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Akira Matsuzawa
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 1
PLL system
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 2
Phase locked loop (PLL)
Application area
1. Internal clock generation in LSI locked to external clock
2. Frequency Synthesizer for communication systems
3. Clock recovery for communication systems and data storage systems
4. FM demodulation
Frequency Synthesizer
Clock recovery
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 3
Basic Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) system
PLL is a feedback system to match the input signal phase and the output signal phase.
Through this process, frequencies of these signals become equal completely.
Frequency
Divider
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 4
Waveforms in PLL system
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 5
Analog phase detector (mixer type)
Suitable for high frequency application, but no ability as a frequency detector
Vout ≈ θ1 − θ 2
B
π π
−π −
2 2 π
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 6
3 state Phase Frequency Detector
This 3 state phase detector is currently most widely used.
Because it has a ability for frequency detect.
“1” D Q Up A
A Clk
R B
Glitch
B R Up
Clk
Down Down
“1” D Q
Vout goes “High”, if rising edge comes earlier.
Frequency detector
State II State 0 State I Vout
B A
B
UP=0 UP=0 UP=1
A − 2π
Down=1 Down=0 Down=0
A B 2π Δθ
Works as an Up-Down counter
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 7
Dead zone in PFD
The most serious issue of PFD is dead zone at a small phase deviation.
This causes a large jitter and a phase noise.
Improved PDF
Δθ
Dead zone
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 8
Narrow pulse effect
If the output pulse is very narrow, the pulse height can not
exceed the logic threshold voltage. This results in the missing data.
Finally, this makes the dead zone.
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 9
Charge pump circuit
The charge pump circuit can generate the averaged current of which the
value is proportional to the phase difference.
I PD = K PD ⋅ Δθ
Ipump
I pump 2π
K PD = ( A / rad )
2π
IPD :Effective average current
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 10
Actual charge pump circuit
Active filter
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 11
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
Vcntr is high
ωmax
ωfr
ωmin
Vcont
Vmin Vcenter Vmax
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 12
VCO
VCO act as a low pass filter to the control voltage signal
ωout = ω fr + K VCOVcntr
( ∫
y( t ) = A cos ω fr t + K VCO Vcntr dt )
For example : Vcntr ( t ) = Vm cos ωm t
⎛ K ⎞
y( t ) = A cos ⎜⎜ ω fr t + VCO Vm sin ωm t ⎟⎟
⎝ ωm ⎠
High frequency component in Vcntr can be suppressed Low frequency component in Vcntr can't be suppressed
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 13
Current starved Ring oscillator
This ring oscillator is widely used for the digital clock generator in LSI
Current sourse
IVCO
Ring Oscillator (Odd stages)
Vcntr
3
C tot = C out + C in = C ox ( L pW p + LnWn ) + C ox ( L pW p + LnWn )
2
5
= C ox ( L pW p + LnWn ) Merit: easy implementation on LSI
2
Issue: large jitter noise
I VCO
f osc =
N ⋅ C tot ⋅ VDD
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 14
VCO (Source coupled VCO)
VDD VDD
Sometime used for
Out VDD Out Low frequency oscillator
M1 M2 M1 M2
Off 2Io
X Y
VinVCO Discharge X Low frequency generation
Y
Differential signal
Io Io High noise tolerance
Io
M2 on M1 on M2 on M1 on M2 on
Out VDD
Out VDD-VTHN
Y
X
Time
2005/5/10 A. Matsuzawa 15