Usually when we enter in

our room in darkness, we find it difficult to

locate the wall mounted switchboard to switch on the light, for a stranger, it is tougher still as he has no knowledge of the correct switch to be turned on. Here is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of switching on and switching off of the lights automatically, when somebody enters or leaves the room during darkness. This circuit has the following features. The lights turns off only when the room is vaccent, or in other words, when all the persons who entered the room have left. A seven segment display shows the number of persons currently inside the room. In this project we use two infra red sensors. oth connected in the door. Two photodiode!s are also connected to the receiver circuit to detect the infra red signal. oth the infra red sensor is connected to the I" ### as a monostable timer. In attach with the sensor and ### we use one up down counter circuit. Up down counter increment and decrement the input pulses and display it on the seven segment display. $ne logic circuit to compare the total number of person in the room is also involved in this project. %or this purpose we use I" &'(# ' bit binary comparator to compare the total number of person in the room.

$ne relay driver circuit to interface the main lights or fan with this unit. )elay provide a high voltage to the fan and lights for proper working. In this monostable timer we use I" ### . *in no ( of this I" is connected to the positive supply. *in no + is connected to the negative supply. *in no , Is connected to the photodiode. In this project we use two ### I". -orking of this project is just like this when -hen any body enter in the room then one infra red sensor is active and one I" is enable and at this time second ### is disable. -hen any person came out from the room then other ### is on and disable first I" and enable this second one. .ote that only one sensor is on at a time. -ith the help of this I" we give a up and down pulse to the up / down counter. *hotodiode is connected to the pin no, via ,, k ohm reistor. ,, k ohm is grounded from the . In normal way when we switch on the circuit both the infra red sensor is on and light is fall on the photodiode. .ow when any body enter in the room then circuit sense the intruption and at this time ### gives its output. $utput from the this ### is connected to the up0down counter through npn transistor. Here we get this output from the collector of the transistor. This collector point is also connected to the pin no ' of second I". $utput available on the collector point is negative and due to this pin no ' of the ne1t I" is become negative and hence this ### is off.

-ith the help of this logI" at a time we switch on one I" and off the second one by controlling a pin no ' by giving a negative voltage on pin no'. $ur ne1t circuit is I" &'+2,. I" &'+2, is a up down counter. *in no +3 and ++ is connected to the positive supply. *in no +,(,2 is connected to the ground voltage4 *in no ' and # is clock input for up and down pulses. This up and down pulse is from the two I" ###. *in no +' of this circuit is connected to the master reset pin +'. . *in no ,,3,&,5 is output pin of this I". These output are in bcd output and in flip flop mode. *in no +# and +6 of this I" is connected to the ground pin.

$utput of this up7down counter is further connected to the ' bit binay comparator circuit. "8 output from the up down counter is connected to

the I" &'(# and I" &''&. I" &&'(# compare the magnitutde of this output and compare this output to the ground pin 2.++.+'.+. when there is any single output on the &'(# then pin no # of this comparator is high and and switch on the relay coil.relay further switch on the output bulb to on. -hen "8 is connected to the &'(# and at the same time this bcd is connected to the I" &''& to display the seven segment code.

.ow when any body enter in the room then I" ### sense the signal through photodiode and then this signal is further connected to the I" &'+2, for clock up signal . this I" gives its output in "8 form and then this output is now connected to the two I" no + I" &'(# and I" &''&. $utput of the I" &''& is connected to the common anode segment display. I" &'(# compare the bcd signal to the ground potential when all the bcd is 9ero then there is no output on the pin no #. If single bcd is high then pin no # become high and output bulb is on.

"I)"UIT 8IA:)A;.

<=.<$) >$:I". In this project we show that how we save the valuable energy. .ot only save the valuable energy but for security reason we use this project in many audiotoriam . -here we want to check the total person to be entered or e1it.

%irst part of this project is Infra red sensor. Here we use infra red sensor as a transmitter and photodiode as a receiver. -hen any body cross the infra red beam then circuit provide a sharp pulse and circuit recogni9e the pulse for counting.

In this project we use two beams of lights. =very person cross this two beams. y crossing these beams in steps we check the interruption of

entery in the room or e1it from the room.

*hotodiode in this sensor is connected to the I" ###. here I" ### work as a monostablke timer. Here we use two ### timer.

Working of infra red transmitter and receiver circuit. This type of infrared pro1imity circuit is widely used as an electric switch where physical contact is not desired for hygiene purpose. %or e1ample, we commonly see use of infrared pro1imity sensors on public drinking fountains and in public washrooms. The simple circuit presented here can be operated by moving your hand in front of it. This is achieved by detecting the infrared light reflected by your hand onto a receiver device.

%ig. + shows the circuit of the touch0free timer switch. It has two sections? transmitter and receiver. The I) transmitter is built around timer >;"### @I"+A, which is wired as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator produces 5(kH9 pulses @at low duty cycleA that drive an infrared >=8 @>=8+A. This freBuency can be tuned using a +60kilo0ohm preset @C)+A. A ,,60ohm series resistor @)5A ensures that the current consumption of the I) transmitter is not out of arrangement. The receiver section is built around I) receiver module T<$*+&5( @I)D+A, timer >;"### @I",A and a few discretecomponents. The T<$*+&5( is an integrated miniaturised receiver for infrared remote control systems. =verything reBuired for I) signal processing, including the *I. diode and preamplifier, are assembled on a lead frame and the epo1y package is

designed

as

an

I)

filter.

-hen a short I) burst is received by I)D+ @as you wave your hand in front of the switchA, the demodulated pulses are fed to the trigger input @pin ,A of the second >;"### @I",A. This, in turn, triggers the monostable wired around I", and its output pin 5 goes high for a period determined by the ,.,0 mega0ohm potentiometer and capacitor "#. This turns off the standby indicator @>=8+A and transistor T+ conducts to drive the #C relay @)>+A. >=8+ enables you to locate the switch in the dark. A" mains supply to the load to be switched0on is routed through the pole and normally0opened contacts of )>+ as shown in the diagram. The circuit works off regulated #C 8".

%ig. , shows the pin configurations of T<$*+&5(, I) >=8+ and transistor "#'&. Assemble the circuit on a general0purpose*" and enclose in a small plastic cabinet. %it I) >=8+ with a reflecting hood at a recessed position on the front panel of the enclosure. The dome0shaped face of the T<$*+&5( should stick out from the front panel. %it the time0control potentiometer @C),A in an appropriate position. %inally, fit the standby indicator >=8+ inside a suitable >=8 holder such that it slightly protrudes

from the front panel. To prevent unwanted reflection of the I) beam, the finished unit should be mounted such that it does not face a nearby wall. Using high0precision linear potentiometer C), and capacitor "# @+66E%A, the time length can be set from nearly + second to +,6 seconds. Attach a small paper dial on the front panel of the enclosure and mark various positions of the control knob of C), as shown in %ig. 5. The accuracy of the timer depends mainly upon the Buality @and valueA of timing capacitor "#. In practice, most electrolytic capacitors are rated on the basis of minimum guaranteed value and the real value may be higher.

Photo Transistor A phototransistor is in essence nothing more than a normal bipolar transistor that is encased in a transparent case so that light can reach the ase0"ollector diode. The phototransistor works like a photodiode, but with a much higher sensitivity for light, because the electrons that tunnel through the ase0"ollector diode are amplified by the transistor function. *hototransistors are specially designed transistors with the base region e1posed. These transistors are light sensitive, especially when infrared source of light is used. They have only two leads @collector and emitterA. -hen there is no light the phototransistor is closed and does not allow a collector0emitter current to go through. The phototransistor opens only with the presence of sufficient light An opto electronic device that conducts current when e1posed to light is the *H$T$T)A.<I<T$). A phototransistor, however, is much more sensitive to light and produces more output current for a given light intensity that does

a photodiode. %igure 505, shows one type of phototransistor, which is made by placing a photodiode in the base circuit of an .*. transistor. >ight falling on the photodiode changes the base current of the transistor, causing the collector current to be amplified. *hototransistors may also be of the *.* type, with the photodiode placed in the base0collector circuit.

%igure 5055 illustrates the schematic symbols for the various types of phototransistors. *hototransistors may be of the two0 terminal type, in which the light intensity on the photodiode alone determines the amount of conduction. They may also be of the three0 terminal type, which have an added base lead that allows an electrical bias to be applied to the base. The bias allows an optimum transistor conduction level, and thus compensates for ambient @normal roomA light intensity. %igure 5055. 0 ,0terminal and 50terminal phototransistors.

Applications

Infrared Infrared @I)A radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation. The name means Fbelow redF @from the >atin infra, FbelowFA, red being the color of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation has wavelengths between &66 nm and + mm. I) is often subdivided into near0I) @.I), 6.&0# Em in wavelengthA, mid0I) @;I) @also intermediate0I) @II)AA, # 0 56 EmA and far0I) @%I), 56 0 +666 EmA. However, these terms are not precise, and are used differently in the various study. Infrared radiation is often linked to heat, since objects at room temperature or above will emit radiation mostly concentrated in the mid0 infrared band Uses Infrared is used in night0vision eBuipment, when there is insufficient visible light to see an object. The radiation is detected and turned into an image on a screen, hotter objects showing up brighter, enabling the police and military to chase targets.

<moke is more transparent to infrared than to visible light, so fire fighters apply infrared imaging eBuipment when working in smoke0filled areas. A more common use of I) is in television remote controls. In this case it is used in preference to radio waves because it does not interfere with the television signal. I) data transmission is also employed in short0range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by Ir8A, the Infrared 8ata Association. )emote controls and Ir8A devices use infrared light0 emitting diodes @>=8sA to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from sunlight, people and other warm objects. The light used in fiber optic communication is typically infrared.

Diode A diode functions as the electronic version of a one0way valve. y

restricting the direction of movement of charge carriers, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but blocks it in the opposite direction. A diodeGs current0voltage, or I0C, characteristic can be appro1imated by two regions of operation. elow a certain difference in potential between the two leads, the diode can be thought of as an open @non0conductiveA circuit. As the potential difference is increased, at some stage the diode will become conductive and allow current to flow, at which point it can be thought of as a connection with 9ero @or at least very lowA resistance Light-emitting diode A light-emitting diode (L D! is a semiconductor device that emits incoherent monochromatic light when electrically biased in the forward direction. This effect is a form of electroluminescence. The color depends on the semiconducting material used, and can be near0ultraviolet, visible or infrared. .ick Holonyak Hr. @+2,( 0 A developed the first practical visible0 spectrum >=8 in +23,.

Light-emitting diodes @variousA L D Technolog" A >=8 is a special type of semiconductor diode. >ike a normal diode, it consists of a chip of semiconducting material impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a structure called a pn junction. "harge0carriers @electrons and holesA are created by an electric current passing through the junction, and release energy in the form of photons as they recombine. The

wavelength of the light, and therefore its colour, depends on the bandgap energy of the materials forming the pn junction. A normal diode, typically made of silicon or germanium, emits invisible far0infrared light, but the materials used for a >=8 have bandgap energies corresponding to near0 infrared, visible or near0ultraviolet light. Unlike incandescent bulbs, which can operate with either A" or 8", >=8s reBuire a 8" supply of the correct polarity. -hen the voltage across the pn junction is in the correct direction, a significant current flows and the device is said to be forward biased. The voltage across the >=8 in this case is fi1ed for a given >=8 and is proportional to the energy of the emitted photons. If the voltage is of the wrong polarity, the device is said to be reverse biased, very little current flows, and no light is emitted. "onventional >=8s are made of inorganic minerals such as?

aluminium gallium arsenide @Al:aAsA 0 red and infrared gallium arsenide7phosphide @:aAs*A 0 red, orange and yellow gallium nitride @:a.A 0 green gallium phosphide @:a*A 0 green 9inc selenide @In<eA 0 blue indium gallium nitride @In:a.A 0 blue

silicon carbide @<i"A 0 blue diamond @"A 0 ultraviolet silicon @<iA 0 under development

>=8 development began with infrared and red devices, and technological advances have made possible the production of devices with ever shorter wavelengths. The semiconducting chip is encased in a solid plastic lens, which is much tougher than the glass envelope of a traditional light bulb or tube. The plastic may be coloured, but this is only for cosmetic reasons and does not affect the colour of the light emitted. T"pical Applications for Phototransistors and I# Ds Why Use Phototransistors? *hototransistors are solid0state light detectors that possess internal gain. This makes them much more sensitive than photodiodes of comparably si9ed area. These devices can be used to provide either an analog or digital output signal. This family of detectors offers the following general characteristics and features?

>ow cost visible and near0I) photodetection

Available with gains from +66 to over +66,666 ;oderately fast response times Available in a wide range of packages including epo1y coated, transfer molded, cast, hermetic packages and in chip form

Usable with almost any visible or near infrared light source such as >=8s, neon, fluorescent, incandescent bulbs, laser, flame sources, sunlight, etc....

<ame general electrical characteristics as familiar signal transistors @e1cept that incident light replaces base drive currentA

"an be specially selected to meet the reBuirements of your particular application

Why Use IRE s? I)=8Gs are solid state light sources which emit light in the near0I) part of the spectrum. ecause they emit at wavelengths which provide a close

match to the peak spectral response of silicon photodetectors both :aAs and :aAlAs >=8s are often used with phototransistors and photodarlingtons. Jey characteristics and features of these light sources include?

>ong operating lifetimes >ow power consumption, compatible with solid state electronics

.arrow band of emitted wavelengths ;inimal generation of heat Available in a wide range of packages including epo1y coated, transfer molded, cast and hermetic packages

>ow cost "an be specially selected to meet the reBuirements of your particular application

Applications *hototransistors can be used as ambient light detectors. -hen used with a controllable light source, typically and >=8, they are often employed as the detector element for optoisolators and transmissive or reflective optical switches. Typical configurations include? $ptoisolator The optoisolator is similar to a transformer in that the output is electrically input. isolated from the

$ptical %&itch An object is detected when it enters the gap of the optical switch and blocks the light path between the emitter and detector.

#etro %ensor The retrosensor of an detects object the by

presence

generating light and then looking for its reflectance off of the object to be sensed. Phototransistors and I# Ds have 'een used in the follo&ing applications. (omputer)*usiness +uipment (onsumer

track 9ero detector 0 floppy drive

coin counters position sensors 0 joysticks remote controllers 0 toys,

margin controls 0 printers

read finger position 0 touch screen

appliances, audio7visual eBuipment games 0 laser tag

detect holes 0 computer card

,edical

monitor paper position 0 copiers

provide electrical isolation between patient and eBuipment

Industrial

monitor intravenous injection rates

>=8 light source 0 light pens

security systems safety shields encoders 0 measure speed and direction

photoelectric controls

asic of the ic ### as a monostable timer.

The ### timer I" was first introduced around +2&+ by the <ignetics "orporation as the <=###7.=### and was called F The I( Time ,achineF and was also the very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby tinkerers with a relatively cheap, stable, and user0friendly integrated circuit for both monostable and astable applications. <ince this device was first made commercially available, a myrad of novel and uniBue circuits have been developed and presented in several trade, professional, and hobby publications. The past ten years some manufacturers stopped making these timers because of competition or other reasons. Ket other companies, like .T= @a subdivision of *hilipsA picked up where some left off.