Research of PV Model and MPPT Methods in Matlab

Wang NianCHun, Sun Zuo

School of Electrical Engineering SouthEast University Nanjing, 210096, China E-mail: wxy01@seu.edu.cn AbstractThe power generated by the PV generator depends on the irradiance, temperature, and surface conditions. The PV generator has a nonlinear characteristic, and the power has a maximum power point or multi-local maximum power points under different conditions. Various MPPT methods have been reported, in order to confirm the effectiveness of each control method, experimental or simulation analysis is used, from economical point of view, simulation analysis is more effective. In this paper, a versatile, accurate Matlab/Simulink PV model suitable for use by power electronics specialists has been developed, and has been designed for easy implementation on Matlab/Simulink platform; conventional MPPT methods and MPPT methods suitable for partial shading conditions can be simulated by using this PV model. Keywords- Maximum power point tracking; PV model; shading PV characteristic curves; dP/dV; Matlab/Simulink I.
200

Kazuto Yukita, Yasuyuki Goto, Katsuhiro Ichiyanagi

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Nagoya, 470-0392, Japan E-mail: itiya@aitech.ac.jp (1)Constant Voltage method (CV); (2)Perturbation and Observation method (P&O); (3)Incremental Conductance method (IncCond) etc. The CV method is based on the fact that generally the ratio VMPP/VOC0.76 (Fig. 1). In this algorithm, the MPPT controller periodically sets the PV generator current to zero to allow a measurement of the PVs open circuit voltage. A problem with this algorithm is that the available energy is wasted when the PV generator current is set to zero, and at the same time power supply is interrupted, also the MPP is not always located at 76% of the PVs open circuit voltage. The last two methods are so called hill-climbing methods, and they using the fact that the PV power-voltage curve having only one peak value along with whole scope voltage (Fig. 1). The advantages of the P&O method is that it is easy to implement, but it has some limitations, like slow response speed, oscillations around the MPP in steady state operation, and even tracking in wrong way under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The IncCond method can track rapidly changing irradiance conditions with higher accuracy than P&O. However, it has many disadvantages: required high precision, low noise A/D; complicated computation and more computational time; confused in rapidly changing environmental factors. II. PV MODULE MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK

INTRODUCTION

TC = 25C
160

dP/dV=0 dP/dV<0 dP/dV>0

PV Power(W)

G = 1000W / m 2

MPP

120

G = 600W / m 2 G = 200W / m 2

VMPP / VOC Constant

80

40

The mathematic equations described PV model can be divided into four aspects [6]: (1)Relations between solar cell temperature and ambient temperature
0 5 10 15 20

PV Voltage(V)

VMPP

25

VOC

30

Figure 1. SPG1786T-02E PV modules with different irradiation P-V curves calculated by model

Tc = Ta + C2Ga 2 C2 = 0.03Km /W
(2)Expressions of PV photocurrent IPH

(1)

The power delivered by the PV generator depends on the environmental factors: irradiance, temperature, and shadowing conditions, it is never constant over time. Whatsoever standalone system or connected-grid system, and whatsoever two stages of PV converter system or single stage PV converter system, it is very important to operate PV energy conversion systems near maximum power point (MPP) to obtain the approximately max power of PV generator. Many maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods have been developed, such as [1]-[5]:
This research was partly supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan, Private University Scientific Study Advancement Promotion Work in 2006, Social Cooperation Promotion Work, Development of New Electric Power Supply System by Micro-grid Network.

Ga I PH = 1 + (Tc Tc1 ) / I sc (Tc1, nom ) I sc (Tc1, nom ) G ( ) a nom (2) (3)Expressions of PV open circuit voltage VOC

(3) Strictly speaking, VOC is not only affected by solar cell temperature, but also by irradiance, especially at low irradiation strength.

VOC = VOC (Tc1 ) + (Tc Tc1 ) 3 = 2.3 10 V/K

978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 2010 Crown

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(4)Expressions of PV I-V

Ga I = 1 + (Tc Tc1 ) / I sc (Tc1,nom ) I sc (Tc1,nom ) G ( ) a nom T c e Tc1 1 e q (V + IRS ) nkTc V + IRS 1 e RSH (4) The model of the PV module was implemented using a Matlab/Simulink Level 2 s-function. The model parameters are evaluated during execution using the equations (1) ~ (4). There are 24 input parameters in the model. The model considers the series resistance and shunt resistance, by set the input parameter TestRp greater than 1, the influence of RSH is calculated. Because equation (4) is non-linear, so it only can be solved using numerical methods, the Newton-Raphson method was used in this paper model. Symbols in equations refer to [6]. The I-V, P-V curves under various irradiance and constant temperature calculated by Matlab/Simulink model show good correspondence to the manufacturers published curves [6].
sc c1 qVOC (Tc1 )/ N s nkTc 1

1.02 1.00

I (T )

3 n

Tc = 20C

qVg 1 1 nk Tc Tc 1

IMPP/ISC@MPP

.98 .96 .94 .92 .90 100 200 300 400 500

Tc = 5C

Tc = 25C

Tc = 10C
Tc = 40C
600 700 800 900 1000

Irradiation(W / m2 )
Figure 3. IMPP/ISC at MPP versus irradiation curve calculated by model

B. dP/dV Versus I Control Method The P&O method measures the increment of power (P) and the increment of voltage (V) to judge the momentary operating region, it has some limitations. The present study indicts that the PV generators derivative of power versus voltage (dP/dV) in relation to V and in relation to I. dP/dV versus V is found to be nonlinear, so that the change of reference voltage is difficult to compute. On the other hand, dP/dV versus I can be proved theoretically to be nearly linear, so that the change of current is easy to compute. If does not consider the influence of series resistance RS and shunt resistance RSH, equation (4) can be simplified as:

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit diagram of the PV model

I = I PH

III. A.

MPPT METHODS SIMULATION USING PV MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK

qV nkTC I sat e 1

(5)

Isat is the diode saturation current in PV model (Fig. 2). From equation (5), V can be written as:

IMPP/ISC Constant Method (CI Method) Like VMPP/VOCconstant at MPP, IMPP/ISC at maximum power point is also nearly constant; the curve shape is almost smooth along with whole scope irradiation, the ratio of VMPP/VOC is affected mainly by solar cell temperature (Fig. 3). In this algorithm, if the ratio of IMPP/ISC is calculated or tested at different temperature first, then the MPPT controller need a temperature sensor to detect solar cell temperature to realize a simple, speed and accurate MPPT. In fact, temperature sensor is not necessary, the MPPT controller periodically close a short-circuit switch to allow a measurement of the PVs short circuit current, and considers the ratio of IMPP/ISC is nearly constant. A problem with this algorithm is that the available energy is wasted when the shortcircuit switch turns on, and at the same time power supply is interrupted.

V=

I + I sat I nkTC ln PH q I sat

(6)

The output power of PV generator is expressed as:

qV nkT P = V I = V I PH I sat e C 1

(7) From equation (6), the differential of I to V can be expressed as:

as:

(8) From equation (7), the differential of P to V can be written

dI q = ( I PH + I sat I ) dV nkTC

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dP d (VI ) dI = = I +V dV dV dV q = I +V ( I PH + I sat I ) nkTC

dP/dV

Tc = 25C
2

G = 200W / m2
-3 -8 -13 -18 -23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

q q = 1 + V I ( I PH + I sat ) V nkTC nkTC

(9) If defined C1 as:

G = 400W / m2 G = 600W / m2

G = 800W / m 2
G = 1000W / m 2

q C1 = 1 + V nkTC
C2 as:

(10)

q C2 = ( I PH + I sat ) V nkTC
Then Equation (9) can be simplified as:

Current(A) Figure 4. dP/dV versus current curve calculated by model

(11)

Power(W)

(12) In the process of MPPT, to avoid the system operating in the collapse region, the PV generator is always operated in the negative slope region of the characteristic P versus V curve [8]. In this region, the PV generator voltage variation is small (see right region in Fig. 1), and can almost be considered as constant. So C1 is only affected by solar cell temperature, C2 is mainly affected by irradiation (Isat usually is very small compared to IPH). If TC is constant, dP/dV versus I is nearly linear, and the curve of dP/dV versus I is affected by irradiation. Fig. 4 is the curve of dP/dV versus current calculated by model. From this figure, the relation of dP/dV versus I is nearly linear, just like equation (12). Thus, because of the relation of dP/dV versus I is nearly linear, so that the reference current command Iref is easily acquired by computing the relative variation of dP/dV versus I. That means, when I is varied, dP/dV is varied proportionally, so that the tracking process with linearly increasing or decreasing Iref is rapid and smooth. By using dP/dV as an index to control output current of PV generator, the proposed MPPT controller allows a PV energy conversion system to track maximum power points very rapidly and smoothly. C. P-V Curve Simulation and MPPT Methods under Partial Shaded Conditions Shadows created by clouds, neighboring buildings, trees, aging cells, pollution areas on the surface of solar cell etc change the shape of PV modules power-voltage curve. In order to obtain the P-V curves under partial shading conditions, series connection and parallel connection are stimulated (Fig. 5). From Fig. 6, the shape of parallel P-V curve under partial shading condition is very similar to the shape of P-V curve under normal condition: the power has one maximum point along with full range voltage. So the MPPT methods suitable under normal condition are also suitable under partial shading condition.

dP = C1 I C2 dV

Figure 5. Simulation circuit under partial shading conditions

11000W / m 2 (25C ) Parallel 11000W / m 2 (25C )

11000W / m 2 (25C ) Parallel 1 500W / m 2 (10C )

1 500W / m 2 (10C ) Parallel 1 500W / m 2 (10C )

360 300 240 180 120 60 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Voltage(V)
Figure 6. Parallel P-V curve under partial shading conditions calculated by model

In Fig. 7, solar cell temperature is 25, one solar cells irradiation is 1000W/m2, and another solar cells irradiation is 200W/m2, the peak value of power in right side is smaller than the left one, so conventional MPPT methods may not be suitable. If more PV modules series and more complex

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shading conditions, multi-local maximum power points will appear in the P-V curve. Because of the shading conditions are uncontrollable, so conventional MPPT methods cant converge to the real maximum power point normally under these conditions.
11000W / m2 (25C ) Series 11000W / m2 (25C )

overview of MPPT methods suitable for partially shaded PV generator, and the P-V characteristics of PV generator under partial shading conditions are simulated by model, MPPT methods under partial shading conditions will be examined in later research. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was partly supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan, Private University Scientific Study Advancement Promotion Work in 2006, Social Cooperation Promotion Work, Development of New Electric Power Supply System by Micro-grid Network. Authors would like to greatly appreciate for this grant program. REFERENCES
[1] [2] Z. Salameh, F. Dagher and W. A. Lynch, Step-Down Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic System, Solar Energy, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 278-282, 1991. K. H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino, and M. Osakada, Maximum Photovoltaic Power Tracking: An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing Atmospheric Conditions, IEEE proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib, Vol. 142, No. 1, pp. 59-64, Jan, 1995. E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, and N. C. Voulgaris, Development of a Microcontroller-Based Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Control System, IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 16, No, 1, pp. 46-54, Jan, 2001. K. Harada, G. Zhao, Controlled Power Interface between Solar Cells and AC Source, IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 654-662, Oct, 1993. N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, M. Vitelli, Optimizing Sampling Rate of P&O MPPT Technique, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, Volume 3, 20-25 June 2004, pp. 1945-1949. Wang NianCHun, Xu QingShan, Kazuto Yukita, Yasuyuki Goto, Katsuhiro Ichiyanagi, Akiteru Ueda. Model of Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Module in Matlab SimulinkTM, The 2008 Annual Meeting Record I.E.E. Japan, Fukuoka, Japan, March 19-21, 2008, Vol.4 pp. 71-72. KYOCERA Corporation Datasheet, SPG1786T-02E Polycrystalline Silicon PV Cell Technique Data, December, 2004. Patel R M. Wind and Solar Power Systems [M]. New York, CRC Press LLC, 1999. Tomokazu Mishima, Tokuo Ohnishi, Power Compensation System for Partially Shaded PV Array Using Electric Double Layer Capacitors, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conference, 2002, No. 4, pp. 32623267. Tomokazu Mishima, Tokuo Ohnishi, A Power Compensation Strategy Based on Electric Double Layer Capacitors for a Partially Shaded PV Array, The 15th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2003, No.2, pp. 858-863. Toshihisa Shimizu, Osamu Hashimoto, and Gunji Kimura, A Novel High Performance Utility Interactive Photovoltaic Inverter System, IEEE Trans. On Power Electronic, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 704-711, 2003. M. Bodur, M. Ermis, Maximum Power Point Tracking for Low Power Photovoltaic Solar Panels, Electrotechnical Conference, No. 2, pp. 758761, 1994. T. Noguchi, S. Togashi, R. Nakamoto, Short-Current Pulse Based Adaptive Maximum-Power-Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Power Generation System, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 1, Dec. 4-8, 2000. pp. 157162. M. Miyatake, T. Inada, I. Hiratsuka, Zhao Hongyan, H. Otsuka, M. Nakano, Control Characteristics of a Fibonacci-Search-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker when a Photovoltaic Array is Partially Shaded, IPEMC 2004. Aug. 14-16, 2004. Vol. 2, pp. 816-821. Eugene V. Solodovnik, Shengyi Liu, Roger A. Dougnal, Power Controller Design for Maximum Power Tracking in Solar Installations, IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1295-1304, 2004. K. Kobayashi, I. Takano, Y. Sawada, A Study on a two Stage Maximum Power Point Tracking Control of a Photovoltaic System under Partially Shaded Insolation Conditions, No.4, pp. 2612-2617, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2003.

1 1000W / m 2 (25C ) Series 1 200W / m 2 (25C )

1 200W / m2 (25C ) Series 1 200W / m 2 (25C )

360 300 240 180 120 60 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Power(W)

[3]

Voltage(V) Figure 7. Two SPG1786T-02E PV modules with different irradiation series P-V curve calculated by model

[4] [5]

Some MPPT methods have been developed to find MPP in partially shaded conditions, and they may be divided into two kinds of types: (1) Hardware methods [9]-[11]. In these types, each PV panel in PV generator has a parallel power repair unit, when the PV panel is shaded, the power repair unit can supply compensation current, this makes the P-V curve of the PV generator has only one peak value along with whole scope voltage, so conventional MPPT methods can be used. (2) Software methods. In these types, the P-V curve of PV generator has multi-local maximum points, soft control method is used. Software methods can be divided into following types: (1)Current sweeping method [12]; (2)Short-circuit current pulse method [13]; (3)Fibonacci search method [14]. This method gives fast response, and it is able to handle multi-local maximum points, but it requires powerful digital microcontroller to calculate the process; (4)State-based space approach [15]; (5)Compound MPPT methods combined with conventional MPPT methods [16]. IV. CONCLUSIONS MPPT methods are very important for PV generator, many papers have been reported various MPPT control techniques, most of them are brought forwards and verified by experiments. In this paper, a versatile, accurate Matlab/Simulink PV model suitable for use by power electronics specialists has been developed, and has been designed for easy implementation on Matlab/Simulink platform. By using the model, several MPPT methods are verified, the simulations results show good correspondence to the results of theoretic analysis. Most of MPPT methods are based on hill-climbing algorithms, but the method cant work correctly if some panels of PV generator are partially shaded. This paper gives a simple

[6]

[7] [8] [9]

[10]

[11] [12] [13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

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