Annotated Bibliography

Primary Works Cited "The Agency's Safeguards." FAS. International Atomic Energy Agency, 9 Apr. 1964. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source directly correlates with the source "The Agency's Safeguards System". It is basically an extension of the system to cover larger reactor facilities, or those achieving 100 or more thermal megawatts. This gives me a general understanding of how they are always trying to improve the treaty. I used this reliable source to help me create my United Nations tab in my website. "The Agency's Safeguards System." IAEA. 16 Sept. 1968. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. This source is the official 1968 The Agencys Safeguards System (Revision 2), which came before the NPT. The document covers regulations varying from inspections by the Agency to when the document will be reviewed. Safeguards are a part of the NPT, so I can assess both sources together. Its goal is to enforce the peaceful use of nuclear energy, which is a main goal of the NPT. I used the information to create my United Nations tab in my website. Carter, Jimmy. Public Papers of Jimmy Carter -- International Atomic Energy Agency Announcement of Transmittal to the Senate of a Nuclear Safeguards Agreement. 9-Feb-78. World Book Advanced. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. The source I examined was President Carters announcement of a treaty made with IAEA that was submitted to senate for ratification. It is a reliable primary source because it is an official account of President Jimmy Carter. This source helped me further my understanding of safeguards. I used the information to create my United Nations tab in my website. Carter, Jimmy. Public Papers of Jimmy Carter -- International Atomic Energy Agency Message to the Senate Transmitting an Agreement on Nuclear Safeguards. 9-Feb-78. World Book Advanced. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. This primary source was a perfect example of showing the purpose of the NPT. It basically said that the signatories of the NPT want everyone in the world to participate in the Nonproliferation Treaty. This source helps me prove my thesis, and it is similar to the

other source by President Jimmy Carter. The source is reliable. "Charter of the United Nations." PBS. PBS, 26 June 1945. Web. 05 Feb. 2014. This document proves and helps me understand the values of the UN, world peace and security, which play a key role in the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. I used this source to understand the basis of the Nonproliferation Treaty. This is a reliable primary source because it is an official document from 1945. Doyle, Jack. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2014. This personal interview took place at the National Atomic Testing Museum. Jack Doyle is a NTSNF trustee. He explained to me how the ability to detect whether or not a nation has nuclear weapons has improved greatly over time. It is a primary source because Mr. Doyle used to work at the Nevada Test Site during atomic bomb testing, as well as when the Nonproliferation Treaty was put into action. Einstein, Albert. "Letter from Albert Einstein to FDR." PBS. PBS, 2 Aug. 1939. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. This source was a letter written to Franklin D. Roosevelt from Albert Einstein. This source helps me with my project because it shows the background of the nuclear bomb. It includes a photo of a nuclear bomb. This is the same letter I used in my Nuclear Weapons tab, which I found the image from the Los Alamos National Laboratory website. The image is the same image I found from the Los Alamos Laboratory, which I used in my WWII tab. Einstein, Albert. "Letter from Albert Einstein to FDR." PBS. PBS, 25 Mar. 1945. Web. 05 Feb. 2014. This source was a letter written by Albert Einstein to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about nuclear physicist Dr. Leo Szilard, and it includes a cartoon about the atomic bomb. It helps me understand my topic because it shows what happened before the first nuclear bomb was tested. This letter came after the letter from Albert Einstein to FDR from August 2, 1939 Ford, Gerald R. Public Papers of Gerald Ford -- 520 Message to the Congress Transmitting Report on United States Actions To Strengthen International Safeguards for Nuclear Materials. 3-Sep-75. World Book Advanced. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.

This primary source was a summary of President Fords message to congress about strengthening international safeguards for nuclear materials. This source compares to the number 241-message source by President Ford because they are both messages to congress about safeguards. This information is reliable because it came from World Book Advanced. Ford, Gerald R. Public Papers of Gerald Ford -- 241 Message to the Congress Transmitting Report on United States Laws and Regulations Governing Nuclear Exports and Safeguards. 6-May-75. World Book Advanced. Web. 1 Jan. 2014. This primary source was about President Fords message to congress about U.S. laws and regulations governing nuclear exports and domestic and international safeguards. This source showed me what the government is doing during this time in history. This information is reliable because it came from World Book Advanced. Groves, Leslie. "The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico." PBS. PBS, 18 July 1945. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. This document helped me understand the first nuclear test ever conducted. It includes a photo of the first atomic test, Trinity, which I used in my Nuclear Weapons tab in my website. Leslie Groves was the head of the Manhattan project. I used the information in this source to create my Nuclear Weapons tab in my website. The source is reliable. Johnson, Lyndon B. "Miller Center." Remarks on Signing the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (July 1, 1968). Web. 20 Jan. 2014. This source was Lyndon B. Johnsons remarks on the signing of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. It helps me understand how important the Nuclear Nonproliferation treaty is because security and unity are a main topic covered in this speech. These topics help prove why the treaty was put into action. This is a reliable source because it is an actual speech. Kosygin, Alexei. "Mr. Kosygin's Speech Welcoming the Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons." International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 1 July 1968. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. This source was a speech given by Alexei Kosygin at the Moscow NPT signing ceremony. Being the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Kosygin

explains how the Soviet Union has always wanted to get rid of nukes from the start. This source helps me understand how much of an impact the NPT has and will continue to have on the world. This is a reliable source because it is an actual speech.

"Leaflets Warning Japanese of Atomic Bomb, 1945." PBS. PBS, Web. 05 Feb. 2014. This source is about the second nuclear bomb America employed on Japan during WWII. This source helps me with my project because it proves to my research how destructive and dangerous the nuclear bomb can be. The nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty was created in order to create optimum security around the world, so it helps me prove my thesis. The source is reliable, and I used this information to create my Leaflets to Japan tab. Groves, Leslie. "The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico." PBS. PBS, 18 July 1945. Web. 05 Feb. 2014. This source gives me a first hand account of the first nuclear test in New Mexico, and it helps me understand the beginnings of nuclear testing. I used this when explaining the history of nuclear weapons. This source is a reliable source, and I referenced it when creating my Nuclear Weapons tab in my website. London, Moscow and Washington. Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (Seabed Treaty). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1971. Print. This source, the Seabed Treaty, prohibits the emplacement of nuclear or any WMD related materials. This treaty was open for signature in 1971, so it came after the NPT, which was open for signature in 1968, so it helps me understand the effects of the NPT. This is a reliable source. Nixon, Richard M. "Public Papers of Richard Milhous Nixon -- 457 Remarks on Signing the Instrument of Ratification of the Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons." 24-Nov-69. Public Papers of Richard Nixon, 1969. World Book Advanced. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This source was President Richard Nixons remarks about the signing the Instrument of Ratification of the NPT. This source was not very helpful to because it did not explain

what exactly he was signing, but it did lead me to do more research on this source. This source is primary because it is the actual speech Nixon gave in 1969. It relates to Nixon, Richard M. "Public Papers of Richard Milhous Nixon -- 458 Statement on Signing the Instrument of Ratification of the Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons." 24-Nov-69. Public Papers of Richard Nixon, 1969. World Book Advanced. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. This source was about President Nixon stating he signed the Instrument of Ratification of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. This source was basically the same as the above source 457 Remarks, except that in the 457 remarks Nixon hadnt signed yet until the 458 source. It was helpful because it led me to research more about this topic.

Pollet, John. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2014. This interview I conducted took place at the National Atomic Testing Museum, with John Pollet, a trustee at this museum who used to be a project manager at the Nevada Test Site. He talked to me about a place that dissembles strategic weapons, called the Device Assembly Facility (DAF), which I had never heard of before. I used this information to explain the concept of disarmament. Reed, Richard. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2014. This interview I conducted took place at the National Atomic Testing Museum, with Richard Reed, a retired volunteer who used to work at the Nevada Test Site during the time they were testing nuclear bombs. He gave me helpful information about what he experienced during those tests, so it helped me understand what occurred during that time period and how the nonproliferation treaty affected the Site. "The Safeguards System of the International Atomic Energy Agency (Revised)." IAEA. 15 May 1997. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. This source was the updated version of the source The Agencys Safeguards System, which was from 1965 covering the new updated safeguards system, so I can compare and contrast both documents. The document helps me understand how the safeguards system operates currently, along with how the NPT effected the implementation of this document. I used the information to create my United Nations tab in my website.

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. This source was very helpful to me because it supports my thesis, along with the many sources I have found mentioning non-proliferation. This source is the backbone of my research because it is the actual non-proliferation treaty. This primary source is reliable. The goal of this source is to ensure the spread and use of nuclear weapons is decreased and eventually eliminated. I used this source to understand my "Trinity- The First US Nuclear Bomb Test 1945." Blatant World. 13 Feb. 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. This source was a video of the first US nuclear bomb test, Trinity, from 1945. This source shows me what the bomb looked like from this time. I used this video in my Nuclear Weapons tab in my website. This source is reliable. Truman, Harry S. "Announcing the Bombing of Hiroshima." PBS. PBS, 6 Aug. 1945. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. This helps me understand the history of the nuclear bomb and the purpose of the bombing of Hiroshima. I used this to create my WWII tab. The photo included with this document allows me to see what the Enola Gay had looked like during this time period. Truman, Harry S. "A Warning to Japan Urging Surrender." PBS. PBS, 9 Aug. 1945. Web. 04 Feb. 2014. This helps me understand the history of the nuclear bomb and the bombings of Hiroshima. I used this information to create my WWII and Leaflets to Japan tabs. This source is reliable. The photo included along with this source allows me to see what Colonel Paul Tibbets looked like while he was waving from Enola Gay's cockpit before taking off for the bombing of Hiroshima United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1964. Vol. 18. New York: Columbia UP, 1966. Print. This volume was about what had happened with the United Nations in the year of 1964. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the subsequent years. United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1965. Vol. 19. New York: United

Nations, 1967. Print. This volume was about what had happened with the United Nations in the year of 1965. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the preceding and subsequent volumes. United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1966. Vol. 20. New York: United Nations, 1968. Print. This volume was about what had happened within the United Nations in the year of 1966. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the preceding and subsequent volumes. United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1967. Vol. 21. New York: United Nations, 1969. Print. This volume was about what had happened within the United Nations in the year of 1967. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the preceding and subsequent volumes. United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1968. Vol. 22. New York: United Nations, 1971. Print. This volume was about what had happened within the United Nations in the year of 1968. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the preceding and subsequent volumes. United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1969. Vol. 23. New York: United Nations, 1972. Print. This volume was about what had happened within the United Nations in the year of 1969. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the preceding and subsequent volumes. United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations 1970. Vol. 24. New York: United Nations, 1973. Print.

This volume was about what had happened within the United Nations in the year of 1970. It is helpful to my research because it is an actual document published by the United Nations, so it is a completely reliable and factual. I compared what happened in this year to the previous volumes.

Wilson, Harold, and Michael Stewart. "Mr. Harold Wilson and Mr. Michael Stewart's NPT Statements in London." International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 1 July 1968. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. This source was Harold Wilson and Michael Stewarts reflection on the 1968 signing of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty at the London ceremony. This source gives me a first hand account of the signing of the NPT. It gave me an understanding of how these people felt and reacted during this time. It is helpful because I now understand how it affected different parts of the world during this time period.