PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE Affirmative: S+ 1st form He/she/it + short infinitive + (e)s

I drink onl fl!t "!ter# S$ellin%: 1#& ' (to )*'' (he )*''es & +h (to to*+h & sh (to $*sh & , (to mi, & ss (to miss & o (to do - & to tr (he tries Interrogative: .h!t/"here/ et+# + 01/01ES + S + short infinitive2 Negative: S + 01N3T/01ESN3T + short infinitive 4ses: 1# Perm!nent 5+tions: a) Permanent/Universal Truths The s*n rises in the e!st !nd sets in the "est# )) Actions which are seen as permanent by the speaker: .here does o*r f!ther "ork2 He "orks in ! )!nk# ()!n+her/ ii +onvine sl*6)!) He is "orkin% in ! )!nk# (vre! s! $le+e/vo$seste %!rd*l) I live in 7!l!ti# (I like it here 8 i don3t "!nt to move) -# H!)it*!l 5+tions (!+ti*ni re$et!te in mod o)isn*it)

I %o to s+hool every day# 9# 1ffi+i!ll $l!nned f*t*re !+tions

The tr!in le!ves in h!lf !n ho*r# The the!ter reo$ens on 9rd M! # :# it is !lso *sed in s*mm!ries/ $resent!tions/ revie"s of )ooks/ films/ et+# (fi+tion)

The !+tion t!kes $l!+e in the 1;th +ent*r # The hero res+*es the heroine !nd the elo$e to%ether# <# to m!ke st!tements !nd de+l!r!tions:

I de+l!re the meetin% o$en# I de+l!re o* h*s)!nd !nd "ife# I n!me the shi$ 1ri!n!# I $romise "e "ill h!ve )etter res*lts ne,t e!r# I !%ree to hel$ o* this time#

=#

in s$ort +omment!ries for short !+tions:

H!%i shoots !nd it3s ! %o!l# PRESENT TENSE >1NTIN414S Affirmative: S + !m/is/!re + v)ing Spelling: 1# -# to live( livin% to $*t ($*ttin%

1 s ll!)le ver)s/ endin% in +v+ (+vcc in% 9# to $refer ($referrin% to offer (offerin%

- s ll!)le ver)s/ endin% in +v+ !nd -nd s ll!)le stressed (+vcc in% :# to lie (lyin% to die (dyin%

4ses: 1# 5+tions in $ro%ress !t the moment of s$e!kin%

It3s r!inin% now# -# Tem$or!r !+tions

I3m st*d in% Ph si+s this semester# I3m gradually for%ettin% !ll the 7reek I *sed to kno"# 9# & & & & & ?er fre@*entl re$e!ted !+tions + s$e!ker3s !ttit*de: & ne%!tive (1)/$ositive (-) !l"! s forever +onst!ntl +ontin*!ll (She3s continually $honin% me# +ontin*o*sl (He3s continuously $l! in% the $i!no#

The !l!rm is forever %oin% off for no re!son# (!n%er) She3s always hel$in% $eo$le# She3s m d!*%hterA ($ride) :# Person!l f*t*re !rr!n%ements

I3m le!vin% for Br!sov tomorrow# <# it is *sed in s$ort +omment!ries for lon%er !+tions in $ro%ress:

Smith is r*nnin% to"!rds the o$$onent te!m3s %o!l#

ynamic/Stative verbs There !re - t $es of ver)s: & d n!mi+ (e,$ress !+tions C vol*nt!r & st!tive (e,$ress st!tes C invol*nt!r R*le: St!tive ver)s +!nnot )e *sed in the +ontin*o*s !s$e+t# To SEE: & ! vede! Cst!tive & ! intele%e C st!tive & to see s) o*t of ! ho*se C ! +ond*+e !f!r! C d n!mi+ & to see s) off !t the st!tion C ! +ond*+e $!n! l! C d n!mi+ & ! te int!lni +* C d n!mi+ To BE: +!n )e *sed in the +ontin*o*s !s$e+t: & "ith +ert!in !d6e+tives/ to sho" tem$or!r )eh!vio*r: Do* !re )ein% st*$idA I3m s*re o* *nderst!nd# & in the $!ssive voi+e: More !nd more ho*ses !re )ein% )*ilt in o*r nei%h)o*rhood# St!tive ver)s of $h si+!l $er+e$tion & & & & & to see to he!r to smell to t!ste to feel

to smell/ to t!ste/ to feel !re d n!mi+ "hen follo"ed ) ! dire+t o)6e+t 1# -# 9# & Roses smell %ood# C st!tive & He is smellin% the roses# C d n!mi+ The so*$ t!stes %ood# C st!tive He is t!stin% the so*$# C d n!mi+ Silk feels soft# C st!tive He3s feelin% the silk# C d n!mi+

PRESENT PEREE>T TENSE SIMPLE & & S + H5?E/H5S + 9rd form 4sed "ith: re+entl /l!tel /of l!te/ so f!r/ *$ to no"/the $resent/ to d!te/ !s et It e,$resses v!rio*s t $es of +onne+tions )et"een past !nd present: 1# >1NTIN4ITD of the !+tion C !+tions "hi+h )e%in in the $!st !nd %o *$ to the $resent:

I3ve lived here sin+e 1;F=/sin+e the ho*se "!s )*ilt/for -G e!rs# Present Perfe+t Sim$le is )ein% re$l!+ed ) Present Perfe+t >ontin*o*s in modern En%lish: I3ve )een livin% here for -G e!rs# -# >1NTIN4ITD of the $eriod of time ( !+ti*ni intr&o $erio!d! de tim$ nein+hei!t!): !# If !n !+tion h!sn3t h!$$ened it +!n still h!$$en#

He h!s never seen the se!# (He +!n still see it C he3s not )lind/ he3s still !live) H!ve o* ever )een !)ro!d2 H!ve o* re!d H.!r !nd Pe!+eI2 )# If !n !+tion h!s h!$$ened !t le!st on+e/ it +!n h!$$en !%!in#

I3ve seen him sever!l times tod! # (He3s still !ro*nd) I3ve )een to the se!side t"i+e this e!r# ( I +!n %o !%!in) 9# >54SE&EEEE>T C it e,$resses the $resent effe+ts of ! $!st !+tion:

0o o* *nderst!nd "h!t he3s t!lkin% !)o*t2 Des/ I3ve re!d his )ook# (& I *nderst!nd) 0o o* kno" him2 Des/ I3ve met him# :# PR1JIMITD: 6*st/onl 6*st

I3ve only just !rrived# !ust now " Past Tense

PRESENT PEREE>T SIMPLE /vers*s/ PRESENT PEREE>T >1NTIN414S 1# Present Perfe+t Tense Sim$le C "ith lon% $eriods of time (+ 1GG)

This st!t*e h!s stood here for 500 years# Present Perfe+t >ontin*o*s C "ith shorter $eriods of time Do*3ve )een st!ndin% on m toe for 10 secondsA -# Present Perfe+t Sim$le C effe+ts

I h!ve "!lked 10 km# The h!ve m!de 200 sausages# She3s "ritten 10 letters# Present Perfe+t >ontin*o*s C !+tions: I h!ve )een "!lkin% for 3 hours# The 3ve )een m!kin% s!*s!%es since 20th December# She3s )een "ritin% letters all day# 9# Present Perfe+t Sim$le C finished !+tions "ith $resent effe+ts:

.ho3s e!ten m s!nd"i+h2 (s!ndvis*l) I3m %oin% to st!rveA He3s "ritten !nd $*)lished his !*to)io%r!$h # He3s ! re!l "riterA Present Perfe+t >ontin*o*s C *nfinished !+tions: .ho3s )een e!tin% m s!nd"i+h2 (din s!ndvis) He3s )een "ritin% his !*to)io%r!$h # He3s "ritten - +h!$ters# :# Present Perfe+t >ontin*o*s C to m!ke ded*+tions of +!*ses )!sed on $resent eviden+e:

Your eyes are red# Do*3ve )een +r in%A The ground is wet# It3s )een r!inin%A <# Present Perfe+t Sim$le C re$e!ted !+tions:

It h!s sno"ed ever "inter sin+e he +!me here# Present Perfe+t >ontin*o*s C ver fre@*entl re$e!ted !+tions: He3s )een $honin% her !ll "eekA She3s %oin% to dis+onne+t the $honeA

<

P5ST TENSE SIMPLE & & It e,$resses $!st !+tions "hi+h h!ve no +onne+tion "ith the $resent Narrative tense C it e,$resses series of !+tions in the $!st

I "oke *$ !t F/ $*t on m +lothes !nd left for s+hool# & & & *sed "ith: l!st/ !%o/ esterd! last e!r/"eek/month/ et+# ( P!st Tense C I met her l!st month# the last/past e!r/"eek/month (Present Perfe+t C I3ve )een here t"i+e over the $!st "eek# P5ST PEREE>T TENSE SIMPLE H50 + 9rd form & it e,$resses $!st !+tions "hi+h h!$$en )efore !nother $!st !+tion/moment

I h!d finished ) F/) the time o* +!me )!+k# & it is onl *sed "hen the ide! of !nteriorit is em$h!si'ed:

I "oke *$ !t F/ $*t on m +lothes !nd left for s+hool# C !nteriorit not em$h!si'ed C P!st Tense He3s re!ll m!d# He onl left for s+hool !fter he h!d dr*nk his +*$ of te! even if he "!s h!lf !n ho*r l!te# C !nteriorit em$h!si'ed C P!st Perfe+t SEK4EN>E PE TENSES 1# & Present/E*t*re in M!in >l!*se: !nteriorit : Present Perfe+t in Time >l!*se:

He !l"! s re!ds his ne"s$!$er after he h!s finished his )re!kf!st# & sim*lt!neit : Present in Time >l!*se:

I3ll tell him when I see him# & $osteriorit : Present in Time >l!*se:

I "ill h!ve finished by the time o* +ome )!+k# -# & & & P!st in M!in >l!*se: !nteriorit : P!st Perfe+t in Time >l!*se sim*lt!neit : P!st in Time >l!*se $osteriorit : P!st in Time >l!ise