Law of Conservation of Matter Balancing Chemical Equations Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Limiting Reactants Theoretical, Actual and

Percent Yields Empirical Formulas Molecular and Structural Formulas

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Chemists shorthand to describe a reaction. It shows: !All reactants and products !The state of all substances !Any conditions used in the reaction !" CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Each side of a chemical equation must have the same number of each type of atom.

CaCO3 (s) Reactants 1 Ca 1C 3O

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CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Products 1 Ca 1C 3O

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A balanced equation shows the relationship between the quantities of all reactants and products.

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CH3OH + PCl5 1C 4H 1O 1P 5 Cl

_____

> CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 1C 5H 2O 1P 4 Cl

We need another Cl on the right. Increase CH3Cl then recheck.

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1!
You need a balanced equation and you WILL work with moles.

Balance the chemical equation.! Calculate formula masses.! Convert masses to moles.! Use chemical equation to! get the needed answer.! Convert back to mass if needed.!
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2! 3! 4!

2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O

5!
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How many moles are in 14 grams of N2 ? Formula mass = 2 N x 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g /mol moles N2 = = 14 g x 1 mol /28.02 g 0.50 moles

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We dont directly weigh out molar quantities. We can use measured masses like kilograms, grams or milligrams. The formula weights and the chemical equations allow us to use either mass or molar quantities.

How many grams of hydrogen will be produced if 10.0 grams of calcium is added to an excess of hydrochloric acid? 2 HCl + Ca ______> CaCl2 + H2 Note: !We produce one H2 for each calcium. !There is an excess of HCl so we have all we need.

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2 HCl + Ca ____> CaCl2 + H2 First Determine the number of moles of calcium available for the reaction.

2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 10 g Ca = 0.25 mol Ca According to the chemical equation, we get one mole of H2 for each mole of Ca. So we will make 0.25 moles of H2. grams H2 produced = moles x FW H2 = 0.25 mol x 2.016 g/mol = 0.504 grams
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Moles Ca = grams Ca / FM Ca = 10.0 g 40.08 g = 0.25 mol Ca

1 mol

OK, so how many grams of CaCl2 were made? 2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 10 g Ca = 0.25 mol Ca We would also make 0.25 moles of CaCl2. g CaCl2 = 0.25 mol x FM CaCl2 = 0.25 mol x 110.98 g / mol CaCl2 = 27.75 g CaCl2
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1 mol 2.0 g 1 mol 32.0 g

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The amount of product actually formed divided by the amount of product calculated to be formed, times 100.
HOC6H4COOH(s) + (CH3CO)2O(l)

% yield =

Actual yield x 100 Theoretical yield

salicylic acid

acetic anhydride

CH3OC6H4COOH(s) +
aspirin

CH3COOH(l)
acetic acid

In order to determine % yield, you must be able to recover and measure all of the product in a pure form.
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Number of moles of salicylic acid used: 50.0 g 1 mol = 0.362 mole of salicylic acid 138 g

% Yield for this reaction Theoretical yield Actual yield % Yield = 48.6 g 65.2 g = 65.2 g = 48.6 g x 100 = 74.5% Yields less than 100% are very common in industrial processes.
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One mole of aspirin should be produced for each mole of salicylic acid consumed. Number of grams of aspirin that should have been produced -- theoretical yield: (0.362 mol aspirin)( 180 g/mol) = 65.2 g aspirin

O2 furnace sample

CO2 trap

H2O trap

A sample is burned, completely converting it to CO2 and H2O. Each is collected and measured as a weight gain. By adding other traps elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and halogens can also be determined.
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0.1638 g CO2

12.01 g C 44.01 g CO2

= 0.04470 g C

0.1675 g H2O

2.016 g H 18.01 g H2O

= 0.01875 g H

0.1156 g - 0.04470 g C - 0.01875 g H = 0.05215 g N

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Since we know the total mass of the original sample, we can calculate the % of each element.
%C= %H= %N= 0.04470 g x 100% 0.1156 g 0.01875 g x 100% 0.1156 g 0.05215 g 0.1156 g x 100% = 38.67 % = 16.22 % = 45.11 %

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From our earlier example, we found that our compound had a composition of:
% C = 38.67 % % H = 16.22 % % N = 45.11 %

38.67 g C

1 mol C ( 12.01 gC) 1 mol H ( 1.008 gH) 1 mol N ( 14.01 gN )

= 3.220 mol C

16.22 g H

= 12.09 mol H

If we assume that we have a 100.0 gram sample, then we can divide each percentage by the elements atomic mass and determine the number of moles of each.
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45.11 g N

= 3.220 mol N

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Empirical formula Empirical formula mass Molecular mass Ratio: 62.12 / 31.06 =2

CH5N 31.06 u 62.12

H H H C C O H H H H H H C O C H H H

The molecular formula is C2H10N2 Note: This does not tell you have the atoms are arranged in the compound!
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ethyl alcohol

dimethyl ether

These chemicals have very different properties.

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We use a variety of ways to represent structural formula. Condensed structural formulas are commonly used for organic molecules. They list a carbon and then what is attached to it. The next carbon in the chain is then listed. ethyl alcohol dimethyl ether CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3
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Models may also be used to help view a molecule.

ethyl alcohol Ball-andstick dimethyl ether

Spacefilling

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