The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) (Text of the treaty) The States concluding this Treaty,

hereinafter referred to as the Parties to the Treaty, Considering the devastation that would e visited upon all !an"ind y a nuclear war and the conse#uent need to !a"e every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to ta"e !easures to safeguard the security of peoples, $elieving that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war, %n confor!ity with resolutions of the &nited Nations 'eneral (sse! ly calling for the conclusion of an agree!ent on the prevention of wider disse!ination of nuclear weapons, &nderta"ing to co-operate in facilitating the application of %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities, )xpressing their support for research, develop!ent and other efforts to further the application, within the fra!ewor" of the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency safeguards syste!, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissiona le !aterials y use of instru!ents and other techni#ues at certain strategic points, (ffir!ing the principle that the enefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological y-products which !ay e derived y nuclear-weapon States fro! the develop!ent of nuclear explosive devices, should e availa le for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States, Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possi le exchange of scientific infor!ation for, and to contri ute alone or in co-operation with other States to, the further develop!ent of the applications of ato!ic energy for peaceful purposes, *eclaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possi le date the cessation of the nuclear ar!s race and to underta"e effective !easures in the direction of nuclear disar!a!ent, &rging the co-operation of all States in the attain!ent of this o +ective,

,ecalling the deter!ination expressed y the Parties to the -./0 Treaty anning nuclear weapons tests in the at!osphere, in outer space and under water in its Prea! le to see" to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all ti!e and to continue negotiations to this end, *esiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust etween States in order to facilitate the cessation of the !anufacture of nuclear weapons, the li#uidation of all their existing stoc"piles, and the eli!ination fro! national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the !eans of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on general and co!plete disar!a!ent under strict and effective international control, ,ecalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the &nited Nations, States !ust refrain in their international relations fro! the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other !anner inconsistent with the Purposes of the &nited Nations, and that the esta lish!ent and !aintenance of international peace and security are to e pro!oted with the least diversion for ar!a!ents of the world1s hu!an and econo!ic resources, 2ave agreed as follows3 (rticle % )ach nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty underta"es not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly4 and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to !anufacture or otherwise ac#uire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices5 (rticle %% )ach non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty underta"es not to receive the transfer fro! any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly4 not to !anufacture or otherwise ac#uire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices4 and not to see" or receive any assistance in the !anufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices5 (rticle %%% -5 )ach non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty underta"es to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agree!ent to e negotiated and concluded with the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency in accordance

with the Statute of the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency and the (gency1s safeguards syste!, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfil!ent of its o ligations assu!ed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy fro! peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices5 Procedures for the safeguards re#uired y this (rticle shall e followed with respect to source or special fissiona le !aterial whether it is eing produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any such facility5 The safeguards re#uired y this (rticle shall e applied on all source or special fissiona le !aterial in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State, under its +urisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere5 65 )ach State Party to the Treaty underta"es not to provide3 (a) source or special fissiona le !aterial, or ( ) e#uip!ent or !aterial especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissiona le !aterial, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissiona le !aterial shall e su +ect to the safeguards re#uired y this (rticle5 05 The safeguards re#uired y this (rticle shall e i!ple!ented in a !anner designed to co!ply with (rticle %7 of this Treaty, and to avoid ha!pering the econo!ic or technological develop!ent of the Parties or international co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear !aterial and e#uip!ent for the processing, use or production of nuclear !aterial for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of this (rticle and the principle of safeguarding set forth in the Prea! le of the Treaty5 85 Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agree!ents with the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency to !eet the re#uire!ents of this (rticle either individually or together with other States in accordance with the Statute of the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency5 Negotiation of such agree!ents shall co!!ence within -9: days fro! the original entry into force of this Treaty5 ;or States depositing their instru!ents of ratification or accession after the -9:day period, negotiation of such agree!ents shall co!!ence not later than the date of such deposit5 Such agree!ents shall enter into force not later than eighteen !onths after the date of initiation of negotiations5 (rticle %7 -5 Nothing in this Treaty shall e interpreted as affecting the inaliena le right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and

use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discri!ination and in confor!ity with (rticles % and %% of this Treaty5 65 (ll the Parties to the Treaty underta"e to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possi le exchange of e#uip!ent, !aterials and scientific and technological infor!ation for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy5 Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also cooperate in contri uting alone or together with other States or international organi<ations to the further develop!ent of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world5 (rticle 7 )ach Party to the Treaty underta"es to ta"e appropriate !easures to ensure that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international o servation and through appropriate international procedures, potential enefits fro! any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will e !ade availa le to non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty on a non-discri!inatory asis and that the charge to such Parties for the explosive devices used will e as low as possi le and exclude any charge for research and develop!ent5 Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall e a le to o tain such enefits, pursuant to a special international agree!ent or agree!ents, through an appropriate international ody with ade#uate representation of nonnuclear-weapon States5 Negotiations on this su +ect shall co!!ence as soon as possi le after the Treaty enters into force5 Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring !ay also o tain such enefits pursuant to ilateral agree!ents5 (rticle 7% )ach of the Parties to the Treaty underta"es to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective !easures relating to cessation of the nuclear ar!s race at an early date and to nuclear disar!a!ent, and on a treaty on general and co!plete disar!a!ent under strict and effective international control5 (rticle 7%% Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude regional treaties in order to assure the total a sence of nuclear weapons in their respective territories5 (rticle 7%%% -5 (ny Party to the Treaty !ay propose a!end!ents to this Treaty5 The text of any proposed a!end!ent shall e su !itted to the *epositary

'overn!ents which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty5 Thereupon, if re#uested to do so y one-third or !ore of the Parties to the Treaty, the *epositary 'overn!ents shall convene a conference, to which they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an a!end!ent5 65 (ny a!end!ent to this Treaty !ust e approved y a !a+ority of the votes of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclearweapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the a!end!ent is circulated, are !e! ers of the $oard of 'overnors of the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency5 The a!end!ent shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instru!ent of ratification of the a!end!ent upon the deposit of such instru!ents of ratification y a !a+ority of all the Parties, including the instru!ents of ratification of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the a!end!ent is circulated, are !e! ers of the $oard of 'overnors of the %nternational (to!ic )nergy (gency5 Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon the deposit of its instru!ent of ratification of the a!end!ent5 05 ;ive years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall e held in 'eneva, Swit<erland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Prea! le and the provisions of the Treaty are eing realised5 (t intervals of five years thereafter, a !a+ority of the Parties to the Treaty !ay o tain, y su !itting a proposal to this effect to the *epositary 'overn!ents, the convening of further conferences with the sa!e o +ective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty5 (rticle %= -5 This Treaty shall e open to all States for signature5 (ny State which does not sign the Treaty efore its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 0 of this (rticle !ay accede to it at any ti!e5 65 This Treaty shall e su +ect to ratification y signatory States5 %nstru!ents of ratification and instru!ents of accession shall e deposited with the 'overn!ents of the &nited >ingdo! of 'reat $ritain and Northern %reland, the &nion of Soviet Socialist ,epu lics and the &nited States of (!erica, which are here y designated the *epositary 'overn!ents5 05 This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification y the States, the 'overn!ents of which are designated *epositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instru!ents of ratification5 ;or the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-

weapon State is one which has !anufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to - ?anuary -./@5 85 ;or States whose instru!ents of ratification or accession are deposited su se#uent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instru!ents of ratification or accession5 A5 The *epositary 'overn!ents shall pro!ptly infor! all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instru!ent of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any re#uests for convening a conference or other notices5 /5 This Treaty shall e registered y the *epositary 'overn!ents pursuant to (rticle -:6 of the Charter of the &nited Nations5 (rticle = -5 )ach Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw fro! the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the su +ect !atter of this Treaty, have +eopardi<ed the supre!e interests of its country5 %t shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the &nited Nations Security Council three !onths in advance5 Such notice shall include a state!ent of the extraordinary events it regards as having +eopardi<ed its supre!e interests5 65 Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall e convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall e extended for an additional fixed period or periods5 This decision shall e ta"en y a !a+ority of the Parties to the Treaty5(rticle =% This Treaty, the )nglish, ,ussian, ;rench, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are e#ually authentic, shall e deposited in the archives of the *epositary 'overn!ents5 *uly certified copies of this Treaty shall e trans!itted y the *epositary 'overn!ents to the 'overn!ents of the signatory and acceding States5 %N W%TN)SS W2),)B; the undersigned, duly authori<ed, have signed this Treaty5 *BN) in triplicate, at the cities of Condon, Doscow and Washington, the first day of ?uly, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight5

Note3 Bn -- Day -..A, in accordance with article =, paragraph 6, the ,eview and )xtension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons decided that the Treaty should continue in force indefinitely (see decision 0)5 E ac" to the textF Copyright 6:::, *epart!ent for *isar!a!ent (ffairs, &nited Nations