02 - 2 Porosity Permeability

DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.
Reservoir Engineering
Rock Properties:
Porosity and Permeability
2008 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.
After This Chapter You Will Be Able To
Identify rock properties critical to your
reservoirs performance
Discuss methods to calculate rock properties
Know how to correct laboratory data to your
reservoirs condition
Apply techniques to average rock properties
Assemble rock properties for a reservoir
description
2.1.2
Applied Reservoir Engineering Rock Properties: Porosity and Permeability
Reservoir Engineering Rock Properties
Porosity (f)
Permeability (k)
Pore Volume Compressibility (c
f
)
Capillary Pressure (p
c
)
Relative Permeability (k
r
)
Describing Rock Properties
2.1.3
Porosity (f)
Porosity Void space as a fraction of the
rocks bulk volume. Provides hydrocarbon
storage capacity.

Ranges of Porosity Values:
Usually 9 to 30%
<5% fractured igneous rocks
40-60% chalks, diatomites
B
P
B
G B
V
V
V
V V
f
V
B
= Bulk Volume of the Rock
V
G
= Grain Volume
V
P
= Pore Volume
2.1.4
Types of Porosity
Primary Porosity
Present at time of deposition uniform or
predictable
Secondary Porosity
Due to alterations that occur after deposition -
heterogeneous
Fractures, solution vugs, dolomitization, quartz
overgrowths
Can either increase or decrease primary porosity
Effective Porosity Usually = Total Porosity
2.1.5
Maximum Porosity in Clastic Rocks
Cubic
f = 47.6%
Hexagonal
f = 39.5%
Rhombohedral
f = 25.9%
2.1.6
Factors Influencing Porosity
Grain Size Distribution / Packing
Grain Shape
Compaction
Cementation
Chemical Solution
Fracturing
2.1.7
Methods of Measuring Porosity
Cores
Expensive, very limited coverage
Usually measured at ambient conditions, ignoring
reservoir stresses and alteration during cleaning
Hard to measure fracture or vuggy porosity
Logs
Porosity is a calculated number from log responses
(travel time, bulk density, hydrogen index)
Affected by wellbore conditions, with averaging over a
larger vertical interval than cores (each log varies)
Interpretation may be difficult in complex lithologies
How can you tell if your core samples are
representative of the reservoir?

2.1.8
Example Neutron Density Log Cross-Plot
2.1.9
Porosity value is
improved
Apparent lithology
is approximate
Permeability (k)
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a
rock to allow fluid to flow through it. Controls
production rate for a given pressure drop
Measured in units of darcies 1x10
-12
m
2
or millidarcies (10
-3
darcies) (conventional
reservoirs)
or microdarcies (10
-6
darcies) (tight gas sands)
or nanodarcies (10
-9
darcies)

(matrix permeability
in fractured shales)
2.1.10
Darcys Law and Permeability
In 1856 Henry Darcy found that the flow rate of
water through a gravel filter could be
determined by:

q
w
= flow rate of water
h
w
= height of water column above the filter
(hydrostatic pressure)
A = cross-sectional area of the filter
L = length of the filter
C = a proportionality constant unique to each
filter (permeability)
2.1.11
L
h A
C q
w
w


Darcys Law in Linear Flow for Liquids
2.1.12
A
q
q
L
p
in
p
out
Linear System
Fully Developed Flow (Steady State)
p
x
L 0
p
in
p
out
q = flow rate, bbl/day
k
eff
= effective permeability, md
= fluid viscosity, cp
p = p
in
p
out
, psia

x = L 0 , ft
A = area, ft
2

x
p
A
k .
q
eff
3
10 127 1
Field Units
Permeability Is a Function of:
Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution
Which in Turn are Functions of:
Grain Size
Grain Size Distribution
Grain Shape (angularity)
Compaction (due to reservoir pressure depletion)
2.1.13
Methods of Permeability Measurement
Cores
Run flow test and solve Darcys Law for k
Usually at ambient conditions
100 percent saturation of a single fluid
(usually air k
air
)
Low k may need to correct for Klinkenberg effect
(pg 2-41, 2-42)
Well Tests
Measure rate and driving pressures to calculate k
Permeability at reservoir stresses and saturations
Averages over a much larger volume of rock
Interpretation can be difficult
2.1.14
POROSITY/PERMEABILITY FIELDS
ROCK FABRIC/PETROPHYSICAL
Porosity Permeability Cross Plots
2.1.15
Used to estimate
permeability from
porosity, or to
populate a 3-D
reservoir model
permeability
based on porosity
maps

k is a strong
function of pore
throat size
Be Aware of Limitations:
Were plots constructed with in-situ data?
Typically, correlations drawn on logarithmic
plots yield conservative (low) permeabilities
High permeability sands may be missing
(compare core and logs)

ALWAYS tie to well test derived
permeability data
2.1.16
Porosity Permeability Correlations

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DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.

2008 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

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