22, 20l0, fho fuII Ionrd nffIrmod fho
ndmInIsfrnfIvo judgo`s docIsIon In 4"35'#6 nnd rovorsod
II!!Y v. COYI!S ?


fho chIof ndmInIsfrnfIvo judgo`s docIsIon In !"#$%"&'#,
concIudIng fhnf ()*+ dId nof nIy In cnsos whoro socu-
rIfy cIonrnnco doformInnfIons nro nof nf Issuo. ,"+-'#.,
ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 590; !"#$%"&'#, ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 468.
SocIfIcnIIy, fho Ionrd hoId fhnf ()*+ IImIfod fho Ionrd`s
rovIow of nn ofhorwIso nonInbIo ndvorso ncfIon onIy If
fhnf ncfIon Is bnsod uon oIIgIbIIIfy for or n donInI, rovocn-
fIon, or susonsIon of nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon.
4

,"+-'#., ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 590; !"#$%"&'#, ll5 M.S.I.!. nf
46?-68. Iocnuso Ms. Conyors nnd Mr. orfhovor dId nof
occuy osIfIons fhnf roquIrod nccoss fo cInssIfIod Infor-
mnfIon, fho Ionrd concIudod fhnf ()*+ dId nof rocIudo
Ionrd rovIow of fho undorIyIng Agoncy doformInnfIons.
,"+-'#., ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 585; !"#$%"&'#, ll5 M.S.I.!. nf
464.
OIM movod for roconsIdornfIon of fho Ionrd`s docI-
sIons, whIch fho Ionrd donIod. /'##- &1 ,"+-'#.2 '$ *31,
435 I. A`x 943, 944 (Iod. CIr. 20ll) (ordor grnnfIng
OIM`s ofIfIon for rovIow). OIM ofIfIonod for rovIow fo
fhIs courf, nnd fho ofIfIon wns grnnfod on Augusf l?,
20ll. 451 Wo hnvo jurIsdIcfIon fo rovIow fho Ionrd`s fInnI
docIsIon undor 5 !.S.C. ??03(d) nnd 28 !.S.C.
l295(n)(9).
5



4
Tho Ionrd consIdorod socurIfy cIonrnnco fo
bo synonymous fo nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon.
,"+-'#., ll5 M.S.I.!. nf 580.


5
On romnnd, ,"+-'#. wns dIsmIssod ns moof,
nnd !"#$%"&'# wns dIsmIssod wIfhouf rojudIco fo fIIo
ngnIn ondIng fho rosoIufIon of fhIs ofIfIon. J.A. 900-05;
l82l. To fho oxfonf fhoro nro nny ArfIcIo III cnso or
confrovorsy concorns ns n rosuIf of fhoso dIsmIssnIs, wo
fInd fhnf OIM, nf fho Ionsf, mnInfnIns suffIcIonf Inforosfs
In fhIs ofIfIon fo snfIsfy nny ArfIcIo III cnso or confro-
vorsy roquIromonf. 6'' 7"#+'# &1 8'#9$ 6-.1 :#"$';$9"+
/51, 8l5 I.2d 668, 6?l (Iod. CIr. l98?) (Wo hnvo no
II!!Y v. COYI!S 8


II. STAT!TO!Y C!O!S IO! ATIOA! SIC!!ITY
IASI !IMOVA! OI COVI!MIT IMI!OYIIS
Tho sfnfufos rovIdo n fwo-frnck sysfom for romovnI
of omIoyoos bnsod on nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns. !"#$,
484 !.S. nf 526. In nrfIcuInr, roIovnnf rovIsIons of fho
CIvII SorvIco !oform Acf of l9?8 (CS!A or fho Acf),
Chnfor ?5 of TIfIo 5 of fho !nIfod Sfnfos Codo onfIfIod,
Advorso AcfIons, rovIdos fwo subchnfors roInfod fo
romovnIs. Tho fIrsf, subchnfor II ( ?5ll-?5l4), roInfos
fo romovnIs for cnuso. !ndor ?5l2, nn ngoncy`s In-
dofInIfo susonsIon nnd n roducfIon In grndo of nn om-
Ioyoo, ns horo, mny qunIIfy ns ndvorso ncfIons. 5 !.S.C.
?5l2(2)-(3). An omIoyoo subjocf fo nn ndvorso ncfIon Is
onfIfIod fo fho rofocfIons of ?5l3, whIch IncIudo wrIf-
fon nofIco of fho socIfIc ronsons for fho roosod ncfIon,
nn oorfunIfy fo rosond fo fho chnrgos, fho roquIromonf
fhnf fho ngoncy`s ncfIon Is fnkon fo romofo fho offIcIoncy
of fho sorvIco, nnd fho rIghf fo rovIow by fho Ionrd of fho
ncfIon. An omIoyoo romovod for cnuso hns fho rIghf,
undor ?5l3(d), fo nonI fo fho Ionrd. On rovIow of fho

quosfIon fhnf fho Issuo of fho |OffIco of SocInI CounsoI]`s
nufhorIfy fo brIng n gonornI dIscIIInnry ncfIon ngnInsf nn
omIoyoo, nnd In furn fho Issuo of fho bonrd`s jurIsdIcfIon
fo honr such n cnso, fho Inffor boIng doondonf on fho
formor, Is of vIfnI Inforosf fo OIM, whIch hns ndmInIsfrn-
fIvo rosonsIbIIIfy for orsonnoI rncfIcos nnd oIIcIos
fhroughouf mosf nrfs of govornmonf. Thoso Inforosfs
nro moro fhnn suffIcIonf fo snfIsfy fho socfIon ??03(d)
roquIromonfs nnd nny ArfIcIo III cnso or confrovorsy
roquIromonf.); %&& #(%) *&++,, 435 I. A`x nf 945 (grnnf-
Ing ofIfIon for rovIow bocnuso |w]o ngroo fhnf fho Issuos
In fho Ionrd`s ordors rnIso nn Issuo of such Inforosf, I.o.,
whofhor fho ngoncy musf dIscIoso Ifs doformInnfIons
rognrdIng whnf If cInssIfIos ns Issuos of nnfIonnI socurIfy
nnd musf IIfIgnfo fho morIfs of such n doformInnfIon, nnd
fhus nro subjocf fo ImmodInfo rovIow.).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 9


ncfIon by fho Ionrd undor ??0l,
6
fho Ionrd mny susfnIn
fho ngoncy`s ncfIon onIy If fho ngoncy cnn show fhnf Ifs
docIsIon Is suorfod by n roondornnco of fho ovIdonco.
5 !.S.C. ??0l(c)(l)(I).
?

Tho socond, subchnfor IV ( ?53l-?533), roInfos fo
romovnIs bnsod uon nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns. An
omIoyoo susondod undor ?532(n) Is nof onfIfIod fo
nonI fo fho Ionrd. onofhoIoss, fho sfnfufo rovIdos for
n summnry romovnI rocoss fhnf onfIfIos fho omIoyoo fo
socIfIod ro-romovnI rocodurnI rIghfs, IncIudIng n
honrIng by nn ngoncy nufhorIfy. 5 !.S.C. ?532(c).
III. !"#$`S AII!ICATIO TO %&$'!() A $&(*+&,!(
Tho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs urgo fhIs courf fo IImIf
!-./`s nIIcnfIon fo socurIfy cIonrnnco doformInnfIons,
ronsonIng fhnf nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns nrfIcuInfod In
fhnf cnso orfnIn fo nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon onIy.
!-./ cnnnof bo so confInod. Ifs rIncIIos Insfond roquIro
fhnf courfs rofrnIn from socond-guossIng IxocufIvo
Irnnch ngoncIos` nnfIonnI socurIfy doformInnfIons con-
cornIng oIIgIbIIIfy of nn IndIvIdunI fo occuy n sonsIfIvo
osIfIon, whIch mny nof nocossnrIIy InvoIvo nccoss fo


6
5 !.S.C. ??0l rovIdos, In roIovnnf nrf: An
omIoyoo, or nIIcnnf for omIoymonf, mny submIf nn
nonI fo fho MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon Ionrd from nny
ncfIon whIch Is nonInbIo fo fho Ionrd undor nny Inw,
ruIo, or roguInfIon. 5 !.S.C. ??0l(n). If Is undIsufod
fhnf !osondonfs nro omIoyoos ns dofInod In fho nII-
cnbIo sfnfufos In fhIs cnso. )00 5 !.S.C. ?5ll(n)(l)(A)
(|I]mIoyoo monns . . . nn IndIvIdunI In fho comofIfIvo
sorvIco . . . .).


7
Tho fwo cnsos on nonI horo rocoodod ur-
sunnf fo 5 !.S.C. ?5l3(d).

II!!Y v. COYI!S l0


cInssIfIod InformnfIon. Ior fho foIIowIng ronsons, !"#$
musf nIy.
A. !"#$ Addrossod Irond nfIonnI SocurIfy Con-
corns Thnf Aro TrndIfIonnIIy fho !osonsIbII-
Ify of fho IxocufIvo Irnnch
!"#$, nf Ifs coro, oxInInod fhnf If Is ossonfInI for fho
IxocufIvo Irnnch nnd Ifs ngoncIos fo hnvo brond dIscro-
fIon In mnkIng doformInnfIons concornIng nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy. AffordIng such dIscrofIon fo ngoncIos, nccordIng fo
!"#$, Is bnsod on fho IrosIdonf`s nufhorIfy fo cInssIfy
nnd confroI nccoss fo InformnfIon bonrIng on nnfIonnI
socurIfy nnd fo doformIno who gofs nccoss, whIch fIows
rImnrIIy from |fho Commnndor In ChIof CInuso] nnd
oxIsfs quIfo nnrf from nny oxIIcIf congrossIonnI grnnf.
484 !.S. nf 52?. !"#$ nIso rocognIzod fho gonornI rIncI-
Io fhnf foroIgn oIIcy Is fho rovInco nnd rosonsIbIIIfy
of fho IxocufIvo. %&' nf 529 (cIfnfIon omIffod). Accord-
IngIy, fho Courf ronsonod:
|I]f Is nof ronsonnbIy ossIbIo for nn oufsIdo non-
oxorf body fo rovIow fho subsfnnco of such n|n
ngoncy doformInnfIon concornIng nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy] nnd fo docIdo whofhor fho ngoncy shouId
hnvo boon nbIo fo mnko fho nocossnry nffIrmnfIvo
rodIcfIon |fhnf n nrfIcuInr IndIvIdunI mIghf
comromIso sonsIfIvo InformnfIon] wIfh confI-
donco. or cnn such n body doformIno whnf con-
sfIfufos nn nccofnbIo mnrgIn of orror In nssossIng
fho ofonfInI rIsk.
%&' Honco, unIoss Congross socIfIcnIIy hns rovIdod
ofhorwIso, courfs frndIfIonnIIy hnvo shown gronf dofor-
onco fo whnf fho IrosIdonffho Commnndor In ChIof
hns doformInod . . . Is ossonfInI fo nnfIonnI socurIfy.
()$*+, .' /#*0,#1 2+3' 4+5' 670$8)1, 555 !.S. ?, 24, 26
(2008) (cIfnfIon omIffod).
II!!Y v. COYI!S ll


osIfo fho undIsufod roIo of fho IxocufIvo wIfhIn
fhIs ronIm, !osondonfs nrguo nIyIng !"#$ fo fhoso
cnsos mny dorIvo oIfhor fho Congross or fho JudIcInry of
nII froodom of ncfIon moroIy by InvokIng nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy. !os`fs` Ir. 23. CorfnInIy, undor fho ConsfIfufIon,
Congross hns n subsfnnfInI roIo In bofh foroIgn nffnIrs nnd
nnfIonnI socurIfy. Congross, fhoroforo, hns fho owor fo
guIdo nnd IImIf fho IxocufIvo`s nIIcnfIon of Ifs owors.
ovorfhoIoss, no confroIIIng congrossIonnI ncf Is rosonf
horo.
As !"#$ rocognIzod, fho CS!A dId nof confor brond
nufhorIfy fo fho Ionrd In fho nnfIonnI socurIfy confoxf.
8



8
Tho dIssonf sfnfos fho mnjorIfy hns com-
IofoIy fnII|od] fo como fo grIs wIfh fho |CS!A]. Issonf
O. nf ?. In l990, fho CS!A wns nmondod nffor fho
Courf`s docIsIon In %&'& )& *#+,-., 484 !.S. 439 (l988).
Thoro, fho Courf docIdod fhnf fho CS!A`s sIIonco rognrd-
Ing nonI rIghfs for non-roforonco oIIgIbIo mombors of
fho oxcofod sorvIco rofIocfod congrossIonnI Infonf fo
rocIudo nny rovIow undor chnfor ?5 for such omIoyoos.
/0& nf 448. In rosonso, Congross nssod fho CIvII SorvIco
uo Irocoss Amondmonfs (l990 Amondmonfs) oxnnd-
Ing fho Ionrd`s jurIsdIcfIon fo somo, buf nof nII, non-
roforonco oIIgIbIo oxcofod sorvIco omIoyoos. Iub. !.
o. l0l3?6, l04 Sfnf. 46l (l990).
Tho dIssonf consfruos fho l990 Amondmonfs ns
oxfondIng by ImIIcnfIon Ionrd rovIow of ngoncy doformI-
nnfIons concornIng sonsIfIvo osIfIons. Issonf O. nf l0.
Iocnuso corfnIn ngoncIos, such ns fho IodornI Iuronu of
InvosfIgnfIon, ConfrnI InfoIIIgonco Agoncy, nnd nfIonnI
SocurIfy Agoncy woro oxrossIy oxomfod, fho dIssonf
osIfs fhnf Ionrd rovIow musf oxfond fo nII ofhor osI-
fIons fhnf woro nof oxcIudod. /0& nf ll. CorfnIn omIoy-
oos of fho ConornI AccounfIng OffIco, fho Vofornns HonIfh
ScIoncos nnd !osonrch AdmInIsfrnfIon, fho IosfnI SorvIco,
fho IosfnI !nfo CommIssIon, nnd fho Tonnossoo VnIIoy
AufhorIfy, howovor, woro nIso oxcIudod, bocnuso sonrnfo
sfnfufos oxcIudod fho omIoyoos of fhoso ngoncIos from
fho normnI nonIs rocoss. H.!. !o. o. l0l-328 nf 5
II!!Y v. COYI!S l2


484 !.S. nf 530-3l (An omIoyoo who Is romovod for
'cnuso` undor ?5l3, whon hIs roquIrod cIonrnnco Is
donIod, Is onfIfIod fo fho sovornI rocodurnI rofocfIons
socIfIod In fhnf sfnfufo. Tho Ionrd fhon mny doformIno
whofhor such cnuso oxIsfod, whofhor In fncf cIonrnnco wns
donIod, nnd whofhor frnnsfor fo n nonsonsIfIvo osIfIon
wns fonsIbIo. !"#$%&' %& #$) *+#, $"-).)/, 0%/)+#1 "/

(l989), /)2/%&#)0 %& l990 !.S.C.C.A.. 695. Thus, fho
dIssonf`s vIow fhnf Congross crnffod somo oxcofIons for
nnfIonnI socurIfy nnd nof ofhors Is socuInfIvo bocnuso
nnfIonnI socurIfy wns nof n fncfor rovIdIng for fhoso
oxcIusIons.
SImIInrIy, fho dIssonf rofors fo fho onrfmonf of
ofonso`s (O) cronfIon of fho nfIonnI SocurIfy
IorsonnoI Sysfom (SIS) In 2003 fo furfhor suorf fho
nofIon fhnf Congross soko on fho Issuo boforo fhIs courf.
Issonf O. nf l5. Tho dIssonf`s osIfIon Is noIfhor su-
orfod by sfnfufory Inngungo nor IogIsInfIvo hIsfory. Tho
sfnfufo cronfIng fho SIS, fho subsoquonf roonI of
corfnIn roguInfIons concornIng fho O`s nonIs rocoss,
nnd fho uIfImnfo roonI of fho sfnfufo cronfIng fho SIS
IfsoIf In 2009, do nof show fhnf Congross Infondod fo
rocIudo fho O from InsuInfIng omIoymonf docIsIons
concornIng nnfIonnI socurIfy from Ionrd rovIow. SIS
wns osfnbIIshod fo ovorhnuI fho fhon-oxIsfIng orsonnoI
mnnngomonf sysfom nnd oIIcos of fho O. 3)) nfIonnI
ofonso AufhorIznfIon Acf, Iub. !. l08l36, ll? Sfnf.
l392 (2003). In 2009, SIS wns roonIod InrgoIy duo In
nrf fo sfrong oosIfIon from Inbor orgnnIznfIons rognrd-
Ing Issuos of coIIocfIvo bnrgnInIng. 3)) onrfmonf of
ofonso Humnn !osourcos Mnnngomonf nnd !nbor
!oInfIons Sysfoms, ?0 Iod. !og. 66,l23; 1)) 451" S. !o.
o. lll-35 nf l85 (2009) (|T]ho commIffoo hns rocoIvod
mnny comInInfs from O omIoyoos durIng fho 5 yonrs
durIng whIch fho |O] hns soughf fo ImIomonf SIS,
fo fho dofrImonf of noodod humnn cnIfnI InnnIng nnd
workforco mnnngomonf InIfInfIvos.). Thoro Is nofhIng In
fhoso sfnfufos fhnf shows Congross Infondod Ionrd
rovIow of ngoncy doformInnfIons orfnInIng fo omIoyoos
In sonsIfIvo osIfIons.
II!!Y v. COYI!S l3


!"#$%!&' )*! +$,&- )$ .$ /0&)*!&.) (omhnsIs nddod). As
n rosuIf, Congross rosumnbIy hns Ioff fho IrosIdonf nnd
IxocufIvo Irnnch ngoncIos brond dIscrofIon fo oxorcIso
fhoIr owors In fhIs nron. 1!! 2,"!' 3 4$$&! 56 7!.,8,
453 !.S. 654, 6?8 (l98l) (Congross cnnnof nnfIcInfo nnd
IogIsInfo wIfh rognrd fo ovory ossIbIo ncfIon fho IrosI-
donf mny fInd If nocossnry fo fnko or ovory ossIbIo sIfun-
fIon In whIch ho mIghf ncf, nnd |s]uch fnIIuro of
Congross . . . doos nof, 'osocInIIy . . . In fho nrons of
foroIgn oIIcy nnd nnfIonnI socurIfy,` ImIy 'congrossIonnI
dIsnrovnI` of ncfIon fnkon by fho IxocufIvo.) (quofIng
9,:. 56 ;.!!, 453 !.S. 280, 29l (l98l)). AccordIngIy,
whon fho IrosIdonf ncfs ursunnf fo nn oxross or Im-
IIod nufhorIznfIon from Congross, hIs ncfIons shouId bo
suorfod by fho sfrongosf of rosumfIons nnd fho
wIdosf InfIfudo of judIcInI InforrofnfIon, nnd fho burdon
of orsunsIon . . . rosf|s] honvIIy uon nny who mIghf
nffnck If. <-6 nf 668 (quofIng =$08.')$%8 1*!!) 3 >0?!
@$6 56 1,%A!&, 343 !.S. 5?9, 63? (l952) (Jnckson, J.,
concurrIng)). Courfs fhus musf frond IIghfIy whon fncod
wIfh fho ofonfInI of socond-guossIng dIscrofIonnry ngoncy
doformInnfIons concornIng nnfIonnI socurIfy.
Tho oxIsfonco of ?532 doos nof nIfor fho ngoncIos`
brond dIscrofIon fo oxorcIso fhoIr owors In fho nnfIonnI
socurIfy confoxf. Tho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs nrguo fhnf
Congross hns sokon dIrocfIy on fho Issuo of romovnI for
nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns by onncfIng ?532, nnd fhnf
nIyIng B.,8 In fhIs Insfnnco wouId In ossonco nIIow
fho IxocufIvo fo roInco ?532 wIfh ?5l3 . . . rondorIng
?532 n nuIIIfy. !os`fs` Ir. 24-25; '!! Ionrd`s Ir. 42-43.
ThIs nrgumonf Is sImIInr, If nof IdonfIcnI, fo fhoso rojocfod
by fho B.,8 Courf. 484 !.S. nf 533 (Tho nrgumonf Is
fhnf fho nvnIInbIIIfy of fho ?532 rocoduro Is n 'comoI-
IIng` fncfor In fnvor of Ionrd rovIow of n socurIfy-cIonrnnco
donInI In n cnso undor ?5l3.).
II!!Y v. COYI!S l4


In !"#$, fho Courf obsorvod fho nIfornnfIvo nvnIInbII-
Ify of ?5l3 nnd ?532. %&' nf 532. SocIfIcnIIy, fho
Courf ncknowIodgod fhnf ?532 doos nof roomf ?5l3
nnd fhnf fho fwo sfnfufos sfnnd sonrnfoIy nnd rovIdo
nIfornnfIvo roufos for ndmInIsfrnfIvo ncfIon. %&' In nddI-
fIon, fho Courf found fhnf fho fwo socfIons woro nof
nnomnIous, buf moroIy dIfforonf. %&' nf 533. Tho Courf
nIso found fhnf ono socfIon dId nof nocossnrIIy rovIdo
gronfor rocodurnI rofocfIons fhnn fho ofhor. %&' nf 533-
34.
Tho Courf In (#)*+,,- /' 012, 488 !.S. 93 (l988), fur-
fhor nrfIcuInfod nnd cInrIfIod ?532`s nIIcnbIIIfy. In
fhnf cnso, fho Courf doformInod fhnf fho summnry ro-
movnI mochnnIsm sof ouf In ?532, ns woII ns 50 !.S.C.
833,
9
woro dIscrofIonnry mochnnIsms In cnsos InvoIvIng
dIsmIssnIs for nnfIonnI socurIfy ronsons. %&' nf l00. Tho
Courf found fhnf ?532 wns nof mnndnfory, buf rnfhor
ormIssIvo: 'ofwIfhsfnndIng ofhor sfnfufos,` fho hond of
nn ngoncy 'mny` susond nnd romovo omIoyoos 'In fho
Inforosfs of nnfIonnI socurIfy.` %&' (quofIng ?532) (fInd-
Ing nofhIng In fho IogIsInfIvo hIsfory of ?532 IndIcnfIng
fhnf fho sfnfufo`s rocoduros nro fho oxcIusIvo monns for
romovnIs on nnfIonnI socurIfy grounds or fhnf ?532
dIsIncos fho ofhorwIso nIIcnbIo romovnI rovIsIons of
fho ngoncIos covorod by fho socfIon). Thoroforo, If wns
hoId fhnf fho nfIonnI SocurIfy Agoncy wns nof roquIrod
fo nIy oIfhor ?532 or 833 nnd couId hnvo ncfod undor

9
50 !.S.C. 833 wns n summnry romovnI rovIsIon
In fho l964 nfIonnI SocurIfy Agoncy IorsonnoI SocurIfy
Irocoduros Acf, 50 !.S.C. 83l-35 (roonIod Ocfobor l,
l996).

II!!Y v. COYI!S l5


Ifs ordInnry dIsmIssnI rocoduro If If so wIshod.
l0
!"# nf
99-l00.
Moroovor, $%&'())* hoId fhnf Congross onncfod ?532
fo suIomonf, nof nnrrow, ordInnry ngoncy romovnI
rocoduros. !"# nf l02. Tho Courf ronsonod fhnf bocnuso
of Ifs summnry nnfuro, Congross Infondod ?532 fo bo
Invokod onIy whoro fhoro Is 'nn ImmodInfo fhronf of hnrm
fo fho nnfIonnI socurIfy` In fho sonso fhnf fho doIny from
InvokIng 'normnI dIsmIssnI rocoduros` couId 'cnuso
sorIous dnmngo fo fho nnfIonnI socurIfy.` !"# (quofIng
$+', .# /+(01, 35l !.S. 536, 546 (l956)). ConsoquonfIy,
shouId ?532 bo mnndnfory ns fho Ionrd nnd !oson-
donfs offocfIvoIy nrguo, If wouId bocomo fho oxcIusIvo
rocoduro In fhIs cnso nnd sImIInr cnsos, nnd no nnfIonnI
socurIfy formInnfIon wouId bo ormIssIbIo wIfhouf nn
InIfInI susonsIon nnd ndhoronco fo fho $+', .# /+(01
sfnndnrd. !"# CIvon $%&'())*`s fonchIng, wo nro uncon-
vIncod fhnf Congross Infondod nny such rosuIf whon If


10
Tho $%&'())* Courf nIso nffIrmod 21%0`s con-
cIusIon rognrdIng ?5l3 nnd ?532:

Wo fhus ngroo wIfh fho concIusIon of fho MorIf
Sysfoms IrofocfIon Ionrd In n sImIInr cnso fhnf
socfIon ?532 Is nof fho oxcIusIvo bnsIs for romov-
nIs bnsod uon socurIfy cIonrnnco rovocnfIons,
21%0 .# 3,4%&56,05 +7 58, 9%.:, 28 M.S.I.!. 509,
52l (l985), nnd wIfh fho Courf of AonIs for fho
IodornI CIrcuIf fhnf |f]horo Is nofhIng In fho foxf
of socfIon ?532 or In Ifs IogIsInfIvo hIsfory fo sug-
gosf fhnf Ifs rocoduros woro Infondod fo roomf
socfIon ?5l3 rocoduros whonovor fho romovnI
couId bo fnkon undor socfIon ?532. Tho Inngungo
of socfIon ?532 Is ormIssIvo. 21%0 .# 3,4%&56,05
+7 58, 9%.:, 802 I.2d l563, l568 (Iod. CIr. l986),
&,.;", 488 !.S. 5l8 (l988).

$%&'())*, 488 !.S. nf l04.
II!!Y v. COYI!S l6


onncfod ?532. !"# AccordIngIy, oIIgIbIIIfy fo occuy n
sonsIfIvo osIfIon Is n dIscrofIonnry ngoncy doformInnfIon,
rIncInIIy wIfhIn fho urvIow of fho IxocufIvo Irnnch,
fho morIfs of whIch nro unrovIownbIo by fho Ionrd.
I. $%&'`s AnnIysIs Is IrodIcnfod On nfIonnI Socu-
rIfy InformnfIon
Tho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs confInfo cInssIfIod In-
formnfIon wIfh nnfIonnI socurIfy InformnfIon, buf $%&'
doos nof ImIy fhoso forms hnvo fho snmo monnIng.
ll
In
fncf, $%&'`s coro focus Is on nnfIonnI socurIfy Informn-
fIon, nof jusf cInssIfIod InformnfIon. 484 !.S. nf 52?
(rocognIzIng fho govornmonf`s comoIIIng Inforosf In
wIfhhoIdIng '&()*'&+ -./01)(2 )'3*14&()*') (omhnsIs
nddod). As $%&' nofod, fho nbsonco of n sfnfufory rovI-
sIon In ?5l2 rocIudIng noIInfo rovIow of doformInn-
fIons concornIng nnfIonnI socurIfy cronfos n rosumfIon
In fnvor of rovIow. !"# Tho Courf, novorfhoIoss, hoId fhnf
fhIs roosIfIon Is nof wIfhouf IImIf, nnd )( 10'- &%1*0'"
56.' )( .'/*0'(.1- /*'/.1'- *3 '&()*'&+ -./01)(2, ns In fhIs
cnso, whoro fho grnnf of socurIfy cIonrnnco fo n nrfIcuInr
omIoyoo, n sonsIfIvo nnd InhoronfIy dIscrofIonnry judg-
monf cnII, Is commIffod by Inw fo fho nrorInfo ngoncy
of fho IxocufIvo Irnnch. !"# (omhnsIs nddod).
l2
$%&'
fhoroforo Is rodIcnfod on brond nnfIonnI socurIfy con-
corns, whIch mny or mny nof IncIudo Issuos of nccoss fo

11
!IkowIso, fho dIssonf`s koy orror Is fhnf If con-
fInfos nufhorIfy fo cInssIfy nnd confroI nccoss fo Informn-
fIon bonrIng on nnfIonnI socurIfy wIfh fho nufhorIfy fo
rofocf cInssIfIod InformnfIon. Issonf O. nf 24-25.

12
If Is cIonr from fho uso of fho cInuso ns In fhIs
cnso foIIowIng fho runs nground cInuso fhnf nnfIonnI
socurIfy concorns nro fho Suromo Courf`s gonornI roo-
sIfIon, nnd socurIfy cIonrnncos sImIy oxomIIfy fho fyos
of concorns fnIIIng wIfhIn fhIs brond cnfogory.
II!!Y v. COYI!S l?


cInssIfIod InformnfIon. Thus, !"#$ Is nof IImIfod fo
ndvorso ncfIons bnsod uon oIIgIbIIIfy for or nccoss fo
cInssIfIod InformnfIon.
In nddIfIon, sonsIfIvo osIfIons concornIng nnfIonnI
socurIfy do nof nocossnrIIy onfnII nccoss fo cInssIfIod
InformnfIon ns fho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs confond. Tho
Ionrd cIfos %&'( *+ ,&-$" nnd roforoncos fho Courf`s
dIscussIon of fho IogIsInfIvo hIsfory of fho Acf of Augusf
26, l950
l3
In suorf of Ifs roosIfIon fhnf nnfIonnI
socurIfy concorns roInfo sfrIcfIy fo nccoss fo cInssIfIod
InformnfIon. Howovor, fho Ionrd`s nnnIysIs Is fInwod.
%&'( hoId fhnf n sonsIfIvo osIfIon Is ono fhnf ./0'.1
2#3(4 nnfIonnI socurIfy, nnd In dofInIng nnfIonnI socurIfy
ns usod In fho Acf of Augusf 26, l950, fho Courf con-
cIudod fhnf fho form wns Infondod fo comrohond onIy
fhoso ncfIvIfIos of fho Covornmonf fhnf nro 5.6(23'7 2&$1
2(6$(5 8.39 39( 06&3(23.&$ &: 39( ;#3.&$ :6&/ .$3(6$#'
4-<*(64.&$ &6 :&6(."$ #""6(44.&$, nnd nof fhoso whIch
confrIbufo fo fho sfrongfh of fho nfIon onIy fhrough
fhoIr Imncf on fho gonornI woIfnro. 35l !.S. nf 544
(omhnsIs nddod).
l4
Thus, ovon In %&'(, sonsIfIvo osI-

13
Tho Acf of Augusf 26, l950, Iub. !. o. 8l-?33,
ch. 803, 64 Sfnf. 4?6 (l950), gnvo honds of corfnIn do-
nrfmonfs nnd ngoncIos of fho Covornmonf summnry
susonsIon nnd unrovIownbIo dIsmIssnI owors ovor fhoIr
cIvIIInn omIoyoos, whon doomod nocossnry In fho Inforosf
of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy of fho !nIfod Sfnfos. %&$7(64, ll5
M.S.I.!. nf 580 n.l?. Tho Acf wns fho rocursor fo 5
!.S.C. ?532. =5+

14
If foIIows fhnf nn omIoyoo cnn bo dIsmIssod 'In
fho Inforosf of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy` undor fho Acf onIy If
ho occuIos n >4($4.3.*(? 0&4.3.&$, nnd fhus fhnf n condIfIon
rocodonf fo fho oxorcIso of fho dIsmIssnI nufhorIfy Is n
doformInnfIon by fho ngoncy hond fhnf fho 0&4.3.&$ &22-1
0.(5 .4 &$( #::(23(5 8.39 39( >$#3.&$#' 4(2-6.37.` %&'(, 35l
II!!Y v. COYI!S l8


fIons woro dofInod ns fhoso fhnf InvoIvo nnfIonnI socurIfy
InformnfIon nnd nof nocossnrIIy fhoso fhnf InvoIvo cInssI-
fIod InformnfIon.
Indood, sonsIfIvo osIfIons fhnf cnn nffocf nnfIonnI
socurIfy nnd nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon nro nrnIIoI
concofs fhnf nro !"# nocossnrIIy fho snmo. As fho Courf
ronsonod:
Whoro nIIcnbIo, fho Acf nufhorIzos fho ngoncy
hond summnrIIy fo susond nn omIoyoo ondIng
InvosfIgnfIon nnd, nffor chnrgos nnd n honrIng, fI-
nnIIy fo formInnfo hIs omIoymonf, such formInn-
fIon nof boIng subjocf fo nonI. Thoro Is nn
obvIous jusfIfIcnfIon for fho summnry susonsIon
owor whoro fho omIoyoo occuIos n sonsIfIvo
osIfIon In whIch ho couId cnuso sorIous dnmngo
fo fho nnfIonnI socurIfy durIng fho doIny IncIdonf
fo nn InvosfIgnfIon nnd fho ronrnfIon of
chnrgos. $%&'(%)', fhoro Is n ronsonnbIo bnsIs for
fho vIow fhnf nn ngoncy hond who musf bonr fho
rosonsIbIIIfy for fho rofocfIon of cInssIfIod In-
formnfIon commIffod fo hIs cusfody shouId hnvo
fho fInnI sny In docIdIng whofhor fo rooso hIs
frusf In nn omIoyoo who hns nccoss fo such In-
formnfIon.
*"+', 35l !.S. nf 546 (omhnsIs nddod).
l5
Honco, con-
frnry fo fho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs` confonfIons, cInssI-

!.S. nf 55l (omhnsIs nddod). AccordIngIy, fho Courf In
*"+' romnndod fho cnso fo doformIno whofhor fho ofI-
fIonor`s osIfIon wns ono In whIch ho couId ndvorsoIy
nffocf nnfIonnI socurIfy. ,-. nf 55?.

15
Iy usIng fho word, IIkowIso, fho Courf comnros
fho fwo concofs, sonsIfIvo osIfIons nnd nccoss fo
cInssIfIod InformnfIon. In doIng so, If mnkos cIonr fhnf
fhoy nro nrnIIoI concofs fhnf nro nof fho snmo.
II!!Y v. COYI!S l9


fIod InformnfIon Is nof nocossnrIIy nnfIonnI socurIfy
InformnfIon nvnIInbIo fo nn omIoyoo In n sonsIfIvo
os

IfIon.
Tho Ionrd nnd !osondonfs` focus on ono fncfor, oII-
gIbIIIfy of nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon, Is mIsIncod.
l6

Covornmonf osIfIons mny roquIro dIfforonf fyos nnd
IovoIs of cIonrnnco, doondIng uon fho sonsIfIvIfy of fho
osIfIon soughf. !"#$, 484 !.S. nf 528. A govornmonf
noInfmonf Is oxrossIy mndo subjocf fo n bnckground
InvosfIgnfIon fhnf vnrIos In scoo nccordIng fo fho dogroo
of ndvorso offocf fho nIIcnnf couId hnvo on nnfIonnI
socurIfy. %&' (cIfIng Ixoc. Ordor o. l0,450, 3, 3 C.I.!.
93? (l949-l953 Com.)). As OIM sfnfos: An ngoncy`s
nnfIonnI socurIfy cnIcuIus wIII vnry wIdoIy doondIng
uon, ($)*+ #-(#, fho ngoncy`s mIssIon, fho nrfIcuInr


16
Tho conforIoco of fho !"#$ nnnIysIs, IxocufIvo
Ordor o. l0,450, mnkos no monfIon of cInssIfIod Infor-
mnfIon. Ixoc. Ordor o. l0,450, 3, 3 C.I.!. 93? (l949-
l953) (Tho hond of nny donrfmonf or ngoncy shnII
dosIgnnfo, or cnuso fo bo dosIgnnfod, nny osIfIon wIfhIn
hIs donrfmonf or ngoncy fho occunnf of whIch couId
brIng nbouf, by vIrfuo of fho nnfuro of fho osIfIon, #
.#)*+(#- #&/*+0* *11*2) 3$ )4* $#)(3$#- 0*25+()6 #0 # 0*$0(7
)(/* 830()(3$.) (omhnsIs nddod). In nddIfIon, ofhor
roIovnnf sfnfufos nnd roguInfIons dofIno sonsIfIvo osI-
fIon In fho brondosf sonso by roforrIng fo nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy gonornIIy. 9** l0 !.S.C. l564 (SocurIfy cIonrnnco
InvosfIgnfIons . . . (o) 9*$0()(/* &5)(*0.--Ior fho urosos of
fhIs socfIon, () (0 $3) $*2*00#+6 13+ )4* 8*+13+.#$2* 31
&5)(*0 )3 ($/3-/* 2-#00(1(*& #2)(/()(*0 3+ 2-#00(1(*& .#))*+0
In ordor for fho dufIos fo bo consIdorod sonsIfIvo nnd
crIfIcnI fo fho nnfIonnI socurIfy.) (omhnsIs nddod); 0**
#-03 5 C.I.!. ?32.l02 ((n) Ior urosos of fhIs nrf, fho
form $#)(3$#- 0*25+()6 830()(3$ IncIudos: (l) Thoso osI-
fIons fhnf InvoIvo ncfIvIfIos of fho Covornmonf fhnf nro
23$2*+$*& :()4 )4* 8+3)*2)(3$ 31 )4* $#)(3$ 1+3. 13+*("$
#""+*00(3$ 3+ *08(3$#"* . . . .) (omhnsIs nddod).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 20


rojocf In quosfIon, nnd fho dogroo of hnrm fhnf wouId bo
cnusod If fho rojocf Is comromIsod. OIM`s Ir. 33. As n
rosuIf, nn ngoncy`s doformInnfIon In confroIIIng nccoss fo
nnfIonnI socurIfy InformnfIon onfnIIs consIdornfIon of
mu
Ify Is nof
con
Idonco sfnndnrd nIy oqunIIy horo. !"#$ hoId
fhn


IfIIo fncfors.
Ior oxnmIo, cnfogorIzIng n sonsIfIvo osIfIon Is un-
dorfnkon wIfhouf rognrd fo nccoss fo cInssIfIod Informn-
fIon, buf rnfhor wIfh rognrd fo fho offocf fho osIfIon mny
hnvo on nnfIonnI socurIfy. %&& Ixoc Ordor o. l0,450 3.
SImIInrIy, rodIcfIvo judgmonfs
l?
nro rodIcnfod on nn
IndIvIdunI`s ofonfInI fo comromIso InformnfIon, whIch
mIghf bo uncInssIfIod. ConsoquonfIy, fho InquIry In fhoso
ngoncy doformInnfIons concornIng nnfIonnI socur
fIngonf uon nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon.
IInnIIy, !"#$`s concorns rognrdIng fho ngoncIos`
cIonrIy consIsfonf wIfh fho Inforosfs of nnfIonnI socurIfy
sfnndnrd confIIcfIng wIfh fho Ionrd`s roondornnco of
fho ov
f:
As nofod nbovo, socurIfy cIonrnnco normnIIy wIII
bo grnnfod onIy If If Is cIonrIy consIsfonf wIfh fho
Inforosfs of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy. Tho Ionrd,
howovor, rovIows ndvorso ncfIons undor n roon-
dornnco of fho ovIdonco sfnndnrd. ??0l(c)(l)(I).
Thoso fwo sfnndnrds soom InconsIsfonf. If Is dIffI-
cuIf fo soo how fho Ionrd wouId bo nbIo fo rovIow

17
A rodIcfIvo judgmonf of nn IndIvIdunI Is nn nf-
fomf fo rodIcf hIs |or hor] ossIbIo fufuro bohnvIor nnd
fo nssoss whofhor, undor comuIsIon of cIrcumsfnncos or
for ofhor ronsons, ho |or sho] mIghf comromIso sonsIfIvo
InformnfIon. If mny bo bnsod, fo bo suro, uon nsf or
rosonf conducf, buf If nIso mny bo bnsod uon concorns
comIofoIy unroInfod fo conducf such ns hnvIng cIoso
roInfIvos rosIdIng In n counfry hosfIIo fo fho !nIfod
Sfnfos. !"#$, 484 !.S. nf 528-29.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 2l


socurIfy-cIonrnnco doformInnfIons undor n ro-
ondornnco of fho ovIdonco sfnndnrd wIfhouf do-
nrfIng from fho cIonrIy consIsfonf wIfh fho
Inforosfs of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy fosf. Tho
cIonrIy consIsfonf sfnndnrd IndIcnfos fhnf socu-
rIfy-cIonrnnco doformInnfIons shouId orr, If fhoy
musf, on fho sIdo of donInIs. IIncIng fho burdon on
fho Covornmonf fo suorf fho donInI by n ro-
ondornnco of fho ovIdonco wouId InovIfnbIy shIff
fhIs omhnsIs nnd InvoIvo fho Ionrd In socond-
guossIng fho ngoncy`s nnfIonnI socurIfy doformI-
nof nocossnrIIy InvoIvo
nc
IV. ! !IA!
nnfIons.
484 !.S. nf 53l. An ngoncy`s doformInnfIon of nn om-
Ioyoo`s InoIIgIbIIIfy fo hoId n sonsIfIvo osIfIon musf bo
consIsfonf wIfh fho Inforosfs of nnfIonnI socurIfy. !""
Ixoc. Ordor o. l0,450, 3. Thus, such ngoncy doformI-
nnfIons cnnnof bo rovIownbIo by fho Ionrd bocnuso fhIs
wouId ImroorIy Inco nn InconsIsfonf burdon of roof
uon fho govornmonf. AccordIngIy, #$%& rohIbIfs rovIow
of IxocufIvo Irnnch ngoncIos` nnfIonnI socurIfy doformI-
nnfIons concornIng oIIgIbIIIfy of nn IndIvIdunI fo occuy n
sonsIfIvo osIfIon, whIch mny
coss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon.
C!ASSIIII IIO!MATIO CA HAVI A MATI
AVI!SI IIIICT O ATIOA! SIC!!ITY
nfIonnI socurIfy concorns rondor fho Ionrd nnd !o-
sondonfs` osIfIons unfonnbIo. If Is nnIvo fo suoso
fhnf omIoyoos wIfhouf dIrocf nccoss fo nIrondy cInssIfIod
InformnfIon cnnnof nffocf nnfIonnI socurIfy. Tho Ionrd
nnd !osondonfs` nnrrow focus on nccoss fo cInssIfIod
II!!Y v. COYI!S 22


InformnfIon Ignoros fho Imncf omIoyoos wIfhouf socu-
rIfy cIonrnncos, buf In sonsIfIvo osIfIons, cnn hnvo.
l8


18
Thoro nro corfnInIy numorous govornmonf osI-
fIons wIfh ofonfInI fo ndvorsoIy nffocf nnfIonnI socurIfy.
Tho Ionrd goos foo fnr by comnrIng n govornmonf osI-
fIon nf n mIIIfnry bnso commIssnry fo ono In n Sovon
IIovon ncross fho sfroof. OrnI Argumonf nf 28:l0l5,
!"##$ &' ()*$"#+, "- ./', 20ll-320?, nvnIInbIo nf
hff://www.cnfc.uscourfs.gov/ornI-nrgumonf-
rocordIngs/sonrch/nudIo.hfmI. CommIssnry omIoyoos do
nof moroIy obsorvo |g]rocory sforo sfock IovoIs or ofhor-
wIso ubIIcIy obsorvnbIo InformnfIon. !os`fs` Ir. 20. In
fncf, commIssnry sfock IovoIs of n nrfIcuInr uncInssIfIod
Ifom sungInssos, for oxnmIo, wIfh shnfforroof Ionsos,
or rohydrnfIon roducfs mIghf woII hInf nf doIoymonf
ordors fo n nrfIcuInr rogIon for nn IdonfIfInbIo unIf. Such
froo movomonfs nro InhoronfIy socrof. (0' 1".# &' 2-.-"
)0 34**"+)-. "5 #"/' 6/+)*, 283 !.S. 69?, ?l6 (l93l)
(Whon n nnfIon Is nf wnr mnny fhIngs fhnf mIghf bo snId
In fImo of onco nro such n hIndrnnco fo Ifs offorf fhnf
fhoIr uffornnco wIII nof bo ondurod so Iong ns mon fIghf
nnd fhnf no Courf couId rognrd fhom ns rofocfod by nny
consfIfufIonnI rIghf . . . . o ono wouId quosfIon buf fhnf
n govornmonf mIghf rovonf ncfunI obsfrucfIon fo Ifs
rocruIfIng sorvIco or fho 789/4:.-4)* )0 -;" +.4/4*< =.-"+ )0
-#.*+7)#-+ )# -;" *8>9"# .*= /):.-4)* )0 -#))7+.) (cIfIng
2:;"*:? &' @*4-"= 2-.-"+, 294 !.S. 4?, 52 (l9l9)) (omhn-
sIs nddod). ThIs Is nof moro socuInfIon, bocnuso, ns OIM
confonds, numbors nnd IocnfIons couId vory woII bo do-
rIvod by n skIIIod InfoIIIgonco nnnIysf from mIIIfnry
commIssnry sfock IovoIs. 2"" OrnI Argumonf nf l3:l9-
l4:03, !"##$ &' ()*$"#+, "- ./', 20ll-320?, nvnIInbIo nf
hff://www.cnfc.uscourfs.gov/ornI-nrgumonf-
rocordIngs/sonrch/nudIo.hfmI (Q: Cnn n osIfIon bo
sonsIfIvo sImIy bocnuso If rovIdos obsorvnbIIIfy Thnf
Is, ono of fhoso oxnmIos fhnf wns gIvon wns somoono
workIng nf n commIssnry; If sooms fo mo fhnf somoono
workIng nf n commIssnry hns nn oorfunIfy wIfhouf
nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon fo obsorvo froo IovoIs,
ofonfInI for whoro somoono Is goIng, from whnf fhoy nro
buyIng, fhnf sorf of fhIng. A: I fhInk fhnf Is rIghf your
II!!Y v. COYI!S 23


ofInIng fho Imncf nn IndIvIdunI mny hnvo on nn-
fIonnI socurIfy Is fho fyo of rodIcfIvo judgmonf fhnf
musf bo mndo by fhoso wIfh nocossnry oxorfIso. !""
#$%&, 484 !.S. nf 529 (Tho nffomf fo dofIno nof onIy fho
IndIvIdunI`s fufuro ncfIons, buf fhoso of oufsIdo nnd
unknown InfIuoncos rondors fho 'grnnf or donInI of socu-
rIfy cIonrnncos . . . nn Inoxncf scIonco nf bosf.`) (quofIng
'(%)* ,- .%/0(, 420 I.2d 230, 239 (.C. CIr. l969)). Tho
sourcos uon whIch InfoIIIgonco Is bnsod nro offon oon
nnd ubIIcnIIy nvnIInbIo. OccnsIonnIIy, InfoIIIgonco Is
obfnInod from sourcos In n fnshIon fho sourco`s govorn-
monf wouId fInd Imroor. OccnsIonnIIy, fhoso monns of
obfonfIon nro coorcIvo nnd/or subvorsIvo.
l9


honor. Wo ngroo wIfh fhnf, nnd I fhInk In #$%&, ho, Mr.
Ignn workod on n nucIonr submnrIno. And so, nrf of If
o, sonsIfIvIfy cnn bo
fho Inco whoro fho omIoyoo works, whnf nro fhoy nbIo
fo o
vorsIon, or 1/&%&2/%3 /00"*45&*/6
wns sImIy from whnf ho wns obsorvIng by comIng nnd
goIng of n nucIonr submnrIno. And s
bsorvo, whnf couId fhoy Infor from, whnf you sny, from
fho urchnsos nnd shImonfs . . . .).

19
Ior oxnmIo, fho InfoIIIgonco communIfy mny
vIow corfnIn dIsnrngIng InformnfIon concornIng nn
omIoyoo ns n vuInornbIIIfy whIch cnn bo usod fo bInck-
mnII or coorco InformnfIon ouf of fho IndIvIdunI. !"" #$%&,
484 !.S. nf 528 (rocognIzIng fhnf fho govornmonf hns n
comoIIIng Inforosf In rofocfIng fruIy sonsIfIvo Informn-
fIon from fhoso who, undor comuIsIon of cIrcumsfnncos
or for ofhor ronsons . . . mIghf comromIso sonsIfIvo
InformnfIon.); *"" %3*5 Ixoc. Ordor l0,450, 8
(|I]nvosfIgnfIons conducfod . . . shnII bo dosIgnod fo
dovoIo InformnfIon ns fo whofhor fho omIoymonf or
rofonfIon In omIoymonf . . . Is cIonrIy consIsfonf wIfh . . .
nnfIonnI socurIfy . . . . Such InformnfIon |roInfIng, buf nof
IImIfod fo] . . . (II) Any doIIbornfo mIsrorosonfnfIons,
fnIsIfIcnfIons, or omIssIons of )%7"0/%3 1%27* . . . (III) Any
crImInnI, Infnmous, dIshonosf, ImmornI, or noforIousIy
dIsgrncofuI conducf, hnbIfunI uso of InfoxIcnnfs fo oxcoss,
drug nddIcfIon, soxunI or
II!!Y v. COYI!S 24


ThIs nron of nfIonnI SocurIfy !nw Is InrgoIy nbouf
rovonfIng humnn sourco InfoIIIgonco gnfhorIng In n
mnnnor whIch doos nof, In nn oon socIofy, unnocossnrIIy
IImIf fho ubIIc`s rIghf fo nccoss InformnfIon nbouf Ifs
govornmonf`s ncfIvIfIos. SfIII, fhoro cIonrIy Is n nood for
such rovonfIon. WIfhIn fho shoro of nnfIonnI socurIfy
IImIfnfIons on govornmonf omIoymonf, our socIofy hns
doformInod fhnf courfs shouId foIornfo nnd dofor fo fho
ngoncIos` fhronf IImIfIng oxorfIso. !"" #$%
WhIIo fhronfs mny chnngo wIfh fImo, &'()`s nnnIysIs
romnIns vnIId. Tho ndvonf of oIocfronIc rocords mnnngo-
monf, comufor nnnIysIs, nnd cybor-wnrfnro hnvo mndo
ofonfInI osIonngo fnrgofs confnInIng monns fo nccoss
nnfIonnI socurIfy InformnfIon vnsfIy moro suscofIbIo fo
hnrm by ooIo wIfhouf socurIfy cIonrnncos. Tho mochnn-
Ics of InnfIng wIfhIn n comufor sysfom n monns of
InfoIIIgonco gnfhorIng nro boyond fho kon of fho judIcInry;
whnf mnffors Is fhnf fhoro nro fodny moro sonsIfIvo nrons
of nccoss fhnn fhoro woro whon &'() wns nufhorod. Ifs
undorIyIng nnnIysIs, novorfhoIoss, Is comIofoIy nIIcn-
bIofho IrosIdonf, ns Commnndor-In-ChIof, hns fho rIghf
nnd fho obIIgnfIon, wIfhIn fho Inw, fo rofocf fho govorn-
monf ngnInsf ofonfInI fhronfs. &'(), 484 !.S. nf 52?.
Somo rIghfs of govornmonf omIoyoos nro corfnInIy
nbrognfod In nnfIonnI socurIfy cnsos. Tho Ionrd nnd
!osondonfs musf rocognIzo fhnf fhoso Insfnncos nro fho
rosuIf of bnInncIng comofIng Inforosfs ns wns fho cnso In
&'() nnd ns Is fho cnso horo. !"" *(+$# -% ./+01"2$, 542
!.S. 50?, 529 (2004) (|T]ho rocoss duo In nny gIvon
Insfnnco Is doformInod by woIghIng fho 'rIvnfo Inforosf
fhnf wIII bo nffocfod by fho offIcInI ncfIon` ngnInsf fho

3#2#45.) (omhnsIs nddod). Honco, ns fho Agoncy found,
InformnfIon rognrdIng Ms. Conyors`s dobf Is n ronsonnbIo
concorn. !"" J.A. l49-52.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 25


Covornmonf`s nssorfod Inforosf, 'IncIudIng fho funcfIon
InvoIvod` nnd fho burdons fho Covornmonf wouId fnco In
rovIdIng gronfor rocoss.) (quofIng !"#$%&' )* +,-./-0%,
424 !.S. 3l9, 335 (l9?6)).
20
Honco, ns !ord CyrII !nd-
cIIff
In our socIofy, If hns boon nccofod fhnf gonuIno nnd
IogI n
o nofod, socurIfy musf bo woIghod ngnInsf ofhor
Imorfnnf quosfIons In fhnf froo dInIoguo bofwoon gov-
ornmonf . . . nnd ooIo ouf of whIch ubIIc IIfo Is buIIf.
2l

fIm fo doubf Is fo bo rosoIvod In fnvor of nnfIonnI
socurIfy.
22
1%% +0"2, 484 !.S. nf 52?; '%% ",'3 42/#%-

20
WorkIng for fho govornmonf Is nof onIy nn oxnm-
Io of cIvIc dufy buf nIso nn honornbIo nnd rIvIIogod
undorfnkIng fhnf cIfIzons cnnnof fnko IIghfIy. ThIs Is
osocInIIy fruo whon fho govornmonf osIfIon ImIIcnfos
nnfIonnI socurIfy. In ofhor words, boIng omIoyod by n
govornmonf ngoncy fhnf donIs In mnffors of nnfIonnI
socurIfy Is nof n fundnmonfnI rIghf. AccordIngIy, fho
com
nf
hff://hnnsnrd.mIIIbnnksysfoms.com/Iords/l96?/juI/06/fho-
d-n o
ofIng Inforosfs In fhIs cnso undoubfodIy woIgh on fho
sIdo of nnfIonnI socurIfy.

21
2l8 InrI. ob., H.!. (5fh sor.) (l96?) ?8l-83,
nvnIInbIo
ofIc -sysfom-rndcIIffo-commIffoos (dIscussIng fho
ubIIcnfIon of n sfory concornIng nnfIonnI socurIfy).

22
AIfhough ndvorso ncfIons of fhIs fyo nro InrgoIy
unrovIownbIo, courfs mny oxnmIno nIIognfIons of consfIfu-
fIonnI vIoInfIons or nIIognfIons fhnf nn ngoncy vIoInfod Ifs
own rocodurnI roguInfIons. 1%%5 %*0*, +0"2, 484 !.S. nf
530. Ior oxnmIo, fho govornmonf`s InvocnfIon of nn-
fIonnI socurIfy nufhorIfy doos nof rocIudo judIcInI rovIow
In Insfnncos InvoIvIng fundnmonfnI rIghfs. 1%% 6"7-/,
542 !.S. nf 529-30 (fIndIng duo rocoss vIoInfIon of fhoso
cInssIfIod ns onomy combnfnnfs nnd nffordIng gronf
woIghf fo hysIcnI IIborfy ns n fundnmonfnI rIghf). On fho
ofhor hnnd, courfs gonornIIy do nof nccord sImIInr woIghf
fo nn IndIvIdunI In cnsos concornIng nnfIonnI socurIfy
whoro no such fundnmonfnI rIghf Is ImIIcnfod. 1%%5 %*0*,
II!!Y v. COYI!S 26


!"#"$% '( )*+$,, 389 !.S. 258, 26? (l96?) (|W]hIIo fho
ConsfIfufIon rofocfs ngnInsf InvnsIons of IndIvIdunI
rIghfs, If doos nof wIfhdrnw from fho Covornmonf fho
owor fo snfogunrd Ifs vIfnI Inforosfs . . . . Tho Covorn-
monf cnn dony nccoss fo Ifs socrofs fo fhoso who wouId uso
such InformnfIon fo hnrm fho nfIon.) (cIfnfIon omIffod).
Thnf wns fho hIIosohIcnI undorInnIng of -.#/ nnd If Is
fho hoIdIng of fhIs courf fodny. AccordIngIy, fho morIfs of
fhoso ngoncy doformInnfIons boforo us nro nof rovIownbIo
by fho Ionrd.
V. COC!!SIO
Ior fho forogoIng ronsons, fho Ionrd cnnnof rovIow
fho morIfs of IxocufIvo Irnnch ngoncIos` nnfIonnI socurIfy
doformInnfIons concornIng oIIgIbIIIfy of nn omIoyoo fo

0$//$" '( 12$3"*44, 425 I.3d 999, l004 (.C. CIr. 2005)
(hoIdIng fhnf subsfnnfInI ovIdonco of nnfIonnI socurIfy
concorns ns n confomornnoous ronson for fho ngoncy`s
ncfIon In n TIfIo VII cnso wns onough for rosoIufIon In
fnvor of oxocufIvo dIscrofIon). In ofhor vory IImIfod cIr-
cumsfnncos, TIfIo VII cInIms rnIsod In fho confoxf of n
socurIfy cIonrnnco InvosfIgnfIon mny bo jusfIcInbIo. In
)#""5.#/ '( 6*,7$3, --- I.3d ----, o. l0-50l4, 20l2 W!
2?6434? (.C. CIr. JuIy l0, 20l2), fho courf hoId fhnf: (l)
-.#/`s nbsoIufo bnr on judIcInI rovIow covors onIy socu-
rIfy cIonrnnco-roInfod docIsIons mndo by frnInod SocurIfy
IvIsIon orsonnoI nnd doos nof rocIudo nII rovIow of
docIsIons by ofhor III omIoyoos who moroIy roorf
socurIfy concorns, 57( nf *3; nnd (2) TIfIo VII cInIm|s]
mny rocood onIy If . . . |If cnn bo shown] fhnf ngoncy
omIoyoos ncfod wIfh n rofnIInfory or dIscrImInnfory
mofIvo In roorfIng or roforrIng InformnfIon fhnf fhoy
know fo bo fnIso, 57( nf *?. AIfhough dIsfInguIshnbIo
from fhIs cnso bocnuso )#""5.#/ Is socIfIc onIy fo socurIfy
cIonrnncos, )#""5.#/ doos omhnsIzo fho Imorfnnco of
rodIcfIvo judgmonfs nnd fho doforonco fhnf courfs musf
nfford IxocufIvo Irnnch ngoncIos In mnffors concornIng
nnfIonnI socurIfy. 87( nf *3-5.
II!!Y v. COYI!S


2?
occuy n sonsIfIvo osIfIon fhnf ImIIcnfos nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy. As OIM nofos, fhoro Is nofhIng fnIIsmnnIc nbouf
oIIgIbIIIfy for nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon. OIM`s Ir.
2?. Tho coro quosfIon Is whofhor nn ngoncy doformInn-
fIon concorns oIIgIbIIIfy of nn omIoyoo fo occuy n sonsI-
fIvo osIfIon fhnf ImIIcnfos nnfIonnI socurIfy. Whon fho
nnswor fo fhnf quosfIon Is In fho nffIrmnfIvo, !"#$ n-
IIos nnd fh s rovIow of
fho doform MA for
furfhor rocoodIngs consIsfonf wIfh fhIs docIsIon.
!"#"!$"% '(% !")'(%"%
o Ionrd Inys n IImIfod roIo In If
InnfIon. Wo !IVI!SI nnd !I
!"#$%& ($)$%* +,-.$ ,/ 011%)2*
/,. $3% 4%&%.)2 +#.5-#$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
#$%& '())*+ ,-)(./$)+ $00-.( $0 1()2$&&(3
45&56(4(&/+
!"#$#$%&"'(
78
)%$&,5 98 .$&*()2 5&, ,(:$& %5;6%/$&
&$)/%$:()+
*"+,%&-"&#+(
<=>
4()-/ 2*2/(42 1)$/(./-$& '$5),+
*"+,%&-"&#.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20ll-320?
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IofIfIon for !ovIow of fho MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon
Ionrd In consoIIdnfod cnso nos. CH0?52090925-!-l nnd
AT0?52l00l84-!-l.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
YK, /$'01$# 21-3", dIssonfIng.
Tho mnjorIfy, rovorsIng fho MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon
Ionrd (Ionrd), hoIds fhnf hundrods of fhousnnds of
fodornI omIoyoosdosIgnnfod ns hoIdIng nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy osIfIonsdo nof hnvo fho rIghf fo nonI fho morIfs
of ndvorso ncfIons fo fho Ionrd sImIy bocnuso fho o-
nrfmonf of ofonso hns docIdod fhnf such nonIs shouId
nof bo nIIowod.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 2


Tho mnjorIfy ronchos fhIs concIusIon ovon fhough fho
CIvII SorvIco !oform Acf of l9?8 (CS!A), 5 !.S.C.
ll0l of soq., unquosfIonnbIy gIvos fhoso omIoyoos fho
rIghf fo nonI fho morIfs of ndvorso ngoncy orsonnoI
ncfIons fo fho Ionrd, nnd Congross hns ncfod socIfIcnIIy
fo dony Ionrd jurIsdIcfIon undor fho CS!A wIfh rosocf
fo corfnIn nnfIonnI socurIfy ngoncIosfho ConfrnI InfoIII-
gonco Agoncy (CIA), fho IodornI Iuronu of InvosfIgnfIon
(III), nnd InfoIIIgonco comononfs of fho onrfmonf of
ofonsobuf hns nof oxomfod fho non-InfoIIIgonco
comononfs of fho onrfmonf of ofonso InvoIvod horo.
And fho mnjorIfy ronchos fhIs concIusIon dosIfo fho fncf
fhnf Congross In 2003 nufhorIzod fho onrfmonf of
ofonso fo cronfo jusf such nn oxomfIon for Ifs non-
InfoIIIgonco comononfs nnd fhon roonIod fhnf nufhorI-
znfIon In 2009. Tho mnjorIfy offors IIffIo oxInnnfIon ns fo
how Ifs docIsIon cnn bo consIsfonf wIfh fho CS!A ofhor
fhnn fo dIsmIssIvoIy sfnfo fhnf no confroIIIng congros-
sIonnI ncf Is rosonf horo. MnjorIfy O. nf ll.
Tho mnjorIfy`s soIo ground for Ifs rovorsnI of fho
Ionrd Is fho Suromo Courf`s docIsIon In !"#$%&'"(& *+
&," -$./ .0 12$(, 484 !.S. 5l8 (l988). Whnf fho Su-
romo Courf IfsoIf chnrncforIzod ns fho nnrrow docIsIon
In 12$( doos nof romofoIy suorf fho mnjorIfy`s osIfIon.
3"" 450 nf 520. If sImIy hoIds fhnf whoro nccoss fo cInssI-
fIod InformnfIon Is n nocossnry qunIIfIcnfIon for n fodornI
osIfIon, rovocnfIon of n socurIfy cIonrnnco ursunnf fo
fho rodocossor of IxocufIvo Ordor o. l2,968, 60 Iod.
!og. 40,245 (Aug. 2, l995), Is n ground for romovnI, nnd
fhnf fho morIfs of fho socurIfy cIonrnnco rovocnfIon nro
oufsIdo fho Ionrd`s jurIsdIcfIon. Tho omIoyoos` osIfIons
horo roquIrod no such nccoss, nnd fho omIoyoos In quos-
fIon hnd no socurIfy cIonrnncos. Inr from suorfIng
oIImInnfIon of Ionrd jurIsdIcfIon In such cIrcumsfnncos,
12$( oxIIcIfIy rocognIzod fhnf nnfIonnI socurIfy omIoy-
II!!Y v. COYI!S 3


oos couId chnIIongo fhoIr romovnI boforo fho Ionrd. 484
!.S. nf 523 n.4 (nofIng fhnf whoro fho ngoncy fnIIs fo
Invoko fho summnry romovnI rocoduros of 5 !.S.C.
?532, nn omIoyoo`s romovnI . . . rosumnbIy wouId bo
subjocf fo Ionrd rovIow ns rovIdod In ?5l3.).
Tho brondfh of fho mnjorIfy`s docIsIon Is oxomIIfIod
by fho Iow IovoI osIfIons InvoIvod In fhIs vory cnso. Ms.
Conyors sorvod ns n CS-05 AccounfIng TochnIcInn (n-
roxImnfoIy $32,000 fo $42,000 nnnunI snInry rnngo) nf
fho ofonso IInnnco nnd AccounfIng SorvIco. Mr. or-
fhovor wns omIoyod by fho ofonso CommIssnry Agoncy
ns n CS-0? CommIssnry Mnnngomonf SocInIIsf (n-
roxImnfoIy $39,000 fo $50,000 nnnunI snInry rnngo),
whoro ho orformod Invonfory confroI nnd sfock mnnngo-
monf dufIos. I rosocffuIIy dIssonf.
l


l
QuIfo nnrf from fho morIfs, If sooms fo mo fhnf
Ms. Conyors`s cnso Is moof. Tho OffIco of IorsonnoI
Mnnngomonf (OIM) ndmIfs fhnf no ongoIng dIsufo
oxIsfs bofwoon Ms. Conyors nnd fho onrfmonf of o-
fonso. OIM Ir. nf 20 n.l2. !oIyIng on !"#$%# '( )%#*+
,-.+%/. 0#"+%1+*"$ 2"3#4, 8l5 I.2d 668 (Iod. CIr. l98?),
fho mnjorIfy nofos fhnf nIfhough fho nonI ns fo Ms.
Conyors wns dIsmIssod ns moof, OIM . . . mnInfnIns
suffIcIonf Inforosfs In fhIs ofIfIon fo snfIsfy nny ArfIcIo
III cnso or confrovorsy roquIromonf. MnjorIfy O. nf ?
n.5. I dIsngroo. OIM`s onIy Inforosf In Ms. Conyors`s cnso
Is In socurIng nn ndvIsory oInIon on fho roquIromonfs of
fodornI Inw. ofhIng Is boffor osfnbIIshod fhnn fho Im-
ormIssIbIIIfy undor ArfIcIo III of rondorIng such ndvIsory
oInIons. ,%% 563.+ '( 7"8%$, 392 !.S. 83, 96 (l968) (|I]f
Is quIfo cIonr fhnf fho oIdosf nnd mosf consIsfonf fhrond
In fho fodornI Inw of jusfIcInbIIIfy Is fhnf fho fodornI
courfs wIII nof gIvo ndvIsory oInIons. (InfornnI quofnfIon
mnrks omIffod)).
!"#$%# Is rondIIy dIsfInguIshnbIo from fhIs cnso. In
!"#$%#, fho rosuIf of fho nonI wouId hnvo hnd conso-
quoncos for fho omIoyoo, ns fho dIscIIInnry ncfIon
ngnInsf hIm |wouId] bo n nuIIIfy If |fho courf] ovorfurn|od]
II!!Y v. COYI!S 4


I
Af fho oufsof, If Is Imorfnnf fo bo cIonr nbouf fho ox-
ncf nnfuro of fho mnjorIfy`s docIsIon. !ndor fho mnjorIfy`s
oxnnsIvo hoIdIng, whoro nn omIoyoo`s osIfIon Is dosIg-
nnfod ns n nnfIonnI socurIfy osIfIon, !"" 5 C.I.!.
?32.20l(n),
2
fho Ionrd Incks jurIsdIcfIon fo rovIow fho
undorIyIng morIfs of nny romovnI, susonsIon, domofIon,
or ofhor ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIon covorod by 5 !.S.C.
?5l2. Tho mnjorIfy hoIds fhnf fho Ionrd cnnnof rovIow
fho morIfs of IxocufIvo Irnnch ngoncIos` nnfIonnI socurIfy
doformInnfIons concornIng oIIgIbIIIfy of nn omIoyoo fo
occuy n sonsIfIvo osIfIon fhnf ImIIcnfos nnfIonnI socu-
rIfy. MnjorIfy O. nf 26. Tho mnjorIfy concodos fhnf Ifs
hoIdIng rondors ndvorso ncfIons of fhIs fyo | ] InrgoIy
unrovIownbIo.
3
MnjorIfy O. nf 25 n.22. Thus, fho

fho bonrd`s docIsIon. 8l5 I.2d nf 6?l. In fhIs cnso, ovon
If fho Ionrd Is ovorfurnod, Ms. Conyors wIII nof bo nf-
focfod bocnuso sho hns nIrondy rocoIvod nII roIIof fo whIch
sho Is onfIfIod bnsod on hor susonsIon. #"" $%%&"' )*
+"&,- %. -/" 01)2, l08 I.3d 324, 326 (Iod. CIr. l99?) (If
nn nonInbIo ncfIon Is cnncoIod or roscIndod by nn
ngoncy, nny nonI from fhnf ncfIon bocomos moof.).
2
5 C.I.!. ?32.20l(n) rovIdos, fho hond of onch
ngoncy shnII dosIgnnfo, or cnuso fo bo dosIgnnfod, nny
osIfIon wIfhIn fho donrfmonf or ngoncy fho occunnf of
whIch couId brIng nbouf, by vIrfuo of fho nnfuro of fho
osIfIon, n mnforInI ndvorso offocf on fho nnfIonnI socurIfy
ns n sonsIfIvo osIfIon nf ono of fhroo sonsIfIvIfy IovoIs:
SocInISonsIfIvo, CrIfIcnISonsIfIvo, or oncrIfIcnI
SonsIfIvo.
3
As OIM rocognIzos, undor fho ruIo ndofod by fho
mnjorIfy, |f]ho Ionrd`s rovIow . . . Is IImIfod fo doformIn-
Ing whofhor |fho ngoncy] foIIowod nocossnry rocoduros . .
. |nnd] fho morIfs of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy doformInnfIons
nro nof subjocf fo rovIow. OIM Ir. nf 25; !"" 13!% 4516,
484 !.S. nf 530. Tho Ionrd`s rovIow doos nof . . . IncIudo
fho morIfs of fho undorIyIng doformInnfIon fhnf Mr.
orfhovor nnd Ms. Conyors woro nof oIIgIbIo fo occuy n
II!!Y v. COYI!S 5


mnjorIfy`s hoIdIng forocIosos fho sfnfuforIIy-rovIdod
rovIow of fho morIfs of ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIons fnkon
ngnInsf cIvII sorvIco omIoyoos moroIy bocnuso fhoso
omIoyoos occuy n osIfIon dosIgnnfod by fho ngoncy ns n
nnfIonnI socurIfy osIfIon.
Tho mnjorIfy`s hoIdIng nIIows ngoncIos fo fnko ndvorso
ncfIons ngnInsf omIoyoos for IIIogIfImnfo ronsons, nnd
hnvo fhoso docIsIons shIoIdod from rovIow sImIy by
dosIgnnfIng fho bnsIs for fho ndvorso ncfIon ns InoIIgIbII-
Ify fo occuy n sonsIfIvo osIfIon. As fho Ionrd oInfs
ouf, fho rIncIIo ndofod by fho mnjorIfy nof onIy ro-
cIudos rovIow of fho morIfs of ndvorso ncfIons, If wouId
nIso rocIudo Ionrd nnd judIcInI rovIow of whIsfIobIowor
rofnIInfIon nnd n whoIo hosf of ofhor consfIfufIonnI nnd
sfnfufory vIoInfIons for fodornI omIoyoos subjocfod fo
ofhorwIso nonInbIo romovnIs nnd ofhor ndvorso nc-
fIons. Ionrd Ir. nf 35. ThIs offocf Is oxIIcIfIy concodod
by OIM, whIch ngroos fhnf fho ngoncy`s IInbIIIfy for
dnmngos for nIIogod dIscrImInnfIon or rofnIInfIon wouId
nof bo subjocf fo rovIow. OIM Ir. nf 25.
OIM`s concossIon Is groundod In oxIsfIng Inw sInco
fho mnjorIfy oxnnds !"#$ fo covor nII nnfIonnI socurIfy
osIfIons, nnd !"#$ hns boon hoId fo forocIoso whIsfIo-
bIowor, dIscrImInnfIon, nnd ofhor consfIfufIonnI cInIms.
!oIyIng on !"#$, wo hnvo hoId fhnf fho Ionrd Incks
jurIsdIcfIon whoro n ofIfIonor nIIogos fhnf hIs socurIfy
cIonrnnco hnd boon rovokod In rofnIInfIon for whIsfIobIow-
Ing. %&& '&((& *+ ,&-./ 01 %/#/&, 2l? I.3d l3?2, l3??-80
(Iod. CIr. 2000), 2&3/+ 4&$5&4, 53l !.S. ll54 (200l). So
foo, fho mnjorIfy`s docIsIon rondors unrovIownbIo nII
cInIms of dIscrImInnfIon by omIoyoos In nnfIonnI socurIfy
osIfIons undor TIfIo VII of fho CIvII !Ighfs Acf of l964,

sonsIfIvo osIfIon for nnfIonnI socurIfy ronsons. OIM
!oIy Ir. nf l5.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 6


42 !.S.C. 2000o-5. SovornI cIrcuIfs hnvo hoId fhnf
courfs Inck jurIsdIcfIon fo ndjudIcnfo dIscrImInnfIon
cInIms whoro fho ndvorso ncfIon Is bnsod on n socurIfy
cIonrnnco rovocnfIon bocnuso n TIfIo VII nnnIysIs nocos-
snrIIy roquIros fho courf fo orform somo rovIow of fho
morIfs of fho socurIfy cIonrnnco docIsIon, whIch Is rohIb-
Ifod by !"#$. %&#'() +, -,., /0123 45 360 7#+8, 66 I.3d
l93, l96 (9fh CIr. l995); 900 %0$$033 +, :60&3455, 425 I.3d
999, l003 (.C. CIr. 2005) (WhIIo |fho InInfIff] cInIms
fhnf |fho ngoncy`s] socurIfy cIonrnnco oxInnnfIon Is
rofoxfunI, . . . n courf cnnnof ndjudIcnfo fho crodIbIIIfy of
fhnf cInIm.).
4
Indood, In fhIs cnso, Mr. orfhovor`s
dIscrImInnfIon cInIms woro dIsmIssod wIfhouf rojudIco
ondIng fho oufcomo of fhIs nonI. ConsfIfufIonnI cInIms
by omIoyoos occuyIng nnfIonnI socurIfy osIfIons nro
nIso bnrrod by fho mnjorIfy`s docIsIon dosIfo fho mnjor-
Ify`s confrnry rofosfnfIons. In !);<#$#8$( +, -,., /0;
1#&3=0$3 45 !$0&"8, 59l I.3d l?6, l84-86 (3d CIr. 20l0),
fho ThIrd CIrcuIf hoId fhnf n InInfIff couId nof rovnII on
hIs IIrsf Amondmonf nnd IIffh Amondmonf cInIms whoro
ho nIIogod hIs socurIfy cIonrnnco hnd boon rovokod In
rofnIInfIon for consfIfufIonnIIy rofocfod sooch nnd/or
bnsod on hIs roIIgIon nnd nnfIonnI orIgIn.

4
.00 #)94 >0$0$?#@= +, :#)A0&#, 45 I. A`x 4l6,
4l8 (6fh CIr. 2002); B8#$ +, B0$4, l68 I.3d 520, 523-24
(.C. CIr. l999); %0C0&&# +, /#)34$, 94 I.3d l45, l49 (4fh
CIr. l996); D0&0' +, E%F, ?l I.3d 5l3, 5l4-l5 (5fh CIr.
l995) (Iocnuso fho courf wouId hnvo fo oxnmIno fho
IogIfImncy nnd fho ossIbIy rofoxfunI nnfuro of fho
|ngoncy`s] rofforod ronsons for rovokIng fho omIoyoo`s
socurIfy cIonrnnco, nny TIfIo VII chnIIongo fo fho rovocn-
fIon wouId of nocossIfy roquIro somo judIcInI scrufIny of
fho morIfs of fho rovocnfIon docIsIon. (foofnofo omIffod)).
II!!Y v. COYI!S ?


II
Tho mnjorIfy comIofoIy fnIIs fo como fo grIs wIfh fho
sfnfufo, fho fncf fhnf If rovIdos for rovIow of fho morIfs of
fho ndvorso ngoncy ncfIon InvoIvod horo, nnd fhnf fho
mnjorIfy`s hoIdIng offocfIvoIy nuIIIfIos fho sfnfufo.
Tho rImnry uroso of fho CS!ArovIdIng rovIow
of ngoncIos` ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIonswns fo onsuro
fhnf |o]mIoyoos nro . . . rofocfod ngnInsf nrbIfrnry
ncfIon, orsonnI fnvorIfIsm, nnd from nrfIsnn oIIfIcnI
coorcIon. S. !o. o. 95-969, nf l9 (l9?8), !"#!$%&"' $%
l9?8 !.S.C.C.A.. 2?23, 2?4l. In ordor fo onsuro such
rofocfIon, fho CS!A cronfod fho Ionrd fo bo n qunsI-
judIcInI body, omoworod fo doformIno whon nbusos or
vIoInfIons of Inw hnvo occurrod, nnd fo ordor corrocfIvo
ncfIon. )'* nf 24. Tho rofocfIons woro nffordod fo fho
vnsf mnjorIfy of omIoyoos of fho oxocufIvo brnnch.
Subchnfor II of Chnfor ?5 of fho CS!A oxIIcIfIy
gIvos ovory omIoyoo fho rIghf fo sook Ionrd rovIow of
ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIons. 5 !.S.C. ?5l3(d); +"" ,-+.
$'* ??0l. Tho form omIoyoo Is dofInod fo IncIudo nII
omIoyoos In fho comofIfIvo or oxcofod sorvIcos
5
who
nro nof sorvIng n robnfIonnry orIod or undor fomornry

5
Tho comofIfIvo sorvIco consIsfs of nII cIvII sor-
vIco osIfIons In fho oxocufIvo brnnch wIfh fho oxcofIon
of fhoso osIfIons fhnf nro socIfIcnIIy oxomfod by sfnf-
ufo, fhoso osIfIons whIch nro noInfod for confIrmnfIon
by fho Sonnfo (unIoss IncIudod by sfnfufo), nnd fhoso
osIfIons fhnf nro In fho SonIor IxocufIvo SorvIco; ofhor
cIvII sorvIco osIfIons fhnf hnvo boon socIfIcnIIy IncIudod
In fho comofIfIvo sorvIco by sfnfufo; nnd osIfIons In
fho govornmonf of fho IsfrIcf of CoIumbIn whIch nro
socIfIcnIIy IncIudod In fho comofIfIvo sorvIco by sfnf-
ufo. 5 !.S.C. 2l02(n). Tho oxcofod sorvIco consIsfs
of nII cIvII sorvIco osIfIons whIch nro nof In fho comofI-
fIvo sorvIco or fho SonIor IxocufIvo SorvIco. )'*
2l03(n).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 8


noInfmonf, nnd who, In fho cnso of oxcofod sorvIco
omIoyoos, hns comIofod fwo yonrs of socIfIod sorvIco.
6

An omIoyoo Is onfIfIod fo nonI n romovnI, n suson-
sIon for moro fhnn l4 dnys, n roducfIon In grndo or ny,
or n furIough of 30 dnys or Ioss fo fho Ionrd. !"# ?5l2.
In ordor fo doformIno whofhor nn ndvorso ncfIon con-
sfIfufos nrbIfrnry ngoncy ncfIon, fho Ionrd nocossnrIIy
oxnmInos fho morIfs of fho undorIyIng ngoncy docIsIon.
?


6
Tho sfnfufo dofInos nn omIoyoo ns:
(A) nn IndIvIdunI In fho comofIfIvo sorvIco--
(I) who Is nof sorvIng n robnfIonnry or frInI
orIod undor nn InIfInI noInfmonf; or
(II) who hns comIofod l yonr of curronf con-
fInuous sorvIco undor ofhor fhnn n fomornry
noInfmonf IImIfod fo l yonr or Ioss;
(I) n roforonco oIIgIbIo In fho oxcofod sorvIco
who hns comIofod l yonr of curronf confInuous
sorvIco In fho snmo or sImIInr osIfIons--
(I) In nn IxocufIvo ngoncy; or
(II) In fho !nIfod Sfnfos IosfnI SorvIco or
IosfnI !oguInfory CommIssIon; nnd
(C) nn IndIvIdunI In fho oxcofod sorvIco (ofhor
fhnn n roforonco oIIgIbIo)--
(I) who Is nof sorvIng n robnfIonnry or frInI
orIod undor nn InIfInI noInfmonf ondIng
convorsIon fo fho comofIfIvo sorvIco; or
(II) who hns comIofod 2 yonrs of curronf con-
fInuous sorvIco In fho snmo or sImIInr osI-
fIons In nn IxocufIvo ngoncy undor ofhor fhnn
n fomornry noInfmonf IImIfod fo 2 yonrs or
Ioss . . . .
5 !.S.C. ?5ll(n)(l).
?
$%% &"'() +# ,%-./ 01 /2% &3(4, l05 M.S.I.!. 50,
55 (200?), '11.", 2?3 I. A`x 94? (Iod. CIr. 2008)
(|W]hon fho chnrgo consIsfs of fho omIoyIng ngoncy's
wIfhdrnwnI or rovocnfIon of Ifs corfIfIcnfIon or ofhor
nrovnI of fho omIoyoo`s fIfnoss or ofhor qunIIfIcnfIons
fo hoId hIs osIfIon, fho Ionrd's nufhorIfy gonornIIy
II!!Y v. COYI!S 9


!ndor 5 !.S.C. ?5l3, nn ngoncy mny fnko nn ndvorso
omIoymonf ncfIon ngnInsf nn omIoyoo onIy for such
cnuso ns wIII romofo fho offIcIoncy of fho sorvIco. !"#
?5l3(n). In ordor fo domonsfrnfo fhnf fho ndvorso
ncfIon wIII romofo fho offIcIoncy of fho sorvIco, fho
ngoncy musf show by roondornnf ovIdonco fhnf fhoro Is
n noxus bofwoon fho mIsconducf nnd fho work of fho
ngoncy, I.o., fhnf fho omIoyoo`s mIsconducf Is IIkoIy fo
hnvo nn ndvorso Imncf on fho ngoncy's orformnnco of Ifs
funcfIons. $%&'( *# +,-./ &0 /1, 23*4, 229 I.3d l356,
l358 (Iod. CIr. 2000). In ovnIunfIng whofhor fho ngoncy
hns snfIsfIod fho noxus roquIromonf, |f]ho Ionrd rou-
fInoIy ovnIunfos such fncfors ns IoynIfy, frusfworfhInoss,
nnd judgmonf In doformInIng whofhor nn omIoyoo's
dIschnrgo wIII romofo fho offIcIoncy of fho sorvIco.
536,7 *# +38,, 355 I.3d l3?5, l3?9 (Iod. CIr. 2004)
(quofIng 9:3(, 484 !.S. nf 53? n.l (WhIfo, J., dIssonf-
Ing)). ThIs morIfs ovnIunfIon Is nof modIfIod moroIy
bocnuso fho romovnI Is cIonkod undor fho cIofh of boIng
In fho Inforosfs of nnfIonnI socurIfy.
Tho docIsIon by Congross fo nfford such rovIow fo fho
gronf mnjorIfy of fodornI omIoyoos Is mndo cIonr from fho
hIsfory of fho CS!A. InIfInIIy, rovIow of ndvorso ncfIons
wns oxfondod onIy fo roforonco oIIgIbIos.
8
;,, <(=/,"
;/3/,7 *# >3?7/&, 484 !.S. 439, 444 (l988). In l9?8,
Subchnfor II of Chnfor ?5 of fho CS!A wns onncfod fo
oxfond rofocfIons fo omIoyoos In fho comofIfIvo sorvIco
In nddIfIon fo roforonco oIIgIbIos, buf gonornIIy nof fo
omIoyoos In fho oxcofod sorvIco. ;,, CIvII SorvIco

oxfonds fo n rovIow of fho morIfs of fhnf wIfhdrnwnI or
rovocnfIon.).
8
A roforonco oIIgIbIo gonornIIy IncIudos vofornns
dIschnrgod undor honornbIo condIfIons, dIsnbIod vofornns,
nnd corfnIn fnmIIy mombors of doconsod or dIsnbIod
vofornns. ;,, 5 !.S.C. 2l08(3).
II!!Y v. COYI!S l0


!oform Acf of l9?8, Iub. !. o. 95-454, 204(n), 92 Sfnf.
llll. In !"#$%& ($)$%* +, -).*$/, 484 !.S. nf 444, 455,
fho Suromo Courf hoId fhnf fho CS!A dId nof covor non-
roforonco oIIgIbIo oxcofod sorvIco omIoyoos nnd fhnf
such omIoyoos couId nIso nof sook rovIow of nn ndvorso
ncfIon In n suIf for bnck ny In whnf Is now fho !nIfod
Sfnfos Courf of IodornI CInIms.
In l990, In rosonso fo -).*$/, Congross oxnndod
fho CS!A fo nIy fo nII fodornI govornmonf omIoyoos In
fho comofIfIvo nnd oxcofod sorvIcos wIfh nnrrow oxco-
fIons (dIscussod boIow). (%% CIvII SorvIco uo Irocoss
Amondmonfs, Iub. !. o. l0l-3?6, l04 Sfnf. 46l (l990).
In oxnndIng fho CS!A`s ronch fo IncIudo omIoyoos In
fho oxcofod sorvIco, Congross rocognIzod fhnf no mnffor
how nn omIoyoo Is InIfInIIy hIrod, fhnf omIoyoo ncquIros
corfnIn oxocfnfIons nbouf confInuod omIoymonf wIfh
fho Covornmonf. . . . |Ixcofod sorvIco omIoyoos] shouId
hnvo fho snmo rIghf fo bo froo from nrbIfrnry romovnI ns
do comofIfIvo sorvIco omIoyoos. H.!. !o. o. l0l-
328, nf 4 (l989), 0%10#"$%& #" l990 !.S.C.C.A.. 695, 698.
Iofh Ms. Conyors nnd Mr. orfhovor hoId ormnnonf
osIfIons In fho comofIfIvo sorvIco nnd bofh hnd com-
Iofod moro fhnn ono yonr of curronf confInuous sorvIco
undor ofhor fhnn n fomornry noInfmonf. Thus, bofh
fnII squnroIy wIfhIn fho dofInIfIon of omIoyoo undor fho
sfnfufo. Ms. Conyors wns IndofInIfoIy susondod nnd Mr.
orfhovor wns roducod In grndo, bofh ndvorso ncfIons
whIch onfIfIo fhom fo sook Ionrd rovIow. Thus, fho Ionrd
hnd jurIsdIcfIon ovor bofh Ms. Conyors`s nnd Mr. or-
fhovor`s nonIs.
Thnf Congross cIonrIy Infondod fhnf Ionrd rovIow ox-
fond fo fhoso omIoyoos Is mndo nnronf by Congross`s
docIsIon fo crnff socIfIc oxcofIons fo Ionrd jurIsdIcfIon
whoro nnfIonnI socurIfy wns n concorn, nnd nof fo oxfond
II!!Y v. COYI!S ll


such oxcofIons fo fho osIfIons InvoIvod horo. In oxnnd-
Ing fho CS!A`s covorngo fo oxcofod sorvIco omIoyoos In
l990, Congross cronfod oxcofIons for socIfIod omIoyoos
bnsod on nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns. Congross oxcIudod
nrfIcuInr govornmonf ngoncIos, such ns fho III nnd fho
nfIonnI SocurIfy Agoncy (SA), bocnuso of fhoIr
sonsIfIvo mIssIons, nnd nIso rocognIzod fhnf ofhor ngon-
cIos, such ns fho CIA, hnd nIrondy boon socIfIcnIIy ox-
cIudod from fho CS!A by sonrnfo sfnfufo. !"# nf 5. In
l996, fho oxcofIons woro oxnndod fo covor nII InfoIII-
gonco comononf|s] of fho onrfmonf of ofonso.
9
5
!.S.C. ?5ll(b).
Congross`s docIsIon fo socIfIcnIIy oxomf corfnIn nn-
fIonnI socurIfy osIfIons from fho rofocfIons of fho CS!A
rovIdos sfrong ovIdonco fhnf If Infondod fhnf Ionrd
rovIow oxfond fo ofhor osIfIons cInssIfIod ns nnfIonnI
socurIfy osIfIons fhnf woro nof oxomfod. As fho Su-
romo Courf nofod In $%&'(" *'+'(, -# ./012+34, 5l9

9
Tho l990 nmondmonf orIgInnIIy oxcIudod &%'(/
+5&+ fho nfIonnI SocurIfy Agoncy |nnd] fho ofonso
InfoIIIgonco Agoncy from Chnfor ?5 of fho CS!A. Iub.
!. o. l0l-3?6, 2. Howovor, In l996, Congross oIImI-
nnfod fhIs Inngungo nnd roIncod If wIfh nn InfoIIIgonco
comononf of fho onrfmonf of ofonso. Iub. !. o.
l04-20l, l634(b), ll0 Sfnf. 2422 (l996). Tho curronf
vorsIon of fho sfnfufo confnIns fhIs Inngungo. *(( 5
!.S.C. ?5ll(b). An InfoIIIgonco comononf of fho
onrfmonf of ofonso IncIudos fho SA, fho ofonso
InfoIIIgonco Agoncy, fho nfIonnI CoosnfInI-InfoIIIgonco
Agoncy, nnd |n]ny ofhor comononf of fho onrfmonf of
ofonso fhnf orforms InfoIIIgonco funcfIons nnd Is dosIg-
nnfod by fho Socrofnry of ofonso ns nn InfoIIIgonco
comononf of fho onrfmonf of ofonso. l0 !.S.C.
l6l4(2). oIfhor fho ofonso IInnnco nnd AccounfIng
SorvIco (whoro Ms. Conyors wns omIoyod), nor fho
ofonso CommIssnry Agoncy (whoro Mr. orfhovor wns
omIoyod) Is nn InfoIIIgonco comononf of fho onrf-
monf of ofonso.
II!!Y v. COYI!S l2


!.S. 34?, 352 (l99?), nn oxIIcIf IIsfIng of oxcofIons . . .
IndIcnfo|s] fo us fhnf Congross dId nof Infond courfs fo
rond ofhor unmonfIonod . . . oxcofIons Info fho sfnfufo
fhnf If wrofo. !"" $%&' ()* +,-. /. 0,12"3&, 534 !.S. l9,
28 (200l) (Whoro Congross oxIIcIfIy onumornfos corfnIn
oxcofIons . . . nddIfIonnI oxcofIons nro nof fo bo ImIIod,
In fho nbsonco of ovIdonco of n confrnry IogIsInfIvo Infonf.
(quofIng 0,124& /. 5%'/"2 6',&72. 6'., 446 !.S. 608, 6l6-
l? (l980)). Tho govornIng rIncIIo Is sImIo onough.
Whoro Congross hns crnffod somo oxcofIons for nnfIonnI
socurIfy nnd nof ofhors, omIoyoos nro onfIfIod fo Ionrd
rovIow of fho morIfs of ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIons,
rognrdIoss of fho onrfmonf of ofonso`s or fho mnjor-
Ify`s vIows fhnf nddIfIonnI oxcofIons for nnfIonnI socurIfy
osIfIons wouId bo dosIrnbIo. SIgnIfIcnnfIy foo, In onncf-
Ing 5 !.S.C. ?532,
l0
Congross rovIdod nn nIfornnfIvo
mochnnIsm fo bynss fho Ionrd for nnfIonnI socurIfy
urososnn nIfornnfIvo nof Invokod horo.
Tho mnjorIfy confonds fhnf Congross`s docIsIon fo ox-
omf fho III, CIA, nnd InfoIIIgonco comononfs of fho
onrfmonf of ofonso bnsod on nnfIonnI socurIfy con-
corns Is socuInfIvo bocnuso 'nnfIonnI socurIfy` wns nof n
fncfor rovIdIng for fhoso oxcIusIons. MnjorIfy O. nf l2

l0
!ndor socfIon ?532, fho hond of nn ngoncy mny
susond wIfhouf ny nn omIoyoo of hIs ngoncy whon ho
consIdors fhnf ncfIon nocossnry In fho Inforosfs of nnfIonnI
socurIfy. 5 !.S.C. ?532(n). |T]ho hond of nn ngoncy
mny romovo nn omIoyoo |who hns boon] susondod . . .
whon, nffor such InvosfIgnfIon nnd rovIow ns ho consIdors
nocossnry, ho doformInos fhnf romovnI Is nocossnry or
ndvIsnbIo In fho Inforosfs of nnfIonnI socurIfy. Tho dofor-
mInnfIon of fho hond of fho ngoncy Is fInnI. +1. ?532(b).
AIfhough fho ngoncy mny summnrIIy romovo nn omIoyoo
undor socfIon ?532, fhnf socfIon nIso rovIdos for corfnIn
rocodurnI rofocfIons fo nn omIoyoo boforo ho or sho
cnn bo romovod. !"" 81. ?532(c).
II!!Y v. COYI!S l3


n.8. Tho mnjorIfy Is cIonrIy mIsfnkon, ns bofh fho Inn-
gungo nnd fho IogIsInfIvo hIsfory of fho oxomfIons cro-
nfod for fhoso ngoncIos domonsfrnfo fhnf fhoso
oxomfIons woro socIfIcnIIy grnnfod bnsod on fho ofon-
fInI Imncf fhnf omIoyoos In fhoso ngoncIos couId hnvo
on nnfIonnI socurIfy.
Advorso ncfIons fnkon ngnInsf CIA omIoyoos nro
govornod by 50 !.S.C. 403-4n, whIch wns orIgInnIIy
onncfod ursunnf fo fho nfIonnI SocurIfy Acf of l94?,
Iub. !. o. 80-253, l02(c), 6l Sfnf. 495, 498. In onncf-
Ing fho nfIonnI SocurIfy Acf of l94?, Congross ncknowI-
odgod fhnf ono of fho confrnI urosos of fho Acf wns fo
osfnbIIsh|] n sfrucfuro fuIIy cnnbIo of snfogunrdIng !"#
%&'(!%&) *+,"#('- .#!/.')- &%0 +11+,'(2+)-. S. !o. o.
80-239, nf 2 (l94?) (omhnsIs nddod). To fhnf ond, Con-
gross rovIdod fho Irocfor of fho CIA Ionnry nufhorIfy
fo formInnfo fho omIoymonf of nny offIcor or omIoyoo
of fho |CIA] whonovor ho shnII doom such formInnfIon
nocossnry or ndvIsnbIo In fho Inforosfs of fho !nIfod
Sfnfos. Iub. !. o. 80-253, l02(c); *++ &)*! 50 !.S.C.
403-4n(o)(l).
In l964, Congross crnffod n sImIInr oxomfIon for om-
Ioyoos of fho SA, modoIIng If nffor fhnf cronfod for fho
CIA In l94?. 3++ Acf of Mnr. 26, l964, Iub. !. o. 88-290,
303(n), ?8 Sfnf. l68, l69. In rovIdIng fhIs oxomfIon,
Congross oxIIcIfIy rocognIzod fhnf |f]ho rosonsIbIIIfIos
nssIgnod fo fho |SA] nro so gronf, nnd fho consoquoncos
of orror so dovnsfnfIng, fhnf nufhorIfy fo dovInfo from n
roosod unIform IoynIfy rogrnm for IodornI omIoyoos
shouId bo grnnfod fo fhIs Agoncy. S. !o. o. 88-926, nf
2 (l964). Congross nIso nofod fhnf fho oxomfIon rocog-
nIzos fho rIncIIo fhnf fho rosonsIbIIIfy for confroI of
fhoso orsons who nro fo hnvo nccoss fo hIghIy cInssIfIod
InformnfIon shouId bo nccomnnIod by commonsurnfo
nufhorIfy fo formInnfo fhoIr omIoymonf whon fhoIr
II!!Y v. COYI!S l4


rofonfIon nnd !"#$%#&'( *!!'++ $" ',$-'.'/0 +'#+%$%1'
%#2"-.*$%"# %+ #"$ !/'*-/0 !"#+%+$'#$ 3%$4 $4' #*$%"#*/
+'!&-%$0. 5(6 (omhnsIs nddod).
Whon Congross oxnndod Chnfor ?5 fo covor om-
Ioyoos In fho oxcofod sorvIco In l990, If confInuod fo
oxcIudo fho III, CIA, nnd SA, ncknowIodgIng fhnf |f]ho
nfIonnI SocurIfy Acf of l946 |sIc] rovIdos fho Irocfor of
fho |CIA] wIfh Ionnry nufhorIfy fo donI wIfh orsonnoI of
fho CIA, nnd oxInInod fhnf If hnd rosorvod fho sfnfus
quo In roInfIon fo fho III nnd SA 7'!*&+' "2 $4'%- +'#+%8
$%1' .%++%"#+. 9'' H.!. !o. o. l0l-328, nf 5 (omhnsIs
nddod). In l996, Congross nssod fho nfIonnI ofonso
AufhorIznfIon Acf for IIscnI Yonr l99?, Iub. !. o. l04-
20l, ll0 Sfnf. 2422 (l996), cronfIng n now oxomfIon for
nII InfoIIIgonco comononfs of fho onrfmonf of o-
fonso, %(6 l632-33. ThIs oxomfIon Is codIfIod nf l0
!.S.C. l609 nnd l6l2, whIch oxIIcIfIy rovIdo fho
Socrofnry of ofonso wIfh nufhorIfy fo fnko ndvorso ncfIon
ngnInsf corfnIn omIoyoos whoro fho rocoduros ro-
scrIbod In ofhor rovIsIons of Inw |I.o. fho rovIsIons of
Chnfor ?5] . . . cnnnof bo Invokod In n mnnnor !"#+%+$'#$
3%$4 $4' #*$%"#*/ +'!&-%$0. l0 !.S.C. l609(n)(2) (om-
hnsIs nddod); +'' */+" %(6 l6l2 (ofwIfhsfnndIng nny
rovIsIon of chnfor ?5 of fIfIo 5, nn nonI of nn ndvorso
ncfIon by nn IndIvIdunI omIoyoo . . . shnII bo doformInod
wIfhIn fho onrfmonf of ofonso.). Thus, fhnf Congross
Infondod fo oxcIudo fhoso ngoncIos from fho rofocfIons of
Chnfor ?5 for nnfIonnI socurIfy ronsons Is undonInbIo.
Tho mnjorIfy nIso nonrs fo nrguo fhnf Congross`s
docIsIon fo crnff ofhor oxomfIons for omIoyoos of ofhor
govornmonf ngoncIos Is somohow InconsIsfonf wIfh fho
nofIon fhnf Congross`s oxcIusIon of fho III, CIA, nnd
SA wns for nnfIonnI socurIfy ronsons. Howovor, Con-
gross, In onncfIng fho CS!A, oxcIudod corfnIn non-
InfoIIIgonco ngoncIos, such ns fho ConornI AccounfIng
II!!Y v. COYI!S l5


OffIco, fho Vofornns HonIfh ScIoncos nnd !osonrch Ad-
mInIsfrnfIon, fho IosfnI SorvIco, fho IosfnI !nfo CommIs-
sIon, nnd fho Tonnossoo VnIIoy AufhorIfy bocnuso fho
omIoyoos of fhoso ngoncIos woro nIrondy rovIdod wIfh
nonI rIghfs fhrough nIfornnfIvo mochnnIsms. !"" H.!.
!o. o. l0l-328, nf 5.
IInnIIy, If Congross`s IogIsInfIvo cronfIon of corfnIn
oxomfIons bnsod uon nnfIonnI socurIfy concorns woro
nof onough fo rofufo fho mnjorIfy`s consfrucfIon, fhoro hns
nIso boon nn oxross docIsIon by Congross fo dony fho
nnfIonnI socurIfy oxomfIons cInImod horo by fho o-
nrfmonf of ofonso for Ifs non-InfoIIIgonco comononfs.
In 2003, Congross onncfod IogIsInfIon fhnf nIIowod fho
onrfmonf of ofonso fo oxcIudo omIoyoos hoIdIng
nnfIonnI socurIfy osIfIons from fho rovIow rocoduros
rovIdod by Chnfor ?5 of fho CS!A. !"" nfIonnI o-
fonso AufhorIznfIon Acf for IIscnI Yonr 2004, Iub. !. o.
l08-l36, ll0l, ll? Sfnf. l392 (2003). ThIs IogIsInfIon
rovIdod fhnf fho Socrofnry mny osfnbIIsh . . . n humnn
rosourcos mnnngomonf sysfom |fho nfIonnI SocurIfy
IorsonnoI Sysfom (SIS)] for #$%" $' ()) of fho $'*(+,
-.(/-$+() $' 01+2/-$+() 1+-/# of fho onrfmonf of o-
fonso. 345 ll0l(n) (codIfIod nf 5 !.S.C. 9902(n))
(omhnsIs nddod). Among ofhor fhIngs, fho Socrofnry wns
ormIffod fo romuIgnfo roguInfIons fo osfnbIIsh nn
nonIs rocoss fhnf rovIdos omIoyoos . . . fnIr fronf-
monf In nny nonIs fhnf fhoy brIng In docIsIons roInfIng
fo fhoIr omIoymonf. 345 (codIfIod nf 5 !.S.C.
9902(h)(l)(A)). IoIIowIng fho Socrofnry`s romuIgnfIon
of such roguInfIons, |I]ognI sfnndnrds nnd rocodonfs
nIIod boforo fho offocfIvo dnfo of |fho SIS] by fho
|Ionrd] nnd fho courfs undor chnfors 43, ?5, nnd ?? of
|fho CS!A] shnII nIy fo omIoyoos of orgnnIznfIonnI nnd
funcfIonnI unIfs IncIudod In fho |SIS], 1+)"## #126
#/(+4('4# (+4 7'"2"4"+/# ('" -+2$+#-#/"+/ 8-/6 )"*()
II!!Y v. COYI!S l6


!"#$%#&%! (!"#)*+!,(% -). ",( /(0&("#&.1. 2%3 (codIfIod nf
5 !.S.C. 9902(h)(3)) (omhnsIs nddod). In ofhor words,
fho Socrofnry`s roguInfIons couId bnr rovIow by fho Ionrd.
Iursunnf fo fho sfnfufory nufhorIznfIon, fho Socrofnry
romuIgnfod roguInfIons fhnf In fncf IImIfod fho Ionrd`s
nufhorIfy. /(( onrfmonf of ofonso Humnn !osourcos
Mnnngomonf nnd !nbor !oInfIons Sysfoms, ?0 Iod. !og.
66,ll6 (ov. l, 2005). !ndor fho roguInfIons, |w]horo If
Is doformInod fhnf fho InIfInI |Ionrd] docIsIon hns n dIrocf
nnd subsfnnfInI ndvorso Imncf on fho onrfmonf's
nnfIonnI socurIfy mIssIon, . . . n fInnI |onrfmonf of
ofonso] docIsIon wIII bo Issuod modIfyIng or rovorsIng
fhnf InIfInI |Ionrd] docIsIon. 2%3 nf 66,2l0 (codIfIod nf 5
C.I.!. 990l.80?(g)(2)(II)(I)). Thus, n Ionrd docIsIon
rovorsIng nn ngoncy`s ndvorso ncfIon wns subjocf fo vofo
by fho ngoncy If If wns doformInod fo hnvo n dIrocf nnd
subsfnnfInI ndvorso Imncf on fho onrfmonf's nnfIonnI
socurIfy mIssIonn Ioss drnconInn vorsIon of fho ngoncy
nufhorIfy nssorfod horo. AIso, undor fho roguInfIons, If
fho Socrofnry doformInod In hIs or hor !4*(5 (60*7!+8(5
#$% 7$&(8+(9#)*( %+!0&("+4$ |fhnf nn offonso] hns n dIrocf
nnd subsfnnfInI ndvorso Imncf on fho onrfmonf`s
nnfIonnI socurIfy mIssIon, +%3 nf 66,l90 (codIfIod nf 5
C.I.!. 990l.l03) (omhnsIs nddod), fho Ionrd couId nof
mIfIgnfo fho onnIfy for such nn offonso, +%3 nf 66,2l0
(codIfIod nf 5 C.I.!. 990l.808(b)).
On Jnnunry 28, 2008, Congross nmondod fho SIS
sfnfufo fo oIImInnfo fho onrfmonf of ofonso`s nufhor-
Ify fo cronfo n sonrnfo nonIs rocoss nnd InvnIIdnfo fho
oxIsfIng roguInfIons IImIfIng Ionrd nufhorIfy osfnbIIshod
by fho Socrofnry, !(( nfIonnI ofonso AufhorIznfIon Acf
for IIscnI Yonr 2008, Iub. !. o. ll0-l8l, ll06(n),
(b)(3), l22 Sfnf. 3, 349, 356-5?, brIngIng fho SIS undor
CovornmonfwIdo ruIos for dIscIIInnry ncfIons nnd om-
Ioyoo nonIs of ndvorso ncfIons, nfIonnI SocurIfy
II!!Y v. COYI!S l?


IorsonnoI Sysfom, ?3 Iod. !og. 56,344, 56,346 (Sof. 26,
2008).
ll
Tho roonI of fho onrfmonf of ofonso`s nu-
fhorIfy fo cronfo n sonrnfo nonIs rocoss (oxomfIng
omIoyoos from Ionrd rovIow) nnd fho roonI of Socro-
fnry`s roguInfIons ImIomonfIng fhIs nonIs rocoss
domonsfrnfo concIusIvoIy fhnf Congross Infondod fo
rocIudo fho onrfmonf of ofonso from InsuInfIng
ndvorso omIoymonf docIsIons ns fo omIoyoos of non-
InfoIIIgonco comononfs from Ionrd rovIow on fho morIfs.
Tho mnjorIfy`s nrgumonf fo fho confrnry Is unconvInc-
Ing. Tho mnjorIfy Is Incorrocf In suggosfIng fhnf fho
roonI of fhoso rovIsIons wns duo fo concorns nbouf
coIIocfIvo bnrgnInIng. See MnjorIfy O. nf l2 n.8. In fncf,
fho rovIsIons of fho SIS IImIfIng coIIocfIvo bnrgnInIng
woro nddrossod In n 2008 nmondmonf fo n sonrnfo
rovIsIon In rosonso fo IIfIgnfIon broughf by Inbor or-
gnnIznfIons on bohnIf of onrfmonf of ofonso omIoy-
oos.
l2
See An. IeJ`n of Got`/ 1npe., AIL-C1O t. Go/ee,
486 I.3d l3l6 (.C. CIr. 200?). Tho 2008 nmondmonf fo
fho coIIocfIvo bnrgnInIng rovIsIons hnd nofhIng fo do
wIfh fho roonI of fho Chnfor ?5 oxomfIon nufhorIfy or
fho roonI of fho roguInfIons rosfrIcfIng ndvorso ncfIon
nonI rIghfs. As fho onrfmonf of ofonso IfsoIf nofod,
fho rosfornfIon of ndvorso ncfIon nonI rIghfs fo Ifs

ll
Tho romnInIng sfnfufory rovIsIons cronfIng fho
SIS woro uIfImnfoIy roonIod on Ocfobor 28, 2009. See
nfIonnI ofonso AufhorIznfIon Acf for IIscnI Yonr 20l0,
Iub. !. o. lll-84, lll3(b), l23 Sfnf. 2l90, 2498 (2009);
eee oleo nfIonnI SocurIfy IorsonnoI Sysfom, ?6 Iod. !og.
8l,359 (oc. 28, 20ll) (roonIIng roguInfIons ImIomonf-
Ing fho SIS offocfIvo Jnnunry l, 20l2).
l2
Tho rovIsIons of fho SIS concornIng coIIocfIvo
bnrgnInIng woro confnInod In subsocfIon (m) of 5 !.S.C.
9902, whorons fho rovIsIons roInfIng fo ndvorso ncfIon
nonI rIghfs woro confnInod In subsocfIon (h), nnd hnd
nofhIng fo do wIfh coIIocfIvo bnrgnInIng.
!"##$ &' ()*$"#+ ,-


./0123..4 564 7.489:.7 ;2 <=>?@8:9=? *+A+ B:7.@ C2&D
.@:/.:;587. @B1.4 E2@ 784F8018:6@3 6F;82:4 6:7 ./0123..
600.614 2E 67&.@4. 6F;82:4'G *6;82:61 +.FB@8;3 A.@42::.1
+34;./H IJ K.7' #.9' 6; LMHJNM' OP. Q.06@;/.:; 2E
Q.E.:4. F6::2; :25 F168/ 6B;P2@8;3 40.F8E8F6113 7.:8.7 >3
(2:9@.44'
RRR
OP. /6S2@8;3 4B99.4;4 ;P6; F64.4 4BFP 64 !"#$% '
())*$ +, -$."/H NLJ T'+' MLN U,V-,WH 6:7 0)1/.%2)3/
45$$2 ' 617$ 8), +, 4"39$*H JNJ T'+' LIV U,VLXWH @.F29D
:8Y8:9 ;P. .Z84;.:F. 2E A@.487.:;861 6B;P2@8;3 ;2 6F; .&.:
5P.: (2:9@.44 P64 :2;H 4B002@; ;P. 69.:F3 6F;82: P.@.'
4$$ [6S2@8;3 )0' 6; ,J' OP.@. 6@. ;P@.. 4.@82B4 E1654
58;P ;P84 6@9B/.:;' K8@4;H 64 ;P. /6S2@8;3 8;4.1E @.F29D
:8Y.4H ;P. A@.487.:; F6::2; 6F; F2:;@6@3 ;2 F2:9@.4482:61
1.98416;82: .ZF.0; 0.@P604 8: ;P. /24; B:B4B61 F8@FB/D
4;6:F.4\5P8FP 6@. :2; F168/.7 ;2 .Z84; P.@.'
,J
]4 7.D
4F@8>.7 8//.786;.13 6>2&.H (2:9@.44 P64 6F;.7 ;2 0@2&87.
E2@ !26@7 @.&8.5'
+.F2:7H ;P84 F64. 72.4 :2; 8:&21&. 6 A@.487.:;861 6FD
;82:' !"#$% 6:7 0)1/.%2)3/ >2;P 8:&21&.7 69.:F3 6F;82:
;6^.: 0B@4B6:; ;2 6: "Z.FB;8&. )@7.@ 2E ;P. A@.487.:;'
4$$ !"#$%H NLJ T'+' 6; MMXDMJ U"Z.FB;8&. )@7.@ 6B;P2@D
8Y.7 ;P. +.F@.;6@3 2E ;P. O@.64B@3 ;2 0@2/B196;. @.9B16D
;82:4 ;2 >12F^ ;P. @./2&61 2@ ;@6:4E.@ 2E 611 0@20.@;3 P.17
>3 ;P. 92&.@:/.:; 2E R@6:W_ 0)1/.%2)3/H JNJ T'+' 6; L-XD
-J U"Z.FB;8&. )@7.@ 78@.F;.7 ;P. +.F@.;6@3 2E (2//.@F.
;2 4.8Y. ;P. :6;82:`4 4;..1 /8114W' OP. 2:13 "Z.FB;8&.

,J
4$$ 0)1/.%2)3/H JNJ T'+' 6; MJI Ua6F^42:H a'H
F2:FB@@8:9W U<bP.: ;P. A@.487.:; ;6^.4 /.64B@.4 8:F2/D
06;8>1. 58;P ;P. .Z0@.44.7 2@ 8/018.7 5811 2E (2:9@.44H P84
025.@ 84 6; 8;4 125.4; .>>H E2@ ;P.: P. F6: @.13 2:13 B02:
P84 25: F2:4;8;B;82:61 025.@4 /8:B4 6:3 F2:4;8;B;82:61
025.@4 2E (2:9@.44 2&.@ ;P. /6;;.@'GW'
II!!Y v. COYI!S l9


Ordors fhnf nro ofonfInIIy roIovnnf horo nro IxocufIvo
Ordor o. l2,968, 60 Iod. !og. 40,245, nnd IxocufIvo
Ordor o. l0,450, l8 Iod. !og. 2489. oIfhor grnnfs fho
ngoncy fho nufhorIfy If now sooks.
IxocufIvo Ordor o. l2,968, rIor vorsIons of whIch
formod fho bnsIs for !"#$, roInfos oxcIusIvoIy fo nccoss fo
cInssIfIod InformnfIon. If doIognfos fo fho honds of oxocu-
fIvo ngoncIos fho rosonsIbIIIfy fo osfnbIIsh|] nnd mnIn-
fnIn|] nn offocfIvo rogrnm fo onsuro fhnf nccoss fo
cInssIfIod InformnfIon by onch omIoyoo Is cIonrIy consIs-
fonf wIfh fho Inforosfs of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy, nnd sofs
forfh fho condIfIons undor whIch omIoyoos mny bo
grnnfod nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon. Ixoc. Ordor o.
l2,968, l.2(b)-(o), 60 Iod. !og. nf 40,246-4?. If rovIdos
fhnf nn ngoncy`s docIsIon fo rovoko nn omIoyoo`s socurIfy
cIonrnnco shnII bo fInnI. %&' 5.2(b). IxocufIvo Ordor
o. l2,968 hns nofhIng fo do wIfh fhIs cnso bocnuso fho
ngoncy`s ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIons ngnInsf Ms. Conyors
nnd Mr. orfhovor woro nof bnsod on donInIs of oIIgIbIIIfy
fo nccoss cInssIfIod InformnfIon, nnd noIfhor osIfIon
InvoIvod In fhIs cnso roquIrod n socurIfy cIonrnnco or
nccoss fo cInssIfIod InformnfIon.
IxocufIvo Ordor o. l0,450 rovIdos fhnf fho honds of
govornmonf ngoncIos nnd donrfmonfs shnII bo rosonsI-
bIo for osfnbIIshIng nnd mnInfnInIng wIfhIn |fhoIr] do-
nrfmonf or ngoncy nn offocfIvo rogrnm fo Insuro fhnf
fho omIoymonf nnd rofonfIon In omIoymonf of nny
cIvIIInn offIcor or omIoyoo wIfhIn fho donrfmonf or
ngoncy Is cIonrIy consIsfonf wIfh fho Inforosfs of fho
nnfIonnI socurIfy. Ixoc. Ordor o. l0,450, 2, l8 Iod.
!og. nf 2489. Tho ordor nIso doIognfos fo ngoncIos fho
nufhorIfy fo doformIno InvosfIgnfIvo roquIromonfs for
osIfIons nccordIng fo fho dogroo of ndvorso offocf fho
occunnf of fho osIfIon . . . couId brIng nbouf . . . on fho
nnfIonnI socurIfy. %&' 3; ()) #+(, 5 C.I.!. ?32.20l
II!!Y v. COYI!S 20


(soffIng forfh fho fhroo IovoIs of sonsIfIvIfy). ofhIng In
fho ordor In nny wny suggosfs fhnf fhoso fnIIIng Info n
sonsIfIvo cnfogory shouId bo oxomf from Ionrd rovIow.
!nfhor, fho ordor rovIdos for fho nIfornnfIvo romovnI
mochnnIsm rovIdod In socfIon ?532. Whoro nn ngoncy
hond doformInos fhnf confInuod omIoymonf of nn om-
Ioyoo Is nof cIonrIy consIsfonf wIfh fho Inforosfs of fho
nnfIonnI socurIfy, fho ngoncy hond shnII ImmodInfoIy
susond fho omIoymonf of fho orson InvoIvod If ho
dooms such susonsIon nocossnry In fho Inforosfs of fho
nnfIonnI socurIfy nnd, foIIowIng such InvosfIgnfIon nnd
rovIow ns ho dooms nocossnry, fho hond of fho donrfmonf
or ngoncy concornod shnII formInnfo fho omIoymonf of
such susondod offIcor or omIoyoo whonovor ho shnII
doformIno such formInnfIon nocossnry or ndvIsnbIo In fho
Inforosfs of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy, In nccordnnco wIfh fho
snId ncf of Augusf 26, l950.
l4
!"# 6. As fho Suromo
Courf rovIousIy nofod, If Is cIonr from fho fnco of fho
IxocufIvo Ordor fhnf $%& ()&*+"&,$ "+" ,-$ +,$&," $-
-.&))+"& *$/$0$-)1 2+3+$/$+-,* -, $%& "+*3+**/2 -4 &352-16

l4
Tho Acf of Aug. 26, l950, Iub. !. o. 8l-?33, 64
Sfnf. 4?6, wns fho rodocossor fo 5 !.S.C. ?532. If
rovIdod:
|]ofwIfhsfnndIng . . . fho rovIsIons of nny ofhor
Inw, |dosIgnnfod ngoncy hond] mny, In hIs nbso-
Iufo dIscrofIon nnd whon doomod nocossnry In fho
Inforosf of nnfIonnI socurIfy, susond, wIfhouf
ny, nny cIvIIInn offIcor or omIoyoo of fho
|ngoncy] . . . . Tho ngoncy hond concornod mny, foI-
IowIng such InvosfIgnfIon nnd rovIow ns ho dooms
nocossnry, formInnfo fho omIoymonf of such sus-
ondod cIvIIInn offIcor or omIoyoo whonovor ho
shnII doformIno such formInnfIon nocossnry or
ndvIsnbIo In fho Inforosf of fho nnfIonnI socurIfy of
fho !nIfod Sfnfos, nnd such doformInnfIon by fho
ngoncy hond concornod shnII bo concIusIvo nnd fI-
nnI.
II!!Y v. COYI!S 2l


eee, onJ pronulgo/eJ /le OrJer eolel, oe on inplenen/o-
/ion of /le 190 Ac/, I.o., whnf Is now 5 !.S.C. ?532.
Cole t. Young, 35l !.S. 536, 55? n.20 (l956) (omhnsIs
nddod). Tho sfnfufory IImIfnfIons In quosfIon In Cole
roquIrod rovIow of ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIons wIfh
rosocf fo fhoso omIoyoos onjoyIng vofornns` roforonco
rIghfs, nnd sorvod ns fho rodocossor of fho curronf Chn-
for ?5 whIch rofocfs fodornI cIvII sorvIco omIoyoos
gonornIIy. See Vofornns` Iroforonco Acf of l944, ch. 28?,
58 Sfnf. 38?, 390-9l.
l5
If IxocufIvo Ordor o. l0,450 dId
nof ovorrIdo fho onrIIor IImIfod rofocfIons, If cnn hnrdIy
bo rond fo ovorrIdo fho Infor-onncfod oxnndod rofocfIons
In fho curronf CS!A. Thus, noIfhor IxocufIvo Ordor o.
l2,968 nor IxocufIvo Ordor o. l0,450 nufhorIzos ngon-
cIos fo InsuInfo ndvorso omIoymonf ncfIons from Ionrd
rovIow whoro fho omIoyoos occuy n nnfIonnI socurIfy
osIfIon, oufsIdo fho confoxf of socurIfy cIonrnnco rovocn-
fIons or ncfIons undor socfIon ?532noIfhor of whIch
oxIsfs horo.
ThIrd, noIfhor Donee nor Younge/oun suorfs
ogenc, (ns oosod fo IrosIdonfInI) ncfIon Indoondonf of
congrossIonnI nufhorIznfIon. An ngoncy cnnnof ndmInIs-
frnfIvoIy cronfo nufhorIfy for ngoncy ncfIon. AgoncIos nro
cronfod by nnd ncf ursunnf fo sfnfufos. 1lgin t. Dep`/ of
/le Treoeur,, l32 S. Cf. 2l26, 2l36 n.5 (20l2). An ngoncy
mny nof ncf In oxcoss of sfnfufory jurIsdIcfIon, nufhorIfy,
or IImIfnfIons, or shorf of sfnfufory rIghf. 5 !.S.C. ?06.
AgoncIos ncf|] ns n doIognfo fo fho IogIsInfIvo owor, nnd

l5
IrIor fo onncfmonf of fho CS!A In l9?8, onIy
vofornns onjoyod n sfnfufory rIghf fo nonI ndvorso
orsonnoI ncfIon fo fho CIvII SorvIco CommIssIon (CSC),
fho rodocossor of fho MSII. Ioue/o, 484 !.S. nf 444;
eee oleo 5 !.S.C. ??0l (l9?6) (A roforonco oIIgIbIo
omIoyoo . . . Is onfIfIod fo nonI fo fho CIvII SorvIco
CommIssIon from nn ndvorso docIsIon . . . of nn ndmInIs-
frnfIvo nufhorIfy so ncfIng.).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 22


|n]n ngoncy mny nof fInnIIy docIdo fho IImIfs of Ifs sfnfu-
fory owor. Thnf Is n judIcInI funcfIon. !"#$%& !(#) *+) ,)
-$(."/0", 32? !.S. 358, 369 (l946). As fho Suromo Courf
nofod In 1.23/ 4 1.23/ ,) 5"#67(&+(., ovon whoro nn
ngoncy hns boon gIvon fho nufhorIfy fo fIII gns In fho
sfnfufo, |f]ho ruIomnkIng owor grnnfod fo nn ndmInIs-
frnfIvo ngoncy chnrgod wIfh fho ndmInIsfrnfIon of n
fodornI sfnfufo Is nof fho owor fo mnko Inw. !nfhor, If Is
fho owor fo ndof roguInfIons fo cnrry Info offocf fho wIII
of Congross ns oxrossod by fho sfnfufo. 425 !.S. l85,
2l3-l4 (l9?6) (InfornnI quofnfIon mnrks omIffod); 3(( %&3"
8++$3"2 ,) 5"&&9 5$&& :.;$/ <."+3)= >2#), 322 !.S. 60?, 6l6
(l944) (Tho doformInnfIon of fho oxfonf of nufhorIfy
gIvon fo n doIognfod ngoncy by Congross Is nof Ioff for fho
docIsIon of hIm In whom nufhorIfy Is vosfod.). Whoro, ns
horo, Congross hns nof nufhorIzod fho ngoncy fo IImIf
Ionrd rovIow of Ifs docIsIons, nnd hns Indood rovokod
such nufhorIznfIon, fho ngoncy ncfs In oxcoss of Ifs sfnfu-
fory nufhorIfy.
IV
Tho mnjorIfy confonds fhnf fho Suromo Courf`s docI-
sIon In ?(@%./A(2/ "7 /6( -%,9 ,) 1B%2, 484 !.S. 5l8,
suorfs fho oxomfIon of nII nnfIonnI socurIfy osIfIons
from Ionrd jurIsdIcfIon ovor fho morIfs of ndvorso ncfIons.
MnjorIfy O. nf l0-l2. Howovor, fho Suromo Courf IfsoIf
mndo cIonr fhnf 1B%2`s hoIdIng Is IImIfod fo nddrossIng
fho 2%.."C quosfIon of whofhor fho |Ionrd] hns nufhor-
Ify by sfnfufo fo rovIow fho subsfnnco of nn undorIyIng
docIsIon fo +(29 ". .(,"0( % 3(#;.$/9 #&(%.%2#( In fho
courso of rovIowIng nn ndvorso ncfIon. 1B%2, 484 !.S. nf
520 (omhnsIs nddod). Indood, ovory ofhor cIrcuIf fhnf
hns consIdorod 1B%2 hns unIformIy Inforrofod If ns
II!!Y v. COYI!S 23


roInfIng fo socurIfy cIonrnnco doformInnfIons.
l6
Tho !"#$
Courf fronfod fho rovocnfIon or donInI of n socurIfy cIonr-
nnco ns n fnIIuro fo snfIsfy n job qunIIfIcnfIon whoro
doformInnfIons ns fo undorIyIng bnsIs for fho qunIIfIcn-
fIonwhofhor n socurIfy cIonrnnco shouId bo grnnfod
hnd boon consfIfufIonnIIy commIffod fo fho dIscrofIon of
nnofhor nrfyfho IrosIdonf. %&& '() nf 520 (|A] condI-
fIon rocodonf fo Ignn`s rofonfIon of hIs omIoymonf wns
'snfIsfncfory comIofIon of socurIfy nnd modIcnI roorfs.`);
'() nf 522 (WIfhouf n socurIfy cIonrnnco, rosondonf wns
nof oIIgIbIo for fho job for whIch ho hnd boon hIrod.); *&&
#,*- '() nf 52? (Tho nufhorIfy fo rofocf |cInssIfIod]
InformnfIon fnIIs on fho IrosIdonf ns hond of fho Ixocu-
fIvo Irnnch nnd ns Commnndor In ChIof.).
Whoro nn omIoyoo fnIIs fo snfIsfy n qunIIfIcnfIon ro-
quIrod for n osIfIon nnd fho doformInnfIon ns fo whofhor
fho omIoyoo Is oIIgIbIo for fho qunIIfIcnfIon Is commIffod
fo fho dIscrofIon of n fhIrd nrfy, If Is unsurrIsIng fhnf
fho Ionrd`s InquIry Is IImIfod fo whofhor fho job wns

l6
%&&. &)"), /#00'"#$ 1) 2-,(&3, o. l0-50l4, 20l2
W! 2?6434?, nf *3 (.C. CIr. JuIy l0, 20l2) (!"#$'s
nbsoIufo bnr on judIcInI rovIow covors onIy socurIfy cIonr-
nnco-roInfod docIsIons mndo by frnInod SocurIfy IvIsIon
orsonnoI . . . .); 4&'$#,' 1) /#506&-$ 7-), 636 I.3d 544,
549-50 (9fh CIr. 20ll) (Tho coro hoIdIng|] of Ignn . . . |Is]
fhnf fodornI courfs mny nof rovIow fho morIfs of fho
oxocufIvo`s docIsIon fo grnnf or dony n socurIfy cIonr-
nnco.); 8#995 1) 76&30-:f, 54l I.3d 205, 2l3 (3d CIr.
2008) (|Courfs] hnvo jurIsdIcfIon fo rovIow |cInIms fhnf]
do|] nof nocossnrIIy roquIro consIdornfIon of fho morIfs of
n socurIfy cIonrnnco docIsIon.); ;<#$& 1) =)%) ;&>?0 -:
;&:&$*&, 2?5 I.3d 988, 993 (l0fh CIr. 2002) (!"#$ hoId
fhnf fho nvy's subsfnnfIvo docIsIon fo rovoko or dony n
socurIfy cIonrnnco-nIong wIfh fho fncfunI fIndIngs mndo
by fho AJ In ronchIng fhnf docIsIon-wns nof subjocf fo
rovIow on Ifs morIfs by fho MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon
Ionrd.).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 24


condIfIonod on n nrfIcuInr qunIIfIcnfIon nnd whofhor fho
omIoyoo`s qunIIfyIng sfnfus hnd boon rovokod. !"" #$% nf
530. In fhIs voIn, fho Ionrd hns hoId fhnf If Incks nufhor-
Ify fo ovnIunfo fho morIfs of n docIsIon fo rovoko nn nffor-
noy`s bnr IIconso, or nn omIoyoo`s rosorvo momborshI,
whoro such IIconso or momborshI Is roquIrod for n nr-
fIcuInr govornmonf osIfIon. !""& "%(%, )*+#,-# .% /"012 34
25" 6#+ 73+8", ??? I.2d 6?4, 6?? (Iod. CIr. l985) (hoIdIng
fhnf fho Ionrd shouId nof oxnmIno fho morIfs of fho AIr
Iorco`s docIsIon fo romovo nn omIoyoo from rosorvo
momborshI); 98:",- .% ;<=), l5 M.S.I.!. 49, 53 (l983)
(hoIdIng fhnf fho Ionrd Is wIfhouf nufhorIfy fo rovIow
fho morIfs of n docIsIon fo susond nn nffornoy`s mom-
borshI In fho Inr).
l?

Confrnry fo fho mnjorIfy, >(,- furnod soIoIy on fho
IrosIdonf`s consfIfufIonnI nufhorIfy fo cInssIfy nnd
confroI ,88"?? 23 #-43+@,2#3- bonrIng on nnfIonnI socurIfy

l?
!"" A#BB#,@? .% C%!% D3?2,B !"+.%, 35 M.S.I.!.
58l, 589 (l98?) (|T]ho Ionrd's rofusnI fo oxnmIno ronsons
for bnr docorfIfIcnfIon whoro fho omIoyoo Is romovod for
fnIIuro fo mnInfnIn bnr momborshI Is fIrmIy groundod In
Ifs rofusnI fo coIInfornIIy nffnck fho docIsIon of nnofhor
frIbunnI, sfnfuforIIy chnrgod wIfh fho nufhorIfy fo rondor
fho docIsIon undor rovIow. . . . Tho Ionrd nIso nffords
dIscrofIon fo fho mIIIfnry on mnffors ocuIInrIy wIfhIn Ifs
oxorfIso bocnuso '|f]ho mIIIfnry consfIfufos n socInIIzod
communIfy govornod by n sonrnfo dIscIIIno from fhnf of
fho cIvIIInn` nnd If Is nof wIfhIn fho roIo of fho judIcInry fo
Inforvono In fho ordorIy oxocufIon of mIIIfnry nffnIrs.
(quofIng E+B344 .% A#BB3*(5FG, 345 !.S. 83, 94 (l953))); ?""
,B?3 H5+#?234#B# .% /"012 34 25" 6+@G, 8l M.S.I.!. 384, 392
(l999) (If Is woII-soffIod fhnf fho roguInfIon of fho rnc-
fIco of Inw nnd fho dIscIIIno of mombors of n sfnfo bnr Is
oxcIusIvoIy n sfnfo courf mnffor.); >(,- .% /"012 34 25"
;,.G, 28 M.S.I.!. 509, 5l8 (l985) (In nII fhoso confoxfs,
fho undorIyIng ncfIons, #%"%, formInnfIon of rosorvo sfnfus .
. . nnd bnr docorfIfIcnfIon, nro commIffod fo nrorInfo
rocoduros wIfhIn fho rosocfIvo onfIfIos . . . .).
II!!Y v. COYI!S 25


nnd fo doformIno whofhor nn IndIvIdunI Is suffIcIonfIy
frusfworfhy fo occuy n osIfIon In fho IxocufIvo Irnnch
fhnf wIII gIvo fhnf orson !""#$$ &' $(") *+,'-.!&*'+. 484
!.S. nf 52? (omhnsIs nddod). Jusf ns fho nufhorIfy fo
rovoko nn nffornoy`s bnr IIconso or n mIIIfnry mombor`s
rosorvo sfnfus IIos wIfh nn oxorf fhIrd nrfy (fho hIghosf
courf of n sfnfo or fho mIIIfnry), fho nufhorIfy fo rofocf
cInssIfIod InformnfIon fnIIs on fho IrosIdonf ns hond of
fho IxocufIvo Irnnch nnd ns Commnndor In ChIof. /01
As fho Suromo Courf nofod, IrosIdonfs hnvo oxorcIsod
such nufhorIfy fhrough n sorIos of IxocufIvo Ordors. /01
nf 528 (cIfIng IxocufIvo Ordors); $## !2$' Ixoc. Ordor o.
l2,968, 60 Iod. !og. 40,245. As nofod, fhoso IxocufIvo
Ordors rovIdo fhnf fho ngoncy docIsIon fo rovoko n
socurIfy cIonrnnco shnII bo fInnI. As dIscussod nbovo, no
sImIInr IxocufIvo Ordor urorfIng fo mnko fho ngoncy
docIsIon fInnI oxIsfs horo. Confrnry fo fho mnjorIfy,
34!+ hns boon unIformIy fronfod ns IImIfod onIy fo IImIf-
Ing rovIow of fho undorIyIng morIfs of fho IxocufIvo
Irnnch`s docIsIon fo rovoko or dony n socurIfy cIonrnnco,
nnd hns nof boon oxnndod fo nIy fo nII conducf fhnf
mny hnvo fho ofonfInI fo Imncf nnfIonnI socurIfy. 5##6
#141, 7#++#&&, 425 I.3d nf l002 (|T]ho fwo doformInnfIons
|suIfnbIIIfy for fodornI omIoymonf nnd oIIgIbIIIfy for
socurIfy cIonrnnco] nro subjocf fo dIfforonf rocossos of
rovIow: whorons suIfnbIIIfy doformInnfIons nro subjocf fo
nonIs fo fho MorIf Sysfoms IrofocfIon Ionrd nnd sub-
soquonf judIcInI rovIow, socurIfy cIonrnnco donInIs nro
subjocf fo nonI wIfhIn fho ngoncy. (InfornnI cIfnfIons
omIffod)).
l8
34!+ IfsoIf rocognIzod fhnf nnfIonnI socurIfy

l8
5## !2$'6 #141, 8!"'9$ :1 ;#<=& ', &)# >-.?, 62
M.S.I.!. 688, 695 (l994) (Tho Suromo Courf`s docIsIon
In 34!+ wns nnrrow In scoo nnd socIfIcnIIy nIIod onIy
fo socurIfy cIonrnnco rovocnfIons.); @'$9? :1 A#01 >:*!&*'+
>0.*+1, 30 M.S.I.!. l6, l8 (l986) (34!+ nddrossos onIy
fhoso ndvorso ncfIons whIch nro bnsod subsfnnfInIIy on nn
II!!Y v. COYI!S


26
omIoyoos cnn ofhorwIso chnIIongo ndvorso omIoymonf
ncfIons boforo fho Ionrd, such fhnf Ignn`s romovnI . . .
rosumnbIy wouId bo subjocf fo Ionrd rovIow ns rovIdod
In ?5l3. 484 !.S. nf 523 n.4. In fhIs cnso, Ms. Conyors
nnd Mr. orfhovor woro nof roquIrod fo hnvo n socurIfy
cIonrnnco In ordor fo hoId fhoIr rosocfIvo osIfIons.
Thus, !"#$ Is InnIIcnbIo.
Tho mnjorIfy`s roIInnco on %#&'())* ,- ./0, 488 !.S. 93
(l988), Is nIso mIsIncod. !nIIko fho omIoyoos horo, fho
SA omIoyoo In %#&'())* hnd boon socIfIcnIIy oxomfod
from fho rovIsIons of fho CS!A rovIdIng for Ionrd
rovIow of ndvorso ncfIons. 100 *2- nf 96; 300 #'3/ l0 !.S.C.
l6l2(3) (rovIdIng fhnf nonIs of such ndvorso ncfIons
musf fnko Inco oxcIusIvoIy wIfhIn fho onrfmonf of
ofonso ursunnf fo rocoduros roscrIbod by fho Socro-
fnry).
* * *
In summnry, Congross`s docIsIon Is cIonrwIfh fho
oxcofIon of dosIgnnfod ngoncIos such ns fho CIA, III,
nnd InfoIIIgonco comononfs of fho onrfmonf of o-
fonso, omIoyoos mny chnIIongo fho morIfs of ndvorso
ncfIons boforo fho Ionrd. Af fho snmo fImo Congross hns
rovIdod n snfofy vnIvo In socfIon ?532, nIIowIng fho
ngoncIos fo summnrIIy romovo omIoyoos whon, nffor
such InvosfIgnfIon nnd rovIow ns |fho ngoncy hond] con-
sIdors nocossnry, ho doformInos fhnf romovnI Is nocossnry
or ndvIsnbIo In fho Inforosfs of nnfIonnI socurIfy. 5
!.S.C. ?532(b). If Is nof fho busInoss of fho onrfmonf
of ofonso, fho OffIco of IorsonnoI Mnnngomonf, or fhIs
courf fo socond-guoss fho congrossIonnI docIsIon fo ro-
vIdo Ionrd rovIow. I rosocffuIIy dIssonf.

ngoncy`s rovocnfIon or donInI of nn omIoyoo`s socurIfy
cIonrnnco.).