mgptpUj;jpAk;> mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSk; (Development & Development Objectives) mgptpUj;jpg; nghUspay; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; mlk;];kpj; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

19 k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu Ma;Tfspy; mgptpUj;jp Kf;faj;Jtk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy ,Ue;jNghjpYk; 1930k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l cyfg; ngUke;jj;ij njhlh;e;J Nghpdg; nghUshjhu Ma;Tfspy; mgptpUj;jp rpe;jidfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;j epiyapy; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ. ,g;Nghhpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; Vida gy ehLfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;topia kPsf;fl;bnaOg;g khh;~y; jpl;lk; (Mashal Planning) nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jd;thpirapy; 1940k; Mz;bd;gpd; gy mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs; cUthfpd. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;> mgptpUj;jpAk; pAk; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghL ,Uf;ftpy;iy. 1970 tiu nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;> mgptpUj;jpAk; xd;W vd;w mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. mjhtJ nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpNa xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpahf fUjg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 1970 fspypUe;J nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL czug;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; 1970 fspd; gpd;dh; gy ehLfspd; jyhtUkhdk; mjpfhpj;jJ. cjhuzkhf xNgf; ehLfisf; $wyhk;. ,e;ehLfspy; jyhtUkhdk; mjpfhpj;j NghjpYk; tho;f;ifj;juk; vjph;ghh;j;jstpy; mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy. mjpfhpj;j tUkhdk; xU rpyh; iffspy; khj;jpuk; Ftpe;jpUe;jJ. mjhtJ nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpkl;Lk; mgptpUj;jpad;W> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Kd;Njitg;ghlhdJk; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJkhFk;. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp :nka;j; jyhNjrpa cw;gj;jpay; Vw;gLk; njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;r;rp/nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; ePz;lfhy njhlh;r;rpahd mjpfhpg;G nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpMFk;. mgptpUj;jp vd;why; vd;d? xU nrad;Kiwahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. xU ehl;by; epytptUk; epiyikapd; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; Jiwfspy; Vw;gLk; rpwe;j> mNjNghy msT hPjpahd khw;wq;fs; my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gjid mgptpUj;jpnad;W fUjKbAk;. mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J $wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs; tUkhW:tUkhW:Datli Siyars (ll;yp rpah;];):xU ehl;by; tWik Fiwtile;J r%f Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhky;Ngha;> Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gl;lhy; me;ehl;il mgptpUj;jp mile;Js;s xU ehlhff; fUjKbAk;. ,J jtpu xU ehl;by; tho;e;J tUk; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; Nghjpastpy; tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;> ciof;ff;$ba xt;nthU egUf;Fk; njhopy; ,Ue;JtUjy;> mf;FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSf;F fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jy;> murhq;f mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ kf;fs; gy;NtW KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;gspj;jy; Nghd;w epiyikfs; fhzg;gl;L> me;ehL xU Njrk; vd;w Kiwapy; Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; me;epiyikia mgptpUj;jpnad ll;yp rpah;]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
1

C.P. Kinleberger :nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ mjpf ntspaPl;ilAk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ mjpf ntspaPl;Lld; $ba njhopy;El;g> kw;Wk; epWtd fl;likg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mz;ikf; fhykhf mgptpUj;jp vd;w vz;zf;fU NkYk; tphpthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ jdpNa tWik> Ntiyapd;ik> kw;Wk; tUkhd rkkpd;ik vd;gtw;wpNyw;gLk; tPo;r;rpia kl;Lk; cs;slf;fhJ. mjDld; Rj;jkhd #oy;> rpwe;j fy;tp kw;Wk; rpwe;j Nghrhf;F trjpfSld;$ba tho;f;ifj; juj;jpNyw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wNk mgptpUj;jp vd;w fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ nghUshjhu cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. tUkhd rkkpd;ikia Fiwj;jy; tWik Fiwjy; Ntiyapd;ik Fiwjy; gztPf;fk; Fiwjy; rpRkuz tPjk; Fiwjy; vjph;ghhf;Fk; MAs;fhyk; mjpfhpj;jy; kf;fspd; Nghrhf;F kl;lk; mjpfhpj;jy;. ey;yhl;rp ,lk;ngWjy; ( [dehafk; ,lk;ngWjy;) tsh;r;rpAld; fPo;tUtdtw;iw

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And];Nfh ::- ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; r%f Kd;Ndw;wKk; cz;lhjy; Ntz;Lk;. UN :- mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ tWik> tUkhd rkkpd;ikia xopj;jy;> Ntiyapd;ikia Fiwj;jy;. nghUspay; mwpQh; Todaro :nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; mgptpUj;jpapd; mbj;jskhf tpsq;Ffpd;wNghJk; ,tw;Wf;F mg;ghy; nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fis kPsikf;fpd;w> khw;wpaikf;fpd;w xOq;F Kiw mgptpUj;jpf;F NjitahdJ vdTk;> ,th; $WtNjhL gpd;tUk; 4 mk;rq;fs; mgptpUj;jpapd; ghpkhzq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd vdTk; $Wfpwhh;.
2

01.

mgptpUj;jpapd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik nka;j; Njrpa tUkhdj;Jldhd tsh;r;rp nghUshjhu tsh;rr ; pahf tpsq;FfpwJ. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpg; gz;gpy; r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis tpistpf;Fk; gz;G Kf;fpakhdJ. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjpy; tUkhd Vw;wj; jho;tpidf; Fiwj;jy;> tWik xopg;G vd;git Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshFk;. ,tw;iwf; Fiwf;f mbg;gilj; Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

02.

03.

04.

Prof Goulet :kf;fs; jkJ kjpg;Gld; fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J Rje;jpukhf rpe;jpf;fTk;> nraw;glTk; Kbfpd;wjh vd;w KbTfspypUe;Nj cz;ikahd mgptpUj;jpia kjpg;gply; KbAk; vd;fpwhh;. mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf tsh;r;rpia cah;j;JtNj MFk;. fUjg;gl;l tplak; ahnjdpy; nghUshjhu

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp jdpahh; Jiw

r%fk;
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,q;F nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp nka; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;ig Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gy ehLfspy; cw;gj;jpfspd; ngWkjp njhlh;e;J mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. Mdhy; cw;gj;jpapd; msT mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; tpiykl;l mjpfhpg;G MFk;.
3

,NjNeuk; rdj;njhif mjpfhpg;ig tpl ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;Gk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nghUshjhu ey mstPLfis cah;j;JtJ (Measurement of Economic Welfare) mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gLfpwJ. Muk;gj;jpy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; 1970 fspy; te;j Muk;gfhy Fwpfhl;bfspy; khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nghUshjhu eydpypUe;J kf;fspd; eyd; vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp mtrpak;> Mdhy; mJ NghJkhdjy;y. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAld; r%f eyDk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> mj;Jld; kf;fspd; eyDk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tWik jzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tUkhd gq;fPl;by; rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;wtifapy; tWik xopg;G 1970 fspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; kf;fSf;F chpj;Jilikia (Ownership) toq;Fjy; vd mkh;j;jpahnrd; (1990) $Wfpwhh;. rkfhyj;jpy; mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; Rje;jpuj;ij toq;FtJ vd $wg;gLfpwJ. fle;j Ehw;whz;by; mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vjph;fhy re;jjpapdiu ghjpf;fhj tz;zk; epfo;fhy re;jjpapdh;fsJ Njitfs; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;glyhdJ #oiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. kpNydpak; kpNydpak; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs fs;/Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;L mgptpUj; mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; 2000k; Mz;L Gul;lhjp (September) y; If;fpa ehLfspd; Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;L cr;rp khehl;by; cyfj; jiyth;fs; tWik> gl;bdp> Neha;> vOj;jwptpd;ik> #oy; rPuopT> ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd fhytiuaiw tFf;fg;gl;lJk;> mstplj;jf;fJkhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;> ,yf;FfisAk; mila ,zq;fpf; nfhz;ldh;. ,tw;wpw;F Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;L mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vdg;ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; 8 Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> 18 ,yf;FfSk; cs;sd. Gj;jhapukhk; hapukhk; Mz;L mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; tUkhW :01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08.
4

Nkhrkhd tWikfisAk;> gl;bdpiaAk; ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;. cyfshtpa Muk;gf; fy;tpia milag; ngwy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;jYk;> ngz;fis tYt+l;LjYk; Foe;ij ,wg;G tPjj;ij Fiwj;jy; kfg;Ngw;W Rfhjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;wy; Vr;.I.tp / vapl;];> kNyhpah kw;Wk; Vida Neha;fSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhly;. Rw;whly; cWjpg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;jy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cyfshtpa gq;Filikia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

mgptpUj;jpia mstpLk; Fwpfhl;bfs; mgptpUj;jpia mstpLk; Fwpfhl;lfis ,uz;L tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;. 01. nghUshjhuf; nghUshjhuf; Fwpfhl;bfs; fs; nkhj;j nka; cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp / tUkhdk; nkhj;j nka;j; Njrpa cw;gj;jp / tUkhdk; jyh tUkhdk; gztPf;f tPjk; nkhj;j nka; cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp ::xU ehL jkJ ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; Nritfspy; Vw;gl;l cz;ikahd khw;wj;ij ,J Fwpg;gpLk;. nkhj;j nka;j; Njrpa cw;gj;jp ::xU ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; Nritapy; Vw;gl;l mjpfhpg;ig Fwpg;gpLtjhf mikAk;. jyhtUkhdk; ::xU ehl;bd; xU tUl fhyg;gFjpapyhd nkhj;j cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritfspd; ngWkhdj;jpy; xU egUf;Fhpa ruhrhp tUkhdk; jyhtUkhdk; my;yJ xU jiy tUkhdk; vdf;nfhs;sg;gLk; jyh tUkhdk; :nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhdk; tUl kj;jp rdj;njhif 3500 nlhyh; ($) mjpfkhd jyhtUkhdk; nfhz;lehLfs; nghUshjhu hPjpapy; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfshf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. gztPf;f tPjk; ::gztPf;fj;jhy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G ehl;bd; nka; cw;gj;jpapy; tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jp tho;f;ifj;ju tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhfp mgptpUj;jpapd;ik my;yJ Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jpf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vdNt gztPf;f tPjk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia mstpLfpd;w Xh; nghUshjhu Fwpfhl;bahf mike;Js;sJ. 02. r%f eyf; Fwpfhl;bfs; 01. ngsjPf tho;f;if gz;Gr; Rl;nlz; (PQLI) ,J 1977 k; Mz;L If;fpa ehLfs; rigahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;Rl;nlz;zpy; gpd;tUk; 03 tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. vOj;jwpT tPjk;. rpR kuztPjk.; (gpwf;Fk; xt;nthU Foe;ijfspy; vj;jid Foe;ijfs; xU taJf;Fs; ,wf;fpd;wdh; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLk;) gpwg;gpypUe;J vjph;ghh;f;Fk; MAl;fhyk;. ,d;W ,yq;ifapd; vOj;jwpT tPjk; 90.8 % ,jpy; Mz;fs; 92.7 % ngz;fs; 89.1% gpwg;gpy; tho;ehs; vjph;ghh;g;G Mz; :- 68.2 Mz;Lfs; ngz; :- 75.8 Mz;Lfs; rpRkuztPjk; (jw;NghJ) :5

12 1000

02. kdpjts mgtpUj; mgtpUj;jp Rl;nlz; (HDI) tsh;e;J tUk; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wtifapy; nghUshjhu mgtpUj;jp vd;w vz;zf;fUTf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;LtUk; tpsf;fq;fSk; mjd; mstPLfSk; khw;wk; ngw;Nw te;Js;sd. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp Fwpfhl;bahf kdpjts mgptpUj;jp Rl;nlz; vd;gJ tpsq;FfpwJ. 1990 k; Mz;L UNDP ,dhy; cUthdJ. gpwg;gpypUe;J mstplg;gLk; MAs; vjph;ghh;f;iff; fhyk; fy;tpawpT tPjk; nfhs;tdT rf;jp (jyhtUkhdk;) ,yq;ifapdJ kdpjts mgptpUj;jp Rl;nld; 2006 y; 0.742 MFk;. 179 ehLfspy; ,yq;if 104 tJ ,lj;jpYs;sJ. 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fkpilapy; ngWkhdj;ij cilaJ. 03. khdpl tWikr; Rl;nlz lz; (HPI) ,jd;%yk; xU ehl;L kf;fspd; tWik epiyikAk; mjd; msitAk; fzpf;f KbAk;. ,jd; gpufhuk; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfspd; tUkhdk; jdpahfTk;> mgptpUj;jp milAk; ehLfspd; tUkhdk; NtwhfTk; fzpf;fg;gl;L xg;gPl;L hPjpahf mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;. I. mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfspd; tsf; fzpg;gPlhf fUjg;gLtd 40 Mz;LfSf;F Fiwe;j MAs; vjph;ghh;g;G KjpNahh; vOj;jwpT FbePH; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; 5 tajpw;F Fiwe;j rpWth;fspd; vil HPI tsh;e;JtUk; ehLfspy; ehLfspy ,y 01 02 03 04 ie[Phpah gq;fshNj\; ,e;jpah ,yq;if ehL ngWkhzk; 61.4 42.2 31.4 18.2

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6

njhopw;gilapy; tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; efu rdj;njhif tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; jyh tUkhdk; jdpegh; rf;jp Efh;T md;whl fNyhhp epuk;gy; Rj;jkhd FbePh; njhopy;rhh; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; murpay; Rje;jpuk; ,e;j epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xU jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehl;bd;

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Rl;nlz;

05. ,yq;ifapd; RgPl;rr; Rl;nlz; ,yq;ifapd; RgPl;r Rl;nlz; 2008.09.08 k; ehsd;W ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp ntspapl;lJ. ,r;Rl;nlz;id cUthf;fpajd; Nehf;fk; khfhzq;fshy; milag;gl;l RgPl;rj;jpDila kl;lj;ij xg;gPl;L mbg;gilapy; mstPl;Lf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,UgJ khwpfis cs;slf;fp ,yq;iff;fhd Rgpl;rr; Rl;nlz;id kj;jpa tq;fp cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,k;khwpfs; kf;fSila tho;f;ifapy; NtWgl;l tplaq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,r;Rl;nlz;dpy; cs;slq;Fk; khwpfs; %d;W gpujhd Jizg;gphpTfSf;Fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd mitahtd :nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tpahghur; #o;epiy kf;fspd; eyd;fs; r%f nghUshjhu cl;fl;likg;G ,yq;if RgPl;r Rl;nlz; Clhf ngwg;gl;l jug;gLj;jy;fs; khfhzq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiwahd tplaq;fis fz;lwpa cjTtJld; mt;thwhd Fwpj;j tplaq;fis epth;j;jp nra;tjw;F cjTfpwJ. ,yq;if RgPl;rr; rl;nlz; jug;gLj;jy; khfhzq;fSf;fpilapy; xg;gPLfis cUthf;fp mjd;%yk; mj;jifa khfhzq;fspy; mjpfhu rigfshy; milag;gl Ntz;ba khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd ,yf;Ffis eph;zapg;gjw;F gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,t;,yq;if RgPl;rr; rl;nlz;dhdJ RgPl;rj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjpy;> r%f nghUshjhuk; nfhs;iffspy; nraw;wpwid mstpLtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,yq;if RgPl;r Rl;nlz;dpd; ngWkjp 2000 2007 ,y 01 02 03 04 05
7

khfhzk; Nky; khfhzk; kj;jpa khfhzk; tlf;F khfhzk; fpof;F khfhzk; rg;gpufKt khfhzk;

2000 55.3 42.4 35.4 35.1 39.1

2007 66.1 52.9 43.6 44.2 48.2

mgptpUj;jp milahj ehLfspd; nghJg;gz;Gfs; (FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs;) kf;fs; tho;f;ifj;juk; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F mth;fsJ jyhtUkhdk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtJk; gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfspy; 80% rdj;njhif fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> mth;fsJ nkhj;j cw;gj;jp 20% MFk;. 20% khd kf;fs; thOk; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehl;by; mth;fsJ cw;gj;jp 80% MFk;. Jhpj rdj;njhif tsh;r;rp fhzg;gLk;. tsq;fspd; Fiwg;gad;ghL fhzg;gLk;. FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs; ntspehl;L re;ijapy; jq;fp fhzg;gLk;. (jq;fpapUj;jy;) FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs; tptrhaj;jpy; jq;fp ,Uj;jy;. %yjdg;gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLk;. nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,ul;ilj; jd;ik fhzg;gLk; . a) ngUe;Njhl;l Jiw (tsh;e;j etPd Jiw) b) fpuhkpa Jiw (gpd;jq;fpa kuGrhh;e;j Jiw)

#OYk;

mgptpUj;jpAk;

Environment & Development 1992 w;F gpd;jhd; mgptpUj;jpAld; #oYk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdiug; ghjpf;fhf tifapy; ,lk;ngWk; epfo;fhyg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahFk;. ,d;W ehl;bYs;s nghUshjhu tsq;fs; ahTk; gad;gLj;jg;glhky;> jpwikahf Fwpg;gpl;lsT tsq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. vjph;fhy Njitiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tsq;fspd; xUgFjp xJf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia me;ehl;bd; #oy; gy tiffspy; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. mgptpUj;jpia ,aw;if tsk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; tsf; fpilg;gdT ghjpf;fpwJ. vdNt ,aw;iftsk; mjpfsthf fpilj;jhy;> me;j ehL Jhpjkhf nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia milAk;. cjhuzkhf ngw;Nwhypa tsq;fis nfhz;l ehLfs; Jhpjkhf nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpailfpwJ. #oyhdJ kf;fsJ tUkhd gq;fPl;by; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. #oyhdJ vjph;fhy nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy;> cw;gj;jp jpwdpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

cjhuzk; :ePh;Cw;W tw;Wjy; kpd; cw;gj;jp ghjpf;fg;gly; cw;gj;jp ghjpf;fg;gly;

vdNt ,t;thwhd eltbf;if fhuzq;fshy; cyftq;fp 1992 ,y; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghf cjtp toq;Fk;NghJ #oy; jhf;fk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vdf; $wpaJ.
8

epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp Sustainable Development

epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs; mbg;gil kdpj Njitfis

epiwTnra;J itg;gJk;> mth;fSila tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJk;> Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;j tpjj;jpy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;tjhFk;.

vhprpl; [dpgh (1990) ::- xU ehl;by; epiyahd mgptpUj;jpia vLj;JtUtJld; Kf;fpakhd

gy gbfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;bUg;gjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mitahtd :01. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;. 02. me;j nghUshjhu fl;likg;G ehl;bd; kPJ Nkhrkhd tpisTfis vLj;Jtuhj xU fl;likg;ghf ,Ue;J tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> mgptpUj;jpapd; mD$q;fs; rpW njhifapdhpd; iffspy; kl;Lk; xd;W jpuz;bUe;jhy;> ehl;by; tWik ngUfp> Vw;wj;jho;T mjpfhpf;f fhuzkhFk;. 03. Rw;Wr; #oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jp fl;likg;nghd;W ,Ue;J tUjy;.,e;j mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;nghOJ> epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpapy; Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpw;F cah; Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;gl;L tUtijf; fhzKbfpwJ. mNjNghy cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; xU tsh;r;rp Vw;gLtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> me;j tsh;r;rpia fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; Rw;Wr;#oypd; kPJ NfLfis vLj;Jtuhj xU njhopy;El;gkhfTk;> Ml;fspd; jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; xU njhopDl;gkhfTk; ,Ue;J tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. 04. ,q;F r%f rf;jpA+l;ly; mtrpak; mtrpak; If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G (1997) vLj;Jf; $WtJNghy> epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba khdpl mgptpUj;jpapy; tWikia xopg;gJ njhlh;ghf tpNrlkhf ftdk; nrYj;Jg;gl Ntz;baJ mtpakhFk;. 05. r%fj;jpy; nghUshjhu hPjpapYk;> murpay; hPjpapYk;> r%f hPjpapYk; ve;jtpjkhd mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;buhj kf;fSf;F mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; my;yJ r%f rf;fpA+l;ly; mtrpakhf ,Ue;J tUtJld;> mth;fSila tho;f;ifj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd khw;W topfSk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;nfd mk;kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W mgptpUj;jpia jpl;lkpLtJld; mjid mKy; nra;aTk; Ntz;Lk;. twpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if khjphpAld;> Rw;Wr;#oy; kpfTk; neUf;fkhd tpjj;jpy; gpizf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; rPh;NfL fhuzkhf mth;fs; gy gpur;rpidfis vjph;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyik Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; twpakf;fspd; mbg;gilf; Nghuhl;lk; jkJ mLj;jNtis czit ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vg;gb vd;w Nfs;tpf;F tpilNjLtjhf ,Ue;J tUtjdhy;> ,j;jifa xU #o;epiyapd;fPo; Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT Njhd;WtJ jtph;f;f KbahjjhFk;. vdNt mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwapy; tWik xopg;G epiwT nra;Jitf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk; cldb Njitnahd;whf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
9

mgptpUj;jp ::-

r%f mgptpUj;jp epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba khdpl mgptpUj;jp

mjhtJ kdpj tsq;fspd; juj;jpidAk;> Mf;fj;jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;> tWikia xopj;jy;> Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhs;sy; vd;gjhFk;.

,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehl;by; epiyj;J $ba epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpia vLj;Jtu mtrpakhd cj;jpfs; pfs
01. cs;ehl;L Nfs;tpfSf;F Kd;Dhpik toq;Fjy;. 02. tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopYf;F Kd;Dhpik mspj;jy;. 03. kpjkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Ntfnkhd;iw guhkhpj;jy; kdpjh;fSf;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk;> #oYf;Fk; jPq;F Vw;glhj tpjj;jpy; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis tFj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 04. Fbj;njhif tsh;r;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;jy; cjhuzk; :ngz; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> ngz;fSf;fhd njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fis gutyhf;Fjy;. 05. ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; 06. kf;fspd; gutyhd gq;Nfw;gpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;. kf;fspd; Ra rf;jpiaAk;> gq;Nfw;gpidAk; mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwf;F ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,jd;%yk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mgptpUj;jpia jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;> Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw mKy;nra;tjw;Fk; kjPg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspy; mD$yq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; khdpl mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffis gutyhf mKy;nra;jy;

epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp

r%f Kiwik r%f hPjpahd rhj;jpa jd;ik

nghUshjhuhPjpahd rhj;jpa jd;ik nghUshjhu nghUshjhu Kiwik

#oy; hPjpahd rhj;jpa jd;ik caphpay; Kiwik

,it xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;gpy;yhj tifapy; ,zq;fpdhy; mJ epiyj;J epw;fhj mgptpUj;jp vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa xU xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhy; epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jia ngwKbAk;. vdNt Jiwfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpl;Lf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10

,d;W mgptpUj; mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ fhuzq;fs; ahit?

#oy;rhh;e;j

gpur;rpidfis pidfis

ikag;gLj;jpajhf

Nehf;ff;

#oypy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs; gjpyPl;Lj;jd;ik mw;wit. tsq;fs; Kbe;Jtplf;$bait. vdNt mtw;iw vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdUk; NgzNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; xU fhuzk;. #oy;fspy; tsq;fs; kPz;Lk; cUthf;f Kbahjit xUjlit moe;jit mope;jitjhd;. nry;te;jh;fistpl twpath;fs;jhd; #oy; ghjpg;gpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. vdNt rkj;Jtj;ijg;Ngz #oy; gpur;rpizfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. epiyj;J epw; epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp gpd;tUk; Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> #oYf;FkpilNa xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;. epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp mbg;gilj; Njitfis G+h;jj ; p nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpahdJ rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> r%f epjpiaAk; ngw;Wj;ju Ntz;Lk;. r%f RajPh;khdj;ij epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp ghjpf;f$baJ. epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpapd; ,yf;Ffs; nghUshjhu ,yf;F mbg;gilj; Njit #oy; rhh;e;j ,yf;F r%f ,yf;F #oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffis filg;gpbg;gjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia kPsNehf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. tsh;r;rpapd; juj;ij khw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk;NghJ nghUshjhuj;ijAk; #oiyAk; ,ize;J ,Uj;jy;. %yts jsq;fis ghjfhj;jy.; epiyj;J epw;f$ba rdj;njhif kl;lq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;. epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfs; nra;a Ntz;bait ? %ytsq;fSf;F rhpahd tpilaply; Ntz;Lk; nrhj;JhpikAk;> %yts chpikiaAk; njspthf fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ViofSf;F nghUshjhu khw;Wtopapy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; ngz;fspd; nghUshjh epiyia mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; fopT Kfhikj;Jtk;.

11

fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp
fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ cj;jkkw;w tsg;ghtidia fpilf;ff;$ba kdpj> ngsjPf tsk; rhh;ghf cj;jkkhf gad;gLj;jp fpuhk kf;fspd; fpuhkpa cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;G> tho;f;ifj;ju mjpfhpg;G> tUkhd kl;l mjpfhpg;G Nghd;wtw;iw miltjd; %yk; Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,j;jifa nfhs;if cUthf;fk;> jpl;lq;fSk; fpuhk kf;fspd; cr;rkl;l gq;Fgw;wypd; Clhf fpuhkpa ,yf;Ffis miltjhFk;. fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ FWq;fhy jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; mila KbahJ. Kd;ida fhy fpuhk mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;F fpuhk mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lkplyhsh;fs;> nghUshjhu ty;Ydh;fs;> murpay; ];jPuj;jd;ik vd;gdNt fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;W Rural Development And The Development Country vDk; Ehypy; ,uhr; G+rpr; vd;gth; $Wfpd;whh;. ,th; fpuhk mgptpUj;jp rk;ge;jkhf rh;tNjr hPjpahf> Njrpa hPjpahf> fpuhk hPjpahf gy;NtW nraw;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yNk fpuhk mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s KbAnkdf; fUJfpwhh;. ,th; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis fpuhk mgptpUj;jpapd; nghJthd gz;Gfshff; nfhs;fpwhh;. cyfpd; rdj;njhifapy; miug;gq;fpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; tWikAld; njhlh;Ggl;l gy;NtW gbepiyfspy; cs;sdh;. ,th;fsJ tho;f;if epiyia vt;thW cah;j;JtJ? fyhrhu ghuk;ghpa r%fq;fis tsh;r;rpailar; nra;tjpy; Gjpa khw;wq;fis etPd njhopy; El;gk;> Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpDhlhf vt;thW khw;wp mikg;gJ? mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpYs;s vy;yh kf;fshYk; milaf;$ba tifapy; kPs; xOq;fikj;J nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs; jukhd tho;f;if epiyia miltjw;F fyhrhu r%f hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahf czuf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa kf;fSf;fhd Ntiytha;g;Gr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; efu kf;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ nghUshjhu> r%f fyhrhu NtW epfo;r;rpfspYk; rkj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLjy;. fpuhkpa tptrhapfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baJk;> eilKiwf;F rhj;jpag;glf; $baJkhd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;fp mJ tptrha cw;gj;jp nraw;ghl;il Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntiytha;g;G> r%fNrit vd;gdtw;Wf;fhf fpuhkpa> efu> r%fq;fis xd;wpizj;J mgptpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk; r%f> nghUshjhu hPjpahf Kd;Ndw;wq;fhzy;. Nkw;$wpa mk;rq;fs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJthd mk;rq;fshf fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw fpuhkpa hPjpapy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ,uhr; g+rpf; $Wfpwhh;.

12

ehl;bd; khfhzq;fs; gpuNjrq;fs;> fpuhkq;fs; hPjpahf mgptpUj;jp kl;lk; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLk;NghJ mit mgptpUj;jp khjphpia jPh;khdpj;J mjid nrhe;j mZFKiwapy; tpUj;jpnra;J fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; rpwpajhfTk; ,yFthdjhfTk; njhlh;Ggl;ljhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. r%f nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs; fpuhkkf;fspd; NjitfSf;F kjpg;gspg;gjhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa kf;fspw;F Ntiy toq;FtjhfTk; Vida tsq;fis jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jf;$ba tifapYk; jpl;lq;fs; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. fpuhk kf;fs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapd; ed;ikfis ngw tha;g;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa kf;fs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy; ,Ue;J ed;ikfis ngWtjw;F mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspy; jiyapl;L nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkkf;fs; gzr; nrytPL mur cjtpfspd;wpAk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Fiwe;j kl;lq;fspy; fpilf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;w tsq;fis rpwe;j tifapy; gad;gLj;jp fpuhk kf;fs; ed;ikailaf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

Mrpahtpy; mz;ikapy; eilngw;w fUj;juq;fpy; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghf Muhag;gl;lJ. ,f;fye;Jiuahlypd; %yk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpahdJ gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fpuhk kf;fs; jkJ #oiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gue;jstpyhd ed;ikfis jkf;fpilNa gutyhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd ,ayhsit njhlh;r;rpahf mjpfhpg;gjw;F toptFf;fpd;w xU nrad;KiwNa fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vdg;gLk;. mLj;J Axinn vd;gtuJ fUj;jpd;gb jdpj;jdpahf fhzg;gLfpd;w rpwpa fpuhkj;jpYs;s gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w xU nrad;KiwNa fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vd;fpd;whh;. cyf tq;fpapd; fUj;Jg;gb fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ Fiwthd tUkhd kl;lj;jpy; tho;fpd;w fpuhk kf;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; tUkhd kl;lk; vd;gdtw;wpy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tWikapypUe;J fpuhk kf;fis tpLtpg;gJ njhlh;ghd xU nrad;KiwNa fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vdg;gl;lJ. fpuhk mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghf rp.ntd;.rq; (Chi. wen. chang 1969) 1969) vd;gtuJ fUj;ij Nehf;Fk;NghJ fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpahdJ kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; mth;fsJ tho;f;ifj;juj;jpy; xU Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjDhlhf KO r%fj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd xU nrad; Kiw vd tiuaiw nra;jhh;.

fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghf kpy;yh; (Millar) vd;gtuJ fUj;ij Nehf;Fk;NghJ fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpahdJ gpd;tUk; 04 ,yf;Ffis nfhz;lika Ntz;Lk; vdf;$Wfpwhh;.
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kdpj tsj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; ngsjPf tsq;fis tphpthf;fk; nra;jy; ngsjPf #oy; kPjhd r%fj;jpd; nrhe;j fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; ,aYikia tphptilar; nra;tjd; %yk; fpuhkq;fspd; ngsjPf tsf;fpilg;gdit mjpfhpf;fr; nra;jy; fpuhk kf;fspd; ntspr; #oYldhd njhlh;Gfspy; rpwe;j Kd;Ndw;wfukhd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;. gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp (Regional Development ) gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; rkd;ghbd;ik mgptpUj;jpapYk; jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjid fhzyhk;. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ NtWgl;l gpuNjrq;fisf; nfhz;l ehnlhd;wpy; gpuNjr hPjpahd rkd;ghbd;ik rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;f Ntz;ba epiyikfs; cs;sd. rpy gpuNrjq;fspy; ifj;njhopy;fs; nrwpthf mike;jpUg;gJk;> Vidatw;wpy; mit tsuhky; fhzg;gLtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpur;rpidfshFk;. ,jdhy; xU ehl;by; rpy gpuNjrq;fs; RgPl;rKw;wpUf;Fk;> rpy gpuNjrq;fs; gpd;jq;fpAk; my;yJ FiwtpUj;jp epiyapYk; fhzg;gLk;. xU gpuNjrj;jpd; gpd;jq;fpa epiyikf;F gpd;tUtd fhuzkhfyhk;. %ytsq;fs; gw;whf;Fiwahff; fhzg;gLjy;;. miktplk; nghUj;jkw;jhf fzg;gLjy;. rdj;njhifg; guk;gy; NtWgl;l Kiwapy; fhzg;gLjy;. tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;. r%ff; fhuzpfs;. xU ehl;bdJ nghUshjhukhdJ ,lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;bajidr; rhh;e;jjhd Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;lnjd gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapid vspikahf tpsf;fyhk;. ehLfspy; cs;s muray; hPjpahd mjpUg;gjpahsh;fis jpUg;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> gphptpidthjf; Nfhhpf;iffis xopg;gjw;Fk;> muRfs; gpuNjr hPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis xopf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w rkkpd;ikapidtpl efuq;fSf;Fk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapNyjhd; tUkhdg;guk;gy; epiyikfspd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gplj;jjf;f tifapyhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. efuq;fSf;Fk; fpuhkq;fSf;FkpilNaahd gphpTw;w epiyikfNs gpujhd gpuNjr gpur;rpid vd ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuNjr Vw;wj; jho;Tfis ePf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;fhf nghUshjhuj; jp;l;lkpliy gpd;gw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ. mgptpUj;jpf;fhd KjyPLfisAk; mtw;wpd; guk;gy;fisAk; rhpahd Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp tPjq;fis cah;j;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
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jfty;> juT Nrfhpg;G Collection of Information Data juTfis Nrfhpj;jy; (Data Collection) mjid jftyhf (Information) khw;Wjy; vd;gJ ,d;W r%f> nghUshjhu Jiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; juT vd;gJ> Fb xd;wpd; kPJ Ma;nthd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ngwg;gLk; mtjhdq;fs; juTfs; vdyhk;. cjhuzkhf :khzth; Mrphpah; tpfpjk; ( ghlrhiyfspy;) fpuhkpa Ntiykl;lk; fpuhkk; xd;wpYs;s nfhq;fpwPl; tPjpfspd; vz;zpf;if jfty; (Information) jfty; vd;gJ xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gila juTfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk;NghJ fpilf;fg;ngWk; tpisT MFk;. Xh; fUj;Js;s tifapy;

juT gy juTfs; jPh;khdq;fs; vLg;gJ fbdk; epuw;gLj;jg;glhjit kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; NtW ghpNrhjidfSf;F gad;gLj;jf;$baJ xU jfty;

jfty; jPh;khdk; vLg;gJ Rygk; epuw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;j KbahJ

nghJthf juTfs; gpd;tUk; 3 Nfhzq;fspy; Muhag; Muhag;glyhk; lyhk. 01. mtw;wpd; jd;ik 02. mit ngwg;gLk; topfs; 03. mit guhkhpf;fg;gLk; Kiw msTrhh; juT 01. mtw;wpd; jd;ik gz;Grhh; juT

msTrhh; juT ::juTfs; nghJthf msTrhh;e;J mstplf;$banjdpy; mit msTrhh; juTfshFk;. cjhuzk; :a) tFg;nghd;wpYs;s khtzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if b) Fwpg;gpl;l fpuhkNrtfh; gphptpYs;s Kjpath;fspd; vz;zpf;if gz;grhh; juT ::gz;Gfis khj;jpuk; czh;j;jty;y juTfs; gz;Grhh; juTfs; MFk; cjhuzk; :a) tFg;gpy; epiw$batd; epkyd;
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nghJthf msTrhh; juTfNs Gs;sptpgu juTfnsd miof;fg;gLk;. 02. mit ngwg;gLk; topfisg; nghUj;J Kjd;ikj;juTfs; (Primary Data), Jizj;juTfs; (Secondary Data) vd Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. 03. juTfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L mit guhkhpf;fg;gLk; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fg;glyhk;. gr;irj;juT ::Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs; vt;tpj xOq;FgLj;jYf;Fk; guhkhpf;fg;gl;lhy; mit gr;irj;juT vdg;gLk;. cl;glhJ Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lthNw

ge;jpj;juT ::Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs; VNjhnthU xOq;FKiwf;F khw;wg;gl;L guhkhpf;fg;gLk; NghJ mit ge;jpj; juTfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Kjd;ikj; juTfSk; Jizj; Jizj; juTfSk; Kjd;ikj; juTfs; ::Xh; Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tf;fhf Ma;thsd; my;yJ juT Nrfhpg;ghsd; Gs;sp tpguq;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;F Neubahfr; nrd;W Nrfhpf;Fk; Gj;jk; Gjpa juTfs; Kjd;ikj; juTfs; vdyhk;. Kjd;ijj; juTfis fPo;tUk; Kiwfshy; Nrfhpf;f KbAk; KbAk 01. jdpg;gl;l Neub Gydha;T Kiw: Kiw:,jd; fPo; mtjhdk;> nrt;tpfhzy; Nghd;w ,U topfspy; cWg;gpdiu Neubahfr; re;jpj;J gy;NtWgl;l Nfs;tpfs;> nrt;tp %ykk; juTfs; ngwg;gLk;. ,r;Nrfhpg;G Kiwapy; xOq;fhd> Kiwahd Nrhpg;G Ngzg;gLk;. 02. kiwKfkhd tprhuizg; Gydha;T Kiw: Kiw:khjphp cWg;G xd;wpid Neubahf re;jpf;f Kbahj #o;epiyapy; ,d;ndhUth; %ykhfNth my;yJ nghUj;jkhd rhl;rpfis gad;gLj;jpNah juTfs; ngwg;gLk;. 03. cs;@h; Kfth; njhlh;ghsh; Clhf Nrfhpg;G Kiw xt;nthU gFjpapYk; Kfth;fSk;> njhlh;ghsh;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;L mth;fs; %yk; jfty;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk;. ,r;Nrfhpg;G Kiw ,yhgfukhdJk; tpiuthdJkhFk;. 04. jghy;%y Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J mDge;j Kiw:Nfs;tpf; nfhj;Jf;fs; Ma;thsuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L jghy;%yk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khjphp cWg;GfSf;f mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;. 05. Neubf; Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J Kiw :Ma;thsdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J jfty;fs; ngwg;gLk;. 06. njhiyNgrp ciuahly; Kiw :Neubahf cWg;gpdh;fis fhzhky; jfty;fisg; ngWk; KiwahFk;. Neubahf cWg;gpdh;fis re;jpj;J

njhiyNgrp

Clhf

tprhuiz

nra;J

16

Neh;Kfk; fhzy; NeUf;F Neuhd fye;Jiuahly; %yk; xUth; tpdhNfl;f kw;wth; tpilaspf;Fk; KiwNa Neh;Kfk; fhzy; vdg;gLk;. ed;ikfs; ::a) gjpy; ngWk; jd;ik mjpfk;. b) tpsf;fk; mjpfkhf toq;fg;glyhk;. c) fbdkhd tplaq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs; nfhLf;f KbAk;. d) midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; gjpy; ngWk; tha;g;G. e) jpUj;jkhd njspthd gjpy; ngWjy;. f) juTfspd; ek;gpf;ifj; jd;ik. jPikfs; ::a) cah; nryT. b) Neuk; tpuakhFk;. c) tprhuizahshpd; xUgf;fr; rhh;G fhzg;glyhk;. d) rpytifahd gjpy;fis toq;Fifapy; mnrsfhpaq;fs; Vw;gly;.

tpdhf;nfhj;J (Questionnaire) tpdhf;nfhj;J vd;why; vd;d ? gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhf gaDs;s jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fisj; jhq;fpa xU gj;jpuk; tpdhf;nfhj;J vdg;gLk;. njhpahjnjhd;iwj; njhpe;Jnfhs;s KaYjNy tpdhf;fspd; njhFjpNa tpdhf;nfhj;J MFk;. tpdh vdg;gLk;. ,j;jifa

,J juTfis jpul;Ltw;fhd nghJthd Kiwahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiwapy; jfty;fs; jpul;lypy; ,Uth; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wdh;. Nfl;gth; (Reporter) Nfl;fg;gLgth; (Respondent) ,e;j tpdhf; tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; %yk; fPo;tUtdtw;iw ngwyhk; ngwyhk cz;ikj; juTfisg; ngwKbAk;. Nfl;fg;gLgthpd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngwyhk;.

rpwe;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; gz;Gfs; fs; Nehf;fk; njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpdhf;fspd; nkhopeil ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. njspthdjhfTk;> Nfl;fg;gLgth;fSf;F tpsq;ff;$bajha;

tpdhf;fs; kaf;fkhdjha; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. njspthd tpiliag; ngwf;$ba tpjj;jpy; mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
17

tpdhf;fs; gbKiw thpirapy; Nfl;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkha; Nfl;fg;glf;$lhJ. tpdhf;fs; ,U nghUs;gl> ,U tpilfs; tuf;$bajha; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. Nfl;fg;gLgth; ,yFtpy; rypg;gilahJ> tpilaspf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfhtg;glhJ> fisg;gilahJ> jpz;lhlhJ

tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLgth;fSld; njhlh;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpdhf;nfhj;J mikg;G tpdhf;nfhj;jhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gjd; %yk; rpwe;jitahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Ma;tpw;fhd gpur;rpid Ma;tpw;fhd Nehf;fk; Ma;tpw;fhd Nfs;tp Ma;tpw;fhd juT> jfty;fs; tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; Kf;fpa mikg;G Ma;tpw;fhd Nehf;fj;ij jfty;fisg; ngWk; gFjpahff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. epiwT nra;Ak; juTfs;>

tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; mD$yq;fs; Ma;thsUf;F nryT Fiwe;jJ. ngUe;njhifapdUf;F mDg;gp jfty;fisg; ngwKbAk;. kpfj;njhiytpy; cs;sth;fsplkpUe;Jk; jfty;fisg; ngwyhk; gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; gpuNahrdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. rpwg;ghf tpdhf;nfhj;J tbtikj;jy; kpfTk;

tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpdhf;fs; jpwe;j my;yJ mikg;G tpdhf;fs;. Rje;jpukhd Jyq;fy;fSf;F fl;Lg;ghL tpjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;. Kw;WKOjhf mikg;ghf;fk; ngw;w tpdhf;fs;. $w;W tpdhf;fs;. Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy tpdhf;fs;. tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba ba tpdhf;fs; topfhl;Lk; tpdhf;fs; fbdkhd tpdhf;fs; rpf;fy; jd;ikahd tpdhf;fs; ,ul;il tpdhf;fs; Nfhg%l;Lk; tpdhf;fs;
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tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;gq;fs; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fisj; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vy;yh tpdhf;fSk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l gpd;G Kd;Ndhbg; ghPl;ir %yk; ghPl;rpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; tpdhf;fspy; gy nghUs;gLk; jd;ik> f\;;lkhd jd;ik ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. tpdhf;nfhj;J fth;r;rpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. njspT> RUf;fkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; Ma;thshpd; ngah;> Kjypy; my;yJ ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. tpdhf;fs; Kiwahf mikf;fg;LtJld; ,yFtpy; tpilaspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtjhdk; (Observation) gd;Kfj; njhlh;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;Gfspd; epiyikfsJ fhuzq;fisAk;> tpisTfisAk; rhpahf Nehf;fp Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nray;KiwNa mtjhdk; MFk;. Neub mtjhdpg;G kiwKf mtjhdpg;G gq;Fgw;wy; mtjhdpg;G

mtjhdpg;G Kiwfs;

,jd; mD$yq; mD$yq;fs; ::gyiu xNu Neuj;jpy; cldbahf mtjhdpj;J Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngwKbAk;. mtjhdpf;fg;gLNthh; nra;Ak; xU Ntiyia xNu rkaj;jpy; gyh; mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngwKbAk;. kiwKf mtjhdpg;gpd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; ek;gfKk; jFjpAk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. NgrKbahjth;fisAk;> nkhop NtWghLilth;fisAk; mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngwKbAk;. ,jd; gpujp$yq;fs; ::jtwhd mtjhdpg;G %yk; jtwhf tpsf;fk; ngw tha;g;Gz;L. mtjhdpg;gth; jkJ tpUg;G> ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;g mtjhdk; nra;a,lKz;L. ,jdhy; rhpahd jfty;fs; ngWtJ fbdk;. Neub mtjhdpg;gpy; jhk; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;Nwhk; vd;w czh;T fhuzkhf mtjhdpf;fg;gLgth; ajhh;j;j epiyia ntspf;fhl;lkhl;lhh;.

19

Jizj;juT (,uz;lhk; juT) Vw;fdNt NtnwhU Ma;Tf;fhf NtW juT Nrfhpg;ghshpdhy; Kd;G Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs; jw;NghJ Xh; Gjpa Ma;Tf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mt;tifj; juTfs; Jizj;juTfs; vdg;gLk;. nghJNehf;fpy; murpdhy; my;yJ epWtdq;fspdhy; Vw;fdNt Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;l juTj; jpul;bypUe;J (Data Bank) Ma;thsd; juTfisg; ngWk;Kiw Jizj;juTfs; (,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs;) vdg;gLk;. juTfisg; ngWtJ Jizj;juitg; nfhs;Sk; Neuk; FiwT. nghWj;jtiu Rygk;. nryT FiwT> ngw;Wf;

Jizj; juT toq;fy; %yq;fs; jpizf;fs VLfs;> Mz;lwpf;iffs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;.. xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs xspg;glq;fs; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nfhg;G gpuRhpf;fg;gl;litfs; cjhuzk; :- gj;jphpf;iffs;> Gj;jfk;.

Gs;sp tpgutpay; Gs;sp tpgutpay; vd;gJ xOq;FgLj;jpa juTfis eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;lJ. juTfisr; Muha;jy;>

(Statistics)

Nrfhpj;j gpd;dh; mjid xOq;FgLj;jy;> gpd; jFe;j Kbtpid vLj;jy; Mfpa

Gs;sp tpgutpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ::Gs;sptpgutpayhdJ rpf;fy;fis ,yFthf;FfpwJ. jplkhd KbTfisg; ngwf;$bajhftpUf;fk;. juTfis xg;gplyhk;. fUJNfhs;fis ghPl;rpf;f cjTfpwJ. vjph;T$w Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.

20

gq;Fgw;Wjy; mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffSk; je;jpNuhghaq;fSk; Sk; Particimatary Development Polices and Stretegies gq;Nfw;wy; mgptpUj;jp gq;Nfw;G vd;gJ kf;fisg; gq;fhsh;fshfTk; mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;thq;Fk; xU KiwahFk;. vy;NyhiuAk; rkkhdth;fshfTk;

,jdbg;gilapy; mth;fs; mgptpUj;jpapd; rpf;fy;fis milahsk; fhZjy;> mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gtw;wpy; <LgLth;. gq;Nfw;wy; vd;gJ nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l xl;Lnkhj;jkhd epiyahd nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. tpNrlkhf mgptpUj;jpapd; ed;ikfisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;. ,yf;F FOit mgptpUj;jpapd; eltbf;iffshy; tUk; gad;fisg; gfpuf;$ba epiyia Nehf;fp efh;j;Jjy;. gq;Nfw;G mgptpUj;jp vd;gjhFk;.

gq;Nfw;gpd; mtrpaj;jd;ik gq;Nfw;G Kiwfs; typik kpf;fit kf;fis jhkhfNt nrayhw;Wk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk; gq;Nfw;G Kiwfs; kf;fspilNa kdepiy khw;wq;fis cz;Lgz;Zk;. cjhuzk; :- kf;fis rf;jpAs;sth;fshf;Fk;.

gq;Nfw;G Kiwapd; Kiwapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; ffs cs;@h; r%fj;jplkpUe;J fw;wy; Ma;Tfs; kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhfNt nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy; ghuk;ghpa mwpitAk;> ngWkhdq;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; Ra cjTjpwid Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mDgtq;fisAk; El;gq;fisAk; gfph;e;J fye;Jiuahly;. ,q;F ghuk;ghpa mwpTk; etPd mwpTk; ,izf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW ghh;itapy; gpur;rpizfs; rPh;JHf;fpg; ghh;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fis nray;gl itf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; ntspahh; newpg;gLj;jy;. fpuhk mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghfTk; gpur;rpidfs; vd;dntd;Wk; fpuhkj;jth;fs; Rakhf Muha newpg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rhj;jpakhd pakhd jPh;it Nehf;fp Kd;ndLj;jy;. gpur;rpizfisAk; mjw;F rhj;jpakhdtw;iwAk; Muha;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. jPh;Tfis fz;Lgpbj;jypYk;> Muha;tjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;. rhj;jpakhd vspikahd nraw;jpl;lq;fspy; fz;Nzhl;lk; nrYj;Jjy;. mz;zsthf rhpahf ,Uj;jy;
21

Njitahdit vit> Njitaw;wit vit vdj;njhpjy;. #o;epiyfspw;F jFe;jtpjkhd crpjkhd jPH;khdq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.

jtWfspypUe;J fw;wy; epiyikfSf;F Vw;g nraw;ghLfis rhpnra;jy;. gq;Nfw;wy; xU KbTwhj nraw;ghL fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gpur;rpizfSk; NjitfSk; khWgLk;.

gq;Nfw;wy; mgptpUj; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Xh; je;jpNuhghak; fpuhkpa gq;Nfw;G kjpg; kjpg;gPL / Ma;T (Participating Rural Appraisal) fpuhkp gq;Nfw;G Ma;T (PRA) vd;gJ Jhpj fpuhkpa kjpg;gPL (Rapid Rual Appraisal) KiwapypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhFk;. gq;Nfw;Gldhd fpuhkpa Ma;T vd;gJ (PRA) gy;NtW tpjkhd gq;Nfw;G Kiwfis cs;slf;fpa fUtpfspd; ngl;lfkhFk;. nghUj;jkhd Njitahd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fpuhkk; kjpg;gPl;il gq;Nfw;G hPjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU nraw;ghlhFk;. gw;wpa xU KOikahd

fpuhkpa kf;fis Cf;Ftpj;J fpuhkj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bd; rfy gbepiyfspYk; mth;fis nghWg;ig Vw;gth;fshfTk; mjw;F gjpy; $Wgth;fshfTk; khw;w Cf;Ftpf;Fk; kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l xU nraw;ghlhFk;. PRA ahdJ gapw;wg;gl;l gy;Jiwrhh; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis cs;slf;fpa FOtpd; topfhl;lYld; fpuhkj;jpd; kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L rpy nra;Kiwfspd; Clhf mth;fis <LgLj;jp mth;fSf;fhd NjitfisAk; / tsq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;fhd jPH;TfisAk;> gad;ghLfisAk; ,dq;fhd fpuhk kf;fis xd;Wgl itj;J Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;. PRA gq;Nfw;wy; (Participation) FONtiy (Team WorK) gy%l;ly; ,ize;J fw;wy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik ciuahly; [jhh;j;jj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy; tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy; khWghLfis kjpj;jy;. Muk;g Ma;T tp[ak; (PIV) Muk;g Ma;T tp[ak; vd;gJ fpuhkpa kf;fis xU nraw;ghl;bw;fhf jahh;gLj;JtJk;> mr;nraw;ghl;bw;fhd topKiwfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJkhFk;. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l fpuhkk; ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F (PRA) cfe;jjh vdTk;> mr;nraw;ghl;bw;fhd FOit xOq;fikj;jYk;> kf;fs; mr;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; Kfkhf Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghlhFk;.
22

,d; mbg;gil nfhs;iffs; Key Tenets of PRA

Fwpg;ghf juTfis jpul;ly;> NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghh;j;jy;> nraw;ghL gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;> ngw;w juTfis Muha;jYk; cWjpg;gLj;jYkhFk;. PRA kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs;

XusT xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Neh;fhzy; (Semistructed in Terviewing) Njit kjpg;gPLk; Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk; (Preference ranking) tiuglkhf;fYk; khjphp jahhpj;jYk; (Mapping and Modeling) FO fye;Jiuahly; (Group Discussion) tuyhw;W> gUtfhy tbtkhf;fy; (Seasonal and Historical Diagramming) epWtdq;fspd; gFg;gha;T (Matrix) FWf;F eil FWf;F eil PRA FOtpdh;fs; ,U FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J fpuhkj;jpy; cs;shfr; Rw;Wtl;l mikg;Gf;fis ed;F mwpe;j fpuhkj;jth;fspd; cjtpAld; FWf;F eil Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fpuhkj;ijr; Rw;wp FWf;F eil Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ fpuhkj;jth;fSld; ciuahb gpd;tUk; rpy Muk;gj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; fpuhkj;jpd; jw;Nghja #o;epiy fpuhkpa tsq;fs;. fpuhk rKjhaj;jpw;fhd tUkhd mbg;gilfs; vd;gdtw;Wld; fpuhk Fzhjpraj;jpid mtjhdpg;gpd; %yk; fzpg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. PRA ,d; mD$yq;fs; Muhag;gl;L> mjw;fhd

fpuhk kf;fSila NjitfSk; gpur;rpizfSk; rhj;jpaj;jd;ikfSk; milahsk; fhzg;gLk;.

fpuhk kf;fSf;F ,ilNaAk; mur kw;Wk; murrhh;gw;w epWtd cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ek;gpf;ifAk; cwTk; tsu Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. gytPdkhd FOf;fSk; mth;fSila gpur;rpizfis Fwpg;ghf milahsk; fhzTk; mjw;F rhjfkhdtw;iw MuhaTk; KbAk;. xU epWtdk; Kjw;gb PRA fpuhkj;jpDs;Sk; ,yf;Ff; FOf;fsplKk; njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jtw;fhd

nray;Kiw njspthfTk; gq;Nfw;wy; KiwapYk; mike;jhy; vy;NyhuhYk; ,yFtpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,J ed;F jpl;lkpl;lgl;lJk; Kd; juTfs; ngWk; KiwAkhFk;. PRA ,d; tiuaiwfs;

gapw;wg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis ve;jNeuj;jpYk; PRA Ma;Tf;F miog;gJ vd;gJ ,yFthdnjhd;wy;y. fhuzk; mth;fis jkJ ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfisAk; ftdpf;f Ntz;bapUg;gJ rpy eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. fpuhkk; gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;il FWfpa ehl;fspy; FOtha; G+uzkhf nra;a KbahJ.
23

fpuhk mgptpUj;jpf;F PRA apd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; czh;e;J nfhs;tjpy;iy

vy;yh

kl;lq;fspYk;

cs;s

PRA vd;w ngaiug; ghtpj;J fpuhkpa Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,f;fUtpfs; Kiwahf mjd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g ghtpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rKjha mgptpUj;jp rKjha mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ ,yhg Nehf;fkw;w Jiwfis> mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fis gyg;gLj;jYk; mjw;fhf fLk;Kaw;rp vLj;jYk; cs;@h; rKjhaj;ij nghUshjhu hPjpapy; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nrad;KiwAkhFk;. rKjha mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; ffs; nraw;ghLfs; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSld; njhlh;GgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rKjha mgptpUj;jp nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffSlDk;> nraw;jpl;lq;fSlDk; rkkhf efuy; Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW Nehf;fk; nfhz;l

efu rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; fpuhkpa rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G tYg;gLj;jg;gLjy; mj;Jld; tsq;fSk;> NritfSk; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; ifahsg;gLjy;. rKjha mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fk; ey;yKiwapy; mjpfhpg;gJkhFk;. r%fr; nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;ig gapw;rp ,isQh;

cs;@h; jiyikj;Jtj;ij milahsk; fhzy;> tsh;j;jy;> toq;Fjy; ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. gytPdKWk; FOf;fspd; mjpfsT ftdk; gq;Nfw;igAk; jpl;lq;fspy; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;. SWOT Ma;T nrYj;JtJld;

Cf;Ftpj;jy; ngz;fs;>

#ow;fhuzpfspd; rhfkhd fhuzpfs;> mr;RWj;jy;fs; vd;gd gw;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;T #oy; Ma;T vdTk;> epWtdj;jpd; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs; vd;gdgw;wp mwpAk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;T cs;sf Ma;T vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t; ,U Ma;TfSk; ,ize;J SWOT Ma;T vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. S Strengths gyq;fs; gytPdq;fs; re;jh;g;gq;fs; / tha;g;Gf;fs;

W Weakenesses O Opportunities T Threats

mr;RWj;jy;fs;

epWtdq;fs; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lj;jpid jahhpg;gjw;F Kd;G epWtdk; #ow;fhuzpfshy; vjph;Nehf;fg;gLk; rhjfkhd fhuzpfs; mr;RWj;jy;fs; vd;gdtw;wpidAk;> epWtdq;fspd; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fisAk; Ma;Tnra;J mjd;%yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fis rpYitAUTila ml;ltid %yk; vspikahf vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdk; jpl;lq;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;Fk;> gytPdq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;wpid ePf;Ftjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ. ve;J xU epWtdj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk;
24

gyq;fs; :- %yjdk;> gapw;wg;gl;l Copah; gytPdk;:jpwdw;w juf;fl;Lg;ghL> tpidj; jpwdw;w njhlh;ghly;

mr;RWj;jy;fs; :- gpujhd Nghl;bahsh; tha;g;Gfs; :- thp tpLjiy> rpwe;j murpay; nghUshjhu #o;epiy xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ jdpkdpjdpd; cs;epiyia mwptjw;F ,J nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. PRA / PNA ,y; CBO ,d; gyk;> gytPdk;> re;jh;g;gk;> mr;RWj;jy;fs; vd;gtw;iw MuhaTk;> gyj;ijAk;> re;jh;g;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp gq;Fgw;wYhlhf vt;thW NkYk; rq;fj;ij tsh;f;fyhk; vd;gijAk;> rq;f tsh;r;rpf;F gytPdkhfTk; mr;RWj;jyhfTk; vit fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij fz;lwpaTk;> vt;thW mtw;iw epth;j;jp nra;ayhk; vd;gijAk; fz;lwpa ,r;nraw;ghL cjtp GhpfpwJ. gyk;> gytPdk; epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf fhuzpfis Muha;tjhfTk; re;jh;g;gk;> mr;RWj;jy; epWtdj;jpw;F ntspNa cs;s fhuzpfis Muha;tjhfTk; cs;sJ.

gyk; gytPdk;

re;jh;g;gk; mr;RWj;jy;

nray;jpl;lk; (Project) nray;jpl;lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd njhlh;r;rpahd nraw;ghLfis Fwpj;j fhytiuaiwf;Fs;Sk;> Fwpj;j epjp epiyikfSf;Fs;Sk;> epd;W Fwpj;j Xh; ,lj;jpy; nray;gLj;Jfpd;w xU nraw;ghlhFk;. tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhf gad;gLj;jTk;> epjp ifahSifia ,yFgLj;jTk;> kf;fs; gq;fspg;ig Jhpjg;gLj;jTk;> ,d;iwa mgptpUj;jp cghaj;jpd; fUtpahf ,r;nray;jpl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. xU nray;jpl;lkhdJ 03 fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;. Njit mbg;gilapy; tsq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; re;ij mbg;gilapy; nray;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs; ,q;F ,uz;L tifahd Nehf;fq;fis fhzyhk;. 01. nghJ Nehf;fk; (Overall Objective) 02. rpwg;G Nehf;fk; (Specific Objective) ,jpy; rpwg;G Nehf;fkhdJ SMART cilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. S - Specific (Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;yf;$bajhf) M - Measurable (mstpl $bajhf) A - Achievable (milaf;$bajhf) R - Realistic (cz;ikahd khw;w Nehf;fj;jpid gpujpgypf;f $bajhf) T - Time Frame (Fwpj;j fhy tiuaiwia nfhz;ljhf)
25

Nehf;fq;fs; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wNghJ MfNtz;Lk;. mJNt SMART MFk;.

Fwpj;j

rpy

gz;GfSf;F

cl;gl;Nl

nray;jpl;l nra;Kiw (Process of a Project)

cs;sPL epjp kdpjtsk; nray;jpl;lk; Project ntspaPL nghUl;fSk; NritfSk;

xU nray;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf ftdj;jpnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; Nehf;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy msT nraw;ghLfspd; njhFg;G tsq;fy; gadhspfs; my;yJ ,yf;F FO ,lk; my;yJ Gtpapay; vy;iy nray;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; 03 fl;lq;fs; ve;jnthU nray;jpl;lKk; gpd;tUk; 03 fl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;Nlahf Ntz;Lk;. tbtikj;jy;
(Design it) tiutpyf;fzg;gL j;jy; gFg;gha;T Kw;gfh;T epahag;gLj;jy;
cld;gbf;if nra;jy;

nra;jy;
(Do it) Muk;gpj;jy; epiwNtw;Wjy; G+h;j;jp nra;jy; ifaspj;jy;

mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; (Develop it)

kPsha;T gpd;Dhl;ly;

nray;jpl;l tl;lk; (Project Cycle) ,jpy; gpd;tUk tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. mjhtJ 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. nray;jpl;lj;ij nray;jpl;lj;ij nray;jpl;lj;ij nray;jpl;lj;ij nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk; fhZjy; jahhpj;jy; juq;fzpg;gPL nrajy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; kjpg;gPL nra;jy; Mfpa mk;rq;fs; ms;slq;Ffpd;wd.

26

Nthk; nray;jpl;l tl;lk; Boums Project Cycle

eilKiwg;gLj; jy;
(IMPLEMENTATION)

kjpg;gpLjy; (EVALUATION)

juf;fzpg;G nra;jy;
(APPRAISAL)

nray;jpl;lj;i j MILAHSK; fhZjy;

(IDENTIFICATIO)

jahhpj;jy;
(PREPARATIO)

27

uz;bney;ypd; nray;jpl;l tl;lk;

Randinellis Project Cycle Follow up (gpd; njhlh;jy;) Evaluation (kjpg;gpLjy;) Activation (,af;Fjy;) Completion (KbTWj;jy;) Monitoring (fz;fhdpj;jy;) (juq;fdpj;jy;) Implementaion (mKy;gLj;jy;) Organization (xOq;fikj;jy;) Appraisal

Identification (milahsg;gLj;jy;) Preparation (jahhpj;jy;)

planning ( jpl;lkpLjy;)

Selection (njhpT nra;jy;)

nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk; fhZjy; murhq;fk; my;yJ nray;gLj;Jk; epWtdk; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfSf;F mika nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk; fhz;fpd;wJ. Njit mbg;gilapy; ts mbg;gilapy; re;ij mbg;gilapy; nray;jpl;lk; xd;wpd; mbg;gilahd gbKiw ,JthFk;. ,jDs; gpd;tUk; mZFKiwfs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. NkypUe;J fPo; mZFKiw ,q;F nray; jpl;lj;ij ,dq;fhzy; mur kl;lj;jpypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fPopUe;J Nky; mZFKiw nray; jpl;l gpuNjr kf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fs; ngwg;gl;L mjdbg;gilapy; nray; jpl;lk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gq;Fgw;Wjy; mZFKiw gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;F nfhs;Sk; gq;fhspfsplkpUe;J jfty; ngwg;gl;L nray;jpl;lk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

28

njhopy; ty;Ydh; kf;fs;

murpay; thjpfs; %tUk; cld;gLk; epiyapy; nray;jpl;lk; milahsk; fhzg;gLk; vg;NghJk; nray;jpl;lk; xd;wpd; ntw;wp gpur;rpidia rhpahd Kiwapy; ,dq;fhz;gjpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gpd;tUk; gy;NtW tifahd cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 01. gpur;rpid kuk;. 02. gpur;rpid ml;ltiz. 03. gpur;rpid ml;il. nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk; fhZtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jgit :ehl;bd; murpay; nfhs;if> ehl;bd; Nehf;fk;> ,aYj;jd;ik> Jiwrhh; mgptpUj;jp> murpay; r%fg; gpd;zdp> ,yf;F FOf;fs;. nray;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;. (Project Preparation ) rhj;jpats Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L nray;jpl;lkhdJ jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpNyNa fUj;jpl;lKk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ghhpa fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Nf rhj;jpats Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. nghUshjhu> rl;l> #oy;> njhopy;El;g re;ij> epiyf;Nfw;g fUj;jpl;lk; rhj;jpakhdjh vd ,q;F Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G (Project Appraisal)

nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G rhj;jpa ts Ma;tpd; gpd;dUk; nray;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dUk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jpl;l Kd;Nahridfis njhpT nra;tjw;fhfTk;> mq;fPfhpg;gw;fhfTk; KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth rpghhpR nra;aKd; jPtpukhf kWghprPyid nra;tjhFk;. ,J epjpaspf;Fk; Kftuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. njhopy;El;g nghUshjhu epjp> re;ij> th;j;jf> #oy; rk;ge;jkhf juf;fzpg;G ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Vd; nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ ? rhpahd jftybg;gilapy; nray;jpl;lk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sjh? fUj;jpl;lk; ajhh;j;jkhdjh? fUj;jpl;lk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajh? Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhfNtahFk;.
29

nray;jpl;l fz;fhzpg; hzpg;G

(Project Monitoring) (Programme) mtjhdpf;Fk; mlq;fpa njhlh;ghf epfo;thfNt jfty;fis

nray;jpl;lk; (Project) my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd Kiwapy; nray;jpl;lk; fz;fhzpg;G ,lk;ngWfpwJ. nray;jpl;lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghd ngWk; nrad;Kiw nray;jpl;l fz;fhzpg;ghFk;.

tplaq;fs;

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Reasons

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Stort falls

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nray;jpl;l fz;fhzpg;G xU njhlh; nra;Kiw (Monitoring is a Continuous Process) nray; jpl;lkhdJ Muk;gk; nra;ag;gl;ljpypUe;J G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gLk; tiu fz;fhzpg;G ,Uf;Fk;. nray;jpl;l fz;fhzpg; hzpg;gpd; Nehf;fk; r%fj;jpdJk; nray;jpl;lj;jpdJk; epiyikia gFg;gha;T nra;jy; nray;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;sPL rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwjh? vd;gij jPh;khdpj;jy; nray;jpl;lk; vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fz;L jPh;T fhZjy; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; chpa kf;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpwjh? vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;. rhpahd Ntisapy; Kiwg;gb G+h;j;jp

nray;jpl;lk; jpl;lkpl;lgb nry;fpwjh? tpyfy; ,Uf;Fkhapd; jw;NghJs;s gpur;rpidia jPh;f;f nghUj;jkhd top vd;d vd;gij jPh;khdpj;jy;. nray;jpl;l fz;fhzpg; hzpg;gpd; ed;ikfs; jpl;lj;jpd;gb nray;jpl;lk; G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpwjh? vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j fz;fhzpg;G cjTfpwJ. gpur;rpidf;fhd jPh;it milahsk; fhz cjTfpwJ. nray;jpl;l eilKiwg;gLj;jy; tpje;Jiuf;f cjTfpwJ. jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; nra;a Ntz;bapUg;gpd; Njitg;gLk; mjid Nkyjpf

nray;jpl;lj;ij tpidepiwNtw;wKilajhf khw;w Njitg;ghLfis toq;f fz;fhzpg;G mtrpakhfpwJ.

30

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ACLG To

31

jh;f;f

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(Logical Frame Work)

epiyf;Fj;jhdJk; fpilahdJk; jh;f;f Ma;T ,JthFk;. xU fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd jpl;lkply;> mjid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;. kjpg;gPL nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;s trjpapid Vw;gLj;Jk; xU fUtpahFk;. jh;f;fhPjpahd fl;likg;ghdJ jpl;lk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij nfhilahspf;F toq;FfpwJ. cyf tq;fp> rh;tNjr ehza epjpak; Nghd;w ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. ,J xU 4x4 jpl;lkply; mzpakhFk;. ,jd; fl;likg;G tUkhW LFA :,y Nehf;f gbKiwfs; 1 2 3 4 5 Nehf;fk; (Goal) cldb fhuzq;fs; (Purpose) ntspaPL (Out put ) nraw;ghLfs; (Activity) cs;sPL (Input) nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL (Project Evalution)

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rhpghh;f;Fk; toptiffs;

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32

On

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nray;jpl;l kjpg; kjpg;gPl;bd; tifg;ghLfs; nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPlhdJ 04 tifg;gLk;. mitahtd 01. nray;jpl;l Kd; kjpg;gPL (Ex Anti Evaluation / Pre - Evaluation) ,J jPh;khdk; vLg;NghUf;F cjTfpwJ. nray;jpl;lk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gpd;dh; ,t; juq;fzpg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nray;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;f Kd;duhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kjpg;gPL ,JthFk;. 02. nray;jpl;lj;jpd; Nghjhd kjpg;gPL (On Going Evaluation / Mid Term Review / Interium Evaluation / Formative Evaluation) nray;jpl;lkhdJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghJ ,t; kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd cr;rg;gad;ghl;il ,t; kjpg;gL P cWjpg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

03. nray;jpl;lj;jpd; gpd;duhd kjpg;gPL (Ex Post Evaluation / Summative Evaluation) nray;jpl;lk; epiwTngw;w (rpy Mz;Lfspd;) gpd;dh; ,k;kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fpilf;fg;ngw;w tsq;fs;> gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jd;ik vd;gtw;iw Ma;T nra;fpwJ. xt;nthU nray;jpl;l fl;lj;jpYk; khw;Wtopfs;> re;jh;g;gq;fs;> jilfs; vd;gtw;iw kjpg;gpLfpwJ. ngwg;gl;l mDgtj;ij nray;jpl;l jpl;;lkplYf;F gad;gLj;jyhk;. 04. nray;jpl;l jhf;f kjpg;gPL (Impact Evaluation) nray;jpl;lk; G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;L gy Mz;Lfs; fope;j gpd;dh; mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kjpg;gPl;lhFk;.

33

kjpg;gPl;L Kiwik

(Evaluation Methodology)

Rating

Scoring

Indicators

Evaluation Questions Evaluation Criteria

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34

04. nray;jpl;l gpd;ddp 05. nray;jpl;lj;ij epahag;gLj;jy; 06. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; gd;Kf ,yf;Ffs; (Overall Objectives) Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffs; (Specific Objectives ) 07. nray;jpl;l tpguk; miktplk; rhj;jpaj;jd;ik njhlh;ghly; trjpfs; Nkyjpf ts Njitg;ghLfs; 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. gadhspfs; (Neub> kiwKf) nray;jpl;l eilKiwg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; kjpg;gPl;L nryT nray;jpl;l fz;fhdpg;G jpl;lk; nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL nray;jpl;l #oy; jhf;fk; ghy; hPjpahd fUj;jpay; ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; epiy ,izg;Gf;fs; Kfhikj;JtKk; mjd; Kfhikj;Jtk;. Mary Porker Follet :Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ Copah;fisf; nfhz;L fUkq;fisr; nra;tpg;gJ njhlh;ghd xU fiyahFk;. Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; tsq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjy;> xOq;fikj;jy;> topelj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gd %yk; epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;fpid gaDWjp kpf;fjhfTk;> jpwikahfTk; milaKw;gLk; nraw;ghlhFk;. epWtdj;jpd; tsq;fisr; rhpahd Kiwapy; jpl;lkpl;L> fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yNk epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;fpid milayhk;. topelj;jp> xOq;fikj;J> njhopw;ghLfSk; hLfSk;

epWtdj;jpd; tsq;fs; vd;Dk;NghJ 8 ms mjpy; cs;slq;FfpwJ.

88MS ms Men Minds Machine Minite Market

35

Machine Money Method Material

Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfs;
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36

mq;fj;jth;fis topelj;jp mjDhlhf epWtdj;jpd;

xU Kfhikahshpd; njhopg;ghLfspy; jiyik jhq;fpf; nry;yy; Xu; gpujhd $whFk;. MfNt Kfhikahsh; jpl;lkpl;L> xOq;fikj;J jiyikjhq;fp> fl;Lg;gLj;jp epWtdj;jpy; Xh; rkepiyia nfhz;bUf;f Kay;fpwhh;. Mdhy; jiyikj;JtNkh Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; %yKk; czh;T+l;ly; %yKk; CopahpilNa nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp gad;jU khw;wnkhd;iw epWtdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;F Nehf;fpa jpirapy; epWtdj;ijAk;> CopaiuAk; topelj;jpr; nry;tijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Kfhikahsh;fs; te;jgpd; nraw;gLgth;fshf ,Ug;gh;. nraw;gLgth;fshf ,Uf;f jiyth;fs; tUKd;

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epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtk; / jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

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37

gfph;T

Kfhikahshpd; gzpapy; jiyik jhq;Fjy; gpujhdkhdjhFk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mij jpl;lkpl;L> xOq;fikj;J> fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; Kfhikahsh; epWtdj;jpy; Xh; epiyapy; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; jiyikj;Jtk; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfpspy; <LgLfpd;wJ. khw;wk; nfhz;LtUjy; czh;T+l;Ljy; Cf;Ftpj;jy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;. jiyth;fsJ Gjpa Kfhikj;Jt Mw;wy;fs; (New Management Skills for Leaders) mjpfhuk; nfhLj;jy; jil ePf;fy; je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lk; tFf;Fk;NghJ Copah;fsplkpUe;J MNyhrid ngwy;. vy;NyhiuAk; mzp Nrh;j;jy; tYg;gLj;jy; MjuT nfhLj;jy;.

jpl;lkply;

(Planning)

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38

jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 04 nra;Kiwfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. Nehf;fj;jpid tiuaWj;jy;

Nehf;fj;jpid milAk; nghUl;L nraw;ghLfis jPh;khdpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;

nraw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;jy; y;. jpl;lkply; nra;Kiw Planning Process

jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jpl;lkplyhdJ epWtdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis xd;wpidj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplyhdJ rfyiuAk; topelj;Jfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplypd; %yk; tpuaq;fis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplypd; %yk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba epr;rakw;w jd;ikfis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; mjd; mbg;gilapy; jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;sTk; Kbfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplyhdJ fLikahd nraw;ghLfisAk; ,yFthf;Ffpd;wJ.

39

jpl;lkplypd; tiffs; je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply; FWq;fhy jpl;lkply; ePz;lfhy jpl;lkply; jpl;lkply; kl;lq;fs; Ez;ghfj; jpl;lkply; ngUk;ghf jpl;lkply; (,iwf;nfhs;if> ehzaf; nfhs;if> nrd;kjp epYit rkdpiy rhh;ghd Njrpa jpl;lkply;fs;) Jiwrhh; jpl;lkply; (tptrha> ifj;njhopy;> Nritfs;; Jiw rhh;ghd jpl;lkply;fs;) fUj;jpl;l jpl;lkply; (rpWfUj;jpl;lq;fs;> ghhpa fUJjpl;lq;fs; -cjhuzk;:Nky; nfhj;kiy mdy; kpd; epiyak;) epWtdj;jpd; njhiyNehf;F> Fwpf;Nfhs;> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk; njhiyNehf;F (Vision)

Fwpf;Nfhs; (Mission)

,yf;F (Goal)

Nehf;fk; (Objective) njhiyNehf;F :epWtdk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; vf;Fwpf;Nfhis milaTs;sNjh mJNt mjd; njhiyNehf;fhFk; Fwpf;Nfhs; :xU epWtdk; njhopw;gLtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzk; epwtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; %yk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;F :ePz;lfhy Nehf;fpy; epWtdk; milaTs;s tphpthd ngWNgWfisf; Fwpf;Fk; Nehf;fk; :epWtdk; milaTs;s vjph;fhyg; ngWNgWfis Fwpf;Fk;.

40

mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;

njhiyNehf;F ,yf;F Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

je;jpNuhghak;

nfhs;iffs;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; nray;jpl;lk;

jPh;khdk;

vLj;jy; (Decision Making)

jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; vdg;gLtJ gy khw;Wtopfspy; ,Ue;J xU khw;W topapidj; njhpT nra;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xUth; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiyik njhlh;ghf vLf;Fk; KbNt jPh;khdk; vLj;jyhFk;. jPhkhdk; vLj;jy; nghJthf cah;kl;l Kfhikahsh;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; $wg;gbDk;> mjid KO mstpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. Kfhikahsh;fs; rfy tifahd jPh;khdq;fisAk; jhNk Nkw;nfhs;tJ eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakw;wJ. Vnddpy; Neutiuaiw fhuzkhf rfy jPh;khdq;fisAk; cah;kl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ rhj;jpakw;wJ. ,jdhy; rpy jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghWg;G fPo;kl;l Kfhikahshplk; ifaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ. xUth; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; cl;gl;ljhfNt jPH;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sKbAk;. rpy Ntisfspy; fPo;kl;l> ,ilepiy Kfhikahsh;fs; jkJ mjpfhu tiuaiw fhuzkhf rpy jPH;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbahjNghJ cah;kl;l Kfhikahsh;fNs mj;jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; vjph;fhyj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ. mNjNtis mJ khw;WtopfSld; njhlh;GilaJ. jPH;khdk; vLj;jypy; ,lh;fs; (Risk) cz;L. Mjyhy; Kfhikahsh;fs; rfy khw;WtopfisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;J rpwe;j jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nra;Kiw

gpur;rpidia fz;lwpjy; gpur;rpidf;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;jy; gy;NtW khw;Wtopfis cUthf;Fjy;

rpwe;j khw;Wtopfisj; njhpjy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khw;W topapid mKy;gLj;jy;

41

jPh;khd

Kiwfs;

epfo;r;rp jPh;khdk; :Vw;fdNt jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;;l tpjpfs;> nfhs;iffSf;F mika vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; epfo;r;rpaw;w jPh;khdk; :Vw;fdNt eph;zapf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfSf;F cl;glhJ vLf;fg;gLk; jPH;khdq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. epfo;r;rpaw;w jPh;khdk; njhlh;ghf Kfhikahsh; jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gy;NtW khw;Wtopfspy; ,Ue;J xU khw;WtopahdJ njhpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. jdpahs; jPh;khdk; :jdpegh; xUth; kl;Lk; jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;tJ jdpahs; jPh;khdk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU Kfhikahsh; Fwpg;gpl;l epiyapy; jd;dplk; fpilf;ff;$ba jfty;fisf; nfhz;L jPh;khdk; vLg;gJz;L. ,J jdpahs; jPh;khdk; vdg;gLk;. jdpnahUth; jPh;khj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ cldbahfj; jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; khw;Wtopfis Njhw;Wtpf;f Kbahky; Ngha;tpLk; njhFjpj; jPh;khdk; :jdpg;gl;l gyh; xd;WNrh;e;J jPh;khdk; vLj;jiy ,J Fwpf;fpwJ. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ,k;Kiw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

[g;ghdpa

njhFjpj; jPh;khdk; hdk; vLj;jypd; mE$yq;fs; njhFjpahf jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; gy khw;Wtopfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;. gpur;rpidahdJ rpf;fyhdjhfTk;> nghpjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;NghJ jdp xUth; mjidf; ifahStJ fbdk;. njhFjpahfj; jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; rpf;fy;tha;e;j nghpa gpur;rpidfis jPh;f;f KbfpwJ. njhFjpahfj; jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; gyh; gq;F nfhs;tjdhy; gf;fr; rhh;gpw;fhd rhj;jpak; kpff; Fiwthdjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; [dehafj; jj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;G mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhFjpahf jPh;khdk; vLj;jypd;%yk; njhFjp mq;fj;jthplk; ,Ue;J $Ljyhd msT xj;Jiog;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mth;fs; mj;jPh;khdj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J mjidg; gpd;gw;Wthh;fs;. gpujp $yq;fs; $ba fhyjhkjk; vLf;Fk; gyh; xd;W Nrh;e;J vLf;fNtz;b ,Ug;gjdhy; vy;NyhUk; Nrh;e;J nghJthd cld;ghl;bw;F tUtJ fbdk;. jPh;khdk; jtwhf mikAk;NghJ> ahh; nghWg;G vdf; fz;Lnfhs;s KbahJ njhFjpahf jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; njhFjpahf rpe;jpj;jy; fhzg;gLk;. jdpg;gl;l KbT Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

42

njhFjpahf

jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; El;gq;fs;

1. fl;Lg;ghby;yhf; fye;Jiuahly; my;yJ %isia cUl;Ljy;. 2. nly;yp El;gk; 3. ajhh;j;jkhf rpe;jpj;jy; jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; jilfs; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gthpd; elj;ij> MSik> tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gd jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jty;yd. mj;jifa jilfis milahsk; fhZtjd; %yk; jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; Vw;gLk; jtWfisf; Fiwf;fTk;> rpwe;j jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sTk; KbAk;. mjd;gb cj;jpkj; jPh;khdj;jpw;F jilahf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gtUf;F Nghjpa jfty; ,y;iyik NeutiuasT nryT tiuaiw jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gthpd; NtWgl;l GyDzh;T jPH;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gthpd; tiuaWj;j Gj;jpf;$h;ik xOq;fikj;jy; xOq;fikj;jy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghlhFk;. epWtdq;fs; rhpahd Kiwapy; xOq;fikf;fg;glhjNghJ Nehf;fj;jpid miltJ eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. xOq;fikj;jy; vdg;gLtJ epWtdk; jdJ Nehf;fj;jpid milAk; nghUl;L jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nraw;ghLfisAk;> tsq;fisAk; Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;Ak; nraw;ghl;bidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. epWtdk; xOq;fikj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ehd;F gpujhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. mjhtJ xOq;fikj;jy; ehd;F gpujhd nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpaJ vdf;$Wjy; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. mitahtd : 01. epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; me;Nehf;fj;jpid milAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfisj; jPh;khdpj;J nfhs;sy;. 02. ,r;nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfis Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;jy;. 03. nraw;ghLfs; xJf;fPL njhFjpahf;Fjy;. nra;ag;gl;ljidj; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd njhlhe;J xj;j nghUl;L

tsq;fisAk; nraw;ghLfis epWtdj;jpw;fhd

04. ,Wjpahf njhFjpahf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghLfspd; eph;thff; fl;likg;gpidj; jPh;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

mbg;gilapy;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F nraw;ghLfSk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gilad. Fwpg;gpl;l xU nraw;ghlhJ rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;khdpf;fg;glhjNghJ kw;iwa nraw;ghl;bid mJ ghjpg;gilar; nra;Ak;. xOq;fikj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Kjypy; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> Nehf;fj;jpid miltjw;fhd nraw;ghLfs;> rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

43

Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ghLfs; rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;khdpf;fg;glhjNghJ> nraw;ghLfis xJf;fPL nra;jy; rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.

Copah;fSf;F

nraw;ghLfis Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;Ak;NghJ> Copah;fspd; fy;tpj;jfik> jpwd;fs;> mDgtk; vd;gdtw;wpidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis nghUj;jkhd Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; eilKiwapy; mr;nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ fbdkhdjhf mike;JtpLk;. nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis nghUj;jkhd Copah;fSf;F toq;Fk;NghJ mr;nraw;ghLfis kpfj;jpwikahf Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mjDhlhf Copah;fspd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfhpf;fTk; Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk; Copah;fs; jkJ mDgtk;> jpwd;fs;> fy;tpj;jfik vd;gdtw;wpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Ntiy njhlh;ghd jpUg;jpAk; milfpd;wdh; vdf;$WtJk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. nraw;ghLfSk; tsq;fSk; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;ljidj; njhlh;e;J xj;j nraw;ghLfs; njhFjpahf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf epWtdk; xd;wpy; fzf;Ffisj; jahhpj;jy;> nfhLg;gzTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> nfhLg;gdTf;fhd Mtzq;fis rhpghh;j;jy;> nfhLg;gdtpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L Mtzq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Mfpa nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,it midj;Jk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gila xj;j nraw;ghLfshFk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfs; midj;jidAk; xU njhFjpahf;fp fzf;Fg; gFjp my;yJ epjpg; gFjp my;yJ epjpg;gphpT vdg; ngahpl KbAk;. ,Wjpahf njhFjpahf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilapy; epWtdj;jpw;fhd Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtWtifahd njhFjpfs; my;yJ eph;thff; fl;likg;gpidj; jPh;khdpj;Jf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; gphpTfspd; nfhs;sy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLtJ Vw;fdNt eph;zapf;fg;gl;l epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;wpwid xg;gPLnra;J VNjDk; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L eph;zapf;fg;gl;l epakk; milag;gLtjid cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk;. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiw fl;Lg;gLj;jyhdJ xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gila gy gbKiwfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiwapy; MW gpujhd gbKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd;. mitahtd :1. vit fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidj; jPh;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 2. epakj;jpid eph;zapj;Jf; nfhs;sy; epakk; vdg;gLtJ milag;glNtz;ba ,yf;F> vjph;ghh;ffg;gLk; elj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. xU nraw;ghL njhlh;ghf my;yJ nraw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

3. epakk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljid njhlh;e;J nraw;wpwd; mstPL nra;ag;gLk;. nraw;wpwid mstPL nra;Ak;NghJ vt;thW mstPL nra;jy;> vf;fhy ,ilntspapy; mstPL nra;jy; vd;gd eph;zapf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 4. nraw;wpwid epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;jy;. ,d;W mNefkhd epWtdq;fspy; fzdpfs; %yk; nraw;wpwdhdJ epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. nraw;wpwid mstPL
44

nra;tjw;Fk;> epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; fzdpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy;> mbf;fb xg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> tpiuthf Nkw;nfhs;sTk; Kbfpd;wJ. 5. nraw;wpwdhdJ epakj;jpypUe;J NtWgbd;> chpa eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; mtrpak;. me; eltbf;ifahdJ nra;Kiwapid khw;wpaikg;gjhfNth my;yJ epakj;jpid khw;wpaikg;gjjhfNth fhzg;glyhk;. nraw;wpwDk;> epakKk; xd;whff; fhzg;gbd; ve;eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy. 6. epakkhdJ kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;ljidj; njhlh;e;J nra;KiwahdJ khw;wpaikf;fg;glyhk;. ,t;thW khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;ljidj; njhlhe;J kPs; nraw;wpwdhdJ epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;ag;gly; kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;. fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; epWtdj;jpy; cw;gj;jpr; nra;KiwahdJ khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfyhk; . Copah;fspd; jpwd; mjpfhpf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; Muk;gj;jpy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l epakkhdJ nghUj;jkw;wjhff; fhzg;glyhk;. ,jdhy; epakj;jpidAk; ,jw;Nfw;g khw;wp mikf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,jdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;KiwahdJ xU ,aq;Ffpd;w nra;Kiw vdf;$WtJ kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ.
epakj;ij tiuaWj; jy; nray; jpwid mstply; nray;jpwid epakj;Jld; xg;gply;

ePf;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;

NtWghL fhzg;glhJtpbd;
xd;Wk; nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy

1. epakj;ij tiuaWj;jy; ::epakk; vdg;gLtJ nraw;wpwDf;fhd ,yf;fpid Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ milag;glNtz;ba nraw;wpwdhFk;. nghJthf epakq;fs; njhif hPjpahf eph;zapf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzk; :- re;ijg;gq;F> cw;gj;jp ,ay;jfT. 2. cz;ikahd nraw;wpwid mstPL nra;jy; 3. nraw;wpwid epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;jy; 4. NtWghLfs; VNjDk; fhzg;gbd; eltbf; eltbf;if vLj;jy;. me;eltbf;ifahdJ xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l my;yJ epakj;jpid khw;wpaikg;gjhfNth fhzg;glyhk;. Cf;fg;gLj;jy; my;yJ nraw;ghLfis khw;WtjhfNth

nraYhf;fkspj;jy;

Copah;fis epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid mile;J nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L Jhz;Lfpd;w xU nraw;ghNl Copah; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; my;yJ nraYhf;fkspj;jy; vdg;gLk;. Kfhikahsh;fs; Copah;fis rhpahd jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjd; %yNk mth;fsJ nray;jpwd; mjpfhpj;J mjd;%yk; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid mile;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;jtifapy; Kfhikahsh; Copah;fs; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghf kpfr;rpwe;j mwptpidf; nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
45

Cf;fg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiw xUth; xU Njitapid nfhz;Ls;sNghJ mjid epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk; my;yJ ce;jiyf; nfhz;bUg;gh;. mjd; fhuzj;jpdhy; mjhtJ mj;Njitapid epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L gy;NtW nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;th;. ,q;F ce;jy; fhuzj;jpdhNyNa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Jhz;lg;gLfpd;whh;. xUtUila Fwpg;gpl;l NjitahdJ ce;jiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLtJ Njitiag; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ce;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fPNOAs;s tpsf;fg;glk; %yk; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiwapid vLj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;. Njit ce;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

epWtdq;fisg; nghWj;jstpy; Copah; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU mk;rkhFk;. mNdf epWtdq;fs; Copah;fs; njhlh;ghd Cf;fg;gLj;jypd;ikapdhy; my;yJ Fiwthff; fhzg;gLtjhy; jkJ Nehf;fj;ij mila KbahJs;sJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp epWtdk; njhlh;ghd gy gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpw;F cjhuzkhf Copah;tutpd;ik> Ntiyapy; mf;fiwapd;ik> Ntiyapd; juk; ghjpg;giljy; vd;gdtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;

Cf;fg;gLj;jYf;F vit fhuzq;fs;> Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs; ,uz;L tiffshf tFf;fshk;. 01. 02. cs;slf;f Nfhl;ghL nra;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghL

cs;slf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Cf;fg;gLj;jYf;F vit fhuzq;fs; vd;gijf; fz;L nfhs;tjpy; ftdj;jpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Copah;fspd; Cf;fj;jpw;F gy;NtW fhuzpfs; fhuzq;fshf mikayhk;. cs;slf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F cjhuzkhf kh];Nyhtpd; gbKiwf; Nfhl;ghL N`h;]; Ngh;f;fpd; ,Ufhuzpf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gdtw;wpidf; $wKbAk;. nra;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghbw;F cjhuzkhf vd;gdtw;wpidf; $wKbAk;. kh];Nyhtpd; gbKiw vjph;ghh;g;Gf; mikg;G Nfhl;ghL> rkepiyf; Nfhl;ghL

Njitf;Nfhl;ghL

Mgpufhk; kh];Nyhthy; (1943) ,f;Nfhl;ghL Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. mth; kdpj Njitfs; gw;wpAk;> mit jpUg;jp nra;ag;gLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; rpy fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhh;. kdpjDf;F vg;NghJk; xU Njit ,Ue;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xU Njit G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;lJk; ,d;ndhU Njit cUthFk;. xU NjitahdJ G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gbd;> mjd; %yk; mth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j KbahJ. kdpjdpd; Njitfs; gbKiw mikg;gpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpjdpd; NtiyahdJ ,j;Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;a cjtKbAk;. mtd; jdJ NtiyA+lhf vjid vjph;ghh;f;fpd;whd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ntisapy; vj;Njitiag; g+h;j;jp nra;aTs;shd; vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

46

,t; Njitfis Ie;J tiffshf tFf;fshk;. ngsjpff; Njit (Physiological Need) ghJfhg;Gj; Njit (Safety Needs) r%fj; Njit (Social Needs) nfsut Njit Esteem Needs) Ra me;j];J Njit (Self Realisation Need fPNoAs;s tpsf;fg;glk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. %yk; kdpj Njitfs; gw;wp gbKiw mikg;G

Rame;j];J Njit nfsutj; Njti r%fj; Njit ghJfhg;Gj; Njit ngsjPfj; Njit

Ra me;j];J Njit

nfsutjNjit

r%fj; Njit ghJghf;Gj; Njit ngsjPf Njit ngsjpf Njit vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfshd czT> cil> ,Ug;gpl trjpfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ghJfhg;Gj; Njit vd;gJ nghUshjhu hPjpahd vd;gdtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;G> Neha;ffspypUe;J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ghJfhg;G> ghJfhg;G ,aw;if mopT vd;gdtw;wpidf;

r%fj;Njit vd;gJ r%fj;Jld; ,ize;J tho;tJ> ez;gh;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. nfsutj; Njit vd;gJ gpwUila kjpg;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
47

Ra me;j];J Njit vd;gJ jd;Dila Mw;wy;%yk; milaf;$ba mjpcr;rj; Njitapidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. njhlh;ghlYk; eph;thfKk; hfKk; njhlh;ghly; vdg;gLtJ ,Uth; my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;lth;fSf;F fUj;Jf;fs;> czh;Tfs;> Nahridfs; Kjyhdit ghpkhw;wg;gLtidf; Fwpg;gpLk; njhlh;ghlypd; mtrpak;. Copah;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;F Copah;fsplkpUe;J jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis ghpkhWtjw;Fk;. gpur;rpizfis fye;J njhlh;ghly; mtrpak; MNyhrpf;fTk; $l;lhfj; jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ,ilapy;

Kfhikf;Fk;> Copah;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU ey;y njhlh;gpidg; NgZtjw;Fk;> ,U gFjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fUj;J NtWghLfs; Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;Lk; njhlh;ghly; Ntz;lg;gLfpwJ. epWtd gFjpfspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F ,ilapy; xj;jpirtpid Vw;gLj;j njhlh;ghly; mtrpakhfpwJ. njhlh;ghly; nra;Kiw Nehf;fk;

jftiy mDg;Ggtu;

jfty;

top

tpsf;fk; nfhLj;J jftyhf khw;wy;

jftiyg; ngWgth;

gpd;Dhl;b njhlh;ghlYf;fhd jilfs; xU epWtdj;jpy; jilaw;w nraw;ghl;bw;F rpwe;j njhlh;ghly; kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;. rpwe;j njhlh;ghlYf;F gpd;tUtd jilahff; fhzg;glyhk;. rj;jk; NtWgl;l GyDzh;T nkhop NtWghL
48

Fiwthf Nfl;lwpAk; Mw;wy; jfty; Rik nra;jpj; njhlh;G tiyg;gpd;dypy; Vw;gLk; jil czh;r;rp trg;gly; Ngr;R %ykhd njhlh;ghlYf;Fk;> Ngr;R %ykw;w njhlh;ghlYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghL ek;gpf;ifapd;ik Neutiuaiw gpd; gpd;zpidg;G 01). ngWNgw;W mbg;gilapyhd fz;fhzpg; hzpg;G> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwik [Results based Monitoring and Evaluation System (RBME)] RBME vd;gJ ngWNgw;iw (Results) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fz;fhzpg;G> kjpg;gPl;L KiwikahFk;. ve;jnthU nray;jpl;lj;jpDila milTkl;lKk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; (Impelmentation Progress) ngWNgw;wpYNk (Effect, Impact) jq;fpAs;sJ. Mjyhy; RBME MdJ nray;jpl;lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpf;Nfhis milfpwjh vd;gjpy; nray;jpl;l midj;J fll;j;jpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mKy;gLj;jy; (Implementation)

cs;sPL Input

nraw;ghLfs; Activities

ntspaPL Output

jhf;fk; Impact

tpisT Effect

ngWngW Results 02). je;jpNuhgha Kfhikj;Jtk; (Strategic Management) xU epWtdk; cl;#oiyAk; ntspr; #oiyAk; xOq;FgLj;jp jPh;khq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs; Clhf ePz;l fhyj;jpy; epiyj;jpUf;f vt;tifahd El;gq;fs; gad;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gNj je;jpNuhgha Kfhikj;JtkhFk;.

49

03). 03). Efficiency

3E
(tpidj;jpwd;) Doing thing right ntspaPL > cs;sPL nryit ,spTgLj;Jtjd; %yk; cr;r ntspaPl;il ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. :-

Effectiveness (tpidepiwNtw;wk;) :- Doing right thing epWtd ,yf;if miljy;. Ecconomically (nghUshjhu hPjpahd rpf;fdk;) :- cw;gj;jp juj;ij Fiwf;fhky;> cw;gj;jp nryitf; Fiwj;jy;. 04). tpidj;jpwDk; cw;gj;jpjpwDk;> tpidepiwNtw;wKk;

tpidj;jpwd; :- cs;sPLfis tpl ntspaPL mjpfhpj;J fhzg;gLtJ tpidj;jpwdhFk;. tpidj;jpwd; :- ntspaPL > cs;sPL tpidj;jpwdpd;ik = cs;sPL > ntspaPL epWtdk; my;yJ njhopw;rhiynahd;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tsq;fistpl mjdhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gLtJ me;epWtdj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid vLj;jpak;Gk;. (Fiwe;jstpyhd tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;tJ) cw;gj;jpjpwd; pjpwd (Productivity) :epWtdj;jpdJ cs;sPl;bw;fhd ntspaPl;bd; tpfpjhrhuk; my;yJ jpwikkpf;f gad;ghl;bw;fhd rpwg;Gg; gad;ghl;bd; tpfjhrhuk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwdhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. tpidepiwNtw;wk; (Effectiveness) ::r%fk; nghUj;jkhdnjd fUjfpd;w rhpahd nghUl;fspd;> Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;tij my;yJ epWtdf; Fwpf;Nfhis miltijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

50

Ie;Jgb

eilKiw

5s Concepts

5s Concepts vd;gJ [g;ghdpy; ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU Kfhikj;Jt KiwahFk;. [g;ghd; nkhopapy; cs;s ,t; 5 nrhw;fshFk;. S vd;w vOj;jpy; Muk;gpg;gjhy; ,U 5 s eilKiw vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. nra;hp : :Njitaw;w nghUl;fis mfw;Wjy;. nrapNuhd; ::Njitahd rfyJk; ,yf;fkplg;gl;L chpa ,lj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;jp itg;gJ. Njitf;F vLj;jhYk; kPz;Lk; mNj ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk;. nrapNrh ::ve;j NtisapYk; jhgdj;ij my;yJ mYtyj;ij Jg;guthf itj;jpUj;jy;. nrapnfl;R ::,e;j mYtyf eilKiwfis njhlh;e;J filg;gpbg;gij cWjpg;gLj;jy;. rpl;RNf ::CopaUf;F gapw;rp mspj;jy;. 5S ,dJ gpujhd ed;ik ahnjdpy; Ntiyj;jsj;jpYk; tPl;bYk; cah; tpidj;jpwDlDk;> Fiwthd mOj;jq;fSlDk; Ntiy nra;af;$ba jd;ikia nfhz;LtUtjhFk;

ed;wp

51