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Loads and load distribution

Appendix 1: Shrinkage stresses

A contiguous composite bridge is located over a waterway
and consists of a series of Y8 precast prestressed concrete
beams at 2 m centres and with a 220 mm deep in situ concrete slab. Youngs modulus for the Y-beam concrete is
50 N/mm2 and for the in situ slab it is 35 N/mm2 . Determine
the stresses induced in the section due to shrinkage of the
top slab. (Figure 41 and Table 7 refer.)

1. Calculate properties of section

Modular ratio 50/35 1.429. Therefore eective width of
slab 2000/1.429 1400 mm.

A: cm2

Section

y: cm

Slab

3080

11

Y8 beam

5847

98.1

Ay
33 880
573 591

8927

607 471

Table 7 Section properties

f22 2:41  1756
106
680  220=273
109
1:429

2:41  2:07 4:48 N/mm2

Ix (slab) 140
223 =12 124 227 cm4

f23 4:48
1:429 6:40 N/mm2

Distance of neutral axis from top 607 471/8927 68 cm.

f24 3080
103=892 700 1756
106
940=273
109 

Ix (comp) 124 227 3080
68  112

3:45 6:04 2:59 N/mm2

118:86
105 5847
76:1 22  682

5

273
10 cm

2. Calculate restrained shrinkage

stresses
F 50
1400
220
200
106 3080 kN
M 3080
0:68  0:11 1756 kN m
Restrained shrinkage stress f0 3080
103 =308 000
10 N=mm2

3. Calculate balancing stresses

Direct stress f10 3080
103 =892 700 3:45 N/mm2
Bending stresses My =I, Balancing stresses:
f21 3:45=1:429  1756
106
680=273
109 =1:429
2:41  3:06 5:47 N/mm2

It is clear that there is a substantial level of tension in the

top slab which cannot only cause cracking but also results
in a considerable shear force at the slabbeam interface
which has to be resisted by shear links projecting from
the beam.

Appendix 2: Primary temperature

stresses (BD 37/88)
Determine the stresses induced by both the positive and
reverse temperature dierences for the concrete box girder
bridge shown in Figure 42 (A 940 000 mm2 ,
I 102 534
106 mm4 ,
depth
to
NA 409 mm,

T 12
106 , E 34 kN/mm2 ).

1. Calculate critical depths of

temperature distribution
From BD 37/88 Figure 9 this is a Group 4 section, therefore:
h1 0:3h 0:3
1000 300 > 150; thus h1 150 mm
h2 0:3h 0:3
1000 300 > 250; thus h2 250 mm

10

5.47

4.53

4.48
6.40

3.6

h3 0:3h 0:3
1000 300 > 170; thus h3 170 mm

5.52

2000
70 surfacing
220
409

T1
h1
h2

T2

h3

T3

1000
2.59
Restrained
shrinkage force

Balancing forces
and stresses

Figure 41 Final stress distribution

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2.59

591

250

250
220
1000

Final stresses

Figure 42

Box girder dimensions and temperature distribution

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Loads and load distribution

2. Calculate temperature distribution

5. Calculate restraint stresses

Basic values are given in Figure 9 of BD 37/01 which are

modied for depth of section and surface thickness by interpolating from Table 24 of BD 37/01.

f Ec
T Ti

T1 17:8 17:8  13:520=50 16:18C

f02 34 000
12
106
3:6 1:47 N/mm2

T1 4:0 4:0  3:020=50 3:608C

f03 34 000
12
106
2:6 1:06 N/mm2

T1 2:1 2:5  2:120=50 2:268C

f04 34 000
12
106
0 0:00 N/mm2

3. Calculate restraint forces at critical

points

f05 34 000
12
106
0 0:00 N/mm2

This is accomplished by dividing the depth into convenient

elements corresponding to changes in the distribution
diagram and/or changes in the section (see Figure 3.2 of
BD 37/01):

f01 34 000
12
106
16:1 6:56 N/mm2

f06 34 000
12
106
2:26 0:92 N/mm2

6. Calculate balancing stresses

Direct stress f10 1509
103 =940 000 1:61 N/mm2
Bending stresses f2i My=I:

F Ec
T Ti Ai
F1 34 000
12
106
16:1  3:6
2000
150=1000

f21

431
106

409 1:71 N/mm2
102 534
106

f22

431
106

259 1:08 N/mm2
102 534
106

f23

431
106

180 0:75 N/mm2
102 534
106

f24

431
106

9 0:06 N/mm2
102 534
106

f25

431
106

421 1:76 N/mm2
102 534
106

f26

431
106

591 2:47 N/mm2
102 534
106

765 kN
F2 34 000
12
106
3:6
2000
150=1000
441 kN
F3 34 000
12
106
3:6 2:6=2
2000

220  150=1000 177 kN
F4 34 000
12
10

6

2:6=2
2
250  70

250=1000 48 kN

F5 34 000
12
106
2:26=2
1000
170=1000

78 kN
Total F 1509 kN (tensile)

4. Calculate restraint moment about the

neutral axis
M 765409  50 441409  75 177409  185

7. Calculate final stresses

The nal stress distribution is shown in Figure 44. Similar
calculations for the cooling (reverse) situation are shown
in Figure 45. Table 8 gives a summary of stresses.

48409  270  78591  170
2=3=1000

M 431 kNm (hogging)

6.56

1.61

1.71

1.06

16.1
Top slab 220

h1 = 150

180

h1 = 250

3.6
2.6

409
NA

F1
F
F3 2
F4

250

170

2.26

F5

Figure 43 Element forces

ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers

1.14
1.67

430

430

h3 = 170

3.24

150

0.92
Restrained
stresses

Figure 44

2.47
Stresses due Stresses due
to relaxing
to relaxing
force
moment

1.78
Final selfequilibrating
stresses

Final stress distribution (positive)

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1.89
+

200

1.89

200

200

Stresses due
to relaxing
force

0.83
Stresses due
to relaxing
moment

9520

2.00
Final selfequilibrating
stresses

Restraint
stresses

Balancing
direct stress

6.56

1.61

1.47

1.06

Balancing
bending stress

A1 2:94
33 97:02 m2

1.71

3.24 (C)

1.61

1.08

1.14 (T)

Thus Pt 1:14
97:02
1:4 154:84 kN

(ii) Loaded deck:

1.61

0.75

1.3 (T)

1.61

0.06

1.67 (T)

1.61

1.76

0.15 (C)

1.61

2.47

1.78 (C)

Table 8

Steel beam and reinforced concrete deck

Final
stresses

0.92

Figure 46

From Table 4, d d2 1 1:94 2:94 m

From Table 5, d2 1:94 m, thus b=d2 9:52=2:94 3:24,
and Figure 5, CD 1:4.

Figure 45 Final stress distribution (negative)

220

1.11

200

2.57
Restrained
stresses

Closed parapet

1400

0.56

1000

1.38
200

1940

3.827

Loads and load distribution

Summary of stresses

Appendix 3: wind loads (BD 37/88)

Calculate the worst transverse wind loads on the structure
shown in Figure 46. Assume that v 28 m/s; span 33 m;
H 10 m.
S1 K1 1:0: From Table 2, S2 1:54
(i) Unloaded deck:
vt 28
1
1
1:54 43:13 m/s

vt 35 m/s (maximum allowed in the code)

q 352
0:613
103 0:75 kN/m2
d2 2:94 m > dL 2:5 m
From Table 5, d d2 thus b=d2 9:52=2:94 3:24, and
from Figure 5, CD 1:4.
From Table 4,
d d3 dL slab thickness depth of steel beams
2:5 0:22 1:4
4:12 m
Pt 0:75
1:4
4:12
33 142:76 kN
Thus design force greater of (i) and (ii) 154.84 kN.

q 43:132
0:613=103 1:14 kN/m2

Note: BD 37/88 has been superseded by BD 37/01.

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ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers