Seismic Isolation Technology for Seismic Isolation Technology for

Highway Bridges
_____________
Ian Buckle
Foundation Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
1
University of Nevada Reno, Reno NV 89557
Topics
Background
Principles of Seismic Isolation
Some Applications
System Design
Testing Requirements
Sources:
FHWA/MCEER 2006, Seismic
I l ti f Hi h B id S i l Isolation of Highway Bridges, Special
Publication MCEER-06-SP07
AASHTO 2010 Guide Specifications for
2
AASHTO 2010, Guide Specifications for
Seismic Isolation Design, Third Edition
Topics
Background Background
Principles of Seismic Isolation
S A li ti Some Applications
System Design
Testing Requirements
3
Conventional Seismic Design
Superstructure
Ab t t
Bearings
Abutment
Abutment
ea gs
Abutment
Footing
& piles
Columns are required to support
4
Columns are required to support
gravity and earthquake loads,
dissipate energy, and not collapse
EQ ground motion
Unacceptable Performance
Collapsed
Superstructure
Ab t t
Bearings
Ab t t
Fractured
Column
Abutment
ea gs
Abutment
Piles
Column
Footing
Piles
5
EQ ground motion
Seismic Design Objective
column strength
F t f f t 1 0 Factor of safety =
earthquake force
> 1.0
6
Seismic Design Objective
capacity
F t f f t 1 0 Factor of safety = > 1.0
demand
7
Conventional Design Approach
INCREASE CAPACITY
capacity
F t f f t 1 0 Factor of safety = > 1.0
demand
8
Conventional Design
9
Conventional Design
10
Seismic Isolation an Alternative
capacity
F t f f t 1 0 Factor of safety = > 1.0
demand
REDUCE DEMAND
11
Seismic Isolation an Alternative
12
Seismic Isolation an Alternative
Isolation Isolation
suspension
system
13
EQ ground motion
Basic Idea of Seismic Isolation
Isolate the bridge from ground motion by:
Inserting a flexible support system between the
super- and sub-structure (isolation bearings).
This will lengthen the natural period of the
bridge such that the inertia forces in the bridge bridge such that the inertia forces in the bridge
are significantly reduced.
Force reduction may be sufficient to keep Force reduction may be sufficient to keep
columns elastic.
Control the liveliness of the bridge (due to the
flexible bearings) using energy dissipators
(dampers) to limit the motion
14
(dampers) to limit the motion.
Seismic Isolation: Key Point
Seismic isolation reduces the earthquake
demand on a bridge, rather than increases g
its capacity.
In many cases the reduction in demand is
such that it may be feasible to have
substructures perform elastically.
15
Topics
Background Background
Principles of Seismic Isolation
S A li ti Some Applications
System Design
Testing Requirements
16
Principles of Seismic Isolation
17
Principles of Seismic Isolation
18
Principles of Seismic Isolation
19
Principles of Seismic Isolation
20
Principles of Seismic Isolation
In addition to flexibility and energy dissipation
most isolation systems also comprise: y p
Adequate rigidity for non-seismic loads
(e g wind and braking) while (e.g. wind and braking) while
accommodating thermal, creep, and other
shortening effects and shortening effects, and
Self-centering capability
21
Seismic Isolation: Key Point
Most seismic isolation systems
comprise:
1.Flexibility
2.Energy dissipation
3.Rigidity for non-seismic loads g y
4.Self-centering
Above criteria means all isolation systems
have nonlinear properties. exceptions exist
22
p p p
but are rare.
Principles of Seismic Isolation

Isolator Force, F
K
d
K
isol
Q
d
F
y
F
isol
K
u

d
y

K
u

d
isol
Isolator
Displacement, d
K
u

K = Elastic (unloading) stiffness
K
d
Q
d
= Characteristic strength
23
K
u
Elastic (unloading) stiffness
K
isol
= Effective stiffness
d
isol
= Isolator lateral displacement
d
g
F
y
= Yield strength
F
isol
= Isolator lateral force
K
d
= Post-elastic stiffness
Principles of Seismic Isolation
POLISHED STAINLESS STEEL SURFACE POLISHED STAINLESS STEEL SURFACE
SEAL
R
SEAL
R
Lead-Rubber Isolator
STAINLESS STEEL
ARTICULATED SLIDER
(ROTATIONAL PART)
COMPOSITE LINER MATERIAL
R
STAINLESS STEEL
ARTICULATED SLIDER
(ROTATIONAL PART)
COMPOSITE LINER MATERIAL
R
Friction-Pendulum
24
Friction-Pendulum
Isolator
Principles of Seismic Isolation
Eradiquake Isolator
25
Bridges Not Suitable for Isolation
Bridges on soft sites, because lengthening
the period may increase, rather than p y ,
decrease, spectral accelerations
Soft soil Soft soil
spectrum
Rock
spectrum
26
Bridges Not Suitable for Isolation
Bridges in high seismic zones on soft sites, g g ,
where displacements may be large and
costly expansion joints may be required to
accommodate movements
Bridges with tall flexible piers, which already
have long periods and little advantage is
i d ith i l ti gained with isolation
27
Seismic Isolation: Key Point
Bridges that are most suitable for
isolation are
(a) located on stiff and medium-stiff soil
sites,
(b) have relatively stiff substructures
(e.g. short-to-medium height columns)
(c) continuous superstructures, and
(d) seat-type abutments.
28
Topics
Background Background
Principles of Seismic Isolation
S A li ti Some Applications
System Design
Testing Requirements
29
Applications: So. Rangitikei River, NZ
30
Applications: US 101 Sierra Point, CA
31
Applications: I-680 Benecia-
Martinez, CA Martinez, CA
32
Applications: JFK Airport Light Rail, NY
33
Applications: Bolu Viaduct, Turkey
34
Applications in U.S, Canada, Mexico
Applications
(Percent of total
Isolator Type
(Percent of total
number of
isolated bridges
in North in North
America)
Lead rubber isolator 75% Lead-rubber isolator 75%
Eradiquake isolator 20%
Other: Friction pendulum, High
damping rubber, Natural
Rubber FIP isolator
5%
35
Rubber, FIP isolator
Topics
Background Background
Principles of Seismic Isolation
S A li ti Some Applications
System Design
Testing Requirements
36
Design of a Bridge Isolation System
Three step process:
1. Determine required performance criteria e e e equ ed pe o a ce c e a
2. Determine properties of the isolation system
(e.g. Q
d
and K
d
) to achieve required ( g
d d
) q
performance using one or more methods of
analysis
V K
d
3. Select isolator type and
design hardware to achieve
V K
d
Q
d
required system properties
(i.e.,Q
d
and K
d
values) using
D
37
d d
a rational design procedure
Performance Criteria
Usually set by owner
Examples include: Examples include:
o Not-to-exceed total base shear for Design
Earthquake (DE) Earthquake (DE)
o Elastic columns during DE
o Not-to-exceed longitudinal displacement in o Not to exceed longitudinal displacement in
superstructure during DE.
o Essentially elastic behavior for the Maximum o Essentially elastic behavior for the Maximum
Considered Earthquake (MCE)
o Reparable damage in MCE, but not collapse
38
p g , p
Analysis Methods for Isolated
Bridges Bridges
Bridges with nonlinear isolators may be Bridges with nonlinear isolators may be
analyzed using linear methods provided
equivalent properties are used such as equivalent properties are used, such as
effective stiffness and
i l t i d i b d equivalent viscous damping based on
the hysteretic energy dissipated by the
i l t isolators.
39
Analysis Methods
Simplified Method Simplified Method
Single Mode Spectral Method
M lti d S t l M th d Multimode Spectral Method
Time History Method
40
Simplified Method Assumptions
1. Superstructure acts a rigid-diaphragm compared
to flexibility of isolators
2 Single displacement describes motion of 2. Single displacement describes motion of
superstructure, i.e. single degree-of-freedom
system y
3. Nonlinear properties of isolators may be
represented by bilinear loops
V
4. Bilinear loops can be
represented by K
isol
,
ff i iff d
V
effective stiffness, and
energy dissipated per cycle
f l
K
isol
D
41
= area of loop
Note K
isol
& loop area are dependent on displacement, D.
Simplified Method Assumptions
5. Energy dissipated per cycle may be
represented by viscous damping, i.e., work
done during plastic deformation can be
represented by work done moving viscous
fluid through an orifice Equivalent viscous fluid through an orifice. Equivalent viscous
damping ratio given by
) 1 (
2
isol
y
isol
d
d
d
F
Q
h =
t
6. Acceleration spectrum is inversely
i l i d (S / T)
42
proportional to period (S
A
= a / T)
Simplified Method Assumptions
7. Acceleration spectra for 5% viscous
damping may be scaled for actual
damping (h%) by dividing by a damping
coefficient, B
L
3 . 0
05 0
|
.
|

\
|
=
h
B
L
05 . 0
. \
B is used in long period range of spectrum B
L
is used in long-period range of spectrum.
A second factor (B
S
) is used in short-period
range Isolated bridges fall in long period
43
range. Isolated bridges fall in long-period
range.
AASHTO Design Response Spectra
AASHTO Spectra (S
A
) are for 5%
damping on a rock site (Site Class
B)
S
A
(A) Spectral Acceleration (g)
5 % damping
B)
For sites other than rock, the
spectra are modified by Site
S
D1
h % damping
p y
Factors, F
a
and F
v
For damping other than 5%, the
Period T
1.0s
S
D1
/ B
L
spectra are modified by a
Damping Factor, B
L
S S F
A S
D v 1 1
Period, T
S
D
(D)
Spectral
Displacement
5 % damping
T B
S
T B
S
A S
L
D
L
v
A
1 1
= =
T S T S F g
|
|

|
10S
D1
5 % damping
44
L
D
L
v
D
B
T S
B
T S F g
D S
1 1
2
79 . 9
4
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
Period, T 1.0s
h % damping
10S
D1
/ B
L
Simplified Method
V
This method is also
V
F
isol Q
d
K
d
known as the
Direct-Displacement
K
isol
D
Direct Displacement
Method
d i li bl t
d
isol
S (D)
Spectral
and is applicable to
a wide range of
S
D
(D)
Spectral
Di spl acement
10S
5 % damping
structural types - not
just isolated bridges.
10S
D1
h % damping
10S
D1
/ B
L
45
just isolated bridges.
Period, T 1.0s
p g
10S
D1
/ B
L
Simplified Method
Basic steps:
1. Assume value for
V
F
isol Q
d
K
d
isol
2. Calculate effective
K
isol
D
K
d
stiffness, K
isol
3. Calculate max. force,
D
d
isol
F
isol
4. Calculate effective
i d T period, T
eff
d
K
Q
K + =
isol d K F =
ff
W
T t 2 =
46
d
isol
isol
K
d
K + =
isol
isol isol
d K F =
isol
eff
gK
T t 2
Simplified Method Continued
5. Calculate viscous
damping ratio, h
V
F
isol Q
d
K
6. Calculate damping
coefficient, B
L
K
isol
D
K
d
7. Calculate d
isol
8. Compare with value
D
d
isol
d
y
for d
isol
in Step (1).
Repeat if necessary
until convergence
eff
L
v
isol
T
B
S F g
d
1
2
4t
=
until convergence.
) 1 (
2
y
d
d
d
F
Q
h =
3 . 0
)
05 0
(
h
B
L
=
) ( 79 . 9
1
inches T
B
S F
d
eff
v
isol
=
47
isol isol
d F t
)
05 . 0
(
L
B
ff
L
Example: Simplified Method
The superstructure of a 2-span bridge weighs
533 K It is located on a rock site where S = 533 K. It is located on a rock site where S
D1
=
0.55. The bridge is seismically isolated with
12 isolation bearings at the piers and 12 isolation bearings at the piers and
abutments.
Isolation
system
48
Example
If the value of Q = 0 075Wand If the value of Q
d
= 0.075W and
K
d
= 13.0 K/in (summed over all the
isolators), calculate the maximum
displacement of the superstructure and the
total base shear.
Neglect pier flexibility.
49
Example 1
Solution:
1. Initialize
1.1 Q
d
=0.075 W = 0.075 (533) = 40 K
1 2 Need initial value d
i l
1.2 Need initial value d
isol
Take T
eff
= 1.5 sec,
5% damping (B =1 0) and calculate 5% damping (B
L
=1.0) and calculate
D = 9.79 S
D1
T
eff
/ B
L
9 79 (0 55) 1 5 = 9.79 (0.55) 1.5
= 8.08 in
50
Take initial value for d
isol
= D
Example 1 Continued
Solution:
1. Initialize
Q
d
= 40 K
D = 8 08 in D 8.08 in
2 Iterate 2. Iterate
2.1 Set d
isol
= D and proceed with Steps 1-7
51
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
4. Effective period, T
eff
5. Viscous damping ratio, h%
6 D i ffi i t B 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
52
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
4. Effective period, T
eff
5. Viscous damping ratio, h%
6 D i ffi i t B 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
53
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
4. Effective period, T
eff
5. Viscous damping ratio, h%
6 D i ffi i t B 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
54
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9
4. Effective period, T
eff
5. Viscous damping ratio, h%
6 D i ffi i t B 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
55
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46
5. Viscous damping ratio, h%
6 D i ffi i t B 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
56
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46
5. Viscous damping ratio, h% 17.6
6 D i ffi i t B 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
57
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46
5. Viscous damping ratio, h% 17.6
6 D i ffi i t B 1 46 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
1.46
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
58
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46
5. Viscous damping ratio, h% 17.6
6 D i ffi i t B 1 46 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
1.46
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
6.43
59
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0 40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0 13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08 6.43
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46
5. Viscous damping ratio, h% 17.6
6 D i ffi i t B 1 46 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
1.46
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
6.43
60
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0 40.0 40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0 13.0 13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08 6.43 5.66
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95 20.06
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9 113.6
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46 1.65
5. Viscous damping ratio, h% 17.6 22.4
6 D i ffi i t B 1 46 1 57 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
1.46 1.57
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
6.43 5.66
61
Example 1 Continued
Step Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial n
0. Characteristic strength, Q
d
40.0 40.0 40.0
0. Post-elastic stiffness, K
d
13.0 13.0 13.0
1. Isolator Displacement, d
isol
8.08 6.43 5.66
2. Effective stiffness, K
isol
17.95 20.06
3. Max. isolator force, F
m
144.9 113.6
4. Effective period, T
eff
1.46 1.65
5. Viscous damping ratio, h% 17.6 22.4
6 D i ffi i t B 1 46 1 57 6. Damping coefficient, B
L
1.46 1.57
7. Isolator displacement, d
isol
6.43 5.66
62
Simplified Method
F
Basic method
assumes very
K
d

Q
d
F
K
isol
y
stiff piers but
method can
d
y
d
isol

F
Superstructure
Isolator Effective Stiffness, K
isol

be modified
to include
d
sub
K
sub
Substructure, K
sub
Isolator(s), K
isol
pier flexibility.
sub
F d
isol
d
sub

Substructure Stiffness, K
sub

K
eff

d
63
MCEER,2006.
d = d
isol
+ d
sub

Combined Effective Stiffness, K
eff

Multimodal Spectral Method
Elastic Multimodal Method, developed for
conventional bridges, may be used for isolated
bridges even though they are nonlinear systems.
Modeling the nonlinear properties of the isolators
is usually done with equivalent linearized springs
and the response spectrum is modified for the and the response spectrum is modified for the
additional damping
in the isolated modes in the isolated modes .
Recall earlier discussion
of the composite spectrum
64
p p
Multimodal Spectral Method
Method is iterative and a good strategy is to Method is iterative and a good strategy is to
use the results from the Simplified Method of
Analysis to obtain starting values for the Analysis to obtain starting values for the
iteration.
In this case convergence in 1 or 2 cycles is
ibl ll possible usually
65
Isolator Design
Analysis gives required system properties
(Q
d
and K
d
) to meet desired performance (
d d
) p
Next step is to design an isolation system to
have these properties have these properties
Isolators used in bridge design include:
Elastomeric bearings with lead cores (Lead Elastomeric bearings with lead cores (Lead-
Rubber Bearing)
Curved sliders (Friction Pendulum System) Curved sliders (Friction Pendulum System)
Flat plate slider with elastomeric spring
dampers (Eradiquake System)
66
dampers (Eradiquake System)
Elastomeric Isolator Design (LRB)
67
Elastomeric Isolator Design (LRB)
Q
d
= 0.9 d
2
(K)
where
d = diameter of lead core (in)
K = G A / T K
d
= G A
r
/ T
r
where
G = shear modulus of elastomer (e g 0 1 Ksi) G = shear modulus of elastomer (e.g. 0.1 Ksi)
A
r
= bonded area of elastomer
T = total thickness of elastomer T
r
total thickness of elastomer
Period (post-yield) = |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
g
T
G gK
W
T
r c
d
o
t t 2
) (
2
68
Period (post yield) |
.

\
|
.

\
g G gK
d
d
) (
Curved Sliding Isolators (FPS)
u
R
W
Restoring force
u
Friction
g
69
D
(Displacement)
Curved Sliding Isolator Design (FPS)
POLISHED STAINLESS STEEL SURFACE POLISHED STAINLESS STEEL SURFACE
Q
d
= W
where
SEAL SEAL
= coefficient of friction
W= weight per isolator
STAINLESS STEEL
ARTICULATED SLIDER
(ROTATIONAL PART)
COMPOSITE LINER MATERIAL
SEAL
R
STAINLESS STEEL
ARTICULATED SLIDER
(ROTATIONAL PART)
COMPOSITE LINER MATERIAL
SEAL
R
W weight per isolator
K =
( ) ( )
W
K
d
=
where
R di f t f lid
R
W
R=radius of curvature of slider
R
2
70
Period when sliding =
g
R
T
d
t 2 =
Summary of LRB and FPS Designs
El t i C d Slid Elastomeric
(LRB)
Curved Slider
(FPS)
Number of isolators 12 12
External dimensions
9.4 in diam. 18 in diam.
External dimensions
x 7.75 in height x 5 in (est.) height
Internal dimensions 11 x in layers radius = 41 in
Other
1.92 in diam. lead
core
coefficient of
friction = 0.075
71
Eradiquake Isolator
72
Other Design Issues (All)
Restoring force capability
Clearances (expansion joints, utility crossings ) ( p j y g )
Vertical load capacity and stability at high shear
strain
Uplift restrainers, tensile capacity
Non-seismic requirements (wind, braking, thermal q ( g
movements )
System Property Modification Factors (-factors) for
aging, temperature, wear and tear, and
contamination
73
Topics
Background
Principles of Seismic Isolation,
Some Applications pp
System Design
Testing Requirements Testing Requirements
74
Basic Testing Requirements
Because isolators are subject to extreme
deformations and loads during large g g
earthquakes, most design codes require they
be tested to demonstrate conformance with
design expectations
For both reasons (extreme loads and For both reasons (extreme loads and
extensive testing), design provisions for
isolation bearings may differ from that for isolation bearings may differ from that for
conventional bearings e.g., Section 14,
AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications
75
AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications
Basic Testing Requirements
Usually three categories of tests are required:
1. Characterization Tests to confirm basic C a acte at o ests o co bas c
properties such as effect of velocity, pressure,
and temperature to develop models for analysis
2. Prototype Tests for each project prior to
production to confirm mechanical properties
used in design
3. Production Tests performed on each isolator
( l ith t i l t t ) f lit (along with material tests) for quality
control/quality assurance.
76
During this lecture we have learned:
Basic purpose of seismic isolation
Four components of an isolation system Four components of an isolation system
Bridge types / configurations suitable for
seismic isolation seismic isolation
How to calculate displacement and base
shear in an isolated bridge using the shear in an isolated bridge using the
Simplified Method
About three kinds of isolators in use today
Five questions
1. What is basic purpose of seismic isolation?
2 List the four components of an isolation system 2. List the four components of an isolation system.
3. Describe bridge types and configurations that
are suitable for seismic isolation. are suitable for seismic isolation.
4. Name three common types of isolators on the
market today in the U.S. y
5. Name three types of tests used to assure the
quality of seismic isolators quality of seismic isolators