MODULE: 2 INTERNET History & Growth of Internet: Its the cold war and the US government had a problem;

if we have a nuclear war how are we going to maintain communications? If one city is destroyed on the US eastern seaboard, all communications in the east will be lost. A US military agency called Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was charged with solving the problem. They devised a communication system that would still work if one or more "nodes" of the system were destroyed. A kind of communications web, that if one link of the web was broken, information could flow around the broken link to get to its final destination. Later, in 1969, ARPA linked university computers and researchers to the network to assist them in conducting basic research through information sharing. This project became known as the ARPAnet. In 1977 ARPAnet engineers realized that the new communications network was going to grow into something much larger than originally anticipated so new communication technology would be required. They devised a communication protocol known as TCP/IP, or transmission control protocol/internet protocol. TCP/IP remains the fundamental way computer file are moved around the Internet today. Under TCP/IP a file is broken into smaller parts called "packets" by the file server. Each packet is assigned an IP (Internet protocol) address of the computer it has to travel to. As the packet moves through the network it is "switched" by a number of servers along the way toward its destination. The IP address tells those servers which way to switch the packet. Each time the packet is switched a "wrapper" is added to the packet this way we can tell how many computers and which computer handled the file while it was in transit. In Australia, a file coming from the States can be switched up to 15 times, that is fifteen computers were required to deliver the packet to the destination computer. The packets do not necessarily travel together on the Internet. Packets from the same file may travel via different paths through different servers, but toward the same destination. Packaging technology allows us to use limited bandwidth most efficiently. It means parts of a file can be shared across a number of phone lines instead of having to find one phone line to put a large file into. In this respect TCP/IP can be liken to a group of 10 hitchhikers (packets) who can not get a lift all together, but easily get lifts if they break up, going by different cars and maybe by different roads but agree to meet up at a particular point in the future. On January 1, 1983, all of the ARPAnet was switched to TCP/IP and became what is now known as the Internet. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) funded most

of the early development of the Internet, but on April 30, 1995, the U.S. government released the Internet to commercial networks and service providers and shut down the old National Science Foundation backbone. In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee (see Amazon book recommendation below) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) proposed a new set of protocols for Internet information distribution. They were; http (hyper text transfer protocol), ftp (file transfer protocol), pop (post office protocol), smtp (simple mail transfer protocol) and nntp (newsgroups protocol). These five protocols became known as the World Wide Web protocols and the W3 protocols and were soon adopted by the early Internet community. A consortium of organizations was formed to oversee Internet development and became known as the W3 Consortium. No organisation or individual owns the Internet. Before the World Wide Web, the Internet consisted mostly of electronic mail (e-mail), newsgroups and ftp. Tools were invented to help categorize what information could be found and where it was, but the Internet was not what you would call "user friendly". If you needed a particular computer program or file, it was nearly impossible to find unless you knew exactly where it was. Today however, we have specific software to address each of the W3 protocols. We have "browsers" to help us locate and look at web pages. We have e-mail clients to help us create, send and receive e-mail. We have newsreaders just to read news, FTP clients just to download program files and chat clients to help us do Internet Rely Chat. Today you dont have to be a rocket scientist to work out where to find information and what to do when you get there. Summary

1960s US government seeks nuclear war proof communications, briefs project to APRA 1969 Universities and researches connected to ARPAnet 1977 ARPAnet engineers realise the network is going to grow beyond expectations 1983 ARPAnet switched to TCP/IP 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposes a new set of Internet protocols 1995 US government releases Internet for commercial use

DNS (Domain Name System)

The domain name is basically the address of your website, a nickname for its IP address. Domains can be assigned to IPs by a Domain Name Registry headed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

Basically, you can go to a registrar, such as GoDaddy.com or NetworkSolutions.com, purchase a domain and point it to where your site is hosted, so that when people type in your web address, they are taken to your website. Domains are divided into levels from right to left. For example, lets take the domain: http://www.beholders.org The top level domains are the ending part of the address. In this case, the .org and the mid level domain in this case would be beholders. Some of the most common top level domains are: com commercial business gov Government agencies edu Educational institutions org Organizations (non-profit) mil Military net Network organizations There are currently 21 generic top-level domains and 250 two-letter country-code toplevel domains. Some of those are: .br for Brazil .fr for France .in for India

URLs URLs are shortcuts to a particular part of a Domain Name. Although sometimes people will use the two names interchangeably, there is a main difference. The Domain Name includes all the URLs within that domain. The URL points to a particular location, for example: http://www.beholders.org Beholders.org is the Domain name, but lets say I want to point someone to a particula r page on that site such as: http://beholders.org/beholdersgroup/projectswesupport.html That would be a URL within the domain Beholders.org. The confusion exists because most people will say, what is the URL for the site and they are given the simplest URL form, where the home of the site is (beholders.org), which also happens to be the Domain Address of the site. The URL usually includes much more information though, such as the specific page address, folder name, and protocol language. In the case above: http://www.beholders.org/beholdersgroup/projectswesupport.html http:// Hypertext Transfer Protocol www. World Wide Web beholders.org/ The Domain Name beholdersgroup/ Folder or sub-category where the page is.

projectswesupport. Name of the page where the information can be found. html Language protocol used to write the page. ISPs (Internet Service Providers): Internet service providers are the companies that you pay to get Internet delivered to your house or workplace, such as Time Warner Cable, Comcast or Verizon DSL. They are the links between you and the large network we call the Internet, so by paying a fee they can give you access to their infrastructure and connect you to other computers. What you are really paying for is for the usage of their hardware: their cables, computers, routers, modems, the workers who maintain them and the real estate that is required to hold that hardware. The Internet itself and the information stored in it is, for the most part, free; without an ISP, however, you would not have access to it. WORLD WIDE WEB: A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well asgraphics, audio, and video files. This means you can jump from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots. Not all Internet servers are part of the World Wide Web. There are several applications called Web browsers that make it easy toaccess the World Wide Web; Two of the most popular being Firefox andMicrosoft's Internet Explorer. World Wide Web is not synonymous with the Internet. What is The Internet? The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols. What is The Web (World Wide Web)? The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers, such

as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other viahyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video. The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used for e-mail, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP. So the Web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused. A website, also written as Web site,[1] web site, or simply site,[2] is a set of related web pages served from a single web domain. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform resource locator. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web. A webpage is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors. Webpages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the webpage content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal. The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the web address. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, althoughhyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site which generally includes a home page with most of the links to the site's web content, and a supplementary about, contact and link page. Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of news websites, academic journalwebsites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards, webbased email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, and websites providing various other services (e.g., websites offering storing and/or sharing of images, files and so forth). Types of websites Type of Website Description A site, typically few in pages, whose purpose is to sell a third party's product. The seller Examples

Affiliate

receives a commission for facilitating the sale.

Enabled portal that renders not only its custom CMS but also syndicated content from other (e.g., Commission Affiliate Agency content providers for an agreed Junction), Advertisers (e.g., eBay) fee. There are usually three consumer (e.g., Yahoo!). relationship tiers.Affiliate Agencies

and

Archive site

Used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive, which since 1996 has preserved billions of old (and new) web Internet Archive, Google Groups pages; and Google Groups, which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to Usenet news/discussion groups.

Attack site

A site created specifically to attack visitors' computers on their first visit to a website by downloading a file (usually a trojan horse). These websites rely on unsuspecting users with poor anti-virus protection in their computers.

Blog (web log)

Sites generally used to post online diaries which may include discussion forums WordPress (e.g., blogger, Xanga). Many bloggers use blogs like an

editorial section of a newspaper to express their ideas on anything ranging from politics to religion to video games to parenting, along with anything in between. Some bloggers are professional bloggers and they are paid to blog about a certain subject, and they are usually found on news sites.

A site with the purpose of creating an experience of a brand online. These sites usually do not sell anything, Brand building but focus on building the site brand. Brand building sites are most common for low-value, high-volume fast moving consumer goods (FMCG).

Celebrity website

A website whose information revolves around a celebrity. This sites can be official (endorsed by the celebrity) or jimcarrey.com fan made (run by his/her fan, fans, without implicit endorsement).

A website that allows the visitor to donate to charity simply by clicking on a button The Hunger Site, Freerice, Ripple Click-to-donate or answering a question (charitable organisation) site correctly. An advertiser usually donates to the charity for each correct answer generated.

A site where persons with similar interests communicate Myspace, Facebook, orkut Community site with each other, usually by chat or message boards.

Content site

Sites whose business is the creation and distribution of (e.g., Slate, About.com). original content

Classified Adssite

Sites publishing advertisements

classified

gumtree.com

Corporate website

Used to provide background information about a business, organization, or service.

Dating website

Many of them are pay per services such A site where users can find as eHarmony and Match.com, but there other single people looking for are many free or partially free dating long range relationships, sites. Most dating sites today have the dating, or just friends. functionality of social networking websites.

Electronic commerce (ecommerce) site

A site offering goods and services for online sale and enabling online transactions for such sales.

Forum website

A site where people discuss various topics.

A website designed specifically for use as a Gallery Website Gallery, these may be an art gallery or photo gallery and of commercial or non-commercial

nature.

Government Site

A website made by the local, state, department or national government of a country. For example, Richmond.com is Usually these sites also operate the geodomain for Richmond, Virginia. websites that are intended to inform tourists or support tourism.

Gripe site

A site devoted to the criticism of a person, place, corporation, government, or institution.

Gaming website A site that lets users play online games. Some enable Gambling people to gamble online. website Humor site Satirizes, parodies or otherwise exists solely to amuse. RateMyProfessors.com, Free Internet Lexicon and Encyclopedia. Most government, educational and nonprofit institutions have an informational site.

Most websites could fit in this type of website to some extent Information site many of them are not necessarily for commercial purposes Media site sharing

A site that enables users to upload and view media such Flickr, YouTube, Google Videos as pictures, music, and videos A website that is the replication of another website. This type of websites are used as a response to spikes in user visitors. Mirror sites are most commonly used to provide multiple sources of the same information, and are of particular value as a way of providing reliable access to

Mirror site

large downloads. A short and simple form of blogging. Microblogs are limited to certain amounts of Twitter characters and works similar to a status update on Facebook Similar to an information site, but dedicated to dispensing cnn.com news, politics, and commentary.

Microblog site

News site

Websites about an individual or a small group (such as a family) that contains information or any content that the individual wishes to Personal website include. Such a personal website is different from a Celebrity website, which can be very expensive and run by a publicist or agency. a website created to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business (such asSocial Security Administration, PayPal) in an electronic communication (see Phishing). Websites that index torrent files. This type of website is different from a Bit torrent Mininova, The Pirate Bay, IsoHunt client which is usually a stand alone software. A site on which people may voice political views, show political humor, campaigning for elections, or show

Phishing site

p2p/Torrents website

Political site

information about a certain political party or ideology. A site that shows sexually explicit content for enjoyment and relaxation. They can be similar to a personal website when it's a website of a porn actor/actress or a media sharing website where user can upload from their own sexually explicit material to movies made by adult studios.

Porn site

Question and Answer site is a site where Yahoo! Answers, Stack Exchange Answer (Q&A) people can ask questions & get Network (including Stack Overflow) answers. Site Rating site A site on which people can praise or disparage what is featured. A site in which people may advertise a place of worship, or provide inspiration or seek to encourage the faith of a follower of that religion. A site on which people can post reviews for products or services. a site on which teachers, students, or administrators can post information about current events at or involving their school. U.S. elementary-high school websites generally use k12 in the URL a site which largely duplicates without permission the content of another site, without actually pretending to be that site, in order to capture some of that site's traffic (especially

Religious site

Review site

School site

Scraper site

from search engines) and profit from advertising revenue or in other ways. A website that indexes material on the Internet or an intranet (and lately on Google traditional media such as books Search, Bing, GoodSearch, DuckDuckGo and newspapers)and provides links to information as a response to a query. Includes images or other material that is intended to be Goatse.cx, rotten.com offensive to most viewers Web portals used by individuals and organisations to showcase things of interest or value

Search enginesite

Shock site

Showcase site

A site where users share other content from the Internet and Social StumbleUpon and Digg are examples. bookmarkingsite rate and comment on the content. A site where users could communicate with one another and share media, such as Social pictures, videos, music, blogs, Facebook, Orkut, Google+ networking site etc. with other users. These may include games and web applications. A site designed to host or link to materials such as music, movies and software for the user to download. A site that provides a webmail Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo! service. A site that provides a starting point or a gateway to other msn.com, msnbc.com, yahoo resources on the Internet or an intranet.

Warez

Webmail

Web portal

Wiki site

A site which users Wikipedia, WikiHow, Wikia collaboratively edit its content.

Web Directory: Definition Organized, categorized listings of Web sites. The terms "Web directory" and "search engine" are often used interchangeably. Web directories are organized Web site listings put together by human reviewers, whereas search engine listings are put together by automated systems and lack a navigable structure. Much of the confusion stems from the various hybrid models that have developed over time, as search engines have incorporated directory features to assist with issues such as categorization and site quality. There are advantages and drawbacks to using a Web directory as opposed to a search engine. One vehicle may be better suited to certain types of searches than the other. Directories place an emphasis on linking to site home pages and try to minimize deep linking. This makes directories more useful for finding sites instead of individual pages. Some directories attempt to solve this shortcoming by partnering with a search engine for supplemental listings. E-Mail: What is Email? Email, short for Electronic Mail, consists of messages which are sent and received using the Internet. While there are many different email services available that allow you to create an email account and send and receive email and attachments, we have chosen to focus this class on the services available through Gmail and Yahoo! Mail because they are free and are two of the more popular email services available.

The Pros It's fast. Most messages are delivered within minutes sometimes seconds around the world without the inconvenience and cost of using a postal service. In fact, postal service is often referred to as "snail mail" by email users. It's personal. While the nature of email is informal, its efficiency is an excellent substitute for telephone conversations. You can think through your response. Like a letter, you can type your reply and make changes before sending. The sender and the receiver don't have to be working at the same time. Email avoids problems such as telephone tag or tying to contact someone in a different time zone. Email makes it easy to keep a record of your communication. You can save and refer to later copies of the emails you send as well as those you receive. You can reach a lot of people at once. It is possible to send one message to hundreds of recipients at once, or you can send a private message to one individual. The Cons Junk Mail (also referred to as spam). This is as annoying in email as it is with traditional mail. Most email services now filter incoming mail and sort email messages that are most likely advertisements or scams into a folder called spam. Friendly spam. Try not to forward unnecessary messages to friends who may not appreciate hearing the latest list of Top Ten Things Ads. The reason you can get free email services like Gmail and Yahoo! Mail is because of advertisements. You pay the price of having to click around them to read your mail. Misinterpretation. Email arrives without tone or facial expressions, which can lead to misunderstanding. Email messages can be passed on to others. You should always count on the possibility of your message ending up in the inbox of someone it wasn't intended for. You can hide behind email. It's tempting to use email instead of facing a person when you have to deal with an unpleasant situation. It's best to talk to a person face-to-face under these circumstances.