Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!

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CO"STRUCT!O" !"DUSTR RE#ULAT!O"S

!"TRODUCT!O" TO OSHA
!"TRODUCT!O"& More than 90 million Americans spend their days on the job. Until 1970, no uniform and comprehensive provisions existed for their protection a ainst !or"place safety and health ha#ards. $he %ccupational &afety and 'ealth Act (%&' A)$* !as approved by )on ress in 1970, to assure so far as possible every !or"in man and !oman safe and healthful !or"in conditions. +n eneral, covera e of the Act extends to all employers in the ,0 states, the -istrict of )olumbia, .uerto /ico, and all other territories under 0ederal 1overnment. DEF!"!T!O"& %&'A2 4mployers2 A competent person2 %ccupational &afety and 'ealth Administration U& -epartment of 3abor. As defined by the Act, an employer is any 5person en a ed in a business affectin commerce !ho has employees. is defined as 5one !ho is capable of identifyin existin and predictable ha#ards in the surroundin s or !or"in conditions !hich are unsanitary, ha#ardous, or dan erous to employees, and !ho has authori#ation to ta"e prompt corrective measures to eliminate them6 )ode of 0ederal /e ulations is a codification of the eneral and permanent rules published in the 0ederal /e ister by 4xecutive departments and a encies of the 0ederal 1overnment. $he code is divided into ,0 titles !hich represent broad areas

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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subject to 0ederal re ulations. 4ach title is divided into chapters !hich usually bear the name of the issuin a ency. 4ach chapter is further subdivided into parts coverin specific re ulatory areas. 7ased on this brea"do!n, %&'A is desi nated title 8993abor, )hapter :;++. Under )hapter :;++, the re ulations are bro"en do!n into parts. (%ccupational &afety and 'ealth &tandards* 0or example2 .art 19102 1eneral +ndustry &tandards .art 198<2 )onstruction &afety &tandards Under each part, such as .art 1910, major bloc"s information are bro"en into subparts. $he major subparts in the 1910 standards include2 &ubpart - = &ubpart 4 = &ubpart 0 = &ubpart 1 = &ubpart ' = &ubpart + = &ubpart @ = &ubpart A = &ubpart 3 = &ubpart M = &ubpart B = &ubpart % = &ubpart . = >al"in = >or"in &urfaces Means of 4 ress .o!ered .latforms, Manlifts, and ;ehicle9 Mounted >or" .latforms %ccupational 'ealth and 4nvironmental )ontrol 'a#ardous Materials .ersonal .rotective 4?uipment 1eneral 4nvironmental )ontrols Medical and 0irst Aid 0ire .rotection )ompressed 1as and )ompressed Air 4?uipment Materials 'andlin and &tora e Machinery and Machine 1uardin 'and and .ortable .o!ered $ools and %ther 'and9'eld 4?uipment

Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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&ubpart C = >eldin , )uttin and 7ra#in &ubpart / = &pecial +ndustries &ubpart & = 4lectrical &ubpart D = $oxic and 'a#ardous &ubstances 4ach subpart is further bro"en do!n into sections. 3et us loo" at one subpart in detail2 &ubpart - = >al"in = >or"in &urfaces. $he index of &ubpart - is sho!n belo!2

&U7.A/$ - = >A3A+B1 = >%/A+B1 &U/0A)4&

1910.81 1910.88 1910.8E 1910.8F 1910.8, 1910.8< 1910.87 1910.8G 1910.89 1910.E0 1910.E1 1910.E8 -efinitions 1eneral re?uirements 1uardin floor and !all openin s and holes 0ixed industrial stairs .ortable !ood ladders .ortable metal ladders 0ixed ladders &afety re?uirements for scaffoldin Manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds (to!ers* %ther !or"in surfaces &ources of standards &tandards or ani#ations

OSHA 'UR'OSE& Under the %&' A)$ (1970*, the %ccupational &afety and 'ealth Administration (%&'A* !as created !ithin the -epartment of 3abor in 1971 to2 19 4ncoura e employers and employees to reduce !or"place ha#ards and to implement ne! or improve existin safety and health pro rams. 89 .rovide for research in occupational safety and health to develop innovative !ays of dealin !ith occupational safety and health problems.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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E9 F9 ,9 <9 79 4stablish 5separate but dependant responsibilities and ri hts6 for employers and employees for the achievement of better safety and health conditions. Maintain a reportin and record9"eepin system to monitor job9related injuries and illnesses. 4stablish trainin pro rams to increase the number and competence of occupational safety and health personnel. -evelop mandatory job safety and health standards and enforce them effectively .rovide for the development, analysis, evaluations and approval of state occupational safety and health pro rams.

OSHA STA"DARDS& +n carryin out its duties, %&'A is responsible for promul atin le ally enforceable standards. %&'A standards may re?uire conditions, or the adoption or use of or more practices, means, methods or processes reasonably necessary and appropriate to protect !or"ers on the job. +t is the responsibility of employers to become familiar !ith standards applicable to their establishments and to ensure that employees have and use personal protective e?uipment !hen re?uired for safety. 4mployees must comply !ith all rules and re ulation !hich are applicable to their o!n actions and conduct. $he %&'A standards !ere ta"en from three sources2 consensus standards, proprietary standards, and federal la!s in effect !hen the %ccupational &afety and 'ealth Act become la!. 19 )onsensus &tandards2 are developed by industry9!ide standard9 developin or ani#ations and are discussed and substantially a reed upon throu h consensus by industry. %&'A has incorporated the standards of the t!o primary standards roups, the American Bational &tandards +nstitute (AB&+* and the Bational 0ire .rotection Association (B0.A*, into its set of standards. .roprietary &tandards2 are prepared by professional experts !ithin specific industries, professional societies, and associations. $he

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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proprietary standards are determined by a strai ht membership vote, not by consensus. (An example is the )ompressed 1as Association* 0ederal 3a!2 &ome preexistin federal la!s are enforced by %&'A, includin the 0ederal &upply )ontractsH the 0ederal &ervice )ontracts ActH the )ontract >or" 'ours and &afety &tandards ActH and the Bational 0oundation on the Arts and 'umanities Act. &tandards issued under these Acts are no! enforced in all industries !here they apply.

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Hori(ontal and )ertical Standards& &tandards are sometimes referred to as bein either 5hori#ontal or vertical6 in their application. Most standards are hori#ontal or 5 eneral6 !hich means they apply to any employer in any industry. &tandards relatin to fire protection, !or"in surfaces and first aid are examples of hori#ontal standards. &ome standards, thou h, are relevant only to a particular industry, and are called vertical, or 5particular6 standards. 4xamples are standards applyin to the lon shorin industry or the construction industry, and to the special industries covered in &ubpart / of 1910. *OR+'LACE !"S'ECT!O"S Authority to +nspect $o enforce its standards, %&'A is authorised under the Act to conduct !or"place inspections. 4very establishment covered by the Act is subject to inspection by %&'A compliance safety and health officers. Under the Act, 5upon presentin appropriate credentials to the o!ner, operator or a ent in char e6, an %&'A compliance officer is authori#ed to2 54nter !ithout delay and at reasonable times any factory, plant, establishment, construction site or other areas, !or"place, or environment !here !or" is performed by an employee of an employerH and to 5inspect and investi ate durin re ular !or"in hours, and at other reasonable times, and !ithin reasonable limits and in a reasonable manner, any such place of employment and all pertinent conditions,
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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structures, machines, apparatus, devices, e?uipment and materials therein, and to ?uestion privately any such employer, o!ner, operator, a ent or employee6. !nspection 'riorities %&'A has established a system of inspection priorities2 1Imminent Danger +mminent dan er situations are iven top priority. An immenent dan er is any condition !here there is reasonable certainty the a dan er exists that can e expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately, or before the dan er can be eliminated throu h normal enforcement procedures. &erious physical harm is any type of harm that could cause permanent or prolon ed dama e to the body or !hich, !hile not dama in the body on a prolon ed basis, could cause such temporary disability as to re?uire in9patient hospital treatment. %&'A considers that 5permanent or prolon ed dama e6 has occurred !hen, for example, a part of the body is crushed or severedH an arm, le or fin er is amputateedH or si ht in one or both eyes is lost. 2Catastrophes and Fatal Accidents &econd priority is iven to investi ation of fatalities and catastrophes resultin in hospitali#ation of three or more employees. &uch situations must be reported to %&'A by the employer !ithin G hours. +nvesti ations are made to determine if %&'A standards !ere violated and to avoid recurrence of similar accidents. Employee Complaints $hird priority is iven to employee complaints of alle ed violation of standards or of unsafe or unhealthful !or"in conditions. Programmed High-Hazard Inspections Bext in priority are pro rammed, or planned, inspections aimed at specific hi h9ha#ard industries, occupations or health substances. Follo!-"p Inspections

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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A follo!9up inspection determines !hether previously cited violations have corrected. C!TAT!O"S A"D 'E"ALT!ES )itations issued by the Area -irector After the compliance officer reports findin s, the area director determines !hat citations, if any !ill be issued, and !hat penalties, if any, !ill be proposed. )itations inform the employer and employees of the re ulations and standards alle ed to have been violated and of the proposed len th of time set for their abatement. $he employer !ill receive citations and notices of proposed penalties by certified mail. $he employer must post a copy of each citation at or near the place a violation occurred, for three days or until the violation is abated, !hichever is lon er. 'enalties& 19 %ther $han &erious ;iolation2 A violation that has a direct relationship to job safety and health, but probably !ould not cause death or serious physical harm. A proposed penalty of up to I7.000 for each violation is discretionary. A penalty for an other9than9 serious violation may be adjusted do!n!ard by as much as 9, percent, dependin on the employerJs ood faith (demonstrated efforts to comply !ith the Act*. 89 &erious ;iolation = A violation !here there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result and that the employer "ne!, or should have "no!n, of the ha#ard. A mandatory penalty of up to I 7.000 for each violation is proposed. A penalty for a serious violation may be adjusted do!n!ard, based on the employerJs ood faith, history of previous violations, the ravity of the alle ed violation, and si#e of business. >illful ;iolation = A violation that the employer "no!in ly commits or commits !ith plain indifference to the la!. $he

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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employer either "no!s that !hat he or she is doin constitutes a violation, or is a!are that a ha#ardous condition existed and made no reasonable effort to eliminate it. .enalties of up to I 70.000 may be proposed for each !illful violation, !ith a minimum penalty of I ,.000 for each violation. A proposed penalty for a !illful violation may be adjusted do!n!ard, dependin on the si#e of the business and its history of previous violations. Usually, no credit is iven for ood faith. +f an employer is convicted of a !illful violation of a standard that has resulted in the death of an employee, the offense is punishable by a court9imposed fine or by imprisonment for up to six months, or both. A fine of up to I 8,0.000 for an individual, or I ,00.000 for a corporation, may be imposed for a criminal conviction. F9 /epeated ;iolation = A violation of any standard, re ulation, rule, or order !here, upon re9inspection, a substantially similar violation can brin a fine of up to I 70.000 for each violation. $o be the basis of a repeated citation, the ori inal citation must be finalH a citation under contest may not serve as the basis for a subse?uent repeated citation. 0ailure to Abate .rior ;iolation = 0ailure to abate a prior violation may brin a civil penalty of up to I 7.000 for each day the violation continues beyond the prescribed abatement date.

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Additional violations for !hich citations proposed penalties may be issued upon conviction2 a. 0alsifyin records, reports or applications can brin a fine of I 10.000 or up to six months in jail, or both. b. ;iolations of postin re?uirements can brin a civil penalty of up to I 7.000.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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c. Assaultin a compliance officer, or other!ise resistin , opposin , intimidatin , or interferin !ith a compliance officer !hile they are

en a ed in the performance of their duties is a criminal offense, subject to a fine of not more than I ,.000 and imprisonment for not more than three years. SER)!CES A)A!LA,LE , OSHA AConsultation Assistance )onsultation assistance is available to employers !ho !ant help in establishin and maintainin a safe and healthful !or"place. 3ar ely funded by %&'A, the service is provided at no cost to the employer. Bo penalties are proposed or citations issued for ha#ards identified by the consultant. $his process be ins !ith the employerJs re?uest for consultation and the commitment to correct any serious job safety and health identified by the consultant. .ossible violations of %&'A standards !ill not be reported to %&'A enforcement staff unless the employer fails or refuses to eliminate or control !or"er exposure to any identified serious ha#ard or imminent dan er situation. )onsultation assistance includes an appraisal of all mechanical, physical, !or" practice, and environmental ha#ards of the !or"place and all aspects of the employerJs present job safety and health pro ram. ,)oluntary 'rotection 'ro.rams $he ;oluntary .rotection .ro rams (;..s* represent one part of %&'AJs effort to extend !or"er protection beyond the minimum re?uired by %&'A standards. $hese pro rams, alon !ith others such as expanded onsite consultation services and full9service area offices, are cooperative approaches !hich, !hen coupled !ith an effective enforcement pro ram, expand

Occupational Safety and Health Administration USA Department of Labor OSHA OUTREACH SAFET TRA!"!"#

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!or"er protection to help meet the oals of the %ccupational &afety and 'ealth Act of 1970. CTrainin. and Education %&'AJs area offices are full9service centers offerin a variety of informational services such as availability for spea"in en a ements, publication, audiovisual aids on !or"place ha#ards, and technical advice. $he %&'A $rainin +nstitute in -es .laines, +3, provide basic and advanced trainin and education in safety and health for federal and state compliance officersH state consultantsH other federal a ency personnelH and private sector employees, employees and their representatives. +nstitute courses cover areas such as electrical ha#ards, machine uardin , ventilation and ero nomics.

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