Solutions Homework 3

Wednesday, October 28 2009 Math 215A

Grading Scheme: In this homework questions 1,2.2, 2.9, 4,5,6 were graded. The
mapping from questions to points worth is as follows : p(1) = 2, p(2.2) = 1, p(2.9) = 1,
p(4) = 2, p(5) = 2 and p(6) = 2, for a total of 10 points.
1. Solution:
1. Let f :

C

C be an automorphism. By the structure theorem for mero-
morphic functions on the Riemann sphere, we get that f must be a rational
function. Notice that the degrees of the numerator and denominator must
be one. If the denominator has distinct roots then would have more than
one preimage and therefore it must be of the form (z a)
n
. Notice that post-
composing f with z 1/z should also be an automorphism of

C, but its
derivative at a will be zero. By problem 5 in homework 2, we conclude that
1/f is not injective, which is a contradiction. The analysis of the numerator
is similar. Thus, f is a fractional linear transformation, say
f =
az + b
cz + d
with ad bc = 0, which immediately yields a homomorphism
: GL
2
(C) Aut(

C)
_
a b
c d
_

az+b
cz+d
It follows that is surjective and that (A) = (B) if and only if A = B
for some C

. That is, Aut(

C) can be identied with the projective linear

group PGL
2
(C).
2. Let f : C C be an automorphism. If were an essential singularity
for f, then Picards big theorem (or the contrapositive of the version in the
book) would imply that f would take all complex values on any neighborhood
of , innitely often, except for one. Since this would contradict the fact
that f is injective in any neighborhood of , we conclude that f is actually
the restriction of an automorphism

f :

C

C xing innity. Therefore,
f must be a linear function az + b for a, b C and a = 0. It follows that
Aut(C) is the matrix group
_
_
a b
0 1
_

b C, a C

_
3. As it was shown in class, the Automorphism group of the unit disk is given
by all fractional linear transformations of the form

z a
1 az
1
Solutions Homework 3
Wednesday, October 28 2009 Math 215A
where |a| < 1 and || = 1. Thus, if we write = e
i
we have

z a
1 az
=
e
i/2
z e
i/2
a
e
i/2
e
i/2
az
=
uz + v
u + vz
now, with this representation it is not hard to see that the matrix group that
they equal to is
PSU
1,1
(C) =
_
_
u v
v u
_
: u, v C, |u|
2
|v|
2
= 1
___
I
_
.
2. Solution: Gamelin exercises IX.3
2.a. Since rotations do not change Euclidean nor Hyperbolic distances and
(0, r) = log
_
1 + r
1 r
_
for r R D, we conclude that
{z D : (0, z) < } = {z D : (0, |z|) < }
=
_
z D : log
_
1 +|z|
1 |z|
_
<
_
=
_
z D : |z| <
e

1
e

+ 1
_
.
2.b. Let D D be any hyperbolic disk and let a D be its center. If we let
f =
z a
1 az
then f is an automorphism of the unit disk that sends a to zero. Since
automorphisms of the unit disk are the same as isometries with respect to
the hyperbolic metric, we conclude that f(D) is a hyperbolic disk centered
at zero, and by part a. also an Euclidean disk. Now, D = f
1
(f(D)) is
the image of an Euclidean disk trough a M obius transformation and it is
therefore a disk on the Riemann sphere. Since D is bounded, it is an honest
disk and we are done.
4. Let us parametrize the boundary of the Euclidean disk of radius r centered
at zero as z = re
i
. In this case, we get |dz| = rd and therefore
Length(D
r
) = 2
_
Dr
|dz|
1 |z|
2
= 2
_
2
0
r
1 r
2
d
= 4
r
1 r
2
2
Solutions Homework 3
Wednesday, October 28 2009 Math 215A
Let D

be the hyperbolic disk of radius , not necessarily centered at zero

and let f : D D be an automorphism of the unit disk that sends the
center of D

to zero. Since f is an isometry, f(D

) = D
r
for
r =
e

1
e

+ 1
and therefore
Length(D

) = Length(D
r
)
= 4
e

1
e

+1
1
_
e

1
e

+1
_
2
= (e

)
= 2 sinh().
5. Using the theorem of change of variables, we get that for a conformal map
f : D D, w = f(z) = u + iv,
4
__
f(E)
1
(1 |w|
2
)
2
dudv = 4
__
E
|det(Df)|
(1 |f(z)|
2
)
2
dxdy
where
det(Df) =
_
u
x
_
2
+
_
v
y
_
2
= |f

(z)|
2
and therefore, using Picks lemma, we get
4
__
f(E)
1
(1 |w|
2
)
2
dudv = 4
__
E
|f

(z)|
2
(1 |f(z)|
2
)
2
dxdy
= 4
__
E
1
(1 |z|
2
)
2
dxdy.
In order to compute the area of a hyperbolic disk of radius , it is therefore
enough to compute the are of an Euclidean disk of radius R =
e

1
e

+1
and
centered at zero. That is, in polar coordinates
4
__
|z|<R
1
(1 |z|
2
)
2
dxdy = 4
_
2
0
_
R
0
r
(1 r
2
)
2
drd
=
4R
2
1 R
2
Finally, if we plug in the value for R in terms of , we get the desired equality.
Notice that the expansion on the statement of the problem is just the Taylor
expansion of cosh() around zero.
3
Solutions Homework 3
Wednesday, October 28 2009 Math 215A
6.a. Here one just computes it, either using spherical coordinates or the fact that
one can rotate the sphere to get the disk centered at zero and then compute
directly with the formula given in the book.
6.b. Compute the area of a disk centered at zero and then use Taylor expansion.
6.c. Geodesics on the plane are straight lines, which are taken to great circles by
the inverse of the stereographic projection.
9.a. The rst thing to notice is that the function
2x
1+x
2
is monotonically increasing
in [0, 1], one can compute the derivative to see this. Next, let be a hyper-
bolic geodesic from z to , |z|, || r < 1, with (0) = z and (1) = . It
follows that || r,
2
is a curve joining z
2
and
2
in D, and therefore
(z
2
,
2
) 2
_

2
|dz|
1 |z|
2
= 4
_
1
0
|(t)|

(t)|
1 |(t)|
4
dt
2
_
1
0
2r
1 + r
2
|

(t)|
1 |(t)|
2
dt
=
2r
1 + r
2
(z, )
Notice that equality happens only when in the second inequality, |(t)| = r
for all t. But in this case, would not intersect D perpendicularly, and we
would contradict the fact that is a geodesic, unless z = .
9.b. To see that the constant is sharp, consider the sequences z
n
= r,
n
= r1/n
and let 0 < C
2r
1+r
2
be so that (z
2
n
,
2
n
) C(z
n
,
n
) for all n N.If

n
(t) = r
1t
n
then
(z
2
n
,
2
n
) = 2
_
1
0
2
n
(t)
1 +
n
(t)
2

n
(t)
1
n
(t)
2
dt
2
_
1
0
2(r 1/n)
1 + (r 1/n)
2

n
(t)
1
n
(t)
2
dt
=
2(r 1/n)
1 + (r 1/n)
2
(z
n
,
n
)
This way
2r
1 + r
2
C lim
n
(z
2
n
,
2
n
)
(z
n
,
n
)

2r
1 + r
2
and the estimate is sharp.
9.c. This follows trivially from the estimate in part a.
4
Solutions Homework 3
Wednesday, October 28 2009 Math 215A
3. Solution: Gamelin Exercises, IX.3
13. If f : H D is a conformal map then
H
= f

(), that is, the hyperbolic

metric on the upper half plane is the pull back of the one on the disk. With
f =
iz
i+z
then
d
H
z =
2|f

(z)|
1 |g(z)|
2
|dz|
and now the computations are trivial. The geodesics will be vertical lines
and half circles perpendicular to the real axis.
14. Notice that using the exponential map, we can get a conformal map from
the strip onto the upper half plane and then proceed by pulling back as in
13. Geodesics here will be pull backs of geodesics in the upper half plane.
4. Solution: The last lemma is the one that breaks down, since we need simply con-
nectedness in order to dene an analytic branch of square root. A simple example
(due to Jack Kamm) is the following: If D = {
1
100
< |z| < 1} and f(z) =
z
1
2
1
1
2
z
then
f(1/2) = 0 and, by Picks lemma, f

(1/2) is maximal. Denoting d = (0, 1/100),

we see that f sends the hole to a hyperbolic disk of radius d centered at 1/2.
The idea is that no matter how the hole is moved around (conformally) in D, if
zero is not in the image, then it is in the hole and therefore no analytic branch of
square root can be dened.
5. Solution: Let D
n
be the hyperbolic disk of radius C, centered at f(z
n
). Since ana-
lytic functions are contractions with respect to the hyperbolic metric, we conclude
that d(f(z
n
), f(
n
)) d(z
n
,
n
) < C for all n N, and therefore f(
n
) D
n
for
all n N. Let us assume now that lim
n
f(z
n
) = 1. Since D
n
is an Euclidean
disk whose (Euclidean) radius goes to zero as n goes to innity, we conclude that
lim
n
|f(z
n
) f(
n
)| = 0 and therefore lim
n
f(
n
) = 1.
6. Solution: A nice solution using only Hyperbolic geometry (due to James Zhao).
Taking g(z) = f
_
za
R
_
, it suces to prove the case a = 0 and R = 1; that is,
f : D D analytic with |f(0)| < A. Since analytic functions are hyperbolic
contractions, we have that for any |z|
1
2
d(0, f(z)) d(0, f(0)) + d(f(0), f(z))
d(0, |f(0)|) + d(0, z)
d(0, A) + d(0, 1/2)
= 2arctanh(A) + 2arctanh(1/2)
Since |f(z)| = tanh(
1
2
d(0, f(z))), setting P = tanh(arctanh(A) + arctanh(
1
2
) + 1)
gives |f(z)| < P < 1, with P depending only on A.
5