MAMMALS

OOGENESIS Ovum is alecithal Large amount of cytoplasm is present Nucleus is bloated with nucleoplasm Centriole is absent Mitochondria is scattered in the cytoplasm Ovum is spherical and non-motile Surrounded by a number of egg envelopes Oogonia arrest at Prophase 1 diplotene as primary oocytes. Hormonal signals = meiosis I completion Secondary oocytes arrest at metaphase II until fertilization occurs Albumin is secreted into the upper portion of the oviduct Shell membrane added on the outside of the yolk at the isthmus The shell itself is laid down in the uterus Only one oviduct develops in the right side. Oogonia arrest at prophase I diplotene as primary oocytes, Egg matures and yolk accumulates - Hormonal signals Secondary oocytes arrest at metaphaseII until fertilization Albumen is secreted into the upper portion of the oviduct Shell membrane added on the outside of the albumen and yolk at the isthmus reproductive cycle in the adult life of the female, the number of oocytes is renewed and typically

BIRDS

REPTILES -

SPERMATOGENESIS Sperm is formed of four parts; head,neck,middle piece and tail Small amount of cytoplasm present Nucleus condensed with no nucleoplasm Centrioles present Mitochondrion is compactly arranged sperm is flagellated and motile Surrounded by plasma membrane Regular cycle of seminiferous epithelium Involves Synchronization of the activities of germ cells with in and between successive generation to produce cellular association of the seminiferous epithelium The area of a cellular association is smaller in birds than in most Four times faster and produces four times the number of spermatozoa testis.

Spermiogenesis: 7 to 8 steps Pattern: Postnuptial and prenuptial Quiescent phase: Very long or very Short

AMHIBIAN

Occurs in locules the lobes of the testis Eacch locule incorporates the spermatocytes of a

FISH

increases The number of eggs ovulated at any one time ranges from very few to numerous. Oviparous amphibians producehundreds or thousands of eggs per clutch, whereas viviparous species produce few eggs The ooplasm grows extensively, involving an enormousincrease in cell organelles associated with synthetic activities,such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes. 3 stages of oocyte growth Formation of numerous nucleoli Accumulation of various organelles of diverse morphology, RNA and inclusion on the ooplasm Formation of various egg enevelopes

cell nest, which is a clump of spermatocyte Locules contain primary and secondary spermatocyte Interstitial tissue is present and produces androgenic hormones

They develop from spermatogonial stem cells, which first proliferate Differentiate into spermatocytes that undergo meiosis to become haploid spermatids.