BIRZIET UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A PROPOSED PALESTINIAN ELECTRICAL NETWORK

Prepared by

Hamada Almasalma Mohammad Qaraqe

Supervised by

Mr. Jaser Saed

An Introduction to Graduation Project Submitted to the Electrical Engineering Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering

BIRZEIT DECEMBER -2010

Table of Contents
Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Table of Abbreviations Abstract Chapter one 1.1 1.2 Chapter Two 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Project Overview Project Outline Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank Electrical Energy Sources Electric Utilities in West Bank Electrical Energy Consumption 2.3.1 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Sectors 2.3.2 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Areas Electricity Customers in West Bank Rates and Tariff Structure in the West Bank 2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern Electricity Company(SELCO) 2.5.2 Tariff structure in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) 2.5.3 Tariff structure in Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) 2.5.4 Tariff structure in Jerusalem District Electrical Company (JDECO) Electrical Energy Problems Future Plans in the West Bank Nablus Distribution System Nablus District 3.1.1 Feeders 3.1.2 Substations 3.1.3 Transmission Lines Wadi Altufa Substation 3.2.1 Data Collection 3.2.2 Data Analysis

Page I III IV V VI VII VIII IX 1 1 2 3 3 5 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 17 17 19 24 24 26 29

2.4 2.5

2.6 2.7 Chapter Three 3.1

3.2

Chapter Four 4.1 4.2

Hebron Distribution System Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)

32 32 35

Chapter Five 5.1 5.2

Bethlehm Distribution System Bethlehm System Descriptions Alkhas Substation 5.2.1 Data Collection 5.2.2 Data Analysis Conclusion & Future work

37 39 42 44 45 48 49

Chapter Six References

II

List of Tables
No. Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 2-5 Table 2-6 Table 2-7 Table 2-8 Table 2-9 Table 2-10 Table 2-11 Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Table 3-3 Table 3-4 Table 3-5 Table 3-6 Table 3-7 Table 3-8 Table 3-9 Table 3-10 Table 3-11 Table 4-1 Table 4-2 Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Table 5-3 Table 5-4 Table 5-5 Table 5-6 Table 5-7 Table 5-8 Table 5-9 Table Electric supply system in West Bank Electrical energy consumption in different areas (GWh) Number of customers in the West Bank areas Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO Electricity selling prices in JDECO Multi tariff structure Main substation in Nablus Substations and the outcome feeder Transmission lines specifications Parameters of the transmission line Transformer parameters Load parameters Per unit values for transmission line per phase Per unit values for transformer per phase The PF at loads Load Voltage on the buses Substations in HEPCO Capacity of each area in SELCO Injection points in JDECO Main substations in Bethlehem Bethlehem distribution transformers Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem Transformer parameters in Bethlehm PF at each load in Alkhas substation Load in Alkhas substation Actual Voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation Page 8 9 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 19 21 24 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 33 35 37 39 41 41 44 44 45 46 46

III

List of Figures
No. Fig. 2-1 Fig. 2-2 Fig. 2-3 Fig. 2-4 Fig. 2-5 Fig. 2-6 Fig. 2-7 Fig. 2-8 Fig. 2-9 Fig. 3-1 Fig. 3-2 Fig. 3-3 Fig. 3-4 Fig. 3-5 Fig. 3-6 Fig. 3-7 Fig. 3-8 Fig. 3-9 Fig. 4-1 Fig. 4-2 Fig. 4-3 Fig. 5-1 Fig. 5-2 Figure Electric supply system in West Bank Geographical area for each electric utility in West Bank Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh) Annual GWh consumption. Percentage electrical energy consumption Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area Growth of population in West Bank Number of customers in West Bank Multi tariff structure The main feeders in Nablus The future main feeders in Nablus Main substations Asker substation. Wadi Altufah substation Mujeer Aldeen substation Central substation Single line diagram Percentage impedance HEPCO daily load curve Main feeders in HEPCO Areas served by SELCO Main substations in Bethlehm Single line diagram of Alkas substation Page 4 6 7 7 9 10 10 11 15 18 18 20 22 22 23 23 25 27 32 34 36 40 43

IV

Table of Abbreviations
IEC JDECO NEDCO HEPCO SELCO PEA NIS VAT MWh GWh kWh MVA Mvar kV V A GMD C OH ACSR XLPE km PF R X %Z Isc Vsc Zsc Israeli Electric Corporation Jerusalem District Electricity Company Northern Electricity Distribution Company Hebron Electric Power Company Southern Electricity Company Palestinian Energy Authority New Israeli Shekel Value Added Tax Megawatt Hour Gigawatt Hour Kilowatt Hour Megavolt Ampere Megavolt Ampere Reactive Kilovolt Volt Ampere Geometric Main Distance Underground Cable Overhead Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced Cross-linked Polyethylene kilometer Power Factor Resistance Reactance Percentage Impedance Short Circuit Current Short Circuit Voltage Short Circuit Impedance

" "

VI

VII

Abstract

The introduction of the project focuses on the electrical networks in West Bank. The aim of this study is to analyze the current electrical network in the west bank distribution companies and know the performance of these networks. Moreover, it will help us take the next step in proposing different scenarios to connect the different power distribution companies and generate an integrated electrical network with standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, good voltage level, and low transmission cost.

VIII

 . , .

IX

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Project Overview

Energy is considered to be an important component in the social, industrial, technological, economic, and sustainable development of any country. Among all forms of energy, electrical energy is regarded as high grade energy, and it has been the major driver for technological and economic development. The Palestinian economy suffers from major distortions and underdevelopment due to the Israeli occupation, which affects the development of infrastructure. As a result the Palestinian electricity sector suffers from several problems. This situation prevents any possibility to generate electricity in Palestine, so electricity sector became totally dependent on purchasing power from IEC. The absence of a Palestinian electrical system creates many separated electrical networks that are owned by distribution companies and municipalities. This causes high transmission losses, high transmission costs, and unreliable systems. This project introduction will lay out the current situation of the electricity sector in West Bank. It includes a study of the different distribution companies in West Bank. The only main transmission lines constructed in the West Bank by IEC are three main 161 kV overhead lines feeding the three main substations: in Hebron, Qalandia (Atarot) and Salfiet (Arael).These feeders supply West Bank by 800 MVA, 571 MVA which are supplied to the distribution companies and the remaining 229 MVA is supplied to municipalities.

The ranges of voltage of West Bank networks are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11kv, 33 kV. In Jerusalem Distribution Electric Company (JDECO), the voltage ranges are 400V, 11 kV and 33 kV. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) and Southern Electricity Company (SELCO) use 400V, 6.6 kV and 33 kV ranges, but in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) the ranges of voltage are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 33 kV. Municipalities directly step down the voltage from 33 kV to 400 kV. These networks suffer from high transmission and distribution losses (technical and non technical) that varies from 17-32 %.

1.2 Project Outline

In chapter two of this project introduction, electrical energy supply and demand in West Bank is presented. Data on electrical energy consuming sectors, supply sources, tariff structure, future plans, and problems facing electrical energy sector are presented. Chapter three presents a general description of Nablus electrical network. Data on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Also we did power flow analysis for Wadi Altufah substation using Power World Simulator. Chapter four presents a general description of Hebron electrical network. Data on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Chapter five presents a general description of JDECO electrical network. Data on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Also we did power flow analysis for Alkhas substation using Power World Simulator.

Chapter Two Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank

2.1

Electrical Energy Sources

The national independent power supply is still under construction and

rehabilitation. There is no electrical power generation in West Bank. 96% of electrical energy consumed in 2009 was imported from IEC, and the remaining was imported from Jordan [1].

The maximum capacity of West Bank is nearly 800 MVA. 70% of the supply from Israel comes indirectly through three 161/33 kV substations; one in the south in area C close to Hebron, a second in the north in the Ariel settlement (area C) close to Nablus, and a third in Atarot industrial area (area C) near Jerusalem. These feeders feed Hebron, Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Jericho, Salfeet and Nablus. 30% comes directly through two 33 kV feeders from Beisan which feed both Jenin and Tubas. And three 22 kV feeders from Ntanya feed both Tulkarm and Qalqiliya [2]. The supply from Jordan comes through 33 kV (can withstand 132 kV) overhead line (20MW) to supply only Jericho [3]. The remaining power is generated by decentralized small diesel generators.

Fig. 2-1 shows a drawing of the West Bank electric supply system

(Fig. 2-1) Electric supply system in West Bank

2.2

Electric Utilities in West Bank

The electricity sector in Palestine is somewhat fragmented. In the West Bank

there no substantial generating capacity but there are four free standing utilities that are responsible for electricity distribution in West Bank. These utilities are: 1. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO), established in 1928, it is the largest distribution company in the West Bank covers approximately 25% of it. It serves Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah and Jericho and connected to Atarot near Jerusalem and area C near to Hebron [3]. 2. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO), established in 2008 to serve Nablus, Tulkarem, Jenin and other northern regions of the West Bank. But till now only Nabuls and Jenin city are under its responsibility. Connection point is in Areil settlement, at the north of Nablus [4]. 3. Southern Electricity Company (SELCO), established in 2002.It serves Dura, Yatta and Dahariah. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [6]. 4. Hebron Electric Power Co. (HEPCO),established in 2000. It serves Hebron and Halhul. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [5]. The remaining areas of the West Bank are under municipal responsibility. Fig. 2-2 shows the geographical area of each utility. More details about these companies and their connection points with IEC are discussed in next chapters.

(Fig. 2-2) Geographical area for each electric utility in the West Bank

2.3

Electrical Energy Consumption

Electrical Energy consumption in West Bank is another aspect of difficult political and economical situation. Total energy consumption in 2009 was 2366 GWh. This consumption is small compared with energy consumption in the neighboring countries. Fig. 2-3 shows total electrical energy consumption in West Bank and neighboring countries [8].

110816

50275 29492 8965 11,184 2366

Lebanon

Syria

Israel

Egypt

Jordan

West Bank

(Fig. 2-3) Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh) Fig. 2-4 shows the GWh consumption for different years in West Bank. The demand for electricity continued to increase at a rate of 6.4% [2].
3226 3032

2850 2678
2142 2284 2366 2517

1973

2032

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

(Fig. 2-4) Annual GWh consumption

Most recent indicators show that electricity consumption in West Bank could be estimated at 757 kWh per capita [1]. By world's standard, it is considered very low. As a base of comparison, a country like Jordan the annual per capita consumption is 2000 kWh, and in Egypt is approximately 1500 kWh. Estimate for Israel would yield a per capita consumption of 7000 KWh that is nearly ten times that of West Bank [9].

2.3.1 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Sectors

Table 2-1 shows the general electrical energy consumption of main sectors in West Bank in years 2005 2009 [1].
(Table 2-1) Electrical energy consumption in different sectors Year 2005 2006 2007 Residential consumption Commercial& Industrial Consumption Agricultural Consumption 6.817 6.9088 7.2828 7.7656 8.0444 721.8 731.52 771.12 822.24 851.76

2008

2009

1203

1219.2

1285.2

1370.4

1419.6

Others

73.383

74.3712

78.3972

83.5944

86.5956

Fig. 2-5 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between these sectors in 2009.

0.34% 36%

Residential
Commercial&Industrial

4%

3.66%

60%

Agricultural

Othes

(Fig. 2-5) Percentage electrical energy consumption

2.3.2 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Areas

Table 2-2 shows the general electrical energy consumption of main areas in West Bank in years 2005 2009 by customers [1]. (Table 2-2) Electrical Energy consumption in different areas (GWh) Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hebron 435 459 472 494 Bethlehem 210 201 207 215 East Jerusalem 405 387 400 428 Ramallah 318 330 351 372 Jericho Selfit Nablus Jenin Tubas Tulkarem Qalqiliah Total 54 27 170 135 42 113 64 1973 48 31 185 149 45 124 73 2032 54 37 201 154 48 137 81 2142 59 42 215 171 58 145 85 2284

2009 504 216 447 382 61 48 229 179 60 150 90 2366

Fig. 2-6 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between these areas.
3.5% Hebron 2% 7% 21% 7.5% Bethlehem East Jerusalem Ramallah Jericho Selfeet 10% 9% Nablus Jenin 1.5% 2.5% 16% 19% Tubas Tulkarem Qalqiliah

(Fig. 2-6) Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area

2.4

Electricity Customers in West Bank

The population of West Bank is growing at a rate of 2.5% as shown in Fig. 2-7. At midyear 2009 it was estimated about 2,448,433 [7].

The rate of population growth is a key feature of the number of electricity customers, which is an important factor to be worry about because of the limited electricity supply in West Bank.
2,700,000 2,500,000

Population

2,300,000 2,100,000 1,900,000 1,700,000 1,500,000 1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Year (Fig. 2-7) Growth of population in West Bank

10

Number of electricity customers in the West Bank is approximately 592940 customers and increasing at a rate of 4%. Fig. 2-8 shows the number of customers in years 2005- 2009.
592940 570140 548208 529666 513181

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

(Fig. 2-8) Number of Customers in the West Bank

Table 2-3 shows number of customers per area in 2009 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]. (Table 2-3) Number of customers in West Banks areas Area Areas of HEPCO Areas of SELCO East Jerusalem Ramallah Bethlehm Jericho Nablus West Bank Municipalities Total Number of Customers 33533 18000 86475 75272 35323 7982 54339 282016 592940

11

2.5

Rates and Tariff Structure in West Bank

The electricity price paid by consumers is somewhat high due to the political

situation and the unavailability of electrical generation in West Bank. Also Uniform tariff does not exist in West Bank. Distribution companies control the prices but not the PEA, so these prices vary from one company to another.

Average price for kWh paid in West Bank to IEC is 0.38 NIS, and the average price paid by customers is 0.64 NIS\kWh.

2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)

Table 2-4 shows the electricity selling prices for the prepay system (Prices inclusive of VAT) [6]. (Table 2-4) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO Sector NIS/ kWh Residential Commercial Temporary service 0.60 0.62 1.00

Table 2-5 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive of VAT). (Table 2-5) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO Sector kWh NIS/ kWh 1-50 Residential 51-250 251-500 More than 500 Commercial Industrial Institutional Government --------------------------------------------------------0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.69 0.63 0.75 0.80

12

2.5.2 Tariff Structure in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO)

Table 2-6 shows the electricity selling prices for the prepay system (Prices inclusive of VAT) [5].

(Table 2-6) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO Sector kWh NIS/ kWh Residential &Commercial 0-150 More than 150 Others --------------0.54 0.57 0.50

Table 2-7 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive of VAT). (Table 2-7) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO Sector kWh NIS/ kWh Residential & Commercial 0-150 More than 150 Others --------------0.63 0.68 0.61

For the billing system, HEPCO makes a discount of 10% on the billings that paid during a specific period.

2.5.3 Tariff Structure in Northern Electricity Distribution Company

(NEDCO)
Table 2-8 shows the electricity selling prices for prepay system (Prices inclusive of VAT) [4]. (Table 2-8) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO Sector Residential Commercial Industrial Temporary NIS\ kWh 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.73

13

Table 2-9 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive of VAT) in NEDCO. (Table 2-9) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO Sector Residential kWh 1-50 More than 50 commercial 1-100 More than 100 industrial 1-100 More than 100 agricultural temporary water pumps ------------------------------------------------------NIS\ kWh 0.56 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.73 0.57

2.5.4 Tariff Structure in Jerusalem District Electrical Company

(JDECO)
Table 2-10 shows the electricity selling prices (Prices inclusive of VAT) [3]. (Table 2-10) Electricity selling prices in JDECO Sector Residential Commercial Street Lightning

Price 0.59 0.66 0.48

JDECO adopts multi tariff structure for customers who consume more than 50000 kWh yearly; the prices vary from one season to another and from one day to another according to criteria shown in table 2-11 and Fig. 2-9 [3]. (Table 2-11) Multi tariff structure Rate A Season NIS/ kWh Winter 0.41 Sprig & Autumn 0.36 Summer 0.37

Rate B NIS/ kWh 0.71 0.45 0.57

Rate C NIS/ kWh 1.21 0.56 1.34

14

(Fig. 2-9) Multi tariff structure

2.6

Electrical energy problems

Electricity distribution networks, that feed all categories of consumers in the areas of West Bank, are supplied with full requirements of electric power from IEC. Also because of the absence of a Palestinian electrical system that includes all of these networks every distributor contacts separately with IEC, which create a state of chaos. This situation causes many problems like high technical losses, shortage of supply capacities, power outages, voltage drop , and others. And there is a need for the development of the distribution companies in West Bank which is still in progress. The major electrical energy problems can be summarized in [1]: 1- Lack of supply capacity of electrical energy to meet present and future needs. It is a serious problem in northern West Bank especially Nablus area.
2- Electrical networks need major rehabilitation and development. 3- Absence in generating capacity in West Bank.

4- Energy prices are very high compared with regional and international prices.

15

5- High transmission and distribution losses (technical and non technical) which are considered an important and an emergent problem.

2.7 Future Plans in West Bank

A project is in its way to be implemented to install four new 161/33 kV transmission substations across West Bank, at a cost of EUR 44.5 million. Installing of these substations will be accompanied by rehabilitation of all distribution networks in all utilities in West Bank that will be supplied by these substations. This project aims also to strengthen the newly established Northern Electric Distribution Company (NEDCO). In the long term, the Government intends to draw no more than 50% of energy from any one source, and will meet this goal by increasing regional collaboration and improving domestic production and storage capacity. Two new power plants in West Bank will be constructed, which are: Jayyus Power Plant in the north, near Qalqiliya. Turqumia Power Plant in the south, west of Hebron. These projects will assist in the establishment of a new transmission company, Palestine Energy Transmission Company Ltd. (PETL), which would eventually own, operate and develop the transmission network, also facilitates the project of connecting Palestinian network with the Jordanian network in the future. This alternative which is considered seriously , especially as we know that in October 2008, Palestine became a full member of the 7 countries interconnection project and became the country number eight; countries are Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Libya, Turkey and Palestine. This membership will allow Palestine to be connected to the grid of these countries at a large scale [1].

16

Chapter Three Nabuls Distribution System

NEDCO is a distribution company in the north of West Bank which entirely depends on purchasing electricity from IEC on 33 kV level. It was established to serve all the northern provinces, but till now it serves Nablus province and Jenin city only. NEDCO purchases 275.8 GWh form IEC. 228.249 GWh was consumed by 54339 consumers with 90% load factor (1).The percentage of losses is about 17% [4].

3.1 Nablus District 3.1.1 Feeders

Nablus is supplied by 64MVA from the following four 33 kV feeders [4]: 1. 2. 3. 4. Odala : Askar : Qussen: Enab : With a rated capacity of 13MVA. With a rated capacity of 23MVA. With a rated capacity of 20MVA. With a rated capacity of 8MVA.

NEDCO is in progressing to increase the capacity to 91MVA by increasing the capacity of Odala to 20 MVA and replacing Qussen feeder by Jeet feeder with a capacity of 40MVA. Fig. 3-1 shows these main feeders, and the future main feeders are shown in Fig. 3-2.

(1)

Load factor: the average power divided by the peak power over a period of time [10].

17

(Fig. 3-1) The main feeders in Nablus

(Fig. 3-2) The future main feeders in Nablus

18

3.1.2 Substations
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 10MVA in the main substations. Table 3-1 shows the main substation with their rated capacities and connection points. (Table 3-1) Main substation in Nablus Substation Capacity (MVA)

Fed from

Number of Transformers (10MVA)

Askar Central Mujeer Aldeen Wadi Al-tufah

13 22 17 7

Odala Askar Qussen Qussen

1 2 2 1

These substations are connected together with 33 kV lines in order to increase reliability of the system. Fig. 3-3 shows the substation and there connection points. 6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVAand 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA Some loads are not fed from these substations. They fed directly from 33 kV feeders through step down transformers (Dy11, 33/0.4 kV) with different rated

values (160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA The 6.6 kV feeder, which comes out of the 10MVA transformer, is branched to a number of 6.6 kV feeders by connecting it to a bus bar. Table 3-2 shows the feeders that come out from each substation and their capacities (2) .

(2)

Transformers in NEDCO are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor [4].

19

(Fig. 3-3) Main substations

20

(Table 3-2) substations and the outcome feeder Substations Feeders Nawaser(1) Askar Nawaser(2) Althalagat Asker Askar(on) Khalet Aleman Faisal Central Ras alean(1) Alsouq Wadi Altfsh Ras alean(2) Aldahia Rafidia Aldardoq Mujeer Aldeen Almajen Alethad Alenjele Al-Mahkma Kamal Jomblat Wadi Al-tufah Algma

Capacity (kVA)
1888 1748 2240 1448 672 2772 3268 1580 1304 2576 3000 2092 2428 1172 2184 2416 2020 1076 2428 3336

About 13.6 MVA load is not connected to these substations. Fig. 3-4, Fig. 3-5, Fig. 3-6 and Fig. 3-7 show the feeders of each substation.

21

(Fig. 3-4) Asker substation

(Fig. 3-5) Wadi Altufah substation

22

(Fig. 3-6) Mujeer Aldeen substation

(Fig. 3-7) Central substation

23

3.1.3 Transmission Lines

Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by underground cables (C), Table 3-3 shows different types of transmission lines and their specifications [3, 4].

(Table 3-3) Transmission lines specifications Type C/OH Voltage Rated Resistance Reactance (kV) Current (A) XLPE XLPE XLPE ACSR ACSR ABC ABC ABC C C C OH OH OH OH OH 33 33 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 651 553 335 359 359 215 175 140 0.0976 0.127 0.325 0.37 0.66 0.32 0.443 0.641 0.115 0.120 0.124 0.279 0.297 0.087 0.088 0.093 / km / km

Cross Section (mm2)

240 185 120 95/15 50/15 95X6 70X6 50X6

3.2 Wadi Altufah Substation

In order to study the performance of NEDCO grid, we studied and analyzed Wadi Altfah substation. For power flow analysis purpose Power World simulator was used. Fig. 3-8 shows Wadi Altufah single line diagram.

24

(Fig. 3-8) Single line diagram

25

3.2.1 Data Collection

1. Transmission line parameters (R, X, C) as shown in Table 3-4 (Table 3-4) Parameters of the transmission line Type XLPE(120mm2) ACSR(95/15) ACSR(50/8) Voltage ( kV ) 6.6 6.6 6.6 Resistance / km 0.325 0.37 0.66 Reactance / km 0.124 0.279 0.297 Rated MVA(3) 3.83 4.1 4.1

The capacitance of the transmission line is calculated from the following equation [13]: C= F/ km (3.1)

GMD= 75.59 cm, r =0.55cm (for ACSR 95mm2). C=11.3 nF/ km, which is very small, so it is neglected. 2. Transformer parameters (R, X) The resistance and reactance of the transformer are not available in the nameplate. Depending on the percentage impedance (%Z) definition and short circuit test we calculated R and X values.

A transformer's percentage impedance is evaluated by a simple test. The secondary terminals are short-circuited. A low voltage is then applied to the primary terminals, and increased until the current measured in the short-circuited secondary reaches the rated ampere value. The impedance is then the ratio of that primary voltage to the rated voltage. Fig. 3-9 shows measuring impedance method [11].

(3)

MVA rated =

Vrated*I rated

26

(Fig. 3-9) Percentage impedance

The percentage impedance is calculated via equation 3.2 [11]. And the short circuit impedance is calculated via equation 3.3 [12]. %Z = ..... (3.2)

Zsc =

<PF... (3.3)

Where Vsc equals to impedance voltage and Isc equals to the rated current at the secondary. Table 2-4 shows the parameters of the transformers. (Table 3-5) Transformer parameters Capacity %Z (MVA) 0.25 0.4 0.63 1 10 4.5 4.14 4.62 6 10 0.68816 0.473 0.2852 0.2524 3.47 0.293 0.2016 0.121 0.108 1.48 0.92

R()

X()

PF

3. Table 3-6 shows the loads inserted to Power World simulator. (Table 3-6) Load parameters. Transformer (kVA) Load (MVA) 250 400 630 1000 0.1 0.16 0.252 0.4

Load MW 0.092 0.1472 0.232 0.368

Load Mvar 0.0392 0.0627 0.09876 0.1567

27

4. Data in per unit I. Transmission Parameters We assumed Sbase is 100MVA for the whole system; also the base voltage is taken to be the nominal voltages at the buses, for 6.6 kV line, the base impedance is calculated via equation 3.4 and the per unit impedance is calculated via equation 3.5 [12]. Zbase= = 0.4356 (3.4)

Zpu=

. (3.5)

(Table 3-7) Per unit values for transmission line per phase Type XLPE(120mm ) ACSR(95/15) ACSR(50/8)
2

Voltage (kV) 6.6 6.6 6.6

Resistance Pu/ km 0.746 0.85 1.515

Reactance Pu/ km 0.285 0.641 0.682

II.

Transformers We assumed Sbase is 100MVA for the whole system; also the base voltage is taken to be the nominal voltages on the primary winding, using equation 3.4 the base impedance is calculated. Table 3-8 shows the per unit values for the transformers.

(Table 3-8) Per unit values for transformer per phase Capacity (MVA) 0.25 0.4 0.63 1 10 Zbase R() Per unit 1.579798 1.085859 0.654729 0.579431 0.3434 X() Per unit 0.672635 0.46281 0.277778 0.247934 0.135904

0.4356 10.89

28

3.2.2 Data Analysis

Single line diagram represents a radial system that consists of 59 buses and 25 transformers, from simulation of this system the following results were obtained:

1. The capacity of Wadi Altufah substation is 5.7 MW, 2.7 Mvar with 0.90 PF. 2. A 5.2MW, 2.4 Mvar is consumed by the load, with 0.89 PF as an average. Table 3-9 and Table 3-10 show the actual power factor and the actual consumption. 3. The losses in the system is 0.5MW (9%) and 0.2 Mvar (8.3%).

(Table 3-9) PF at loads Bus Number 6 8 12 17 19 21 23 26 28 30 32 35

PF 0.89442719 0.89442719 0.931062364 0.920015636 0.920015636 0.920015636 0.919970569 0.89442719 0.85749292 0.89189621 0.92009074 0.934783576

Bus Number 37 39 41 43 46 47 49 51 53 55 58 59

PF 0.9001039 0.900103905 0.90001565 0.92572372 0.821925819 0.9013121 0.89442719 0.920015636 0.920015636 0.857492926 0.931022838 0.92010234

(Table 3-10) Load Bus Load MW Number 6 0.2000 8 0.2000 12 0.1600 17 0.1472 19 0.1472 21 0.1472 23 0.0920 26 0.6000 28 0.5000 30 0.2268 32 0.5520 35 0.1250

Load Mvar 0.1000 0.1000 0.0627 0.0627 0.0627 0.0627 0.0392 0.3000 0.3000 0.1150 0.2350 0.0475

Bus Number 37 39 41 43 46 47 49 51 53 55 58 59

Load MW 0.1440 0.1440 0.1800 0.2668 0.1000 0.2268 0.2000 0.1472 0.1472 0.1000 0.1000 0.2320

Load Mvar 0.0697 0.0697 0.0872 0.1090 0.0693 0.1090 0.1000 0.0627 0.0627 0.0600 0.0392 0.0988

29

4. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 6.6 kV was 10.3% and on 0.4 kV buses was 10.5%. Table 3-11 shows the actual voltage and drop voltage on the buses. (Table 3-11) Voltage on the buses Bus number 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Nominal voltage ( kV ) 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6
0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4

Actual voltage ( kV ) 6.592 6.588 6.453 0.39 6.452 0.39 6.42 6.329 6.328 0.383 6.173 6.142 5.996 5.992 0.362 5.984
0.362 5.982 0.362 5.981 0.362 5.974 5.938 0.358 5.935 0.358 5.974 0.36 5.97 0.36 6.585 6.534 0.395 6.467 0.391 6.407 0.387

Percentage voltage drop 0.1212 0.1818 2.2273 2.5000 2.2424 2.5000 2.7273 4.1061 4.1212 4.2500 6.4697 6.9394 9.1515 9.2121 9.5000 9.3333
9.5000 9.3636 9.5000 9.3788 9.5000 9.4848 10.0303 10.5000 10.0758 10.5000 9.4848 10.0000 9.5455 10.0000 0.2273 1.0000 1.2500 2.0152 2.2500 2.9242 3.2500

Voltage Phase Angle

0 -0.23 -0.23 0 -0.22 -0.24 0 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 -0.24 0.1 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.03 0 -0.21 -0.21

30

(Table 3-11, continued)

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Slack Bus 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 0.4 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 0.4 0.4 33 6.337 0.383 6.327 0.381 6.322 6.318 0.382 0.381 6.287 0.38 6.275 0.379 6.27 0.379 6.265 0.379 6.283 6.268 0.379 0.379 33 3.9848 4.2500 4.1364 4.7500 4.2121 4.2727 4.5000 4.7500 4.7424 5.0000 4.9242 5.2500 5.0000 5.2500 5.0758 5.2500 4.8030 5.0303 5.2500 5.2500 0.0000 -0.19 -0.21 -0.12 -0.15 -0.14 -0.16 -0.21 -0.19 -0.19 -0.15 -0.19 -0.18 -0.18 -0.19 -0.18 -0.17 -0.29 -0.23 -0.39 -0.39 0

31

Chapter Four Hebron Distribution System

There are two electric utilities that supply Hebron with electricity which will be discussed in the following sections.

4.1 Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO)

HEPCO was established in 2000. It has started its services in 2005. HEPCO covers 92 square kilometers and provides electricity to about 34,000 electric customers throughout Hebron and in Halhul [5]. HEPCO purchases 308.419 GWh form IEC. 241.889 GWh was consumed with 70% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 20%. Fig. 4-1 shows the daily load curve of HEPCO [5].

(Fig. 4-1) HEPCO daily load curve

32

HEPCO is supplied by 60MVA from six 33 kV feeders to supply seven substations. Table 4-1 shows the specifications of each substation. (Table 4-1) Substations in HEPCO Substation Name Duhdah Substation

Description

Unit MVA MVA

Quantity 2 15 16 0.93 2 13 11 0.93 2 10 8 0.93 2 10 9 0.93 3 12 13 0.93 2 8 0.93 2 5 0.93

Ras Substation

West Substation

Harayek Substation

Fahs Substation

Hussien Substation

Um El Dalieh

10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Peak Load Average PF

MVA MVA

MVA MVA

MVA MVA MVA MVA MVA MVA

Fig. 4-2 shows these substations and the connections with IEC feeders.

33

(Fig. 4-2) Main feeders in HEPCO

The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 10MVA in the main substation, and then 6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA and 1000 kVA. Some loads are fed directly from 33\0.4kV transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA. HEPCO in progress to raise the voltage level to 11 kV .Now Fahs substation distributes power at 11 kV level.

34

Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (ACSR, ABC) or by underground cables (XLPE).

4.2

Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)

SELCO was established in 2002.It serves Dura, Yatta, Dahariah,and some

villages in south of Hebron [6]. SELCO purchases 96.44 GWh form IEC, 69.62 MWh were consumed by 18000 customers with 80% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 28%. In SELCO, there are no substations. The voltage is reduced directly from 33 kV to 0.4 kV using different transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA. SELCO is supplied by 13.3 MVA from IEC; this capacity is distributed as shown in Fig. 4-3. Table 4-2 shows the served areas and their capacities [6]. (Table 4-2) Capacity of each area in SELCO Area kVA Yatta 5000 Adhriya 2000 Dura 1500 Imreish 1000 Karma 500 Al Ramdeen 500 Burj 218 Beit Rush Alfuqa 111 Biet Rush Althta 44 Deir al'Asal Alfuqa 173 Deir al'Asal Althta 111 Al Majd 173 Sekka 630 Beit Marsam 630 Al Buweib 630 Hadab Al Fawwar 111

35

(Fig. 4-3) Areas served by SELCO HEPCO and SELCO do not cover all parts of Hebron. The remaining parts are fallen under municipalities responsibility, which represents a large area but with a lower consumption of electricity due to lower population and industrial activities.

36

Chapter Five Bethlehem Distribution System

JDECO, which is a distribution company in the middle of West Bank, depends on purchasing electricity from IEC (95.4%) and Jordan (4.6%) on 33 kV level. It serves East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Jericho. JDECO purchases 1576.606 GWh. 1077.768 GWh was consumed by 205052 customers with 60% load factor. The percentage of losses is about 32%. Table 5-1 shows the electricity data for high voltage injection points [3]. (Table 5-1) Injection points in JDECO Injection points No. Of injection points Ram. 56% Bet. 54% 2 Total MVA kWh Purchased Energize (year) 1998 2002

Area

kV

Ram 1

Jer. 44% Jer.

20

949.39 531.326

Sur Baher Erez Rakefet

46%

15 20 20

1973 1990

Jerusalem 160.7MVA

639146138

Hetsav Abo-Dis Al-tur Zaayem Nabe Samuel

20 9 20 20 15 7.5

1981 33 2002 2002 2005 2002

37

(Table 5-1, continued) Ramallah Beit Safafa Al-Barid Ofre Bereg Al-Ram Ein Samya Sinjel Beit Horon Nabe Saleh Beit

20 2.5 20 20 20

1988 2002 1988 1996

545516286

2001 2003 1996 2006 2005 2000

123.7MVA

Ramallah

20 9 10 10 5 7.5

10 Eil/spare Shufat1 Shufat2 20 20 20 6 6 0.5 20 15 33

1999

1974 1991

Hana Efrat Jabae Jarad Jericho

301581620

Bethlehem

74.6MVA

1994 2003 1993 2002

45MVA

Jericho

Aqbat Jaber Jordan 1 Jordan 2

10 4 10 10

96361923

1995 2008 2008

Total

30

434

1576605975

38

5.1 Bethlehm System Descriptions

Bethlehm is supplied from 33 kV feeders, which are: Shufat1, Shufat2, Hana, Jarad, Efrat, Sur Baher and Jabae. These feeders feed the following main substations: Qoba Rahel , Alkhas, Beit Sahour and Jarad as shown in Table 5-2 [3].

(Table 5-2) Main substations in Bethlehem Transformers Substation (33/11) kV

Coming out 11 kV feeders Biet Jala

Qobat Rahel

2X15 MVA

Al Tantor Mahed Biet Sahour Biet Sahour1

Beit Sahour

10 MVA 7.5 MVA

Beit Sahour2 Bethlehem1 Bethlehem2 Khader

Jarad

2X10MVA

Doha Dhasheh Villages

Alkhas

5 MVA

Obedya Dar salah

Fig. 5-1 shows the main substations and their connection points.

39

(Fig. 5-1) Main substations in Bethlehm

The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 11 kV level then to 0.4 kV and some loads are fed directly from 33/0.4 kV transformers. Table 5-3 the specifications of Bethlehem distribution transformers [3].

40

(Table 5-3) Bethlehem distribution transformers Transformer(kV) Rated kVA 400 11\0.4 500 630 1000 100 160 11\0.4 250 500 630 100 160 33\0.4 250 400 500 630 Total No. Of transformers 5 4 7 1 10 5 24 4 8 10 15 17 7 3 4 138 Outdoor Outdoor Indoor Indoor/Outdoor

Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by underground cables (C), Table 5-4 shows different types of transmission lines and their specifications [3]. (Table 5-4) Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm C/ OH Voltage ( kV ) Rated Current (A) 370 Resistance / km 0.206 Reactance / km 0.20 Cross Section (mm2)

Type

TSLE 3X1X150 AL DKBA1X3X150 CU

C C

33 33

150 150

350

0.124

0.088

41

(Table 5-4, continued) TSLE 3X1X150 CU DKBA 1X3X120 CU ACSR ACSR ACSR DKBA 1X3X150 CU TSLE 3X1X150 CU DKBA 1X3X120 CU ACSR ACSR ABC ABC ABC C C OH OH OH C C C OH OH OH OH OH 33 33 33 33 33 11 11 11 11 11 0.4 0.4 0.4 455 305 0,124 0.153 0,20 150 120 120 95 50 150 150 120 95 50 95X6 70X6 50X6

0.088

732 628 416 350 455 305 628 416 215 175 140

0.150 0.190 0.395 0.124 0.124 0.15 0.191 0.359 0.32 0.443 0.641

0.386 0.394 0.415 0.88 0.19 0.088 0.351 0.373 0.087 0.088 0.093

5.2 Alkhas Substation

The performances of Alkhas substation have been studied and analyzed using power world simulator. Fig. 5-2 shows single line diagram of Alkas substation.

42

(Fig. 5-2) Single line diagram of Alkas substation.

43

5.2.1 Data Collection

1. Transmission line parameters (R, X) as shown in Table 5-5 (Table 5-5) Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem. Type Voltage Zbase Resistance Reactance (kV) Pu/km Pu/km TSLE 3X1X150 CU DKBA 1X3X150 CU DKBA 1X3X120 CU ACSR (50mm2) 11 11 1.21 11 11 0.1240 0.2967 0.0727 0.3083 5.8255 7.9258 0.1025 0.1240 0.1570 0.0727

Rated MVA 8.6905 6.6850

2. Transformer parameters are shown in Table 5-6. (Table 5-6) Transformer parameters in Bethlehm Capacity %Z Load(1) (MVA) 0.16 0.25 0.5 5 4 4.5 4 6 MW 0.05888 0.092 0.184 .. Mvar 0.025 0.0392 0.0784 ... 1.21

Zbase

R() Pu 1.448 0.569 0.464

X() Pu 0.617 0.242 0.198 0.272

PF

0.920

10.98

0.637

The base impedance is calculated via equation 5.1 [12] . Zbase(2) = ... (5.1)

(1)

Transformers in Bethlehm are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor. Sbase = 100MVA

(2)

44

5.2.2 Data Analysis

Single line diagram represents a radial system that consists of 36 buses and 16 transformers, from simulation of this system the following results were obtained:

1. The capacity of Alkhas substation is 1.71 MW, 0.73 Mvar with 0.92 PF. 2. A 1.65 MW, 0.7 Mvar was consumed by the load, with 0.919 PF as an average. Table 5-7 and Table 5-8 show the actual power factor and the actual consumption.

(Table 5-7) PF at each load in Alkhas substation Bus number 4 6 8 10 12 15 16 18 20 25 27 29 31 33 35 36 Power Factor 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91924836 0.91924836 0.91924836 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91924836

45

(Table 5-8) Load in Alkhas substation Bus Number 4 6 8 10 12 15 16 18 20 25 27 29 31 33 35 36 Load MW 0.184 0.184 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 Load Mvar 0.0783 0.0784 0.0392 0.0394 0.0392 0.0392 0.0394 0.0394 0.0394 0.0394 0.0392 0.0394 0.0392 0.0392 0.0394 0.0394

3. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 11 kV was 4% and on 0.4 kV buses was 4%. Table 5-9 shows the actual voltage and drop voltage on the buses.

(Table 5-9) Actual voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation. Bus Number Nominal Voltage Actual Percentage kV Voltage drop voltage kV 1 33 33 0.00 2 11 10.773 2.06 3 11 10.733 2.43 4 0.4 0.39 2.50 5 11 10.686 2.85 6 0.4 0.388 3.00 7 11 10.615 3.50 8 0.4 0.386 3.50 9 11 10.594 3.69 10 0.4 0.385 3.75 11 11 10.593 3.70 12 0.4 0.385 3.75 13 11 10.57 3.91 14 11 10.565 3.95 15 0.4 0.384 4.00 16 0.4 0.384 4.00 17 11 10.562 3.98 18 0.4 0.384 4.00

Voltage Phase Angle (Degree) 0 0.21 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.02 -0.14 -0.14 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.25 -0.26 -0.26 -0.25 -0.27 -0.27

46

(Table 5-9, continued) 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

11 0.4 11 11 11 0.4 11 0.4 11 0.4 11 0.4 11 0.4 11 0.4 0.4

10.561 0.384 10.559 10.669 10.665 0.387 10.641 0.387 10.63 0.386 10.623 0.386 10.628 0.386 10.623 0.386 0.384

3.99 4.00 4.01 3.01 3.05 3.25 3.26 3.25 3.36 3.50 3.43 3.50 3.38 3.50 3.43 3.50 4.00

-0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.08 -0.08 -0.11 -0.11 -0.13 -0.13 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.12 -0.27

36

4. The losses in the system was 0.06MW (3.5%) and 0.03 Mvar (5%).

From our analysis for Wadi Altufah substation and Alkas substation it was noticed that the percentage of losses is decreased in Alkas because of using 11 kV transmission lines, and also the drop voltage is decreased and the power factor at the load buses is almost the same as in the main substation.

47

Chapter six Conclusion & Future work

There is no generation in West Bank; electricity sector depends on the electrical power generated by IEC, which refuses most Palestinian requests to increase the supplied capacity. As a result West Bank cannot guarantee electrical energy supply for ever, so Israel has another way to practice pressure on Palestinians. The present grid suffers from fragmentation, high losses, low reliability, high energy prices, low maintenance, and disability to handle the future demand. Producing our own electricity seems to be very difficult. So, it is now very important for distribution companies to find their way to save the available electrical energy and seek what new technologies are useful and how to improve old technologies to efficient and helpful in electrical energy saving. For future, we will propose different scenarios for connecting the different power distribution companies to generate an integrated electrical network with standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, good voltage level, and low transmission cost. This well integrated network allows for future connection to the seven Arab country grid , and eventually supplies end users with low cost electrical energy.

48

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Palestinian Energy Authority, PEA. World Bank, West Bank and Gaza Energy Sector Review, Report No. 39695-GZ, May, 2007. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO). Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO). Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO). Southern Electricity Company (SELCO). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Electricity consumption. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH. Retrieved October 2010. 9. Electricity consumption per capita. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC. Retrieved October 2010. 10. Load factor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor. Retrieved October 2010. 11. Percentage impedance. http://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htm. Retrieved November 2010. 12. 13. Stephen J. Chapman. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, fourth edition. J.Duncan Glover,Mulukutla S. Sarma and Thomas J. Overbye. Power System Analysis and Design, fourth edition.

49