Tips and Recommendations for Using the PDF les of A Grammar of the Hittite Language

We strongly recommend getting and using the latest version of the free Adobe Acrobat Reader (available at www.adobe.com; version 8 is also available on this CD) for accessing the PDF les. Not all features of the les may be accessible in earlier versions of Acrobat Reader, and other PDF readers (such as Apples Preview) may not support all of the features provided in the les. If you are unfamiliar with the features of Acrobat Reader, we also recommend that you download and read the Users Guide for Acrobat Reader. The following description is intended only as an introduction to assist you in learning how to access the les and employ various kinds of searches. Using the Navigation Pane and Bookmarks Once you have opened one of the PDF les, accessing Acrobat Readers le navigation features varies somewhat from version to version of Acrobat Reader; generally, however, you should click on View and select Navigation Bookmarks. This will open a pane that shows the entire Table of Contents; clicking on any segment of the Table of Contents will take you immediately to that location in the book. The entire Bookmark pane is hyperlinked to the contents of the book, and this provides a handy way to move quickly from one section of the book to another.

[View shown here is typical menu, displaying choice of Bookmarks; versions of Acrobat Reader may vary; note also that clicking on the Bookmarks tab at the left of the screen has the same effect. View with Bookmarks visible follows.]

Using Cross-References Almost 2,000 cross-references are contained in the Reference Grammar and the Tutorial. All cross-references are hyperlinked to the location (page) to which they point. When you move your mouses cursor over one of these hyperlinked cross-references, the cursor will change from an open hand to a hand with index nger extended (see graphic below); clicking will take you immediately to the page that is cross-referenced. The crossreferences are otherwise unmarked.

Before you explore this feature, we strongly recommend that you open Acrobat Reader Preferences panel General; then uncheck the open cross-document links in same window. This will ensure that if you click on a link in the Tutorial, the Reference Grammar will open in a new window, leaving the Tutorial open in the original window.

In the Tutorial, cross-references to paragraphs in the Reference Grammar are live hyperlinks. All you need to do is click on a link, and the Acrobat Reader software will take you to the referenced page. When using this feature, it may be easiest to have the PDF le that contains both the Reference Grammar and Tutorial open. If you are using the print version of the grammar, there are at least two easy ways to navigate to the page that is cross-referenced in a paragraph that you are reading: (1) if the reference provides a page number, you can use Acrobat Readers go to page number feature (use the View Go To drop-down menu, or use the keyboard command for this function, displayed alongside the function in the drop-down menu); enter the page number in the dialogue box provided. [Note that using this feature in the Tutorial may not result in the correct page in the Reference Grammar ; Acrobat Reader does not handle well the fact that two sets of pages are numbered identically in the same document, as is the case in the PDF that contains both parts of the grammar.] (2) Because paragraph numbers are used more than once (at the head of the paragraph that they identify and in cross-references; in addition, they may not be uniquefor instance, 16.2 is a paragraph label and also occurs in Hittite text references such as 16.21, 16.27, etc.; a search for 16.2 will result in nds of all of these), searching for a paragraph number may prove tedious. In this case, it may be quicker to use the navigation pane and nd a location near the paragraph in question. Alternatively, the navigation pane can be used to jump instantly to any level of subhead. Searching the PDF Files Both beginners who are learning Hittite and scholars who are conducting grammatical research occasionally wish to search for specic words, whether in Hittite, English,

Luwian, Hurrian, Sumerian, or Akkadian. In the discussion that follows, the search item specied is enclosed in { }. Search Basics. Acrobat Reader permits two modes of searching. The rst is basic, without indexing. This mode nds the character string entered in the search box that appears when you invoke search (which is found on the Edit menu; it pays to learn the keyboard command for your operating system). This method is useful for a small le with a modest amount of information but is fairly slow when used with a book as large and complex as this grammar. We have included an index of the PDF le on this disk. It is accessed through the full Reader Search mode; location of this feature varies from version to version of Acrobat Reader. Once you have activated Full Reader Search mode, choose the drop-down menu Look in: and select the option Select Index. . . . If not already selected, click on the box of the index supplied for this PDF (le name is: HittiteGrammar.ndx). Using this index with the Acrobat Reader software permits sophisticated searching; note that in most versions of Acrobat Reader advanced search options are also available, allowing you to search for several words, combinations of words, and so on. For instance, if you wished to nd all occurrences of genitive and possessive, you could enter both words {genitive possessive}, select the Match any of the words option, and search. Logograms. Unfortunately, because Sumerian and Akkadian logograms are typeset in this grammar using a fully compliant Unicode fontthe logograms being located in the appropriate registerand because Acrobat Reader does not yet support searching to some portions of the Unicode standard (including the area used for logograms in small caps), you will not be able to enter searches for logograms such as k.babbar, etc. One workaround is to search for the English translation of the logogram; thus, in the case cited, a search for {silver} will turn up all translated occurrences of the logogram (but perhaps also many other occurrences of the word). If you wish to limit your search to occurrences of the logogram where it is followed by a single-word gloss, search for {silver}. Because glosses are always cited within single quotation marks, use of them will help you narrow your search parameter. Hittite words. Because of the use of a Unicode-compliant font, Hittite words can be located with or without entering diacritics. Most of the time, it is most convenient not to enter the diacritics. Thus, huiswatar life can be found by using the search word {huiswatar} [no diacritics]. If the word you are searching for is transliterated (rather than transcribed), e.g., hu-is-wa-tar, you must type the hyphens into the search eld (that is, the presence or absence of hyphens is signicant when conducting a search; the presence or absence of diacritics is not). Occasionally, you may wish to limit your search to a specic form of a word; for example, you may wish to locate only examples of a word with plene writing, such as man if, not the English word man. To enable diacritic-specic searches, open the Preferences pane of Acrobat Reader (location will vary, based on your operating system and version), uncheck the box next to Ignore Diacritics and Accents, and click OK. Then, enter {man} in the search eld.

Stemming. Because all inection on Hittite words is on the end of the word (the right side), it is possible to search with the Stemming option. If you check this option, a search for {search} will return only searched, searching, and so on; this differs from deselecting Whole words only in that doing the latter will result in a search for {search} returning research as well as searched, and so on. Some Limitations. Acrobat Reader does not currently allow restriction of a search to various font forms; that is, it does not distinguish bold from italic from roman type in its search functionality. As a result, if a Hittite word shares a spelling with an English word having no diacriticssearches will return English words alongside the Hittite (e.g., a search for Hittite manentered as {man}will return results for English man as well as the Hittite word. Text References. Both beginners and advanced users may nd it helpful to search for text references of passages they are studying. The citation form used in this grammar is the same as the method used in the CHD: KUB 29.1 i 5. Column numbers are always lowercase roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi). Authors Cited. If you wish to search for references to specic publications that are included in the bibliography at the end of the Reference Grammar, simply search for the authors last name and the year of publication: e.g., {Melchert 2001a}. Grammatical Information. It is imperative to know the precise form in which grammatical terms may occur. The authors have attempted to maintain consistency in the form of grammatical labels: they may occur either fully written out (e.g., neuter plural) or abbreviated (neut. pl., pl. neut.; please consult the abbreviations list on pp. xviiixix of the Reference Grammar). It may be worthwhile to keep a small notebook at hand in which to record the conventions that you frequently use.