PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS 139
5.1 Determine the real roots of f (x) = 0.6x
2
+2.4x +5.5:
(a) Graphically.
(b) Using the quadratic formula.
(c) Using three iterations of the bisection method to determine
the highest root. Employ initial guesses of x
l
= 5 and x
u
= 10.
Compute the estimated error
a
and the true error
t
after each
iteration.
5.2 Determine the real root of f (x) = 4x
3
6x
2
+7x 2.3:
(a) Graphically.
(b) Using bisection to locate the root. Employ initial guesses of
x
l
= 0 and x
u
= 1 and iterate until the estimated error
a
falls
below a level of
s
= 10%.
5.3 Determine the real root of f (x) = 26 +85x 91x
2
+
44x
3
8x
4
+ x
5
:
(a) Graphically.
(b) Using bisection to determine the root to
s
= 10%. Employ ini-
tial guesses of x
l
= 0.5 and x
u
= 1.0.
(c) Perform the same computation as in (b) but use the false-
position method and
s
= 0.2 %.
5.4 (a) Determine the roots of f (x) = 13 20x +19x
2
3x
3
graphically. In addition, determine the first root of the function with
(b) bisection, and (c) false position. For (b) and (c) use initial
guesses of x
l
= 1 and x
u
= 0, and a stopping criterion of 1%.
5.5 Locate the first nontrivial root of sin x = x
3
, where x is in
radians. Use a graphical technique and bisection with the initial
interval from 0.5 to 1. Perform the computation until
a
is less than

s
= 2%. Also perform an error check by substituting your final
answer into the original equation.
5.6 Determine the positive real root of ln (x
4
) = 0.7 (a) graphi-
cally, (b) using three iterations of the bisection method, with initial
guesses of x
l
= 0.5 and x
u
= 2, and (c) using three iterations of the
false-position method, with the same initial guesses as in (b).
5.7 Determine the real root of f (x) = (0.8 0.3x)/x :
(a) Analytically.
(b) Graphically.
(c) Using three iterations of the false-position method and initial
guesses of 1 and 3. Compute the approximate error
a
and the true
error
t
after each iteration. Is there a problem with the result?
5.8 Find the positive square root of 18 using the false-position
method to within
s
= 0.5%. Employ initial guesses of x
l
= 4 and
x
u
= 5.
5.9 Find the smallest positive root of the function (x is in radians)
x
2

cos

= 5 using the false-position method. To locate the

region in which the root lies, first plot this function for values of x
between 0 and 5. Perform the computation until
a
falls below

s
= 1%. Check your final answer by substituting it into the origi-
nal function.
5.10 Find the positive real root of f (x) = x
4
8x
3
35x
2
+
450x 1001 using the false-position method. Use initial guesses
of x
l
= 4.5 and x
u
= 6 and performs five iterations. Compute both
the true and approximate errors based on the fact that the root is
5.60979. Use a plot to explain your results and perform the compu-
tation to within
s
= 1.0%.
5.11 Determine the real root of x
3.5
= 80: (a) analytically, and
(b) with the false-position method to within
s
= 2.5%. Use initial
guesses of 2.0 and 5.0.
5.12 Given
f (x) = 2x
6
1.6x
4
+12x +1
Use bisection to determine the maximum of this function. Employ
initial guesses of x
l
= 0 and x
u
= 1, and perform iterations until
the approximate relative error falls below 5%.
5.13 The velocity v of a falling parachutist is given by
v =
gm
c

1 e
(c/m)t

where g = 9.8 m/s

2
. For a parachutist with a drag coefficient
c = 15 kg/s, compute the mass m so that the velocity is v = 35 m/s
at t 9 s. Use the false-position method to determine m to a level
of
s
= 0.1%.
5.14 Use bisection to determine the drag coefficient needed so that
an 80-kg parachutist has a velocity of 36 m/s after 4 s of free fall.
Note: The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s
2
. Start with initial
guesses of x
l
= 0.1 and x
u
= 0.2 and iterate until the approximate
relative error falls below 2%.
5.15 A beam is loaded as shown in Fig. P5.15. Use the bisection
method to solve for the position inside the beam where there is no
moment.
3 3 2 4
100 lb/ft 100 lb
Figure P5.15
5.16 Water is flowing in a trapezoidal channel at a rate of Q =
20 m
3
/s. The critical depth y for such a channel must satisfy the
equation
0 = 1
Q
2
gA
3
c
B
cha01064_ch05.qxd 3/20/09 11:49 AM Page 139
(b) 4.43. Discuss and use graphical and analytical methods to explain
any peculiarities in your results.
6.6 Determine the lowest real root of f (x) = 12 21x +
18x
2
2.4x
3
: (a) graphically and (b) using the secant method to a
value of
s
corresponding to three significant figures.
6.7 Locate the first positive root of
f (x) = sin x +cos(1 + x
2
) 1
where x is in radians. Use four iterations of the secant method with
initial guesses of (a) x
i 1
= 1.0 and x
i
= 3.0; (b) x
i 1
= 1.5 and
x
i
= 2.5, and (c) x
i 1
= 1.5 and x
i
= 2.25 to locate the root.
(d) Use the graphical method to explain your results.
6.8 Determine the real root of x
3.5
= 80, with the modified secant
method to within
s
= 0.1% using an initial guess of x
0
= 3.5 and
= 0.01.
6.9 Determine the highest real root of f (x) = 0.95x
3
5.9x
2
+
10.9x 6:
(a) Graphically.
(b) Using the Newton-Raphson method (three iterations,
x
i
= 3.5).
(c) Using the secant method (three iterations, x
i 1
= 2.5 and
x
i
= 3.5).
(d) Using the modified secant method (three iterations, x
i
= 3.5,
= 0.01).
6.10 Determine the lowest positive root of f (x) = 8 sin(x)e
x
1:
(a) Graphically.
(b) Using the Newton-Raphson method (three iterations,
x
i
= 0.3).
(c) Using the secant method (five iterations, x
i 1
= 0.5 and
x
i
= 0.4).
(d) Using the modified secant method (three iterations, x
i
= 0.3,
= 0.01).
6.11 Use the Newton-Raphson method to find the root of
f (x) = e
0.5x
(4 x) 2
Employ initial guesses of (a) 2, (b) 6, and (c) 8. Explain your
results.
6.12 Given
f (x) = 2x
6
1.5x
4
+10x +2
Use a root location technique to determine the maximum of this
function. Perform iterations until the approximate relative error falls
below 5%. If you use a bracketing method, use initial guesses of
x
l
= 0 and x
u
= 1. If you use the Newton-Raphson or the modified
secant method, use an initial guess of x
i
= 1. If you use the secant
method, use initial guesses of x
i 1
= 0 and x
i
= 1. Assuming that
convergence is not an issue, choose the technique that is best suited
to this problem. Justify your choice.
6.13 You must determine the root of the following easily differen-
tiable function,
e
0.5x
= 5 5x
172 OPEN METHODS
Pick the best numerical technique, justify your choice and then use
that technique to determine the root. Note that it is known that for
positive initial guesses, all techniques except fixed-point iteration
will eventually converge. Perform iterations until the approximate
relative error falls below 2%. If you use a bracketing method,
use initial guesses of x
l
= 0 and x
u
= 2. If you use the Newton-
Raphson or the modified secant method, use an initial guess
of x
i
= 0.7. If you use the secant method, use initial guesses of
x
i 1
= 0 and x
i
= 2.
6.14 The function x
3
2x
2
4x +8 has a double root at x = 2.
Use (a) the standard Newton-Raphson [Eq. (6.6)], (b) the modified
Newton-Raphson [Eq. (6.12)], and (c) the modified Newton-
Raphson [Eq. (6.16)] to solve for the root at x = 2. Compare
and discuss the rate of convergence using an initial guess of
x
0
= 1.2.
6.15 Determine the roots of the following simultaneous nonlinear
equations using (a) fixed-point iteration and (b) the Newton-
Raphson method:
y = x
2
+ x +0.75
y +5xy = x
2
Employ initial guesses of x = y = 1.2 and discuss the results.
6.16 Determine the roots of the simultaneous nonlinear equations
(x 4)
2
+(y 4)
2
= 5
x
2
+ y
2
= 16
Use a graphical approach to obtain your initial guesses. Determine
refined estimates with the two-equation Newton-Raphson method
described in Sec. 6.6.2.
6.17 Repeat Prob. 6.16 except determine the positive root of
y = x
2
+1
y = 2 cos x
6.18 A mass balance for a pollutant in a well-mixed lake can be
written as
V
dc
dt
= W Qc kV

c
Given the parameter values V = 1 10
6
m
3
, Q = 1 10
5
m
3
/yr,
W = 1 10
6
g/yr, and k = 0.25 m
0.5
/g
0.5
/yr, use the modified
secant method to solve for the steady-state concentration. Employ
an initial guess of c = 4 g/m
3
and = 0.5. Perform three iterations
and determine the percent relative error after the third iteration.
6.19 For Prob. 6.18, the root can be located with fixed-point
iteration as
c =

W Qc
kV

2
or as
c =
W kV

c
Q
cha01064_ch06.qxd 3/20/09 11:51 AM Page 172
PROBLEMS 215
Determine h given r = 2 m, L = 5 m, and V = 8 m
3
. Note that if
you are using a programming language or software tool that is not
rich in trigonometric functions, the arc cosine can be computed
with
cos
1
x =

2
tan
1

1 x
2

8.9 The volume V of liquid in a spherical tank of radius r is related

to the depth h of the liquid by
V =
h
2
(3r h)
3
Determine h given r = 1 m and V = 0.5 m
3
.
8.10 For the spherical tank in Prob. 8.9, it is possible to develop
the following two fixed-point formulas:
h =

h
3
+(3V/)
3r
and
h =
3

rh
2

If r = 1 m and V = 0.75 m
3
, determine whether either of these is
stable, and the range of initial guesses for which they are stable.
8.11 The Ergun equation, shown below, is used to describe the
flow of a fluid through a packed bed. P is the pressure drop, is
the density of the fluid, G
o
is the mass velocity (mass flow rate
divided by cross-sectional area), D
p
is the diameter of the particles
within the bed, is the fluid viscosity, L is the length of the bed,
and is the void fraction of the bed.
P
G
2
o
D
p
L

3
1
= 150
1
(D
p
G
o
/)
+1.75
Given the parameter values listed below, find the void fraction of
the bed.
D
p
G
o

= 1000
PD
p
G
2
o
L
= 10
8.12 The pressure drop in a section of pipe can be calculated as
p = f
LV
2
2D
where p = the pressure drop (Pa), f = the friction factor, L =
the length of pipe [m], = density (kg/m
3
), V = velocity (m/s),
and D = diameter (m). For turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation
provides a means to calculate the friction factor,
1

f
= 2.0 log

3.7D
+
2.51
Re

where = the roughness (m), and Re = the Reynolds number,

Re =
VD

where = dynamic viscosity (N s/m

2
).
(a) Determine p for a 0.2-m-long horizontal stretch of smooth
drawntubinggiven = 1.23 kg/m
3
, = 1.79 10
5
N s/m
2
,
D = 0.005 m, V = 40 m/s, and = 0.0015 mm. Use a numer-
ical method to determine the friction factor. Note that smooth
pipes with Re < 10
5
, a good initial guess can be obtained using
the Blasius formula, f = 0.316/Re
0.25
.
(b) Repeat the computation but for a rougher commercial steel
pipe ( = 0.045 mm).
8.13 The operation of a constant density plug flow reactor for the
production of a substance via an enzymatic reaction is described by
the equation below, where V is the volume of the reactor, F is the
flow rate of reactant C, C
in
and C
out
are the concentrations of reac-
tant entering and leaving the reactor, respectively, and K and k
max
are constants. For a 500-L reactor, with an inlet concentration of
C
in
= 0.5 M, an inlet flow rate of 40 L/s, k
max
= 5 10
3
s
1
, and
K = 0.1 M, find the concentration of C at the outlet of the reactor.
V
F
=

C
out
C
in
K
k
max
C
+
1
k
max
dC
Civil and Environmental Engineering
8.14 In structural engineering, the secant formula defines the force
per unit area, P/A, that causes a maximum stress
m
in a column
of given slenderness ratio L/k:
P
A
=

m
1 +(ec/k
2
) sec[0.5

P/(E A)(L/k)]
where ec/k
2
= the eccentricity ratio and E = the modulus of elas-
ticity. If for a steel beam, E = 200,000 MPa, ec/k
2
= 0.4, and

m
= 250 MPa, compute P/A for L/k = 50. Recall that sec x =
1/cos x.
8.15 In environmental engineering (a specialty area in civil
engineering), the following equation can be used to compute the
oxygen level c (mg/L) in a river downstream from a sewage
discharge:
c = 10 20(e
0.15x
e
0.5x
)
where x is the distance downstream in kilometers.
(a) Determine the distance downstream where the oxygen level
first falls to a reading of 5 mg/L. (Hint: It is within 2 km of the
discharge.) Determine your answer to a 1% error. Note that lev-
els of oxygen below 5 mg/L are generally harmful to gamefish
such as trout and salmon.
(b) Determine the distance downstream at which the oxygen is at a
minimum. What is the concentration at that location?
cha01064_ch08.qxd 3/20/09 11:54 AM Page 215
PROBLEMS 217
8.19 The displacement of a structure is defined by the following
equation for a damped oscillation:
y = 9e
kt
cos t
where k = 0.7 and = 4.
(a) Use the graphical method to make an initial estimate of the
time required for the displacement to decrease to 3.5.
(b) Use the Newton-Raphson method to determine the root to

s
= 0.01%.
(c) Use the secant method to determine the root to
s
= 0.01%.
8.20 The Manning equation can be written for a rectangular open
channel as
Q =

S(BH)
5/3
n(B +2H)
2/3
where Q =flow [m
3
/s], S =slope [m/m], H =depth [m], and n =
the Manning roughness coefficient. Develop a fixed-point iteration
scheme to solve this equation for H given Q = 5, S = 0.0002,
B = 20, and n = 0.03. Prove that your scheme converges for all
initial guesses greater than or equal to zero.
8.21 In ocean engineering, the equation for a reflected standing
wave in a harbor is given by = 16, t = 12, v = 48:
h = h
0

sin

2x

cos

2t v

+e
x

Solve for the lowest positive value of x if h = 0.4h

0
.
8.22 You buy a $25,000 piece of equipment for nothing down and
$5,500 per year for 6 years. What interest rate are you paying? The
formula relating present worth P, annual payments A, number of
years n, and interest rate i is
A = P
i (1 +i )
n
(1 +i )
n
1
8.23 Many fields of engineering require accurate population
estimates. For example, transportation engineers might find it
necessary to determine separately the population growth trends of
a city and adjacent suburb. The population of the urban area is
declining with time according to
P
u
(t ) = P
u,max
e
k
u
t
+ P
u,min
while the suburban population is growing, as in
P
s
(t ) =
P
s,max
1 +[P
s,max
/P
0
1]e
k
s
t
where P
u,max
, k
u
, P
s,max
, P
0
, and k
s
= empirically derived parame-
ters. Determine the time and corresponding values of P
u
(t ) and
P
s
(t ) when the suburbs are 20% larger than the city. The parameter
values are P
u,max
= 75,000, k
u
= 0.045/yr, P
u,min
= 100,000
people, P
s,max
= 300,000 people, P
0
= 10,000 people, k
s
=
0.08/yr. To obtain your solutions, use (a) graphical, (b) false-
position, and (c) modified secant methods.
8.24 A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in Fig. P8.24.
Using singularity functions, the shear along the beam can be
expressed by the equation:
V(x) = 20[x 0
1
x 5
1
] 15 x 8
0
57
By definition, the singularity function can be expressed as follows:
x a
n
=

(x a)
n
when x > a
0 when x a

Use a numerical method to find the point(s) where the shear equals
zero.
8.25 Using the simply supported beam from Prob. 8.24, the
moment along the beam, M(x), is given by:
M(x) = 10[x 0
2
x 5
2
] +15 x 8
1
+ 150 x 7
0
+57x
Use a numerical method to find the point(s) where the moment
equals zero.
20 kips/ft
150 kip-ft
15 kips
5 2 1 2
Figure P8.24
cha01064_ch08.qxd 3/20/09 11:55 AM Page 217
PROBLEMS 219
pipes. The Fanning friction factor is dependent on a number of pa-
rameters related to the size of the pipe and the fluid, which can all
be represented by another dimensionless quantity, the Reynolds
number Re. A formula that predicts f given Re is the von Karman
equation,
1

f
= 4 log
10
(Re

f ) 0.4
Typical values for the Reynolds number for turbulent flow are
10,000 to 500,000 and for the Fanning friction factor are 0.001 to
0.01. Develop a function that uses bisection to solve for f given a
user-supplied value of Re between 2,500 and 1,000,000. Design the
function so that it ensures that the absolute error in the result is
E
a,d
< 0.000005.
8.34 Real mechanical systems may involve the deflection of non-
linear springs. In Fig. P8.34, a mass mis released a distance h above
a nonlinear spring. The resistance force F of the spring is given by
F =

k
1
d +k
2
d
3/2

Conservation of energy can be used to show that

0 =
2k
2
d
5/2
5
+
1
2
k
1
d
2
mgd mgh
Solve for d, given the following parameter values: k
1
= 40,000g/s
2
,
k
2
= 40 g/(s
2
m
0.5
), m = 95 g, g = 9.81 m/s
2
, and h = 0.43 m.

0
v
0
y
x
Figure P8.36
8.36 Aerospace engineers sometimes compute the trajectories of
projectiles like rockets. Arelated problem deals with the trajectory
of a thrown ball. The trajectory of a ball is defined by the (x, y)
coordinates, as displayed in Fig. P8.36. The trajectory can be
modeled as
y = (tan
0
)x
g
2v
2
0
cos
2

0
x
2
+ y
0
Find the appropriate initial angle
0
, if the initial velocity
v
0
= 20 m/s and the distance to the catcher x is 35 m. Note that the
ball leaves the throwers hand at an elevation of y
0
= 2 m and the
catcher receives it at 1 m. Express the final result in degrees. Use a
value of 9.81 m/s
2
for g and employ the graphical method to
develop your initial guesses.
h
(a) (b)
d
h + d
Figure P8.34
8.35 Mechanical engineers, as well as most other engineers, use
thermodynamics extensively in their work. The following
polynomial can be used to relate the zero-pressure specific heat of
dry air, c
p
kJ/(kg K), to temperature (K):
c
p
= 0.99403 +1.671 10
4
T +9.7215 10
8
T
2
9.5838 10
11
T
3
+1.9520 10
14
T
4
Determine the temperature that corresponds to a specific heat of
1.2 kJ/(kg K).
8.37 The general formfor a three-dimensional stress fieldis givenby

xx

xy

xz

xy

yy

yz

xz

yz

zz

where the diagonal terms represent tensile or compressive stresses

and the off-diagonal terms represent shear stresses. A stress field
(in MPa) is given by

10 14 25
14 7 15
25 15 16

To solve for the principal stresses, it is necessary to construct the

following matrix (again in MPa):

10 14 25
14 7 15
25 15 16

cha01064_ch08.qxd 3/20/09 11:55 AM Page 219

ExtraQuestion:
WriteaCprogramtofindtheresultofMaclaurinSeriesofthefunction
c
x
= 1 +x +
x
2
2!
+
x
3
S!
++
x
n
n!

x valuewillbedecidedbyuser.Stoppingcriteria(
s
)willbe0,05%.