I.

PROBLEM

The atmosphere is made up of many different gases. Several gases have the ability to reflect the sun's energy radiating from the earth back to the earth as heat. The gases with this capability are known as "greenhouse gases" (GHGs). The main GHGs are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Without some level of GHGs in the atmosphere, the earth would be much colder than it is and life on this planet would be much different The CO2 acts as a filter in a single direction, allowing visible light to pass in one direction but prevents the light of longer wavelength is moved in the opposite direction. This natural component of greenhouse gases has increased its product composition in the atmosphere from human activities such as the excessive growth of the combustion of fossil fuels that contribute to anthropogenic climate change, reaching levels not seen on earth for millions of years. The annual increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from 0.5 ppm / year in 1960 to 2 ppm / year in 2000, with a minimum of 0.43 in 1992 and a maximum of 3 ppm in 1998, being currently the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere of 400 ppm [1]. These changes in concentration bring negative consequences, such as global warming, in which global temperature rises between 0.8 and 2.9 C. This increase may have negative effects on plants and animals, is non-toxic at low doses, but kills by asphyxiation from a certain threshold and certain duration of exposure. Its chemical properties make it more soluble in the fluids of the human body than oxygen. Therefore, produces rapid effects on the central nervous system, in the case of the plants at low doses, the CO 2 stimulates the growth, but in a natural CO2 enriched environment have shown that the growth decreases relatively. Another consequence is the elevation of the water level of the oceans by melting ice caps, and can submerge many areas and coastal cities; an increase of only 60 inches could flood the fertile lands of Bangladesh, in India, of which depend hundred thousands of people for food. Tropical storms may occur more frequently.

II.
2.1 2.2

OBJECT
General Reduce the emission of CO2 into the environment. Specific Employing energy efficiency. Conservation practices, using carbon-free or reduced-carbon energy resources. Capturing and storing carbon either from fossil fuels or from the atmosphere.

III.

Variables
Greenhouse gases: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which makes the Earth warmer. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. People are adding several types of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, and each gas's effect on climate change depends on three main factors: How much? People produce larger amounts of some greenhouse gases than others. Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas you hear people talk about the most. That's because we produce more carbon dioxide than any other greenhouse gas, and it's responsible for most of the warming. How long? Some greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for only a short time, but others can stay in the atmosphere and affect the climate for thousands of years. How powerful? Not all greenhouse gases are created equal! Some trap more heat than others. For example, one pound of methane traps about 21 times as much heat as one pound of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2): it is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2011, CO2 accounted for about 84% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Carbon dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's carbon cycle (the natural circulation of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals). Human activities are altering the carbon cycleboth by adding more CO2 to the atmosphere and by influencing the ability of natural sinks, like forests, to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Global warming: An increase in temperature near the surface of the Earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural causes. However, the term is most often used to refer to recent and ongoing warming caused by peoples activities. Global warming leads to a bigger set of changes referred to as global climate change. Atmosphere: A mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases that surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere is critical to supporting life on Earth. Efficiency and Conservation: There are many energy efficiency and conservation practices that reduce the consumption of carbon-based fuels (e.g., natural gas , oil, coal, or gasoline), decreasing carbon dioxide emissions.

Carbon-Free and Reduced-Carbon Energy Sources Another way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to use carbon-free or reducedcarbon sources of energy. Carbon-free sources of energy have their own

associated impacts, but in general, these technologies generate energy without producing and emitting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon-free energy sources include solar power, wind power, geothermal energy, low-head hydropower, hydrokinetics (e.g., wave and tidal power), and nuclear power Biomass Energy: It is defined by any organic materials that can be burned and used as a source of fuel. Wood being the main source of biomass such as sawdust or any type of waste from wood is processed to make wood-pellets and used as fuel for wood pellet boilers and stoves. Farm waste such as cow manure is processed into biomass to form biogas. It can be used in bottled gas for gas cooking appliances. Crops such as switch-grass, corn and sugarcane are produced to form ethanol which can be used to fuel vehicles and presently are so, to great success.

IV.

MARCO TERICO

WAYS TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Efficiency and Conservation

Carbon-Free and Reduced-Carbon Energy Sources

Carbon-free sources of energy

Switching from high-carbon fuels

Solar power Wind power Geothermal Energy lowhead Hydropower Hydrokinetics Nuclear power.

Coal and oil

natural gas

WAYS TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

Carbon Sequestration Approaches and Technologies

Terrestrial sequestration

Geologic sequestration

Involving the capture and storage of carbon dioxide by plants and the storage of carbon in soil.

Three main processes:

Capturing carbon dioxide

Transporting carbon dioxide

Placing the carbon dioxide in a geologic formation.