Active transport (against the concentration gradient)

The uphill () movement of su stances (through!"#$%&) across the cell mem rane that re'uires the cell to use energ( ()T*)+*,*i)-

Adipose (fat)
.t refers to fatt( tissue throughout the od(- /at tissue- 0ells contain larger fat vesicles (&%12")3456%27 )rea under s8in961&:27 padding (#;<=>#) at various points (%#62)? *rotection? insulation? support? nutrient reserve (6@6A&=)-

Anaphase
0entromeres rea8 apar- 0hromosomes move aBa( (#&=) from the center of the cellThe cleavage furroB appears (6#2@61)+uring this stage (%1=") of mitosis? the chromosomes move aBa( from the center of the cell-

Areolar (loose)
Coose arrangement ("D5#%) of collagen fi ers? elastic fi ersE cells- 3456%27 )rea etBeen other tissues E organs- 961&:27 0onnection ("%D"6%)-

Axon ( dendrites)
Cong fi er that carries (#61$6) impulses aBa( from the cell od( of a neuron-

Basement membrane
Ca(er etBeen epithelium and underl(ing (&462#6F&4AG%>) connective tissue-

Benign ( !"#) t$mors

Tumors that are encapsulated ($:<6%1) and do not spread ("6 6;4<H1) to other parts of the od(? harmless (2"&? # A<412) groBths (G:)-

Blood
Ci'uid matriI floBing red E Bhite cells-

3456%27 Klood vessels- 961&:27 Transportation-

Bone
Kones are organsL although the( consist primaril( of osseo$s tissue? ones have a vast suppl( of nervous tissue in their nerves? fibrous tissue lining their cavities? and muscle and epithelial tissue in their lood vesselsMard? calcified (%A6%14#$) matriI arranged in ("&5#%#$ %6) s8eleton- 961&:27 Nupport? protectionosteons?

%ardiac (striated& invol$ntar' ( )*++,-. /,*0 "1#2#)

Kranching? interconnected c(linders Bith faint () striations (:##H%6O)3456%27 Pall (12Q>#) of heart- 961&:27 0ontraction of heart-

%artilage (/.3* )
Mard ut someBhat (=4>O) fleIi le gel matriI Bith em edded (6%>#1>#$) chondroc(tes- 3456%27 *art of nasal septum ("=:#)? area covering articular (5$O) surfaces of ones? lar(nI? rings ("Q1&<2") in trachea E ronchi? +is8s etBeen verte rae? eIternal ear- 961&:27 /irm (%156) ut fleIi le support? Bithstands (R1$Q6) pressure? fleIi le (6&<2:%1) support-

%ell
Nmallest unit of life? microscopic in siSe? some are flat? ric8Tshaped (1DA<& %Q#1O)? threadli8e (% <>%1)? and some are irregular (G%1) shapes-

%ell divison (4--*! 0*2#)

The formation of tBo daughter cells from one parent (41G) cellL mitosis-

%ell extensions (4--*1 5-62)

J- microvilli (#<=Q6O)T found in epithelial cells that line (646"D&?64<62&) intestines and other areas Bhere a sorption (4G%) is importantL help to increase surface area (64=6) U- 0ilia (A<62"6O)T shorter and more nucleus (microscopic hairTli8e) V- /lagella (#%12:)T found onl( in human sperm cells (BhipTli8e)

%entrioles (3-*. *)30)

paired (@6&:>#$) organelles that lie (A2%1) at right angles to each other Bithin the centrosome and function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction-

*air of holloB (="6) c(linders? each made up of tin( tu ules Bithin the centrosome961&:27 Melp organiSe E move chromosomes during cell reproduction-

%entrosome (3-.2,+)
)rea near (1=) nucleus Bithout a visi le oundar( (1= G)- 961&:27 0ontains centrioles- WrganiSers microtu ules (#%><2%&O) of the c(tos8eleton (&11%6<61GO)Xicrotu ulesTorganiSing region (4G #%><2%&O 1:#$ 46Q :=>%O) of (1&) the c(tos8eleton near the nucleus-

%ilia (7 5 "208 563, 2 5963 4--6*,3)

Mairli8e cell surface eItensions (Y61=%6O 1O 64=6O 1> &11=>) supported ( (4& &4%12@1 4G) an internal (6%>16G) c(linder made of (1%6&=@1F1=Q1) microtu ules (longer then microvilli)- 961&:27 Nensor( (%516O) ZantennaeZ to detect (4& Q6D&F4<&5D) conditions outside the cell- Nome cilia also move (D) su stances over surface of the cellNhort? hairTli8e structures on ("#$O 4=>) the free surface (%1 6<6D56 64=6) of some cellsNmall hairli8e eItensions Bith inner microtu ules found on free or eIposed surfaces of all cells- 961&:27 serve sensor( function? ut some are also capa le of moving together in a Baveli8e fashion to propel mucus (4>5%& A<$) across a surface-

%omposition (2:2-2#) of cell

c(toplasm containing specialiSed organelles surrounded ( (46A=<<1 4G) a plasma mem rane

%'toplasm
)ll the living material inside the cell mem rane[not includingFeIcept the nucleus(!Q>2O 1 4&)-

%'tos;eleton
0ellular frameBor8 (%6<61GO) found Bithin (#$%) the c(toplasm composed of microtu ules and microfilaments- 961&:27 *rovides support and movement of (Y$Q6 %1; 2% %1) cell and organelles-

<endrites ( axon)

The part of the neuron that carries (#61$6) impulses toBard (4O) the cell od(-

dense (543.) fibro$s (3=#)

+ense arrangement of collagen fi er undles ("6%#2"6O)- 3456%27 Tendons? ligaments? fascia? scar (&<H"O) tissue- 961&:27 /leIi le ut strong connection-

<iff$sion (along>do?n the concentration gradient)

Xovement of particles through ("#$%&) a mem rane from an area of high concentration to (4O) an area of loB concentrationTthat is ("<")? doBn the concentration gradient (1= #O 1O "A=5#%O %&:$1>%)- Y="6:# 0oU out of cells? \a ions into nerve cells as the( conduct (#61"2"&) an impluse-

<@A replication>d$plication (2- -1 +2.92#(interface)

*rocess in Bhich chromosomal +\) is copied efore mitosis or meiosis-

<@A str$ct$re
+\) consists of tBo long chains of nucleotides tBisted (466<:#$) into a dou le heliI and ]oined (%&"$"6#$) ( h(drogen onds etBeen (#61;D) the complementar( (%&#4<>#1H) ases adenine and th(mine or c(tosine and guanine-

Andoplasmic retic$l$m (AB)

Xem ranous netBor8 of interconnected ("%&"6G#6>) canals and sacs- Pith (^6) ri osomes attached (rough _`) E some Bithout (Q>2O) attachments (smooth _`)Tu eli8e passages that (4&) carr( su stances through (#$%) the c(toplasm- aetBor8 of connecting sacs and canals`ough ("G) _` 961&:27 collects? folds ("4<H6) and transports protein made ( (4& 1=Q1) ri osomesNmooth _` 961&:27 s(nthesiSes chemicals? ma8es neB mem rane-

AB f$nction
`ough _` receives (<#A=6) E transports reticulum (_`) s(nthesiSed proteins (from ri osomes)L smooth _` s(nthesiSes lipids E certain car oh(drates-

Ciltration (4G &b< 426% %6 Q#<)

Xovement of Bater and small solute particles? ut not larger particles through a filteration mem rane? movement occurs from area of high pressure (&b<O 426%O) to area of loB pressure- Y="6:#7 .n the 8idne(? egins the formation of urineThe movement of Bater and solutes ("<&#$> &%H) through a mem rane ecause of a greater pushing force (#6:<D16O "D#O %4>;2#1OF426%O) on one side of the mem rane called- It is not a specialized form of diffusion.

Clagella
Ningle (1#$O) pro]ections (much longer than cilia) that act as ZtailsZ(&$O) of sperm cells) long cell (1& D11&) tailTli8e pro]ection (4$1%) used for movement to propel (61;6D%&) sperm cells-

Clagell$m
Cong Bhipli8e (% #%12:) pro]ection on the spermL similar to a cilium ut much longer- The onl( eIample in humans is the ZtailZ of a sperm cell? propelling the sperm through ("#$%&) fluids-

Co$r main (:* ) t'pes of tiss$es in the bod'

_pithelial tissue? 0onnective tissue? Xuscle tissue and \ervous tissue-

Dene
) segment (1##) of ase pairs (@6D:> A=%6>) in a chromosome that codes (>"462) for a specific trait-

Denetic code (E6F mB@A - +--*15)

Ntored in s(nthesisaseTpair se'uences on genes E eIpressed (6=@61) through protein

Denome () 30,+)
dne complete set of chromosomes or The total genetic information pac8age (4$1 1O %&<O :661O 4<2O) in a cell (%6 $ D11)-

G genome
)ll the +\) in each cell (=56 D11) of the od( called-

H$man Denome

) human eing (5H4 ) has Uf?fff to Ue?fff genes located on (614%#$ %6) cg chromosomes (UV pairs)- These genes are 8noBn? collectivel( (%&<=)? as the human genomeDlia (ne$roglia)
Nupportive (&4%11=) cell? ringing ($&F6H&) the cells of nervous tissue together (#@2) structurall( and functionall(? connecting cells-

Dolgi apparat$s (2424!)

Ntac8 (h12A) of flattened? mem ranous sacs- 961&:27 0hemicall( processes? then pac8ages su stances from the _`0hemicall( process and pac8age (461=%#) su stances from the endoplasmic reticulum- iroup of flattened sacs near (1=) nucleus- 961&:27 collects (%&<<$:6) chemicals into vesicles (%6 &%12") that move from (D1 4G) smooth _` outBord (4O $;>) to the plasma mem rane-

Haversian s'stem
Xicroscopic? structural unit of compact one also called the osteon-

Hematopoietic
Ci'uid matriI Bith dense arrangement of lood cellTproducing cells (4& 4=:& D11 1& 2#1O)? `ed one marroB? Klood cell formation-

Hematopoietic
The process of lood cell formation that occurs (%&#A26) in the red one morroB or .t is not a t(pe of muscle tissue- .t is a connective tissue t(pe-

Interphase (J2.92#)
+uring this stage (%1=")? the +\) replicates- (h&:6#$ %1 =% N 1O #6%G%O)

Interstitial fl$id
Rn a'ueous solution (&"=1 "=<&#) that surround od( cells and through Bhich (#$%> 1& 42&)materials pass ac8 and forth (#4%1= 42%>) etBeen the lood and od( tissues g

Ion p$mp (1<2 G1> 1D4O active transport) G5-0 31*)

Xethod used to transport things across ("#$%&) the mem rane against (6=1) the concentration gradient- Y="6:#7 in muscle cell? pumping (1<H1O) of nearl( all calcium ion to special compartments (%6 6"= #$F"#62%#1)-

K'sosome
Kags of digestive enS(mes in the cell- ZKu ($:<6%1F<6%#$) ( mem raneleZ of h(drol(sis enS(mes encased

961&:27 ) celljs Zdigestive agZ (%D< 4$bO)? it rea8s apart ("<D6F"%4=) large molecules- Mave protective function (eat micro es)? formerl( thought to (4<G16 42%16& G1) e responsi le for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Letaphase
Npindle fi ers attach to each chromatid chromosomes align across the center of the cell-

Letaphase
+uring the stage of mitosis? the chromosomes align in the center of the cell7

Licrovilli
Nhort eItensions of the plasma mem rane that increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance (&;=&) a sorption ( the cell- 3456%2? 961&:27 /ound in epithelial cells that line intestines and other areas Bhere a sorption is importantTin( cell surface eItensions supported internall( ( microfilaments- 961&:27 .ncrease surface area of plasma mem rane for efficienc( (416<6%#1G11) of a sorption-

Litochondria
Z*oBerhouseZ of the cell- ^ost of the celljs )T* is formed here? composed of inner and outer mem ranous sacs? involved Bith energ(Treleasing chemical reaction? each mitochondrion contains one +\) moleculeXem ranous capsules containing a large? folded internal mem rane encrusted Bith enS(mes? )T* s(nthesisL a celljs ZpoBer plantsZ or Z atter( chargersZ-

Litosis
The division of a single nucleus into tBo geneticall( identical daughter nucleiLor The production of identical neB cells called-

@eoplasm
)n a normal mass of proliferating cells- Kenign neoplasms remain localiSedL malignant neoplasms are cancers? Bhich can spread to other organs-

@ervo$s
\erve cells Bith large cell odies thin fi erli8e eItensionsL supportive glial cells also present- 3456%27 Krain? spinal cord? nerves 961&:27 .rrita ilit( (665%1G11)? conduction (#61="%)-

@e$rons
\erve cell- R416<D1 4G cell od(? dendrite? aIon- 961&:27 conduction? rapid (::F1Q62) communication etBeen od( structure E control of od(-

@$cleoli
small spherical odies in the nucleus- 961&:27 helps in the formation of ri osome-

@$cleol$s
+ense region of the nucleus- 961&:27 Xa8es su units that form ri osomes-

@$cle$s
+irects protein s(nthesis- 961&:27 the rain of the cellcontrol center ($1 6<$:Q&) of the cell ecause it contains most of the genetic code (genome)? intructions for ma8ing proteins? Bhich in turn determine cell structure and function? component structures inculde nuclear envelop? nucleoplasm? nucleolus? and chromatin granules? cg nuclear chromosomes contain +\)?Bhich contains genetic code? also +\) molecules ecome tightl( coiled chromosomes during cell division+ou leTmem raned?spherical envelop containing +\) strands?0ontains +\a? Bhich dictates protein s(nthesis?there ( pla(ing an essenital role in other cell activites such as transport?meta olism?groBth? E heredit(The small sphere in the center part of the cell that controls cell reproduction- containing +\) and `\) and responsi le for groBth and reproduction

Mrganelles ( *)30)
This term refer to small structures inside the cell- .t means Zlittle organsZ-

The small structures that ma8e up much of the c(toplasm-

Msmosis
+iffusion of Bater through a selectivel( permea le mem rane in the presence of at least (4&%2 1&<=Q%1) one impermeant solute- Y="6:#7 molecules into and out of cells to correct im alances in Bater concentration-

Narts of the cell

plasma mem rane? c(toplasm? nucleus

Nassive transport
The movement of su stancesFmaterials (across) through (") the cell mem rane Bithout using cell energ( (Q>2O Q% 66:6O)-

Nassive transport procssses

+o not re'uire added energ( and result in movement ZdoBn a concentration gradientZ-

Nhagoc'tosis
a process in Bhich some of the Bhite lood cells destro( the invading micro organism and pinches off inside old cells

Ninoc'tosis
.t refers to the movement of fluids or dissolved molecules into the cell ( trapping them in the plasma mem raneXovement of fluid E dissolved molecules into a cell ( trapping them in a section of plasma mem rane that pinches off inside the cell?trapping of large protein molecules ( some od( cells-

Nlasma membrane
*hospholipid ila(er studded Bith proteins- 961&:27 Nerves (6;&46162) as the oundar( (G) of the cell961&:2 1> protein E car oh(drate molecules on the outer surface of plasma mem rane7 perform (=&) various function- /or eIample? the( serve as mar8ers that identif( cells of each individual or receptor molecules for certain hormones-

Nlasma membrane
m

at the oundar( of ever( cell? functions as a selective arrier (permea le)- 0omposed of thin? tBo Tla(ered mem rane made of phospholipids and em edded Bith proteins*hospholipid and 0holesterol are tBo fatT ased molecules that ma8e up part of the structure -

Nrophase
+uring the stage of mitosis?the chromatin condenses into chromosomes-

Nrophase
The chromatin condenses into visi le chromosomes?0hromatids ecome attached at the centromere?Npindle fi ers appear?The nucleolus E nuclear envelop disappear-

Nse$dopods
/ootTli8e eItensions of c(toplasm that eItend outBard and pull the organism Bith it-

Nse$dostratified
Ningle la(er of tall cells that Bedge together to appear as if there are tBo or more la(ers? surface of lining of trachea *rotection-

Belationship of %ell str$ct$re and f$nctionO

_ver( human cell has a designated function? some help maintain the cell? and others regulate life processes? specialiSed function of a cell differ depending on num er and t(pe of organelles-

Bes$lts of cell division

TBo identical cells result from cell division? groBing tissues or replacing old or damaged cells-

Bibosome
Zprotein factoriesZ in the cell? made of tBo tin( su units of mostl( r`\)- Xa( attach to rough _` or lie free (6<6D56) in c(toplasm-

Bibosomes
Tin( particles? each made up of r`\) su units- 961&:27 N(nthesiSe protein? a cellZs Zprotein factoriesZ-

Jf

Pimple col$mmnar
Ningle la(er of tall? narroB cells? Nurface la(er of lining of stomach? intestines? parts of respirator( tract? *rotection? secretion? transport(a sorption)-

Pimple col$mnar epitheli$m

.t is found in the lining of the inner surface of the stomach-

Pimple c$boidal
Ningle la(er of cells that are as tall as the( are Bide? glands? 8idne( tu ules? Necretion? a sorption-

Pimple sQ$amo$s
Ningle la(er of flattened cells?)lveoli of lungs?E Cining of lood E l(mphatic vessels?+iffusion of respirator( gases etBeen alveolar air E loood-

P;eletal (striated vol$ntar')

Cong? threadli8e cells Bith multiple nuclei E striations? Xuscles that attach to ones? Xaintenance of posture? movement of ones? _(e all muscles? _(e movements? npper third of esophagus? /irst part of sBalloBing-

Pmooth (nonRstriated invol$ntar' or visceral)

/ound in Balls of digestive? respirator(? and genitourinar( tract Balls of lood and large l(mphatic vessels? ducts of glands? intrinsic e(e muscles? and arrector muscles of hairfunctions to move su stances along ductsL change in diameter of pupils and shape of lens

Ptages of cell division

There are e steps of cell division7 .nterphase? *rophase? Xetaphase? )naphase? and Telophase- )fter these steps are complete? daughter cell(s) are formed-

Ptratified sQ$amo$s
Xan( la(ersL outermost la(er(s) are flattened cell? Nurface of lining of mouth E esophagus E Nurface of s8in (epidermis)? *rotection-

Ptratified transitional
Xan( la(ers of var(ing transitional shapes? capa le of stretching? nrinar( *rotectionladder?

JJ

Selophase
a mitotic stage in Bhich nuclei reform and nuclear mem rane reappears or the nuclear envelop and nuclei reppear-

Selophase
The nuclear envelope E oth nucli appear?The c(toplasm E organelles divide e'uall(?The process of celldivision is completed-

Shree ;ind of m$scle tiss$e

N8eletal? 0ardiac E Nmooth tissue-

Sranscription (J-)*9!)
3he process that forms the m`\) molecule forms the +\)- +\) and m`\) are tBo nucleic acids that are involved in-

Sranslation (J-69*2#)
The process in protein s(nthesis that uses the information in m`\) to uild a protein molecule-

JU