People and the Planet The changing economy of the UK - 5

The changing economy of the UK

1. How and why is the economy changing?
Primary Jobs: Coal mining As UK mines became deeper it became cheaper to import coal from Russia. any mines !ere closed in the "#$%&s.

Secondary Jobs: Car any manufacturing 'obs ha(e been lost )as T*Cs can produce them cheaper manufacturing abroad+. ,o!e(er car manufacturing still employs many people- although most companies are foreign )e.g. Toyota+ Tertiary Jobs: .obs in These ha(e gro!n a lot because the UK is !ealthier so can afford to pro(ide
healthcare and education ser(ices for its citi/ens

Q aternary Jobs: 0CT This sector has gro!n- it is (ery !ell paid. The UK has a !ell-educated !or1force and scientific research !ho are able to be employed in this sector. How has employment changed in the UK between 1!"1 and #$11? 2 There !as 'obs gro!th in the tertiary sector. 2 ,ealth- education and hotels all sa! increases of o(er 5%3. 2 .obs declined in the primary and secondary sectors. 2 The largest decline !as in mining at -$%3.

There ha%e been significant changes in the str ct re of the wor&force in the past '$ years which %ary from place to place within the UK
+actor Total wor&forc e 0%erage wages (omen in the wor&forc e Part time 1obs (or&ing ho rs ,hanges 1!*$-#$1$ ./planation

0n "#:% about ;< million people !ere The UK&s population increased by "% million- but employed gro!ing to ;= million by more young people stay on in education until "$ or ;%"% ;"- and there are more elderly people !ho do not !or1. A(erage !ee1ly full time !ages in ;%"% !ere ><5%- up from >"< )!orth about >;;% today+ in "#:% Uns1illed and s1illed manual 'obs are no! rare. ost !or1ers ha(e some ?ualifications and s1ills@ higher a(erage earnings reflect this.

4omen ma1e up <#3 of the !or1force 4omen recei(e o(er 5%3 of uni(ersity degrees- up no!- up from A53 in "#:% from ;%3 in "#:%. 4omen are more independentmarry later on in life- ha(e fe!er children and focus more on careers. 0n "#:% only about 53 of people The UK !or1force is more fle8ible than in "#:%!or1ed part time- no! ;53 of people and people mo(e 'obs more often. Bart time !or1 !or1 part time suits many people !ith families. 6or all !or1ers the a(erage !or1ing The change partly reflects the fact the more people !ee1 has fallen from <; hours to A; !or1 part time- and do !or1 at home. #-5 'obs are hours )A= hours for full time !or1ers+ less common no!.

(hy there are more women in the UK wor&force today) compared to 1!*$. 2 4omen are better educated no!. 2 4omen focus on their careers5marry and ha(e children later. (hy do a%erage earnings in the UK %ary so m ch? 2 6ull time and part-time !or1ers get paid different amounts because some part-time !or1ers may only !or1 a fe! hours per !ee1. 2 4omen still get paid on a(erage less than men for the same 'ob. 2 7ounger !or1ers get paid less because they lac1 e8perience 5ha(e not been promoted. 2 9ome 'obs such as retail are lo!er s1ill than managerial 'obs so pay is lo!er. Contrasting regions of the UK and their employment

People and the Planet The changing economy of the UK - 5

2orth .ast Co!er a(erage !ages Cess s1illed 5 educated !or1force 0ndustry !as established here because of local ra! materials )e.g. coal+ !hich !ere used to ma1e steel and ships. 4hen the coal ran out and became too e8pensi(e to mine it created a domino effect !here all the industries declined. Unemployment is high because of deindustrialisation )i.e. the mo(ement of manufacturing to cheaper locations in Asia+ ost employment is in manufacturing and secondary industries This region is also reliant on public sector 'obs )e.g. *,9+. Eue to the recession the go(ernment ha(e cut spending and many 'obs ha(e been lost Beople ha(e lo!er incomes and unemployment is high. any people choose to migrate a!ay from this region to impro(e their standard of li(ing. There ha(e been increases in tertiary employment )!hich no! contributes the highest proportion of 'obs+ such as call centre )Frange and *-Bo!er+. This is because !ages are <%3 lo!er than in 5 around Condon. Beople in this region ha(e a poorer ?uality of life. any more !ill die from heart disease or smo1ing. Eiets are also not as healthy.

So th .ast ,igher a(erage !ages ,ighly s1illed 5 educated !or1force This region has become a centre for ?uaternary industries )!hich are (ery !ell paid+- especially along the < corridor- !hich is located close to Condon- ,eathro! airport and the national motor!ay net!or1. Unemployment is lo! and there are many 'ob opportunities. 0t is also the closest region to Durope and many 'obs are pro(ided UK&s largest ports )Eo(er and 9outhampton+. ost employment is in finance )tertiary employment+ and scientific research )?uaternary employment+ any company head?uarters are in Condon- so pro(ide !ell paid senior 5 managerial roles. There is plenty of opportunity for promotion. any people in this region !or1 in Condon and commute in on a daily basis. Beople in this region are more affluent and can afford healthier lifestyles 5 diets. Fn a(erage they li(e longer

#. (hat is the impact of changing wor& on people and places?

Ee-industrialisation )the closing of factories due to global shift+ has ta1en place- this is because:

People and the Planet The changing economy of the UK - 5

Greater competition from countries such as China- 0ndia and 9outh Korea. Goods can be bought more cheaply from abroad so factories close. 0mpro(ing technology has increased producti(ity )mechanisation+ and reduced the number of !or1ers needed Cess !or1ers are needed so people lose their 'obs.

0mpacts of Eeindustrialisation and di(ersification on 3lasgow Glasgo!&s economy is dependent on ship building. Cheap competition from abroad led to the decline of these industries Fther industries collapsed too. D.g. 9teel !as no longer needed to build the ships. Coal !as no longer needed to ma1e the steel. any 'obs !ere lost in Glasgo! Coss of income for !or1ers led to a cycle of decline )e.g. loss of income for shops and ser(ices )as people ha(e less money to spend+. A rise in the number of people claiming benefits. A rise in crimealcoholism and depri(ation *o ne! in(estment in area- as area becomes more depri(ed. igration. Beople mo(e a!ay from Glasgo! to find !or1 else!here )particularly people !ith s1ills+ .conomic 4i%ersification: A cycle of gro!th is created as ne! industries are encouraged to locate in the area )often !ith go(ernment grants+ creating employment and the multiplier effect. D.g. 0rts) c lt re and to rism )e.g. Glasgo! has the 9cottish e8hibition centre. This also helps local hotels and restaurants by attracting tourists+. 5i/ed se de%elopments )Ri(erside flats and shops ha(e been rede(eloped+. 5edia )The HHC ,I for 9cottish TJ+ Positi%es of deind strialisation ore a(ailable land for future de(elopment Reduced noise and air pollution Cess !ater used in industrial processes Reduced traffic congestion near factories 2egati%es of deind strialisation Eerelict land loo1s unsightly. There is also the chance of to8ic chemicals left in the factories *e! factories !ill often be built on greenfield sites. This can damage countryside and habitats Cess energy re?uired to operate machines )reduces CF; emissions+ Dmpty- derelict factories often associated !ith litter and (andalism. This can attract (ermin )as !ell as threatening animals ingesting rubbish+ anufacturing goods further a!ay leads to greater transport problems and pollution else!here 4here !ill ne! economic de(elopments ta1e placeK 3reenfield sites Cheaper to build on. 7ou do not need to clear derelict buildings or clean up polluted areas. ,ealthier en(ironment- fresher air. There is also a perception that there is less crime in rural areas. Coss of natural en(ironment. ,abitats and green space is lost to de(elopments. A lac1 of infrastructure and nearby ser(ices e.g. schools- doctors- library. 6rownfield sites
Rede(elopment impro(es the areas en(ironment- ma1ing it more attracti(e. ay lead to the area being regenerated

Using bro!nfield sites sa(es rural areas from de(elopment. ay ha(e pollution problems and graffiti.

Restrictions on planning and design. ay be costly to de(elop )decontamination and demolition+.

People and the Planet The changing economy of the UK - 5

Hro!nfield sites are sustainable and areas li1e +ort 4 nlop) 6irmingham are bro!nfield sites !hich ha(e been rede(eloped. 6ort Eunlop lost many 'obs and factories in the "#$%&s due to deindustrialisation. 0t became rundo!n and derelict. 0t has been rede(eloped and no! has a hotelHusiness Bar1- offices- shops and restaurants. 0t has also impro(ed the en(ironment and created !ildlife habitats. Dmployment in the UK is changing and !ill continue to do so in the future .d cation and research: To help pro(ide !or1ers for the L1no!ledge economy& the UK is e8panding its uni(ersities to pro(ide s1illed labour. any companies and uni(ersities also ha(e large research and de(elopment departments. The largest in the UK is pharmaceuticals )e.g. finding medicines and cures+. The digital economy is based on digital technology. The number of people in the UK using on line shopping and ban1ing is increasing. The go(ernment is in(esting >=%% million to help #%3 of the population get access to super-fast broadband )helping the digital economy+. Areas for gro!th include: Baying bills and shopping on-line- healthcare )!ill doctors use 91ype in the future+- Dducation )could uni(ersity courses be deli(ered on-line+ and tele!or1ing. 7mmigration can help pro(ide !or1ers !ith certain s1ills that may be in demand in the UK. Dntrepreneurs can also come to the UK !ith ideas and set up businesses. Co!er s1illed !or1ers also pro(ide a lo! cost labour force !hich helps pro(ide ta8es for the UK&s ageing population. The 8green economy9 could be a ma'or sector of gro!th for the UK economy. any people are concerned about pollution and climate change. 4ith non-rene!able resources running out many 'obs are created !ith rene!able resources )li1e fitting 5 building solar panels or !ind turbines+. 4aste management and recycling are becoming increasingly important as landfill sites become full. any companies are also no! loo1ing at energy efficiency. D.g. in hybrid cars.

4or1 practices !ill also change in the future

Companies sa(e money !hen people wor& from home. 0t means they do not ha(e to pay for e8pensi(e office spaces. Self-employment offers !or1ers independence. D.g. they can choose the contracts they !ish to ta1e and manage their time as they see fit. ,o!e(er it can be ris1y as there are no healthcare pac1ages or pensions pro(ided. The number of part time wor&ers has increased from :.5 million to =.# million bet!een "##=;%"". About <%3 of people ha(e !or1ed fle8ible hours )e.g. 'ob sharing or different !or1ing hours+ at some point in their careers. 6le8ible !or1ing ma1es it easier for companies to gro! or shrin1 their !or1force. Telewor&ing: About A.= million !or1ers in the UK sometimes !or1 from home or !or1 Lon the road& )e.g. in hotels- on trains- in coffee shops M M+. This number has increased rapidly because of impro(ements in communication technology. 0.e. the internet- e-mail- mobile phones.