EnergyPlus University Course

Introduction to Building Simulation and EnergyPlus
Undergraduate Course Curriculum Information July 31, 2003
Intent
The intent of this document is to present a draft curriculum outline for an undergraduate course that teaches the student about the usage of EnergyPlus. While not all of the curriculum will necessarily be specific to the EnergyPlus program, the vast majority is intended to instruct the student on how EnergyPlus works and what information it needs as input and provides as output.
Assumptions
Every university is slightly different in how it approaches courses, and every instructor will approach a course differently as well. Several assumptions will be made that will help focus the development of this course: This course is intended to be taught primarily to upper-level undergraduate students at the (USA) university level but could also be taught at the graduate level. The primary audience is a student in mechanical or architectural engineering who has had background courses in heat transfer and thermodynamics. Instructors in affiliated fields such as civil engineering, architecture, etc. may need to supplant some of the lecture material with more basic information on heat transfer, thermodynamics, engineering analysis, etc. This course is designed for a university on the semester system where a semester lasts approximately 15 weeks. The lectures will be designed for a traditional 50-minute lecture period and three class sessions per week will be assumed. It is imperative that students spend supervised time in computer laboratories to gain more experience using the program and the input language. Thus, some of the class periods will be assumed to meet in a computer laboratory rather than a lecture hall. Based on the assumptions of 15 weeks and 3-50minute class periods per week, a total of 45 class sessions are available for course introduction, lectures, laboratories, reviews, exams or presentations, etc. Since there is currently no interface for EnergyPlus, the lectures will be developed without referring to any interface. The IDF Editor and EP-Launch can be used in computer laboratories as desired. Existing templates may also be utilized. Complete expertise in EnergyPlus cannot be gained in a single semester. Thus, this course will strive to give the student a working knowledge of most features of
the program rather than expertise in a specific area. Again, no interface will be assumed (this affects what material must be covered in the lectures). Lectures must also provide adequate enough background about what is being simulated so that the students understand what not just how.
General Breakdown of Class Sessions

Based on the assumptions listed in the previous section, the following breakdown of the 45 class sessions can be made. The main focus of this project is to develop the lectures and example assignments. Course syllabi, exams, homework assignments, reviews, course evaluations, etc. are left to the discretion of the individual instructors who will have specific ideas, formats, etc. about what these should be and look like. Course Syllabus and Class Overview1 Session Formal Lectures (PowerPoint Slide Shows Provided)26 Sessions Computer Laboratories (Example Exercises to be developed by Instructor, see section later in this documents for more notes on this)14 to 15 Sessions, some of which may be used as semester project work sessions Exams and/or Presentation of Semester Projects2 to 3 Sessions Final Review, Course Evaluations, Wrap-up1 Session
Class Outline/Schedule (With Semester Projects)

In many cases, the lessons learned and knowledge gained by a course in EnergyPlus is best applied not only through application assignments but also a semester project that deals with using EnergyPlus. The main goal would be to demonstrate the use of EnergyPlus to model an existing building or a building design. Instructors could also require students to compare the results with measured building data and/or perform the analysis or retrofit or design options to improve the overall performance of the building. The following schedule is intended to work with a course that uses a project to test student comprehension rather than exams. Obviously, individual instructors are free to adapt the schedule and lecture material as they see fit. In some cases, instructors may wish to use the example assignments sparingly and focus more on student projects. Note that an accompanying spreadsheet contains the number of slides for each of the individual lectures. Note that some lectures are too long to cover in one hour and this may require an adjustment of the schedule. Lectures 4 and 14 are examples of lectures that may require two hours to cover. Again, discretion is left up to the individual instructor as to whether material will be skipped or lectures will be enhanced. Thus, the schedule is merely a starting point that will need to be customized. Computer laboratories may include activities other than input file creation (such as looking up and/or downloading weather data or documentation, research on materials or construction techniques, etc.) Week Week 1 Class Type General Description Class Overview and Discussion of Course Syllabus
Week 1 Week 1 Week 2 Week 2 Week 2 Week 3 Week 3 Week 3 Week 4 Week 4 Week 4 Week 5 Week 5 Week 5 Week 6 Week 6 Week 6 Week 7
Week 7 Week 7 Week 8 Week 8 Week 8 Week 9 Week 9 Week 9 Week 10 Week 10 Week 10 Week 11 Week 11 Week 11 Week 12 Week 12 Week 12
EnergyPlus Overview (Program History, Files Overview, Web Resources) Computer Laboratory 1 Intro to/Demo of IDF Editor/EP-Launch/Install Lecture 2 Running EnergyPlus and Output Lecture 3 Output Variables, Meters, Reports Computer Laboratory 2 Introduction to Output Lecture 4 Simulation control, weather, location, ground temperature Lecture 5 Materials, Constructions, Surfaces, Zones, Buildings Computer Laboratory 3 Run Control and Weather Information Exercise Lecture 6 Materials, Constructions, Surfaces, Zones, Buildings Lecture 7 Building Modeling Questions Computer Laboratory 4 Building Envelope Exercise Lecture 8 Schedules, Internal Gains, Infiltration Lecture 9 Windows, Daylighting Computer Laboratory 5 Scheduled Heat Gains and Zone Controls Exercise Lecture 10 Zone and Modeling Controls, Purchased Air Lecture 11 Simple Ventilation, Mixing/Cross Mixing, COMIS Computer Laboratory 6 Windows and Daylighting Exercise Lecture 12 Green Input: Trombe Wall, Movable/Transparent Insulation, Thermal Mass, etc. Lecture 13 Loops, Nodes, Branches, Connectors Computer Laboratory 7 Air Movement and Green Features Exercise Lecture 14 Air Loops and Zone Equipment Lecture 15 Air Loops and Zone Equipment Computer Laboratory 8 Semester Project Work Session Lecture 16 Air Loops and Zone Equipment Lecture 17 Air Loops and Zone Equipment Computer Laboratory 9 Air Loops and Zone Equipment Exercise Lecture 18 Templates and Autosizing Lecture 19 Outside Air Computer Laboratory 10 Semester Project Work Session Lecture 20 Radiant Systems Lecture 21 Plant/Condenser Loops and Equipment Computer Laboratory 11 Radiant System Exercise Lecture 22 Plant/Condenser Loops and Equipment Lecture 23 Plant/Condenser Loops and Equipment Computer Laboratory 12 Plant and Condenser Loop Exercise
Lecture 1
Week 13 Week 13 Week 13 Week 14 Week 14 Week 14 Week 15 Week 15 Week 15
Lecture 24 Lecture 25 Lecture 26 Computer Laboratory 13 Computer Laboratory 14 Computer Laboratory 15 Project Presentations Project Presentations General
Ground Heat Transfer TBD or Catch up/Lecture 4b TBD or Catch up/Lecture 14b Semester Project Work Session Semester Project Work Session Semester Project Work Session In-Class Presentations By Students In-Class Presentations By Students Final Review, Course Evaluations, Class Wrapup
Class Outline/Schedule (With Exams/Quizzes)

The content and goals for this class are the same as for the project class except that exams are used to further and test student comprehension of EnergyPlus. However, the schedule is slightly altered to allow time for exams. Week Week 1 Week 1 Week 1 Week 2 Week 2 Week 2 Week 3 Week 3 Week 3 Week 4 Week 4 Week 4 Week 5 Week 5 Week 5 Week 6 Week 6 Week 6 Week 7 Class Type General Lecture 1 Computer Laboratory 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Computer Laboratory 2 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Computer Laboratory 3 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Computer Laboratory 4 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Exam 1 Computer Laboratory 5 Lecture 10 Lecture 11 Computer Laboratory 6 Description Class Overview and Discussion of Course Syllabus EnergyPlus Overview (Program History, Files Overview, Web Resources) Intro to/Demo of IDF Editor/EP-Launch/Install Running EnergyPlus and Output Output Variables, Meters, Reports Introduction to Output Simulation control, weather, location, ground temperature Materials, Constructions, Surfaces, Zones, Buildings Run Control and Weather Information Exercise Materials, Constructions, Surfaces, Zones, Buildings Building Modeling Questions Building Envelope Exercise Schedules, Internal Gains, Infiltration Windows, Daylighting Scheduled Heat Gains and Zone Controls Exercise Zone and Modeling Controls, Purchased Air Simple Ventilation, Mixing/Cross Mixing, COMIS Windows and Daylighting Exercise
Week 7
Lecture 12
Week 7 Week 8 Week 8 Week 8 Week 9 Week 9 Week 9 Week 10 Week 10 Week 10 Week 11 Week 11 Week 11 Week 12 Week 12 Week 12 Week 13 Week 13 Week 13 Week 14 Week 14 Week 14 Week 15 Week 15 Week 15
Lecture 13 Computer Laboratory 7 Lecture 14 Lecture 15 Computer Laboratory 8 Lecture 16 Lecture 17 Exam 2 Computer Laboratory 9 Lecture 18 Lecture 19 Computer Laboratory 10 Lecture 20 Lecture 21 Computer Laboratory 11 Lecture 22 Lecture 23 Computer Laboratory 12 Lecture 24 Lecture 25 Exam 3 Lecture 26 Computer Laboratory 13 Computer Laboratory 14 General
Green Input: Trombe Wall, Movable/Transparent Insulation, Thermal Mass, etc. Loops, Nodes, Branches, Connectors Air Movement and Green Features Exercise Air Loops and Zone Equipment Air Loops and Zone Equipment Air Loops and Zone Equipment Exercise Air Loops and Zone Equipment Air Loops and Zone Equipment Air Loops and Zone Equipment Exercise Templates and Autosizing Outside Air Air Loops, Templates, and Autosizing Exercise Radiant Systems Plant/Condenser Loops and Equipment Radiant System Exercise Plant/Condenser Loops and Equipment Plant/Condenser Loops and Equipment Plant and Condenser Loop Exercise Ground Heat Transfer TBD or Catch up/Lecture 4b TBD or Catch up/Lecture 14b Independent Research Assignment Independent Research Assignment Final Review, Course Evaluations, Class Wrapup
Lecture Examples and Homework Assignments

Examples and case studies have been used through the lectures to provide the students with some insight into the workings of EnergyPlus and also to initiate discussions between the instructor and the students. The lectures do not claim to be exhaustive in covering every detail that could potentially be investigated or discussed in class. Some examples might be overly complex for some of the students. Instructors may wish to replace examples and case studies with ones from their own course material or create new ones that focus on more specific topics or that allow a particular effect to be analyzed. Instructors may also wish to assign simpler examples or targeted case studies as homework assignmentsallowing the students to gain experience with the program and to take time outside of class to think through particular issues involved with simulating buildings.
In addition, while is some cases, instructors will have homework assignments and examples that used other simulation programs which they wish to convert to EnergyPlus examples, other instructors may not have a library of examples and homework assignments. The lectures developed for this university course were a part of a larger research project that also developed lectures for professionals. These professional series lectures also included workshops that could be used as homework assignments. Information on where to locate these workshops should be available at the NREL web site.
Concluding Comments
We hope that you enjoy the lectures provided in this course and will find them useful in your teaching efforts. You may only use part of the material for an unrelated course, you may use the lectures as they are, or you may modify/enhance the lectures to suit the particular focus of your course. The authors of this lecture series hope that instructors using these materials will share their experiences and improvements with NREL so that others instructors and the students can benefit from the collective body of knowledge in this area.
Lecture 1: An Overview of Simulation and EnergyPlus
Material prepared by GARD Analytics, Inc. and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under contract to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. All material Copyright 2002-2003 U.S.D.O.E. - All rights reserved
Purpose of this Lecture

Gain an understanding of

Simulation as a Concept EnergyPlus as a Simulation Tool
Briefly review topics important to your
understanding of building thermal simulations
What is Simulation?
Definition: the imitative representation
of the functioning of one system or process by means of the functioning of another <a computer simulation of an industrial process> (Merriam-Webster Dictionary On-Line)
What is Building Thermal Simulation?

Approximate definition: a computer
model of the energy processes within a building that are intended to provide a thermally comfortable environment for the occupants (or contents) of a building Examples of building thermal simulation programs: EnergyPlus, Energy-10, BLAST, DOE-2, esp-R, TRNSYS, etc.
4
Goals of Building Thermal Simulation

Load Calculations
Generally used for determining sizing of equipment such as fans, chillers, boilers, etc. Helps evaluate the energy cost of the building over longer periods of time
Energy Analysis
Why is Simulation Important?

Buildings consume roughly one-third of
all the energy consumed nationally every year
Much of this energy is consumed maintaining the thermal conditions inside the building and lighting
Simulation can and has played a
significant role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings

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How does Simulation save Energy?

Building thermal simulation allows one to
model a building before it is built or before renovations are started Simulation allows various energy alternatives to be investigated and options compared to one another Simulation can lead to an energy-optimized building or inform the design process Simulation is much less expensive and less time consuming than experimentation (every building is different)
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Quick Review of Important Background Concepts

Control Volumes and the Conservation of: Mass Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics) Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conductiontransfer of thermal energy through a solid Convectionexchange of thermal energy between a solid and a fluid that are in contact Radiationexchange of thermal energy via electro-magnetic waves between bodies or surfaces
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What is EnergyPlus?
Fully integrated building & HVAC
simulation program Based on best features of BLAST and DOE-2 plus new capabilities Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP & Linux Simulation engine only Interfaces available from private software developers
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EnergyPlus Concepts
Time dependent conduction
Conduction through building surfaces calculated with conduction transfer functions Heat storage and time lags Approximates air exchange using a nodal model Missing wall does not let air in Missing roof does not let sun in
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Migration between zones
Only models what is explicitly described

EnergyPlus Concepts (contd)

Heat balance loads calculation (one of two load Moisture balance calculation Simultaneous building/systems solution Sub-hourly time steps Modular HVAC system simulation WINDOW 5 methodology
calculation methods recommended by ASHRAE)
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EnergyPlus Concepts (contd)

Simple input/output file structures No surface, zone or system limits

Defaults to 50 coils per HVAC loop Can be increased COMIS, wind-induced airflow TRNYSYS, Photovoltaics
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Links to other software

EnergyPlus Structure
13
Integrated Simulation Manager

Fully integrated simulation of loads,
systems and plant
Integrated simulation allows capacity limits to be modeled more realistically Provides tighter coupling between the airand water-side of the system and plant
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Integrated Simulation Manager (contd)
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Input/Output Data
EnergyPlus input and output data files
designed for easy maintenance and expansion Will accept simulation input data from other sources such as CADD programs (AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, Visio), and preprocessors similar to those written for BLAST and DOE2 An EnergyPlus input file is not intended to be the main interface for typical end-users
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Input/Output Data (contd)

Most users will use EnergyPlus through
an interface from a third-party developer Utilities convert portions of BLAST and DOE2 input to EnergyPlus input

Materials and constructions Schedules Building envelope surfaces
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Summary
EnergyPlus builds on the strengths of BLAST
and DOE-2 and includes many new simulation capabilities:
Integrated loads, system and plant calculations in same time step. User-configurable HVAC system description. Modular structure to facilitate the addition of new simulation modules. Simple input and output data formats to facilitate graphical front-end development.
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Basic Input and Output Issues

General Philosophy Input/Output Files Overall File Structures Input Object Structure Input Data Dictionary (IDD) Weather Files
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General Philosophy of Input/Output/Weather

Simple, free-format text files SI units only Comma-separated Object-based Somewhat self-documenting Two partsdictionary and data or simulation
results Not user-friendly Interfaces will help Can become large
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InputOutput Files
EnergyPlus Program
Input Data Dictionary (IDD)
Input Data Dictionary This file is created by EnergyPlus developers. Main Program Module Module
Output Files
File Types: Standard Reports Standard Reports (Detail) Optional Reports Optional Reports (Detail) Initialization Reports Overview of File Format: Header Data Dictionary Data Note: These files will be created by EnergyPlus.
Module
Module
Input Data Files (IDF)

Input Data File This file will be created by User Object,data,data,,data; Object,data,data,,data; Module Module
Output Processor
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Input Object Structure

Begin with object type followed by comma A (alpha) and N (numeric) fields in exact order Fields separated by commas Last field followed by semi-colon Commas are necessary placeholders
BASEBOARD HEATER:Water:Convective, Zone1Baseboard, FanAndCoilAvailSched, Zone 1 Reheat Water Inlet Node, Zone 1 Reheat Water Outlet Node, 500., 0.0013, 0.001; !!!!!!!Baseboard Name Available Schedule Inlet_Node Outlet_Node UA {W/delK} Max Water Flow Rate {m3/s} Convergence Tolerance 22
Input Object Structure (contd)

Alpha fields 60 characters maximum ! exclamation point begins comments IDF objects can be in any order IDF Editor may rearrange the order !- IDF Editor automated comments IDF Editor cannot be used with HVAC Templates
BASEBOARD HEATER:Water:Convective, Zone1Baseboard, FanAndCoilAvailSched, Zone 1 Reheat Water Inlet Node, Zone 1 Reheat Water Outlet Node, 500., 0.0013, 0.001; !!!!!!!Baseboard Name Available Schedule Inlet_Node Outlet_Node UA {W/delK} Max Water Flow Rate {m3/s} Convergence Tolerance 23
Input Object Structure (contd)

Not case-sensitive Input processor checks basic rules, A vs. N, number
of fields, valid object type, max/min, etc. IDF objects are generally retrieved by each component simulation module
BASEBOARD HEATER:Water:Convective, Zone1Baseboard, FanAndCoilAvailSched, Zone 1 Reheat Water Inlet Node, Zone 1 Reheat Water Outlet Node, 500., 0.0013, 0.001; !!!!!!!-
Baseboard Name Available Schedule Inlet_Node Outlet_Node UA {W/delK} Max Water Flow Rate {m3/s} Convergence Tolerance 24
Input Data Dictionary (IDD File)

Energy+.idd Located in
EnergyPlus folder

Conceptually simple
A (alpha) or N (Numeric)
BASEBOARD HEATER:Water:Convective, A1 , \field Baseboard Name \required-field A2 , \field Available Schedule \required-field \type object-list \object-list ScheduleNames . . . N1 , \field UA \required-field \autosizable \units W/delK . . . N3 ; \field Convergence Tolerance \type real \Minimum> 0.0 \Default 0.001 25
IDD File (contd)

Lists every available input object

If it isnt in the IDD, then its not available IDD version must be consistent with exe version IDD is the final word (even if other documentation does not agree)
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IDD File (contd)

\code Specifications

Field descriptions Units Value ranges (minimum, maximum) Defaults Autosizing
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IDD File (contd)

Get to know the IDD file Easy way to quickly check object syntax Refer to Input Output Reference for
detailed explanations of inputs
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Allowable Ranges and Defaults

Allowable ranges Some max/min declared in IDD
Fatal error if outside of range
Some max/min hidden in source code

May reset value and issue warning, may be fatal
Defaults Some defaults declared in IDD Some defaults hidden in source code Some values have no defaults
Alphas become blank Numerics become zero
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Weather Data (epw file)

Weather year for energy use
comparisons, similar to other programs Hourly, can be subhourly Hourly data is linearly interpolated Data include temperature, humidity, solar, wind, etc. Several included in standard install
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Output Data Format

Same philosophy as for input;
somewhat human readable output files EnergyPlus can perform some output processing to help limit output size User definable variable level reporting
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Output Reporting Flexibility

User can select any variables available
for output User can specify output at time step, hourly, daily, monthly, or environment intervals User can schedule each output variable User can select various meters by resource and end-use
32
Questions
How long will my simulation take? Depends on size of input file, length of simulation period (day vs. year), and speed of computer Might range from a few seconds to several minutes (some detailed simulation modules may require even longer) EnergyPlus will display progress in a window on the desktop so that the user knows where it is at
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Questions (contd)
How do I know whether the program read my input
correctly?
Take a look at the .EIO file (EnergyPlus initialization output)this may indicate that you have misinterpreted an input parameter Check results output files and see if they are reasonable
How will I know whether my simulation results are
reasonable or outrageous?

See previous question Consider Load Check Figures available from sources such as ASHRAE Compare to other simulations or consult your instructor Do some simple hand calculations (such as UAT) and see if the numbers are in the ballpark
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Computer Laboratory 1: Installing and Using EnergyPlus

Gain an understanding of

How to Install EnergyPlus How to Use EnergyPlus Auxiliary Programs and Documentation for EnergyPlus
Installing EnergyPlus
EnergyPlus Components EnergyPlus Folders
Installing EnergyPlus
Select Components Menu Documentation EP-Launch IDFEditor SampleFiles WeatherConvertor BLASTTranslator DOETranslator GroundHeatTransferPreProcessor IFCtoIDF Included in default installation 12759k 1819k 415k 29065k 2428k 4978k 663k 770k 2910k
Installing EnergyPlus (contd)

After installation the EnergyPlus directory will
contain the following subdirectories (if default components are selected):

BACKUP DataSets Documentation Example Files PostProcess
PreProcess Templates Trnsysspv WeatherData
EnergyPlus Folders
EnergyPlus
Location selected during install Default is c:\EnergyPlus Batch files Executables Readme
DataSets Folder
DataSets

Predefined Objects
Locations Design Days Materials Constructions Schedules and more
MacroDataSets ##if blocks for parametric batch runs
Documentation Folder
Documentation
User & Developer Documentation Bookmarks to Navigate Searchable <Ctrl-F> PDF Format Requires Acrobat Reader 5.0 or higher (www.adobe.com)
ExampleFiles Folder
ExampleFiles
Dozens of example inputs Named by key feature e.g., CVBbRh.idf Many concepts are best learned by example
WeatherData Folder
WeatherData
User can download additional EPW weather files at www.energyplus.gov
10
Start Menu Shortcuts

Start Programs DocMainMenu
EnergyPlus Vn-n-n Programs

Docs Menu Page Easy-to-Use Run Tool Input File Editor
11
EP-Launch
IDFEditor
Start Menu Shortcuts (contd)

IFCtoIDF
Convert IFC Files Process Weather Data Create Weather Reports
WeatherConverter
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User Documentation
Eplus Main Menu
EnergyPlus\Documentation\ EPlusMainMenu.pdf Start Programs EnergyPlus Programs DocMainMenu Getting Started Input Output Reference Output Details and Examples Engineering Reference Auxiliary Programs/Developer Guides Frequently Asked Questions
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Auxiliary Tools
Run-time Tools
EP-Launch IDF Editor WinEPDraw
Input/Output Tools

14
EP-Launch
Assistance in running EnergyPlus Reads EPL-Run.bat file Creates RunEP.bat file and executes Displays run status (eplusout.end) Can view all input and output Files Several user options available
15
EP-Launch
Access EnergyPlus documentation Select and edit input file
Select weather file
View output files Run EnergyPlus
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EP-Launch Setup
Select desired text editor program (defaults to .txt editor) Select drawing viewer for DXF files (VoloView Express is free from www.autodesk.com) Select desired spreadsheet program to view csv files
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EP-Launch Options
Open only ERR and EIO output files Pause batch file after EnergyPlus execution to read traceback if crash
Wide format for long path names
18
EP-Launch Alternate Layout
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Results
ERR file contains warnings and errors
(always look here!) EIO file contains additional EnergyPlus results, including verification of location, environment, summary reports, etc. View menu ERR/EIO only (F2) RDD file lists the output variables available from the run
20
Results (contd)
ESO file contains the raw output from the run
(users rarely look here) CSV versions of ESO and MTR files can be opened by clicking on the Spreadsheet button
Can be imported into any spreadsheet program that accepts the CSV format
DXF file can be viewed by clicking on the
Drawing File button
Can be imported into any CAD program that accepts the DXF format
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IDF Editor
Not really an interface Reads IDD Structures data entry based on IDD Writes objects in IDD order
e.g. Run Period, Design Days, all Materials, all Constructions, all Zones, all Surfaces Files generated by other means will be rearranged
CANNOT read IMF files (see EP-Macro)

22
IDF Editor
Select object type from class list Description of entry, max and min when applicable Pull-down list of keywords or references when applicable Objects shown here for selected class
23
WinEPDraw
Creates dxf drawing Does not run simulation *.epderr file reports errors Run independently EP-Launch drawing button will run if

dxf file not present dxf file older than idf

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Summary
EnergyPlus install includes
documentation and example files Various auxiliary programs can be used with EnergyPlus when a more sophisticated interface is not available, the most important utilities are:

EP-Launch (launches EnergyPlus) IDF Editor (edits input files for EnergyPlus)
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Lecture 2: Simulating Buildings and EnergyPlus Auxiliary Programs
Importance of this Lecture to the Simulation of Buildings

Simulation of buildings requires 3 main steps: Creation of Building Model (Input Definition) Utilizing a Simulation Program (Running/Debugging Input) Analysis of Simulation Results (Output) Most of the lectures in this course focus on the first
of the three steps since this is where most of your time will be spent However, using a program and understanding its output is as critical to the proper use of simulation This lecture focuses on the last two steps since they will be useful throughout the semester and will restrict the discussion to the program we are using this semester: EnergyPlus
2

Gain an understanding of the following
EnergyPlus related issues

Simulation Types EnergyPlus Files Auxiliary Programs EnergyPlus Output Handling Errors in Input
Simulation Types
Peak Thermal Load Calculation Simulation run for an extreme (design) day or several design days Generally used for determining sizing of equipment such as fans, chillers, boilers, etc. Building Energy Analysis Simulation run for an extended period of time: a month, season, year, or several years using weather files Includes the building response to the entire range of conditions expected at a particular site Helps evaluate the energy cost of the building over longer periods of time
EnergyPlus Files
Let EP-Launch or RunEPlus.bat worry about
getting files into the right place Simple, console app concept

Energy+.idd constant Energy+.ini working file paths In.idf input data file In.epw weather data
Input files in working directory Execution from working directory

5
Files Overview
Simple ASCII files Simple input format (self-contained) User-defined output (comma separated
data) can be interpreted by many programs

Spreadsheets Databases Custom Programs
Note: be advised that the use of some word processing programs to create input files may result in errors due to their use of non-simple carriage returns. 6 Notepad works well if one is trying to create input files by hand.
EP-Launch
Assistance in running EnergyPlus Reads EPL-Run.bat file Creates RunEP.bat file and executes Displays run status (eplusout.end) Can view all input and output files Several user options available
EP-Launch
Access EnergyPlus documentation Select and edit input file
Select weather file
View output files Run EnergyPlus
EP-Launch Setup
Select desired text editor program (defaults to .txt editor) Select drawing viewer for DXF files (VoloView Express is free from www.autodesk.com) Select desired spreadsheet program to view csv files
9
EP-Launch Options
Open only ERR and EIO output files Pause batch file after EnergyPlus execution to read traceback if crash
Wide format for long path names
10
EP-Launch Alternate Layout
11
IDF Editor
Not really an interface Reads IDD Structures data entry based on IDD Writes objects in IDD order e.g. Run Period, Design Days, all Materials, all Constructions, all Zones, all Surfaces Files generated by other means will be rearranged CANNOT read IMF files (see EP-Macro) Some tasks must be done in text editor
12
IDF Editor
Select object type from class list Description of entry, max and min when applicable Pull-down list of keywords or references when applicable Objects shown here for selected class
13
WinEPDraw
Creates dxf drawing Does not run simulation *.epderr file reports errors Run independently EP-Launch drawing button will run if

dxf file not present dxf file older than idf

14
Results
ERR file contains warnings and errors
(always look here!) EIO file contains additional EnergyPlus results, including verification of location, environment, summary reports, etc. View menu ERR/EIO/BND only (F2) RDD file lists the output variables available from the run
15
Results (contd)
ESO file contains the raw output from the run
(users rarely look here) CSV versions of ESO and MTR files can be opened by clicking on the Spreadsheet button
Can be imported into any spreadsheet program that accepts the CSV format
DXF file can be viewed by clicking on the
Drawing File button
Can be imported into any CAD program that accepts the DXF format
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Input Error Detection

Input Processor checks field type, max, min,
required fields, based on IDD specifications Inputs are not processed sequentially Simulation modules perform additional checks Certain errors will terminate program before all input has been retrieved by simulation modules Previously undetected errors may be reported after fixing other errors
17
Error Diagnostics
ERR file reports any errors that may
have occurred during the simulation

Error messages may be generated during its input phase or during the simulation Error messages usually identify specific object type and name related to the error Use search command to locate error in IDF file
18
Error Diagnostics (contd)

Four levels of error severity:
Message Informative. No action required. Warning Take note. Fix as applicable. Severe Should fix. Program may abort. Fatal Program will abort
19

Running EnergyPlus with CVBbRh.idf
results in the following Err file:
Program Version,EnergyPlus, Version 1.1.1 ** Warning ** Version in IDF="1.1" not the same as expected="1.1.1" ** Warning ** World Coordinate System selected. Some Zone Origins are non-zero. ** ~~~ ** These will be used in Daylighting:Detailed calculations but not in normal geometry inputs. ************* Testing Individual Branch Integrity ************* All Branches passed integrity testing ************* Testing Individual Supply Air Path Integrity ************* All Supply Air Paths passed integrity testing ************* Testing Individual Return Air Path Integrity ************* All Return Air Paths passed integrity testing ************* No node connection errors were found. ** Warning ** The following lines are "Orphan Objects". These objects are in the idf ** ~~~ ** file but are never obtained by the simulation and therefore are NOT used. ** ~~~ ** See InputOutputReference document for more details. ************* Object=FLUIDNAMES=WATER ************* Object=FLUIDPROPERTYTEMPERATURES=GLYCOLTEMPERATURES ************* Object=FLUIDPROPERTYCONCENTRATION=WATER ************* EnergyPlus Completed Successfully-- 3 Warning; 0 Severe Errors; Elapsed Time=00hr 00min 06sec
Only messages and warningsEnergyPlus ran successfully

20

Typo in file
BUILDING, NONE, !- Building Name 0.0000000E+00, !- North Axis {deg} Suburbs, !- Terrain 3.9999999E-02, !- Loads Convergence Tolerance Value {W} 0.4000000, !- Temperature Convergence Tolerance Value {deltaC} FullInteriorAndExterior; !- Solar Distribution abcdefg
Typo here
SOLUTION ALGORITHM, CTF; !- SolutionAlgo
21

Err file error message
Program Version,EnergyPlus 1.1.0.018, 4/23/2003 9:40 AM ************* IDF Line=28 abcdefg ** Severe ** , or ; expected on this line
22

*.audit file for context Search for error flag
20 BUILDING, 21 NONE, !- Building Name 22 0.0000000E+00, !- North Axis {deg} 23 Suburbs, !- Terrain 24 3.9999999E-02, !- Loads Convergence Tolerance Value {W} 25 0.4000000, !- Temperature Convergence Tolerance Value {deltaC} 26 FullInteriorAndExterior; !- Solar Distribution 27 Typo here 28 abcdefg ** Severe ** , or ; expected on this line 29
Error message here
23

Crashes

EP-Launch indicates that EnergyPlus crashed EP-LaunchView MenuPause During Simulation - adds a pause to view traceback Name of failed routine may provide a clue to where the problem lies, e.g., CalcSimple Cooling Coil
24
25

Reports Report, Surfaces, DXF
DXF file that will render the surfaces specified in the IDF
file into something viewable
Report, Surfaces, Details

Lists all surfaces with area, azimuth, tilt, construction
and surface type
Report Variable Dictionary

Allows determination of all of the key strings to specify
report variables in the input files (produces RDD file)
Report, Construction
Lists thermal properties of all construction types
26

Common Errors

Missing comma or semicolon Inappropriate zero value Upside down roof or floor HVAC missing components HVAC misconnected nodes Empty objects in IDF Editor
27
Summary
Two main simulation categories:

Thermal load calculations Energy analysis Energy+.idd and Energy+.ini In.idf and in.epw
Important input files for EnergyPlus:

EP-Launch used to select input files and
weather as well as executing EnergyPlus

28
Summary (contd)
Output and error diagnostics:
*.err (and *.audit) messages are not necessarily problems Messages and warnings may or may not be important to the simulation (informational in many cases) Severe and fatal errors need to be addressed Other output files (*.eso, *.csv, *.dxf, *.eio) can also aid in determining problems in user input
29
Lecture 3: OutputReports, Variables, and Meters

Running a simulation program results in
the production of output data Understanding the output data and its format can help avoid mistakes and save time

Gain an understanding of:

Different output files of EnergyPlus Which output will be the most useful and how to get it Define accumulation meters to save time in processing and analyzing results
Keywords Covered in this Lecture

Report Report Variable Report Meter
Output Data Format

Same philosophy as for input;
somewhat human readable output files EnergyPlus can perform some output processing to help limit output size User definable variable level reporting
Output Reporting Flexibility

User can select any variables available
for output User can specify output at time step, hourly, daily, monthly, or environment intervals User can schedule each output variable User can select various meters by resource and end-use
6
Types of Output
Report Variables Report Meters Default Reports Optional Reports
Output Files
Eplusout.<ext> Filename.<ext> eio eso csv err rdd
Initialization Output environments, constructions, global settings Standard Output numeric data csv spreadsheet of eso data Errors Output always review this! Report Data Dictionary list of valid report variables for a particular run
8
Output Files (contd)

dxf
dxf drawing of building surfaces mtr Meter output numeric data Meter.csv csv spreadsheet of meter data mtd Meter details lists which report variables are on which meters cif Comis input file zsz Zone sizing report ssz System sizing report
Created using CVBbR h.idf
9
Output Files (contd)

bnd
Branch and node details dbg Debug output trn Trnsys output sln Vertices of surface For more details see Output Details and Examples
10
Report Commands
Report Variable, EAST ZONE, Mean Air Temperature, Timestep; Report Variable, *, Mean Air Temperature, Daily, Report Schedule; Report, Variable Dictionary; Report, Construction; Report, Surfaces, DXF; Report, Surfaces, Details;
MAT only for EAST ZONE every timestep MAT for all zones, daily average, only when Report Schedule equals 1 List all available variables *.rdd List material and construction properties *.eio Produce drawing of surfaces *.dxf List all surfaces with area, tilt, construction, etc.
11
Report Commands (contd)

Report Variable,,Outdoor Dry Bulb,monthly; Report Variable,Zone 1,Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling Energy,monthly; Report Variable,Zone 1,Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Energy,monthly; Report Variable,,Heating Coil Energy,monthly; Report Variable,,DX Coil Sensible Cooling Energy,monthly; Report Variable,,DX Coil Latent Cooling Energy,monthly; Report Variable,,DX Coil Total Cooling Energy,monthly; Report Variable,,DX Cooling Coil Electric Consumption,monthly; Report Variable,,Fan Electric Consumption,monthly; Report Variable,,Zone/Sys Air Temp,monthly; Report,Variable dictionary; Report,surfaces,dxf; Report,surfaces,details; Report,construction;
12
Output Data Dictionary (ESO File)

Data Dictionary - Beginning of Output Data File 1,5,Environment Title[],Latitude[degrees],Longitude[degrees],Time Zone[],Elevation[m] 2,6,Day of Simulation[],Month[],Day of Month[],DST Indicator[1=yes 0=no],Hour[],StartMinute[],EndMinute[],DayType 3,3,Cumulative Day of Simulation[],Month[],Day of Month[],DST Indicator[1=yes 0=no],DayType ! When Daily Report Variables Requested 246,2,ZN001:FLR001,Surface Inside Temperature[C] !TimeStep 302,2,ZN002:FLR001,Surface Inside Temperature[C] !TimeStep . . . End of Data Dictionary
13
Output Data (ESO File)

Output Data After the Data Dictionary 1,CHANUTE AFB ILLINOIS SUMMER, 40.30, -88.13, 229.51 2, 1, 7,21, 0, 1, 0.00,10.00,Monday 246,33.3319029536235 302,31.7565160760406 . . . -6.00,
14
ESO vs. CSV

ESO Raw data in comma separated format Stream of conscience reportvariables print as they are determined Less convenient for viewing variables CSV Organized data in comma separated format Each row contains data in columns for a particular time step More convenient for viewing variables Requires an .rvi file and must run post-processing program EP-Launch handles this automatically
15
CSV File Sample

Date/Time Environment:Outdoor ZONE ONE:Zone/Sys Sensible ZONE ONE:Zone/Sys Sensible ZONE ONE:Zone/Sys Air Dry Bulb [C](Monthly) Heating Energy[J](Monthly) Cooling Energy[J](Monthly) Temp[C](Monthly) July 25.58495468 0.00E+00 19028775.23 24.4112152 January -17.77778 253868837.1 0.00E+00 20.28659003 January -4.63546707 4144370093 0.00E+00 20.43495965 February -2.23312872 3151142586 0.00E+00 20.46221742 March 1.603242608 2545318797 0.00E+00 20.54348182 April 8.370677083 1431785319 324853.0522 21.20071107 May 15.30398185 639305402.1 51404202.22 22.43806808 June 21.09550347 164326207.4 145308752.2 23.40095162 July 23.49973118 65628804.19 244539864.1 23.81873695 August 21.75707325 96943677.86 103740404 23.32673507 September 18.11458333 346023544.8 45088296.07 22.40959675 October 11.73642473 1065565115 714539.5928 21.18788477 November 4.232118056 2260965068 0.00E+00 20.49516327 December -2.566599462 3853388966 0.00E+00 20.46126771
16
CSV File Sample (contd)

Part of the CSV file created when the
CVBbRh.idf file is run in EnergyPlus:

EAST ZONE:Mean Air Temperatur e[C](Hourly: REPORTSC H) 31.84687 31.36997 30.93895 30.52358 30.11834 29.72461 29.84088 24.20936 23.99989 24.0003 24.00012 24.00011 23.99997 24.01824 24.1879 24.35251 24.33324 35.66377 34.70622 33.74085 33.5262 33.18677 32.78502 32.36126 NORTH ZONE:Mean Air Temperatur e[C](Hourly: REPORTSC H) 32.54195 31.94508 31.42794 30.96918 30.52752 30.09109 29.9142 24.22478 23.99957 23.99982 24.00022 24.00003 24.00001 24.0001 24.0387 24.24059 24.34564 35.93962 35.23245 34.69495 34.64345 34.26335 33.74649 33.17585 RESISTIVE ZONE:Zone /Sys Sensible Cooling Energy[J](H ourly:REPO RTSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 7969336 1.45E+07 1.51E+07 1.61E+07 1.72E+07 1.81E+07 1.92E+07 1.99E+07 2.03E+07 2.03E+07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 EAST ZONE:Zone /Sys Sensible Cooling Energy[J](H ourly:REPO RTSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.02E+07 1.33E+07 1.39E+07 1.48E+07 1.56E+07 1.62E+07 1.71E+07 1.73E+07 1.75E+07 1.75E+07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 NORTH ZONE:Zone /Sys Sensible Cooling Energy[J](H ourly:REPO RTSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.20E+07 1.83E+07 1.89E+07 1.96E+07 2.04E+07 2.07E+07 2.17E+07 2.23E+07 2.26E+07 2.29E+07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 RESISTIVE ZONE:Zone /Sys Sensible Heating Energy[J](H ourly:REPO RTSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 EAST ZONE:Zone /Sys Sensible Heating Energy[J](H ourly:REPO RTSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 NORTH ZONE:Zone /Sys Sensible Heating Energy[J](H ourly:REPO RTSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 ZONE1BAS EBOARD:B aseboard Heating Rate[W](Ho urly:REPOR TSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4065.72 2190.512 1987.641 1708.771 1389.911 1196.966 879.5861 656.8229 516.8994 523.1177 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 ZONE2BAS EBOARD:B aseboard Heating Rate[W](Ho urly:REPOR TSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2024.82 1066.101 869.9992 635.6866 390.1691 270.4863 35.07354 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
RESISTIVE ZONE:Mean Air Temperatur e[C](Hourly: REPORTSC Date/Time H) 07/21 01:00 32.35558 07/21 02:00 31.81557 07/21 03:00 31.31389 07/21 04:00 30.84865 07/21 05:00 30.42387 07/21 06:00 30.03226 07/21 07:00 29.80721 07/21 08:00 24.12819 07/21 09:00 24.00079 07/21 10:00 24.0007 07/21 11:00 23.99996 07/21 12:00 24.00028 07/21 13:00 23.99991 07/21 14:00 23.99956 07/21 15:00 23.99998 07/21 16:00 24.00017 07/21 17:00 24.00003 07/21 18:00 38.04053 07/21 19:00 36.46327 07/21 20:00 35.54667 07/21 21:00 35.21486 07/21 22:00 34.56882 07/21 23:00 33.78711 07/21 24:00 33.00431
ZONE3BAS EBOARD:B aseboard Heating Rate[W](Ho urly:REPOR TSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2997.335 1132.316 944.2528 732.0659 516.0278 460.9324 196.6353 14.17869 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
DETAILED COOLING COIL:Total Water Cooling Coil Rate[W](Ho urly:REPOR TSCH) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 19442.14 18783.6 18799.07 18802.23 18803.26 18783.9 18781.08 18849.89 18973.62 19013.39 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
17
RVI File
RVI: Report Variable Input List of variables to take from ESO file
and report to CSV file Example:

eplusout.eso eplusout.csv Outdoor Dry Bulb Zone/Sys Air Temp Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling Energy Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Energy FangerPMV PierceTSENS KsuTSV 0
Input file name for post-processor Output file name for post-processor
Report Variables (see IDF or RDD file) to be taken from ESO file and reported in CSV file End of file marker
18
Report Data Dictionary (RDD Files)

Lists applicable output variables for a
given input file Must activate with report, variable dictionary; command
Var Type,Var Report Type,Variable Name [Units] Zone,Average,Outdoor Dry Bulb [C] Zone,Average,Outdoor Barometric Pressure [Pa] Zone,Average,Mean Air Temperature[C] HVAC,Sum,Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Energy[J] HVAC,Average,Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Rate[W]
19
Meters
Accumulate multiple outputs of same form Appropriate variables are grouped onto meters for
reporting purposes May ease analysis of output Values are put onto the eplusout.mtr file Meter component details in eplusout.mtd file Meter names applicable for the simulation are shown on the Report Data Dictionary file Meter names are of two forms:

<FuelType>:<MeterType> <EndUseType>:<FuelType>:<MeterType>
20
Meters Resource Types

Electricity Gas Gasoline Diesel Coal FuelOil#1 FuelOil#2 Propane Water Steam PurchasedCooling PurchasedHeating EnergyTransfer (coil
& equipment loads)
21
Meters End Use Types

GeneralLights TaskLights ExteriorLights ZoneSource ExteriorEquipment Fans Pumps Heating Cooling HeatRejection Humidifier HeatRecovery DHW Cogeneration Miscellaneous
22
Meters Meter Types

Facility (Master Meters) Submeters:

Zone (lights, plug loads, etc.) Building (all zones combined plus exterior) System (air handlers, terminal units) Plant (chillers, boilers, DHW, etc.)
23
Meters Meter Types

Elec:Zone Elec:HVAC
Lights:Zone
Zone Plant Loop
Air loop Gas:HVAC
Building System
Elec:Plant
Gas:Plant
24
Input for Meters

Report Meter, Electricity:*, Hourly; Report Meter, Electricity: Facility, monthly; Report Meter, Cooling: Electricity, monthly;
All electric meters, for all end uses and all levels Master electric meter Cooling equipment
25
Input for Meters (contd)

Report Report Report Report Report Report Report Report Meter,Fans:Electricity,monthly; Meter,Cooling:Electricity,monthly; Meter,Heating:Electricity,monthly; Meter,Electricity:HVAC,monthly; Meter,Electricity:Facility,monthly; Meter,Heating:Gas,monthly; Meter,Gas:HVAC,monthly; Meter,Gas:Facility,monthly;
26
Meter Details File

Lists exactly what is included in each
meter *.mtd output file
For Meter=Electricity:Plant [J], contents are: LITTLE CHILLER:Chiller Electric Consumption [J] BIG CHILLER:Chiller Electric Consumption [J] CIRC PUMP:Pump Electric Consumption [J] COND CIRC PUMP:Pump Electric Consumption [J] HW CIRC PUMP:Pump Electric Consumption [J] BIG TOWER:Tower Fan Electric Consumption [J]
27
Output Files Summary

Simple ASCII files Simple input format (self-contained) User-defined output can be interpreted
by many programs

Spreadsheets Databases Custom Programs

28
Summary
ESO (EnergyPlus Standard Output) file
provides user with raw output data from EnergyPlus run format more readily usable in a spreadsheet program of grouping data for output analysis
CSV file is a version of the ESO file that is in a
Meters and meter output are convenient ways
29
Lecture 4: Simulation Control, Location, and Weather Input

Every building is different in many ways: Location and exterior thermal environment Construction HVAC system Exterior thermal environment is a driving force that
determines how a building will respond Energy efficient design requires an understanding of and a response to the exterior thermal environment Thermal simulation requires information on the exterior thermal environment to properly analyze the building from an energy perspective
2

Gain an understanding of how to control
the exterior environment of the simulation

Building Location Weather and Ground Temperature Data Length of Simulation Other General Features of the Input

Version Run Control Location DesignDay SpecialDayPeriod RunPeriod DaylightSavingPeriod GroundTemperature GroundReflectance Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers
4
Quick Review of Relationship Between IDD and IDF Files

IDD: Input Data Dictionary File which defines what information should be located in the user input file This file should NOT be modified IDF: Input Data File User input file containing information about the building and its primary and secondary systems This file can be modified using a text editor or using the IDF Editor
5
Keyword: Version
IDD Description
VERSION, \unique-object A1 ; \field Version Identifier \required-field
Notes
\unique-object means only one of these are allowed per IDF file \required-field means this field must be present in the description
6
Keyword Example: Version

IDF Examples
Version, 1.1; ! Shortened input format Version, 1.1; !- Version Identifier
Notes: The Version identifier refers to a version of the EnergyPlus program Updates in the EnergyPlus program may result in changes to the IDD An error message will result if the IDF file version does not correspond to the version of EnergyPlus being run This course is based on EnergyPlus Version 1.1
7
Keyword: Location
IDD Description (shortened)
Location, A1 , \field N1 , \field N2 , \field N3 , \field N4 ; \field Location Name Latitude Longitude TimeZone Elevation
IDD Description (detailed)

Location, Only one per IDF file \unique-object \min-fields 5 All five fields are required A1 , \field Location Name \required-field Information expected: a name \type alpha Field is a character string 8
Keyword: Location
IDD Description (detailed, continued)
N1 , \field Latitude Building site latitude (global position) \units deg \minimum -90.0 N1 in degrees \maximum +90.0 Limits (-90N1+90) and Default Value \default 0.0 \note + is North, - is South, degree minutes represented \note in decimal (i.e. 30 minutes is .5) Interpretation \type real Field is a decimal value information N2 , \field Longitude \units deg Building site longitude (global position) \minimum -180.0 \maximum +180.0 \default 0.0 \note - is West, + is East, degree minutes represented \note in decimal (i.e. 30 minutes is .5) 9 \type real
Keyword: Location
N3 , \field Time Zone Political time zone \units hr N3 in hours \minimum -12.0 \maximum +12.0 Note \default 0.0 \note Time relative to GMT. Decimal hours. \type real N4 ; \field Elevation Building site elevation \units m N4 in meters \minimum -300.0 \maximum< 6096.0 \default 0.0 \type real
10
Keyword Example: Location

IDF Example
or
Location, DENVER, 39.750, -104.870, -7.0, 1610.26; Location, DENVER COLORADO, 39.750, -104.870, -7.0, 1610.26;
Notes:
!!!!!-
LocationName Latitude {deg} Longitude {deg} TimeZone {hr (decimal)} Elevation {m}
Location affects the sun angles, air properties, etc. that the building experiences
11
Keyword: DesignDay
DesignDay, A1 , \field N1 , \field N2 , \field N3 , \field N4 , \field N5 , \field N6 , \field N7 , \field N8 , \field N9 , \field N10, \field N11, \field A2 , \field N12; \field DesignDayName Maximum Dry-Bulb Temperature Daily Temperature Range Wet-Bulb Temperature At MaxTemp Barometric Pressure Wind Speed Wind Direction Sky Clearness Rain Indicator Snow Indicator Day Of Month Month Day Type Daylight Saving Time Indicator
12
Keyword: DesignDay
Purpose: the DesignDay input syntax
defines a single day of weather information Design day simulations are often used for peak load or sizing calculations Data required for this keyword can be found in a variety of places (see next slide)
13
DesignDay Sources
MacroDataSets folder US, Canada, and International 2001 ASHRAE data Datasets US locations pre-1997 ASHRAE data, from BLAST library *.ddy files Included in weather data zip files on web site 2001 ASHRAE data
14
Keyword: DesignDay
Keywordnote all one word DesignDay, \min-fields 14 14 fields (all) required A1 , \field DesignDayName \type alpha Unique character string \required-field name for design day \reference DesignDays N1 , \field Maximum Dry-Bulb Temperature Other references to \required-field a design day \units C N1 is the maximum in the IDF will \minimum> -70 dry bulb temperature expect an \maximum< 70 experience for this existing \note design day in degrees design day \type real Celsius name
15
Keyword: DesignDay
N2 , \field Daily Temperature Range \required-field Range of temperatures expected \units deltaC \minimum 0 Units are C Must be zero or greater \type real \note must still produce appropriate maximum dry bulb N3 , \field Wet-Bulb Temperature At MaxTemp \required-field Mean coincident wet-bulb \units C temperature in C \minimum> -70 \maximum< 70 \type real
16
Keyword: DesignDay
N4 , \field Barometric Pressure \required-field \units Pa \minimum> 70000 \maximum< 120000 \type real \ip-units inHg N5 , \field Wind Speed \required-field \units m/s \minimum 0 \maximum 40 \ip-units miles/hr \type real Outdoor barometric pressure (assumed constant for entire day) in Pascals IP Units if interface accepts these units Wind speed (assumed constant for entire day) in meters per second
17
Keyword: DesignDay
N6 , \field Wind Direction Wind direction \required-field (assumed constant \units deg for entire day) in \minimum 0 degrees (assumes \maximum 359.9 North is 0, East is \note North=0.0 East=90.0 90, South is 180, \type real etc.) N7 , \field Sky Clearness \required-field Sky clearness \minimum 0.0 (assumed constant Maximum allows for \maximum 1.2 for entire day) altitude adjustment \default 0.0 \note 0.0 is totally unclear, 1.0 is totally clear \type real
18
Keyword: DesignDay
N8 , \field Rain Indicator Rain flag (assumed \minimum 0 constant for entire \maximum 1 day) affects \default 0 exterior convection \note 1 is raining, 0 is not coefficients \type integer Rain flag (assumed N9 , \field Snow Indicator constant for entire \minimum 0 day) affects ground \maximum 1 reflectance \default 0 \note 1 is Snow on Ground, 0 is no Snow on Ground \type integer Should be an integer value not a decimal number
19
Keyword: DesignDay
Numerical day of N10, \field Day Of Month month (must be \required-field valid for month \minimum 1 chosen) \maximum 31 \type integer \note must be valid for Month field N11, \field Month \required-field Numerical month of \minimum 1 the year \maximum 12 \type integer
20
Keyword: DesignDay
Type of day/day of the week for design day (may affect A2 , \field Day Type schedule values) \required-field \note Day Type selects the schedules appropriate \note for this design day This field is a choice \type choice of one of the \key Sunday options listed as \key Monday \key \key Tuesday
\key \key \key \key \key \key \key \key \key
Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Holiday SummerDesignDay WinterDesignDay CustomDay1 CustomDay2
This field must equal one of these choices of keywords (note that none of these keywords has spaces)
21
Keyword: DesignDay
N12; \field Daylight Saving Time Indicator \minimum 0 Whether daylight \maximum 1 savings time should be \default 0 in effect for this design \note 1=Yes, 0=No day \type integer
22
Keyword Example: DesignDay

IDF Example
DesignDay, DENVER COLORADO SUMMER, !- DesignDayName 32.8, !- Maximum Dry-Bulb Temperature {C} 17.8, !- Daily Temperature Range {C} 15.0, !- Wet-Bulb Temperature At MaxTemp {C} 84060.0, !- Barometric Pressure {Pa} 3.97, !- Wind Speed {m/s} 146.0, !- Wind Direction {deg} 1.10, !- Sky Clearness 0, !- Rain Indicator 0, !- Snow Indicator 21, !- Day Of Month 7, !- Month Monday, !- Day Type 0; !- Daylight Saving Time Indicator
23
Keyword: DaylightSavingPeriod
DaylightSavingPeriod, A1, \field StartDate A2; \field EndDate
Purpose: define the time frame during which
daylight savings rules should apply Note that this can be specific to location (not all sites use daylight savings time in the summer)
24
Keywordnote all one word DaylightSavingPeriod, \unique-object \min-fields 2 \memo This object sets up the daylight saving period \memo for any RunPeriod. \memo Ignores any daylightsavingperiod values on the \memo weather file and uses this definition. \memo (These are not used with DesignDay objects.) A1, \field StartDate Note: not used for design \required-field days and will override any information found on the Date when daylight weather file savings goes into effect (details on format on next slide) 25
Date when daylight A2; \field EndDate savings period ends \required-field \memo Dates can be several formats: \memo <number>/<number> (month/day) Format information \memo <number> <Month> for start and end date \memo <Month> <number> of daylight savings \memo <Nth> <Weekday> in <Month) time (see examples \memo Last <WeekDay> in <Month> below) \memo <Month> can be January, February, March, etc. \memo Months can be the first 3 letters of the month \memo <Weekday> can be Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc. \memo <Nth> can be 1 or 1st, 2 or 2nd, etc. up to 5(?) Date examples: 4/11 OR 11 April OR April 11 1st Sunday in April OR 1 Sunday in Apr Last Sunday in October
26
Keyword Example: DaylightSavingPeriod

IDF Examples
DaylightSavingPeriod, 1st Sunday in April, !- Start Date Last Sunday in October; !- End Date
or
DaylightSavingPeriod, 4/1, !- Start Date 31 October; !- End Date
27
Keyword: SpecialDayPeriod
SpecialDayPeriod, A1, \field Holiday Name A2, \field StartDate N1, \field duration (number of days) A3; \field SpecialDayType
Purpose: to set up the occurrence of special
days throughout the year or to override the values set in a weather file design days
Note: this information does not apply to

28
SpecialDayPeriod, Keywordnote all one word \min-fields 4 \memo This object sets up holidays/special days to be \memo used during weather file run periods. \memo (These are not used with DesignDay objects.) \memo Depending on the value in the run period, days \memo on the weather file may also be used. However, \memo the weather file specification will take \memo precedence over any specification shown here. \memo (No error message on duplicate days or \memo overlapping days). Unique identifying name A1, \field Holiday Name \required-field
29
A2, \field StartDate Date when period \required-field starts; format \memo Dates can be several formats: similar to dates for \memo <number>/<number> (month/day) daylight savings \memo <number> <Month> time \memo <Month> <number> \memo <Nth> <Weekday> in <Month) \memo Last <WeekDay> in <Month> \memo <Month> can be January, February, March, etc. \memo Months can be the first 3 letters of the month \memo <Weekday> can be Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc. \memo <Nth> can be 1 or 1st, 2 or 2nd, etc. up to 5(?) N1, \field duration (number of days) \minimum 1 Length of special \maximum 366 30 period in days \default 1
A3; \field SpecialDayType \required-field \note SpecialDayType selects the schedules \note appropriate for each day so labeled \type choice \key Holiday Note the \key SummerDesignDay impact on \key WinterDesignDay schedules \key CustomDay1 \key CustomDay2 \default Holiday Type of day (see choices given in the \key list) this should be considered
31
Keyword Example: SpecialDayPeriod

IDF Example
SpecialDayPeriod, Memorial Day, Last Monday in May, 1, Holiday; !!!!Holiday Name Start Date duration (number of days) SpecialDayType
32
Keyword: RunPeriod
RunPeriod, N1 , \field N2 , \field N3 , \field N4 , \field A1 , \field A2, \field A3, \field A4, \field A5, \field A6; \field Begin Month Begin Day Of Month End Month End Day Of Month Day Of Week For Start Day Use WeatherFile Holidays/Special Days Use WeatherFile DaylightSavingPeriod Apply Weekend Holiday Rule Use WeatherFile Rain Indicators Use WeatherFile Snow Indicators
Purpose: to define the simulation period for
EnergyPlus (program does not assume entire year simulation)

33
Keyword: RunPeriod
Keywordnote all one word RunPeriod, \min-fields 10 N1 , \field Begin Month \required-field \minimum 1 Starting date for period \maximum 12 to be simulated; \type integer entered as two separate N2 , \field Begin Day Of Month fields, both integer \required-field values \minimum 1 \maximum 31 \type integer
34
Keyword: RunPeriod
N3 , \field End Month \required-field \minimum 1 \maximum 12 \type integer N4 , \field End Day Of Month \required-field \minimum 1 \maximum 31 \type integer Ending date for period to be simulated; entered as two separate fields, both integer values
35
Keyword: RunPeriod
A1 , \field Day Of Week For Start Day \note =<blank - use WeatherFile> \default UseWeatherFile Day of week for starting Note that \type choice date; can be used to this is not a \key Sunday override day of week required \key Monday specified on the weather file field due to \key Tuesday the lack of \key Wednesday the line that \key Thursday Options for day of week says \key Friday for starting date \required\key Saturday field; all \key UseWeatherFile fields after this point are also optional
36
Keyword: RunPeriod
A2, \field Use WeatherFile Holidays/Special Days \note If yes or blank, use holidays on Weatherfile. \note If no, do not use the holidays on Weatherfile. \note Note: You can still specify holidays/special days \note using the SpecialDayPeriod object(s). \type choice These two input fields are used to override the \default Yes definition of holidays and daylight savings time \key Yes period from the weather file. \key No \field Use WeatherFile DaylightSavingPeriod \note If yes or blank, use period specified on Weatherfile. \note If no, do not use period as specified on Weatherfile. \type choice \default Yes The choices for these fields are \key Yes simply a yes or a no. 37 \key No
A3,
Keyword: RunPeriod
A4, \field Apply Weekend Holiday Rule \note if yes and single day holiday falls on weekend, \note "holiday" occurs on following Monday \type choice These three input \key Yes fields are used to \key No override the \default No \field Use WeatherFile Rain Indicators definition of holiday \type choice weekend rules, \key Yes presence of rain \key No indicators, and \default Yes presence of snow \field Use WeatherFile Snow Indicators indicators from the \type choice weather file. \key Yes \key No \default Yes The choices for these fields are
A5,
A6;
simply a yes or a no.
38
Keyword Example: RunPeriod

IDF Example
RunPeriod, 1, 1, 3, 31; !!!!Begin Month Begin Day Of Month End Month End Day Of Month
or
RunPeriod, 1, 1, 3, 31, Tuesday, Yes, Yes,
!- Begin Month !- Begin Day Of Month !- End Month !- End Day Of Month !- Day of Week for Start Day Yes, Yes, Yes; !- Special Weather File Flags
39
Keyword: Run Control

RUN CONTROL, A1, \field A2, \field A3, \field A4, \field A5; \field Do Do Do Do Do the the the the the zone sizing calculation system sizing calculation plant sizing calculation design day simulations weather file simulation
Purpose: overall control of what the
user wants EnergyPlus to simulate (design days and/or weather file runs, perform auto-sizing)
40

RUN CONTROL, \unique-object A1, \field Do the zone sizing calculation \type choice \key Yes \key No \default No A2, \field Do the system sizing calculation \type choice \key Yes \key No \default No A3, \field Do the plant sizing calculation \type choice \key Yes \key No \default No Keyword note that there IS a space between the two words
These will be discussed later in the semester
41

A4, \field Do the design day simulations \type choice Choices for both fields are \key Yes simply yes or no \key No \default Yes A5; \field Do the weather file simulation \type choice Fields define whether or not to \key Yes simulate design days (defined by the \key No DesignDay input line) or an attached \default Yes weather file (see RunPeriod input line)
42
Keyword Example: Run Control

IDF Example
RUN CONTROL, No, No, No, No, Yes;
or
RUN CONTROL, No, !No, !No, !No, !Yes; !Do Do Do Do Do the the the the the zone sizing calculation system sizing calculation plant sizing calculation design day simulations weather file simulation
43
Keyword: GroundTemperatures
GroundTemperatures, N1 , \field January Ground Temperature N2 , \field February Ground Temperature N3 , \field March Ground Temperature . . . etc . . . N12; \field December Ground Temperature
Purpose: to set the ground temperatures
experienced at the building location (impact on places where the ground is in contact with the building)
44
Keyword: GroundTemperatures
GroundTemperatures, Keywordnote all one word \unique-object 12 values, one per month \min-fields 12 N1 , \field January Ground Temperature Repeated for \required-field each month of \units C the year \type real \default 13 Temperatures in Celsius; note that these are temperatures at the outside surface not deep ground temperatures
45
Keyword Example: GroundTemperatures

GroundTemperatures, 20.03, 20.03, 20.13, 20.30, 20.43, 20.52, 20.62, 20.77, 20.78, 20.55, 20.44, 20.20; or GroundTemperatures, 20.03, !- January Ground Temperature {C} 20.03, !- February Ground Temperature {C} 20.13, !- March Ground Temperature {C} 20.30, !- April Ground Temperature {C} 20.43, !- May Ground Temperature {C} 20.52, !- June Ground Temperature {C} 20.62, !- July Ground Temperature {C} 20.77, !- August Ground Temperature {C} 20.78, !- September Ground Temperature {C} 20.55, !- October Ground Temperature {C} 20.44, !- November Ground Temperature {C} 20.20; !- December Ground Temperature {C}
IDF Example
46
Keyword: GroundReflectances
GroundReflectances, N1 , \field January Ground Reflectance N2 , \field February Ground Reflectance N3 , \field March Ground Reflectance . . . etc . . . N12; \field December Ground Reflectance
Purpose: to set the reflectance of the
ground surrounding the building (affects radiation incident on building surfaces)

47
Keyword: GroundReflectances
GroundReflectances, Keywordnote all one word \unique-object 12 values, one per month \min-fields 12 N1 , \field January Ground Reflectance \default 0.2 Repeated for \type real each month of \minimum 0.0 the year \maximum 1.0 \units dimensionless Note: values for reflectance are highly dependent on the type of ground cover around the buildinggrass, dirt, concrete, asphalt, etc.
48
Keyword Example: GroundReflectances

GroundReflectances, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2; or GroundReflectances, 0.2, !- January Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- February Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- March Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- April Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- May Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- June Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- July Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- August Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- September Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- October Ground Reflectance 0.2, !- November Ground Reflectance 0.2; !- December Ground Reflectance
IDF Example
49
Keyword: Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers

Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers, N1, \field Ground Reflected Solar Modifier \minimum 0.0 \default 1.0 N2; \field Daylighting Ground Reflected Solar Modifier \minimum 0.0 \default 1.0
Purpose: to account for the presence of snow
and how that impacts the ground reflectance (weather files will indicate whether or not there is snow on the ground)
50

Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers, N1, \field Ground Reflected Solar Modifier \minimum 0.0 \default 1.0 \note Value for modifying the "normal" ground reflectance \note when Snow is on ground when calculating the \note "Ground Reflected Solar Radiation Value a value of \note 1.0 here uses the "normal" ground reflectance \note Ground Reflected Solar = (BeamSolar*CosSunZenith \note + DiffuseSolar)*GroundReflectance \note This would be further modified by the Snow Ground \note Reflectance Modifier when Snow was on the ground \note When Snow on ground, effective GroundReflectance is \note GroundReflectance*"Ground Reflectance Snow Modifier" \note Ground Reflectance achieved in this manner will be 51 \note restricted to [0.0,1.0]

N2; \field Daylighting Ground Reflected Solar Modifier \minimum 0.0 \default 1.0 \note Value for modifying the "normal daylighting \note ground reflectance when Snow is on ground \note When calculating the "Ground Reflected Solar \note Radiation Value a value of 1.0 here uses the \note normal ground reflectance \note Ground Reflected Solar = (BeamSolar*CosSunZenith \note + DiffuseSolar)*GroundReflectance \note This would be further modified by the Snow Ground \note Reflectance Modifier when Snow was on the ground \note When Snow on ground, effective GroundReflectance is \note GroundReflectance*"Ground Reflectance Snow Modifier" \note Ground Reflectance achieved in this manner will be 52 \note restricted to [0.0,1.0]
Keyword Example: Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers

IDF Example
Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers, 1.5, 2.0;
or
Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers, 1.5, !- Ground Reflected Solar Modifier 2.0; !- Daylighting Ground Reflected Solar Modifier
53
Summary
Location and exterior thermal environment
play a critical role in determine the thermal loads/energy consumption of a building Many input keywords in EnergyPlus control what is being simulated
For example: Version, Run Control, Location, DesignDay, SpecialDayPeriod, RunPeriod, DaylightSavingPeriod, GroundTemperature, GroundReflectance, Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers
EnergyPlus flexibility also results in user
responsibility (having to define various parameters in the input file)
54
Lecture 5: Building Envelope Description (Part I)

Every building is different in many ways: Location/exterior environment Construction/building envelope HVAC system Building envelope/construction determines how a
building will respond to the exterior environment Thermal simulation requires information about the physical make-up of the building, where various constructions are located and how they are oriented, how the building is subdivided into zones, etc. Thermal simulation requires information on the building envelope to properly analyze the building from an energy perspective
2

Gain an understanding of how to
specify the building construction
Groups of Surfaces (Zones) and Overall Building Characteristics Walls, Roofs, Ceilings, Floors, Partitions, etc. Materials and Groups of Materials (Constructions)
3
Keywords Covered in this and next Lecture

Building Zone SurfaceGeometry Surface (all types) Construction Material:Regular Material:Regular-R Material:Air
4
Definitions and Connections

Building: Entire collection of interior and exterior features of the structure Buildings may consist of one or more zones Zones: Group of surfaces that can interact with each other thermally and have a common air mass at roughly the same temperature One or more rooms within a building Zones may consist of one or more surfaces
5
Definitions and Connections (contd)

Surfaces: Walls, Roofs, Ceilings, Floors, Partitions, Windows, Shading Devices One or more surfaces make up a zone Surfaces consist of a series of materials called a construction Construction: Group of homogeneous one-dimensional material layers Each surface must have a single construction definition Each construction is made up of one or more materials
Definitions and Connections (continued)

Materials:
Define the thermal properties for layers that are used to put together a construction One or more material layers make a construction
Envelope Hierarchy
Building
Zone
Zone
Zone
more zones
Surface
Surface Construction
Surface
Surface
more surfaces
only one construction per surface Material Material more materials

8
Material
Material
More on Zones
Thermal zone definition very generic
and does not answer the following questions:

How many surfaces to a zone? How many zones should be defined for a particular building? Should each room be a zone? Can the entire building be a zone?
9
Defining Thermal Zones by Objective

Objectives of a study can dictate the
size and number of thermal zones
Air flow study: sizing fans and ducts

Several rooms per zone Zone per system type
Block loads or central plant study: sizing of heating and cooling producers
Minimize number of zones (maybe only 1)
10
Ft. Monmouth Education Center
11
Defining Thermal Zones by Design Conditions

T test: if there is an air temperature
difference between adjacent spaces, separate thermal zones are needed
Might also be seen in different control types
12
Defining Thermal Zones by Design Conditions (contd)

Space usage/internal gains test:
Differences in internal gains may result in different conditioning requirements or distribution

Office vs. gymnasium
Space usage differences may alter the ventilation or exhaust requirements of a space
Office vs. kitchen vs. chemistry laboratory
13
Defining Thermal Zones by Design Conditions (contd)

Environmental conditions test: exposure
to different thermal surroundings/quantifying the effect

Different space orientationssolar gains Exposure to the ground Exposure to the outdoor environment
14
Ft. Monmouth Education Center

T test:
loading dock kitchen, dining area exposure: west wing solar

15
Space use:
Outdoor
Loads Features and Capabilities

How does EnergyPlus calculate what it will
take to keep a zone at the desired thermal conditions?
EnergyPlus contains the heat balance engine from IBLAST, a research version of BLAST with integrated loads and HVAC calculation.
The major enhancements of the IBLAST heat balance
engine include mass transfer and radiant heating and cooling Essentially identical in functionality to the Loads Toolkit developed under ASHRAE Research Project (RP-987)
16
Loads Features and Capabilities (contd)

Heat balance engine models room air as
well-stirred with uniform temperature throughout. Room surfaces are assumed to have:

Uniform surface temperatures Uniform long and short wave irradiation Diffuse radiating and reflecting surfaces Internal heat conduction
17
EnergyPlus Model For Building Loads

Conditioned Air Internal Radiation
Heat Transfer (Diffusion and Storage)
Solar Beam Tair Return Air Diffuse Solar Reflected Solar Internal Radiation
Heat & Moisture Source (P eople & Equipment)
Convection
Infiltration
(Sensible & Latent)
18
Equipment & People Loads
Sensible and Latent Convection
Radiation
Equipment Occupant
19

Three models connected to the main
heat balance routine are based on capabilities from DOE2
Daylighting simulation
Calculates hourly interior daylight illuminance,
window glare, glare control, electric lighting controls, and calculates electric lighting reduction for the heat balance module
WINDOW 5-based window calculation Anisotropic sky

20

Several other modules have been
reengineered for inclusion in EnergyPlus:

Solar shading from BLAST Conduction transfer function calculations from IBLAST
21

Incorporates a simplified moisture model
known as Effective Moisture Penetration Depth (EMPD)
Estimates moisture interactions among the space air and interior surfaces and furnishings Estimates impacts associated with moisture where detailed internal geometry and/or detailed material properties are not readily available
User may also select a more rigorous
combined heat and mass transfer model

22

Loads and systems portions more
tightly coupled than in BLAST or DOE-2. Loads calculated on a time step basis and passed directly to the HVAC portion. Loads not met result in zone temperature and humidity changes for the next time step.
23
Keyword: Building
BUILDING, A1 , \field N1 , \field A2 , \field N3 , \field N4 , \field A3 ; \field Building Name North Axis Terrain Loads Convergence Tolerance Value Temperature Convergence Tolerance Value Solar Distribution
Purpose: to control basic information
about the building location, its orientation, its surroundings, and some simulation parameters
24
Keyword: Building
Keyword BUILDING, \unique-object \required-object \min-fields 6 User defined building name A1 , \field Building Name \required-field \default NONE N1 , \field North Axis Allows rotation of the entire \note degrees from true North building for the convenience \units deg of the user \type real True North \default 0.0 Building North North Axis Interpretation: Angle is North Axis (+45 in this case)
25
Keyword: Building
Allows specification of immediate surroundings A2 , \field Terrain \note Country=FlatOpenCountry of the building \note Suburbs=RoughWoodedCountryTownsSuburbs \note City=CityCenter Note: Terrain \type choice mainly affects \key Country Options and their exterior \key Suburbs approximate descriptions convection \key City correlations \default Suburbs N3 , \field Loads Convergence Tolerance Value \units W Advanced user feature that \type real should be left as the default \minimum> 0.0 in most cases \default .04 26
Keyword: Building
N4 , \field Temperature Convergence Tolerance Value \units deltaC Advanced user feature that \type real should be left as the default \minimum> 0.0 in most cases \default .4 A3 ; \field Solar Distribution \note MinimalShadowing | FullExterior \note FullInteriorAndExterior \type choice \key MinimalShadowing See next two \key FullExterior slides for \key FullInteriorAndExterior descriptions \default FullExterior
27
Solar Distribution Options

Minimal Shadowing No exterior shadowing except from door and window reveals All direct beam solar radiation incident on floor If no floor, direct beam solar distributed to all surfaces Full Exterior Exterior shadowing caused by detached shading, wings, overhangs, and door and window reveals All direct beam solar radiation incident on floor
28
Solar Distribution Options (contd)

Full Interior and Exterior

Exterior shadowing same as Full Exterior Direct beam solar radiation falls on all surfaces in the zone in the direct path of the suns rays Solar entering one window can leave through another window Zone must be convex:
A line passing through the zone intercepts no more than
two surfaces An L-shaped zone is not convex
29
Convex Zones
Convex zones
Non-Convex zones
30
Keyword Example: Building

IDF Example
BUILDING, NONE, 0.0, Suburbs, 0.4, 0.4, FullExterior;
or
BUILDING, NONE, !- Building Name 0.0, !- North Axis {deg} Suburbs, !- Terrain 0.4, !- Loads Convergence Tolerance Value {W} 0.4, !- Temperature Convergence Tolerance Value {C} FullExterior; !- Solar Distribution
31
Summary
EnergyPlus input files contain a hierarchy of
envelope input that includes the Building, Zone, Surface, and Construction definitions Simulation of the building envelope based on a heat balance applied to a thermal zone Buildings consist of one or more thermal zonesnumber of zones based on various factors including space usage, environmental conditions, etc. EnergyPlus provides access to more detailed simulation of daylighting, windows, moisture, etc.
32
Lecture 6: Building Envelope Description (Part II)

2

3

Zone SurfaceGeometry Surface (all types) Construction Material:Regular Material:Regular-R Material:Air
4
Review of Envelope Hierarchy

Building
Zone
Zone
Zone
more zones
Surface
Surface Construction
Surface
Surface
more surfaces
only one construction per surface Material Material more materials

5
Material
Material
Keyword: Zone
ZONE, A1 , N1 , N2 , N3 , N4 , N5 , N6 , N7 , N8 , A2 ; \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field Zone Name Relative North (to building) X Origin Y Origin Z Origin Type Multiplier Ceiling Height Volume Zone Inside Convection Algorithm
Purpose: to define basic properties about a
thermal zone
Keyword: Zone
Keyword ZONE, \required-object A1 , \field Zone Name User defined zone name \required-field \type alpha \reference ZoneNames N1 , \field Relative North (to building) \units deg \type real Allows rotation of the zone \default 0 with respect to the building; see north axis for building description
7
Keyword: Zone
N2 , \field X Origin \units m \type real \default 0 N3 , \field Y Origin \units m \type real \default 0 N4 , \field Z Origin \units m \type real \default 0
Origin for the lower southwest corner of the zone in Cartesian coordinates
Keyword: Zone
N5 , \field Type \maximum 1 \minimum 1 \default 1 N6 , \field Multiplier \type integer \minimum 1 \default 1 N7 , \field Ceiling Height \units m \type real \default 0 N8 , \field Volume \units m3 \type real \default 0 This is a placeholder for a future feature of the program Used to represent similar zone without having to input all of the data multiple times
Volume is used to calculate the amount of thermal capacitance in the zone air and has an impact on how quickly the zone air temperature changes
Keyword: Zone
A2 ; \field Zone Inside Convection Algorithm \type choice Determines the interior \key Simple convection correlation used \key Detailed by the program; optional \key CeilingDiffuser parameter \key TrombeWall \note Simple = constant natural convection (ASHRAE) \note Detailed = variable natural convection based \note on temperature difference (ASHRAE) \note CeilingDiffuser = ACH based forced and mixed \note convection correlations for ceiling diffuser \note configuration with simple natural convection \note limit \note TrombeWall = variable natural convection in an \note enclosed rectangular cavity
10
Keyword Example: Zone

IDF Example
ZONE,ZONE ONE, 0.0, 6.096, 0.0, 0.0, 1, 1, 0.0, 0.0, Detailed;
or
ZONE, ZONE ONE, 0.0, 6.096, 0.0, 0.0, 1, 1, 0.0, 0.0, Detailed; !!!!!!!!!!Zone Name Relative North (to building) {deg} X Origin {m} Y Origin {m} Z Origin {m} Type Multiplier Ceiling Height {m} Volume {m3} Zone Inside Convection Algorithm
11
Keyword: SurfaceGeometry
Three dimensional
(3D) Cartesian coordinate system Right hand coordinate system

Building and/or Zone North Axis Z Axis
X-axis points east Y-axis points north Z-axis points up
Y Axis
X Axis
12
Keyword: SurfaceGeometry (contd)

Vertex-based Specify 3D coordinates of each corner of a surface World Coordinates All coordinates refer to global origin Building and Zone north axes ignored Zone origins ignored (except for daylighting) Relative Coordinates Zones relative to building Surfaces relative to zones Subsurfaces relative to zones
13
Keyword: SurfaceGeometry (contd)

Surface starting position, looking from outside UpperLeft, UpperRight, LowerLeft, LowerRight Order of vertex entry Clockwise, Counterclockwise Coordinate system WorldCoordinateSystem, RelativeCoordinateSystem IDF Example:
SurfaceGeometry, UpperLeftCorner, CounterClockWise, WorldCoordinateSystem; !- SurfaceStartingPosition !- VertexEntry !- SurfaceGeometryKey
14
Relative Coordinate Options

Building North Axis Relative to true north Rotates about bldg origin Zone North Axis Relative to building north Rotates about zone origin Zone Origin Relative to building origin (0,0,0) (0,0,0) Surface vertices in zone Building Origin
True North Building North Axis +30 degrees
Zone North Axis
coordinates
Zone Origin (x, y, z)

15
Types of Surfaces
Surface:HeatTransfer

Surface:HeatTransfer:Sub Surface:HeatTransfer:InternalMass Surface:Shading:Detached:Fixed Surface:Shading:Detached:Building
Surface:Shading:Detached

Surface:Shading:Attached
16
Heat Transfer Surface

Surface:HeatTransfer Walls, Roofs, Floors, Ceilings Inside environment is always a zone Outside environment Exterior with or without wind and sun Another zone surface (interzone heat transfer) Adiabatic (internal mass with geometry) Other Side Coefficients (user control of exterior surface temperature, ignores solar and sky radiant)
17
Heat Transfer Surface (contd)

Exterior surfaces cast
shadows
Shadows only cast in the direction of the outward facing normal A roof extended beyond the walls will not cast shadows downward
Interior surfaces do not
cast shadows All surfaces reflect solar as diffuse inside zone

18

Surface:HeatTransfer, A1 , \field User Supplied Surface Name A2 , \field Surface Type (FLOOR|WALL|CEILING|ROOF) A3 , \field Construction Name of the Surface A4 , \field InsideFaceEnvironment A5 , \field OutsideFaceEnvironment \note (OtherZoneSurface|ExteriorEnvironment|Ground| \note OtherSideCoeff) A6, \field OutsideFaceEnvironment Object \note Used only if OutsideFaceEnvironment is \note OtherZoneSurface or OtherSideCoeff \note If OtherZoneSurface, specify name of \note corresponding surface in adjacent zone or \note specify current surface name for internal \note partition separating like zones
19

IDD Description (shortened, continued)
A7 , A8, N1, N2 , N3, N4 , N5 , N6, N7, N8, N9, N10, N11, N12, N13, N14; \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field Sun Exposure (SunExposed|NoSun) Wind Exposure (WindExposed|NoWind) View Factor to Ground Number of Surface Vertex Groups Vertex 1 X-coordinate Vertex 1 Y-coordinate Vertex 1 Z-coordinate Vertex 2 X-coordinate Vertex 2 Y-coordinate Vertex 2 Z-coordinate Vertex 3 X-coordinate Vertex 3 Y-coordinate Vertex 3 Z-coordinate Vertex 4 X-coordinate Vertex 4 Y-coordinate Vertex 4 Z-coordinate
20
Heat Transfer Subsurface

Surface:HeatTransfer:Sub Windows, Doors, Glass Doors
Only windows and glass doors transmit sunlight Can have interior windows
Must be placed on a base surface Cannot completely cover base surface

21
Door and Window Details

Outside reveal
defined by window vertices WindowFrame AndDivider specifies details of frame, sill, inside reveal, etc.
22
Heat Transfer Subsurface (contd)

Surface:HeatTransfer:Sub, A1 , \field User Supplied Surface Name A2 , \field Surface Type (WINDOW|DOOR|GLASSDOOR) A3 , \field Construction Name of the Surface \note To be matched with a construction \object-list ConstructionNames A4 , \field Base Surface Name (that subsurface attached to) A5, \field OutsideFaceEnvironment Object \note Used only if Base OutsideFaceEnvironment is \note OtherZone or OtherSideCoeff \note If OtherZone, specify name of corresponding \note subsurface in adjacent zone or specify current \note subsurface name for internal partition \note separating like zones N1, \field View Factor to Ground
23

A6, \field Name of shading control \note used for windows and glass doors only \note If not specified, window or glass door has \note no shading (blind, roller shade, etc.) A7, \field WindowFrameAndDivider Name \note Used only for exterior windows (rectangular) \note and glass doors. \note Unused for triangular windows. \note If not specified (blank), window or glass door \note has no frame or divider and no beam solar \note reflection from reveal surfaces. N2 , \field Multiplier
24

N3 , N4, N5 , N6 , N7, N8, N9, N10, N11, N12, N13, N14, N15; \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field \field Number Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex of Surface Vertex Groups 1 X-coordinate 1 Y-coordinate 1 Z-coordinate 2 X-coordinate 2 Y-coordinate 2 Z-coordinate 3 X-coordinate 3 Y-coordinate 3 Z-coordinate 4 X-coordinate 4 Y-coordinate 4 Z-coordinate
25
Shading Surface
Three types Transmittance
Upper Left Corner Vertex for Overhang
schedule (default is always opaque) Automatically mirrored to cast shadows in both directions Must specify vertices
D C
(0,0,0)
26
Shading Surface (contd)

Similar for all three shading surface types:

Surface:Shading:Detached:Fixed Surface:Shading:Detached:Building Surface:Shading:Attached
Detached shading surfaces are not associated with a base surface
Surface:Shading:Attached, A1 , \field User Supplied Surface Name A2 , \field Base Surface Name A3 , \field Transmittance schedule for shading device N1 , \field Number of Surface Vertex Groups N2 , N3 , N4 , \field Vertex 1 X, Y, Z-coordinates N5 , N6 , N7 , \field Vertex 2 X, Y, Z-coordinates N8 , N9 , N10, \field Vertex 3 X, Y, Z-coordinates N11, N12, N13; \field Vertex 4 X, Y, Z-coordinates
27
Construction
List material layers from outside to
inside Convection coefficients (film layers) are added automatically IDF Example:
CONSTRUCTION, CEILING39, C5 - 4 IN HW CONCRETE, E4 - CEILING AIRSPACE, E5 - ACOUSTIC TILE; !!!!User Defined Name Outside Layer Layer #2 Inside Layer
28
Materials for Opaque Surfaces

Material:Regular Has thermal mass Thickness, conductivity, density, and specific heat Material:Regular-R Has no thermal mass Specify only thermal resistance Material:Air Also no thermal mass, just resistance Cannot be an outside layer, no absorptances Otherwise, modeled same as Material:Regular-R
29
Material Example
MATERIAL:REGULAR, PLASTERBOARD-2, Rough, 0.01, 0.16, 950.0, 840.0, 0.9, 0.6, 0.6; !!!!!!!!!Options: VeryRough, MediumRough, Rough, Name Smooth, MediumSmooth, Roughness Thickness {m} VerySmooth Conductivity {W/m-K} Density {kg/m3} Specific Heat {J/kg-K} Thermal Absorptance Solar Absorptance Visible Absorptance
Parameters Affecting:

ConvectionRoughness ConductionThickness, Conductivity, Density, Specific Heat RadiationAbsorptances

30
Material:Regular-R and Material:Air contain a subset
of the above information (see IDD for more details)
DataSets for Materials and Constructions

EnergyPlus\DataSets\ BLASTMaterials.idf BLASTConstructs.idf DOE-2Materials.idf DOE-2Constructs.idf WindowGlassMaterials.idf WindowGasMaterials.idf WindowShadeMaterials.idf WindowConstructs.idf WindowBlindMaterials.idf
31
Materials for Moisture Transfer

MaterialProperty:Moisture:MTF
Moisture Transfer Function model Effective Mean Penetration Depth model
MaterialProperty:Moisture:EMPD
\DataSets\MoistureMaterials.idf
32
Summary
In EnergyPlus Buildings are made up of one or more Zones Zones are made up of one or more Surfaces Zones are thermal zonesbasis of the heat balance solution Surfaces are defined by a Construction Constructions are made up of one or more Material layers Accuracy of simulation results directly related
to accuracy of input data
33
Lecture 7: Building Modeling Questions

2

3
Potential Questions You Might Have

Is every room a zone? How many
zones? How detailed should the building model be? How accurate will my results be? Do I need to do a design day run or an annual run?
4
Defining a Building
Getting Started Manual
A methodology for using EnergyPlus Gather information Zone the building Create building model Create input file
5
Four Step Process

Step 1 - Gather Information

Location and design climate Building description Wall constructions Wall sizes Window, door, overhang details Wall locations (shading) Building use information Equipment and occupancy information Schedule information
6
Step 1 - Gather Information (contd)

Building thermostatic controls HVAC equipment information

Equipment types Operating schedules Control information
Step 2 Zone the Building

Thermal, not geometric, zones Heat storage and heat transfer surfaces Heat transfer only when expected to
separate spaces of significantly diff temps
Exterior Walls, Roofs, Floors
Heat storage surfaces surfaces
separating spaces of same temperature

8
Simplifying EnergyPlus Input

Simplify -- Think before typing Layout simple floor plan As few zones as necessary As few surfaces as necessary Surfaces, NOT volumes Is shading important?
As Few Zones As Necessary

Combine similar zones Use zone multipliers wisely Combine vertically and horizontally
10 ZONES OR 6 OR 4 OR 2?
10
Rules of Thumb Reminder

One zone per major exposure minimum Separate zones for different uses Separate zones for different setpoints Separate zones for different fan
systems (and radiant systems) Do not use rooms to determine zones
11
Step 3 - Create Building Model

Heat transfer and heat storage surfaces Define equivalent surfaces Specify construction elements Compile surface and subsurface info Compile internal space gain data
12
As Few Surfaces As Necessary

Combine similar surfaces Combine small surfaces with larger
surfaces Ignore minor details Use internal mass
7 WINDOWS OR 3?
13
Step 4 Create Input File

Materials and Constructions Building Geometry Internal Loads Special Features
14
Case Study
US Army Fort Monmouth education center Temperate coastal climate, Near New York
City
Floor area of over 13,000 sq.Ft. Building height of 10 ft. Total window area in excess of 1,400 sq.Ft. May serve as many as 200 people
15
Ft. Monmouth Floor Plan

23 1 2 22 21 20 3 4 19 24 25 26
6 9 10 11
12
18
17 13 7 8 14 15 16
How many zones should there be?

16
Option 1: One-Zone Model

50 ft (84 ft2) 65 ft (209 ft2) 39 ft (62 ft2) (113 ft2)
75.3 ft
65 ft
(334 ft2)
124.6 ft
20 ft (40 ft2)
10 ft
20 ft (26 ft2)
34 ft (82 ft2) 101 ft2) 43.3 ft
(363 ft2) 16 ft 113 ft
(42 ft2)
(61 ft2) 50 ft
How accurate is this model?

17
Option 2: Six-Zone Model

Five fan systems or zoning thermally Expect higher solar on south and west
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 4
Zone 6
Zone 5 Zone 3
18
Modeling Fort Monmouth with EnergyPlus

With appropriate detail: EnergyPlus can convert a simple model into a powerful energy analysis Complex interactions modeled for an entire year Designers can then: Size systems and plants Examine performance of various system and plant configurations Determine more efficient operational schemes Calculate annual energy consumption
19
Six-Zone Model Loads

90 80 70
Cooling Load [kBtu/Hr]
Zone 1 60 Zone 2 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6
Hours
How does this compare to 1-zone model?

20
Comparison Between One and Six-Zone Models

300 250
Cooling Load [Kbtu/hr]
200 1 Zone Cooling 6 Zone Cooling 100
150
50
0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours
Difference in Total Cooling Load < 10% Difference in Total Heating Load < 1%
21
Simple EnergyPlus Model Produces Incredible Results

Why? EnergyPlus captured the physics ...

Building exterior remains the same Solar load equivalent Internal loads unchanged Internal mass accurately approximated Identical weather conditions
Difference: unconditioned spaces
22
Detailed Model Benefits

Improved accuracy Better resolution of loads for system
sizing Incredible analytical power
23
Another Aspect to Consider ...

How much of an effect does the thermal mass
of zone surfaces have on zone loads? Comparison using Ft. Monmouth six zone model

Standard EnergyPlus run EnergyPlus run using no thermal mass (R values)
Use output reports from previous run to
change the surface definitions to R values only

24
Key Physical Properties

Exterior Walls

Roof

4 Dense Face Brick 8 Heavyweight Concrete Block 6 Mineral Fiber Insulation 5/8 Gypsum 4 Concrete Tile Flooring
3/4 Roofing 2 Expanded Polystyrene Insulation Airspace 3/4 Acoustic Tile
Slab on Grade Floor

25
Case 1: Thermal Mass Effects

Cooling loads higher
with no mass

Total load off by 14% Peak off by 15%
Larger differences show
up in zones 1, 2, and 3
Could result in oversizing of systems and plants
Only thermal mass
changed
Other EnergyPlus details a factor
Cooling Loads No-Mass vs. Mass Zone Total Peak 1 12% 32% 2 16% 31% 3 16% 40% 5 14% 16% 6 15% 14% All 14% 15%
26
Design Day Calculations

Convenient short time period Established design day conditions easy
to obtain Fairly good estimate for system and plant sizing Will design day results be an accurate indication of long term trends?
27
Case 2: Adding Roof Insulation

What will the effect of doubling the
amount of roof insulation be? Roof

3/4 Roofing 2 Expanded Polystyrene Insulation Airspace 3/4 Acoustic Tile
Will a design day tell the whole story?

28
Design Day Heating Load Results

400 350
Heating Load [Kbtu/hr]
300 4in Insulation Roof 250 2in Insulation Roof
200
150 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours
Daily Decrease for Heating Loads = 8%
29
Design Day Cooling Load Results

300
Cooling Load [Kbtu/hr]
200 4in Insulation Roof 2in Insulation Roof 100
0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours
Daily Decrease for Cooling Loads = 3%
30
Annual Run Building Loads

Why are the cooling loads higher with
more insulation?
Mild summer + High MRT = High summer heat retention

Overall reduction in loads, but not as
expected from design day results

Heating Load Cooling Load 147500 150700 -2.17% Peak Heating 588 561 4.66% Peak Cooling 289 282 2.42% 468000 417700 10.75%
Total Loads 615500 568400 7.65%
Cheap Roof Better Roof Annual Diff's
31
Let's Change the Weather. . .

Champaign, Illinois Temperate inland climate, south of Chicago Compare increased roof insulation Design day heating and cooling loads both
decreased Annual building loads also decreased EnergyPlus "changed" the weather for every hour of the year EnergyPlus never forgets the physics!
32
Summary
Simple models can produce good results Thermal mass can have a significant
effect on loads Design day calculations can be misleading Annual runs pick up mild weather effects
33
Lecture 8: Schedules and Internal Heat Gains

Every building is different in many ways:

Location/exterior environment Construction/building envelope Space usage/interior environment HVAC system
Thermal simulation requires information about the functions
taking place inside the building and how these might add or subtract heat from the zones Thermal simulation requires information on air leakage to and from the building to determine its effect on the building heating and cooling needs Nothing is constant inside a buildingpeople come and go, lights and equipment gets turned on and off, etc.and the thermal simulation needs details on what is happening through the day and year within a building
2

internal heat gains impact and space and how to specify them

People, Lights, Equipment, etc. Infiltration Schedules

ScheduleType DaySchedule WeekSchedule Schedule People and AngleFactorList Lights EquipmentElectric, Gas, Hot Water, Steam,
Baseboard (scheduled), Other Exterior Equipment Infiltration
Schedules
In general, schedules are a way of specifying
how much or many of a particular quantity is present or at what level something should be set, including:

Occupancy density Occupancy activity Lighting Thermostatic controls Shading element density
5
Schedules (contd)
For internal gains, schedules allow us to
come a little closer to the real variation of building quantities than single values
peak reality
% of peak occupancy
average
how we account for internal gains
Schedules in EnergyPlus
EnergyPlus uses a hierarchy of schedule
pieces to create unique schedules DaySchedule: 24 hour period of schedule values WeekSchedule: Consists of various DaySchedule definitions for an entire week Schedule: Consists of various WeekSchedule definitions for an entire year ScheduleType: Optional feature that allows for some validation and limitation of schedules (avoid mistakes)
7
ScheduleType
Used to validate schedule values (optional)
ScheduleType, Any Number; ScheduleType, Fraction, 0.0:1.0, CONTINUOUS; ScheduleType, Temperature, -60:200, CONTINUOUS; ScheduleType, Control Type, 0:4, DISCRETE; !- ScheduleType Name !- ScheduleType Name !- range !- Numeric Type !- ScheduleType Name !- range !- Numeric Type !- ScheduleType Name !- range !- Numeric Type
Notes: Maximum and minimum of range (inclusive) separated by colon Discrete refers to distinct integer values 8 Continuous to any value in the range
DaySchedule
The day description is
simply a name and the 24 hourly values associated with that name Other forms

DaySchedule:Interval DaySchedule:List Can handle subhourly schedule changes
Hour 1 is Midnight to 1am
DAYSCHEDULE, OC-1, Fraction, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, . . . 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-
Name ScheduleType Hour 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour 5 Hour Hour Hour Hour Hour Hour Hour Hour 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
WeekSchedule
The week description has an identifier and 12 names
corresponding to previously defined DaySchedules

!- Name !- Sunday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Monday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Tuesday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Wednesday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Thursday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Friday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Saturday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Holiday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- SummerDesignDay DAYSCHEDULE Name !- WinterDesignDay DAYSCHEDULE Name !- CustomDay1 DAYSCHEDULE Name !- CustomDay2 DAYSCHEDULE Name
WEEKSCHEDULE, ActWeekSchd, ActDaySchd2, ActDaySchd1, ActDaySchd1, ActDaySchd1, ActDaySchd1, ActDaySchd1, ActDaySchd2, ActDaySchd3, ActDaySchd4, ActDaySchd4, ActDaySchd3, ActDaySchd3;
10
Schedule
Annual schedule contains an identifier and the names
and from-thru dates of the week schedules associated with the annual schedule Up to 52 week schedules can be specified, allowing unique specification of every day of the year Other forms

WeekSchedule:Compact Schedule:Compact
!!!!!!!Name ScheduleType Name of WEEKSCHEDULE 1 Start Month 1 Start Day 1 End Month 1 End Day 1
SCHEDULE, OCCUPY-1, Fraction, OC-WEEK, 1, 1, 12, 31;
Repeat as needed
11
Complete Schedule Specification

Example of an EnergyPlus Schedule:
ScheduleType, Any Number; DaySchedule, Weekday, Any Number, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 0.50, 0.10, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00; DaySchedule, Weekend, Any Number, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00; WeekSchedule, Office Occupancy Schedule, Weekend, Weekday, Weekday, Weekday, Weekday, Weekday, Weekend, Weekend, Weekend, Weekend, Weekend, Weekend; Schedule, Office Occupancy Schedule, 1, 1, 12, 31;
12
Types of Internal Gains

People Lights Equipment Infiltration See Input Output Reference
Space Gains
13
Heat Additions from Internal Gains

Sensible vs. Latent Sensibleenergy addition associated with (drybulb) temperature change in zone Latentenergy addition associate with moisture/humidity change in zone Sensible Heat Gains Convection Thermal (Long Wavelength) Radiation Visible (Short Wavelength) Radiation (generally lights only)
14
People
Peak Value Schedule Radiant fraction (remainder of sensible gain is
convection) Activity level schedule (W/person)
Total heat gainbroken up into sensible and latent fractions within the program automatically
Thermal comfort reports Fanger Pierce Two-Node Kansas State University Two-Node
15
People: Example
PEOPLE, EAST ZONE, 3.000000, BLDG Sch 1, 0.3000000, Activity Sch, EAST ZONE, ZoneAveraged, , Work Eff Sch, Clothing Sch, Air Velo Sch, Fanger; !!!!!!!!!!!!Zone Name Number of People Number of People SCHEDULE Name (real--fraction) Fraction Radiant Activity level SCHEDULE Name (units W/person) PEOPLE Group Name MRT Calculation Type Surface Name/Angle Factor List Name Work Efficiency SCHEDULE Name (0.0-1.0,real) Clothing Insulation SCHEDULE Name (real) Air Velocity SCHEDULE Name (units m/s, real) Thermal Comfort Report Type (Fanger, Pierce, KSU)
Options are ZoneAveraged, SurfaceWeighted, or AngleFactor; determines the position that MRT is calculated at (center of zone, near a surface, or at a particular point through user supplied angle factors) Apply only to thermal comfort models, not the heat balance
16
People: Other Notes

Estimating the Number of People Based on type of space/activity See ASHRAE Standard 62 for estimates Example: 7 people/100m2 for an office setting Estimating the Activity Level Based on activity within the zone See ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Thermal Comfort Chapter or Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Procedures Chapter for estimates Example: 115W/person for seated, light office work Estimating the Percent Radiant Common values range from 30-40% (0.3-0.4)
17
AngleFactorList
Allows user to specify angle factors for
various surfaces to define influence on Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) for thermal comfort evaluation
!!!!!!!!!!!!Angle Factor Zone Name Surface Name Angle Factor Surface Name Angle Factor Surface Name Angle Factor Surface Name Angle Factor Surface Name Angle Factor List Name 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
AngleFactorList, West Wing Angle Factors, West Wing, Zone001:Surf001, 0.20, Zone001:Surf002, 0.20, Zone001:Surf003, 0.20, Zone001:Ceiling001, 0.15, Zone001:Floor001, 0.25;
MRT =
Number of Surfaces i =1
(AF) T
i
18
Lights
Peak Value (all sensible) Schedule Radiant, visible, replaceable, return air
fractions (remainder is convection) Meter end use category

LIGHTS, EAST ZONE, BLDG Sch 3, 1464.375, 0.0000000E+00, 0.2000000, 0.2000000, 0.0000000E+00, GeneralLights; !!!!!!!!Zone Name SCHEDULE Name Design Level {W} Return Air Fraction Fraction Radiant Fraction Visible Fraction Replaceable LightsEndUseKey
19
Lights: Other Notes

Estimating the Input for Lighting Level Count the number and wattage of bulbs in zone Estimate using information from:
Typically ranges from 1.0 2.0 W/ft2,
example: 1.3 W/ft2 for office setting ASHRAE Standard 90.1 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Procedures Chapter
20
Electric Equipment
Peak Value Schedule Latent fraction is fraction of total Radiant and lost fractions of sensible
only (remainder of sensible is convection) ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT,

NORTH ZONE, BLDG Sch 2, 2928.751, 0.0, 0.3, 0.0; !!!!!!-
Basically, energy that does not affect the zone heat balance (vented to exterior environment)
Zone Name SCHEDULE Name Design Level {W} Fraction Latent Fraction Radiant Fraction Lost
21
Electric Equipment: Other Notes

Estimating the Input for Design Level
See ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Procedures Chapter for approximate levels for individual components Note: Nameplate ratings are generally not good estimates of power consumption of electrical equipment (examplenameplates might add up to 35 W/m2 but actual consumption might only be 8W/m2 in an office setting)
22
Other Types of Equipment

Other equipment types in EnergyPlus
that have same input format as Electric Equipment (just a different keyword)

Gas Equipment Hot Water Equipment Steam Equipment Other Equipment
23
Scheduled Baseboard Heaters

Moderately controllable baseboard heaters
that do not interact with the rest of the HVAC system Keyword is Baseboard Heat Baseboard Heat is first priority and will react based on outside dry-bulb temperature and input definition Baseboard that interacts with the HVAC system and controlled based on zone temperature under the following keywords:

BASEBOARD HEATER:Water:Convective BASEBOARD HEATER:Electric:Convective

24
Baseboard Heat Example

Example of Baseboard Heat usage:
BASEBOARD HEAT, North Zone , !- Zone Name Baseboard Availability Schedule , !- SCHEDULE Name 15000, !- Capacity at low temperature in W (> 0) 32, !- Low Temperature in degrees C 0, !- Capacity at high temperature in W (>= 0) 65, !- High Temperature in degrees C 0.3; !- Fraction Radiant (remainder of heat is convective)
Baseboard Output (W) 15000 10000 5000 0 30 40 50 60 70 Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature
Response:
25
Exterior Equipment
Convenient way to account for elements
on exterior of building that add to overall energy consumption of site but do not affect heat balance of any zones

ExteriorLights ExteriorFuelEquipment
ExteriorWaterEquipment
ExteriorLights, Outside Lighting, ExtLightingSched, 200.0; !!!!only used for reporting, does not affect loads Descriptive Name SCHEDULE Name Design Level (Watts)
26
Infiltration
What is it?
Definition: uncontrolled or unintended flow of outdoor air into a building due to

Cracks and other unintentional openings Normal use of exterior doors Through building materials
27
Infiltration (contd)
What its not:
Exfiltration: uncontrolled flow of indoor air out of the building, caused by pressurizing the building through a mechanical system (no effect on zone heat balance but effect on HVAC system) Ventilation: purposeful opening of windows or doors to promote air exchange with the outside environment (see future lecture)
28
Infiltration: Causes
Cause: pressure differential Flow of mass from higher pressure to lower pressure area Driving forces: Wind Buoyancy or stack effect HVAC system Note: all of these can vary based on location within a building
29
Accounting for Infiltration Heat Gain/Loss

Difficult to estimate More sophisticated estimates generally
take a form similar to: Q=c(p) crack method
Estimation based on either ACH or
See ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Ventilation and Infiltration Chapter for more details
30
ACH: Air Changes per Hour

Definition: fraction of room air volume
exchanged with outside air in a given hour An ACH of 1.0 means that the entire air volume of a space is replaced with outside air each hour

Heat gain/loss can be significant Effect moderated by energy storage within the building
31
Infiltration in EnergyPlus
Example from an IDF file:
INFILTRATION, !- Infiltration is specified as a design level which is modified !- by a schedule fraction, temperature difference and wind speed: !- Infiltration = Idesign * Fschedule * !(A + B*|Tzone-Todb| + C*WindSpd + D * WindSpd**2) West Wing, !- Zone Name CONSTANT, !- SCHEDULE Name (Fschedule in Equation) 0.12, !- Design Volume Flow Rate in m3/s (Idesign in Equation) 1.0, !- Constant Term Coefficient (A in Equation) 0.0, !- Temperature Term Coefficient (B in Equation) 0.0, !- Velocity Term Coefficient (C in Equation) 0.0; !- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient (D in Equation)
32
Summary
Schedules are a vital part of EnergyPlus input
and play a role in the definition of many different components Schedules are a hierarchy of:

Day schedules Week schedules Schedules
Scheduled heat gains/losses such as People,
Lights, Equipment, Infiltration, etc. can have a significant impact on conditions within a zone and must be taken into account
33
Lecture 9: Windows and Daylighting

Every building is different in many ways: Location/exterior environment Construction/building envelope Space usage/interior environment HVAC system Building consume approximately one-third of all
energy used nationallylighting accounts for about one third of building energy use Daylighting has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of energy spent on lighting Proper modeling of windows is important to both daylighting studies and energy analysis since it has a significant impact on both of these areas
2


Specify windows in EnergyPlus Specify and control daylighting features within a zone

Material:WindowGlass Material:WindowGas Material:WindowGasMixture Material:WindowShade Material:WindowBlind WindowShadingControl WindowFrameAndDivider WindowGapAirFlowControl Daylighting:Simple and Daylighting:Detailed
4
Windows
glass gas
5
Material:WindowGlass
Non-opaque solid layer used to
construct windows
MATERIAL:WindowGlass, SPECTRAL PANE, !- Name Spectral, !- Optical Data Type SpectralDataSet1, !- Name of Window Glass Spectral Data Set 0.0099, !- Thickness {m} 0.0, !- Solar Transmittance at Normal Incidence 0.0, !- Solar Reflectance at Normal Incidence: Front Side 0.0, !- Solar Reflectance at Normal Incidence: Back Side 0.0, !- Visible Transmittance at Normal Incidence 0.0, !- Visible Reflectance at Normal Incidence: FrontSide 0.0, !- Visible Reflectance at Normal Incidence: Back Side 0.0, !- IR Transmittance at Normal Incidence 0.84, !- IR Hemispherical Emissivity: Front Side 0.84, !- IR Hemispherical Emissivity: Back Side 0.80; !- Conductivity {W/m-K}
More examples from DOE-2 library in file WindowGlassMaterials.idf
Material:WindowGas
Non-opaque gaseous layer used to
construct windows
Gas type can be: Air, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, or Custom Custom requires properties (curve fit coefficients) for conductivity, viscosity, and specific heat as well as the gas molecular weight
MATERIAL:WindowGas, WinAirGap, !- Name AIR, !- Gas Type 0.013; !- Thickness {m}
More examples from DOE-2 library in file WindowGasMaterials.idf
Material:WindowGasMixture
Allows a custom mixture of gases to
construct a non-opaque gaseous layer used for windows
Gas type can be: Air, Argon, Krypton, or Xenon User defines up to four gases in mixture
Material:WindowGasMixture, MyWinGasMix, !- Name 0.0127, !- Thickness 2, !- Number of gases in mixture Air, !- Gas Type - Gas #1 0.5, !- Fraction - Gas #1 Argon, !- Gas Type Gas #2 0.5; !- Fraction Gas #2
Constructing Windows
Same as a regular construction
definition except using window glass, window gas, and/or window gas mixture
!!!!Name Outside Material Layer Material Layer #2 Inside Material Layer
CONSTRUCTION, ELECTRO-CON-DARK, ELECTRO GLASS DARK STATE, WinAirGap, SPECTRAL PANE;
Material:WindowShade
Allows specification of window shades
Becomes part of window shading control

MATERIAL:WindowShade, MEDIUM REFLECT - MEDIUM TRANS SHADE, !- Name 0.4, !- Solar transmittance 0.5, !- Solar reflectance 0.4, !- Visible transmittance 0.5, !- Visible reflectance 0.9, !- Thermal emissivity 0.0, !- Thermal transmittance 0.005, !- Thickness {m} 0.1, !- Conductivity {W/m-K} 0.05, !- Shade-to-glass distance {m} 0.5, !- Top opening multiplier 0.5, !- Bottom opening multiplier 0.5, !- Left-side opening multiplier 0.5, !- Left-side opening multiplier 0.0; !- Air-flow permeability 10
More examples from DOE-2 library in file WindowShadeMaterials.idf
Material:WindowBlind
Allows specification of window blinds

Becomes part of window shading control Example on next slide More examples from DOE-2 library in file WindowBlindMaterials.idf
11
Material:WindowBlind
MATERIAL:WindowBlind,BLIND WITH HIGH REFLECTIVITY SLATS, HORIZONTAL, !- Slat orientation 0.025, !- Slat width [1"] (m) 0.01875, !- Slat separation [3/4"] (m) 0.001, !- Slat thickness (m) 45.0, !- Slat angle (deg) 0.9, !- Slat conductivity (W/m-K) 0.0, !- Slat beam solar transmittance 0.8, !- Slat beam solar reflectance, front side 0.8, !- Slat beam solar reflectance, back side 0.0, !- Slat diffuse solar transmittance 0.8, !- Slat diffuse solar reflectance, front side 0.8, !- Slat diffuse solar reflectance, back side 0.0, !- Slat beam visible transmittance 0.8, !- Slat beam visible reflectance, front side 0.8, !- Slat beam visible reflectance, back side 0.0, !- Slat diffuse visible transmittance 0.8, !- Slat diffuse visible reflectance, front side 0.8, !- Slat diffuse visible reflectance, back side 0.0, !- Slat IR (thermal) hemispherical transmittance 0.9, !- Slat IR (thermal) hemispherical emissivity, front side 0.9, !- Slat IR (thermal) hemispherical emissivity, back side 0.050, !- Blind-to-glass distance 0.5, !- Blind top opening multiplier 0.5, !- Blind bottom opening multiplier 0.5, !- Blind left-side opening multiplier 0.5, !- Blind right-side opening multiplier , !- Minimum slat angle (deg) ; !- Maximum slat angle (deg)
12
WindowShadingControl
Referenced by exterior window surface
definitions Shading types:
Shade (interior, exterior, or between glass)WindowShade Blind (interior, exterior, or between glass)WindowBlind Switchable glazing
13
WindowShadingControl (contd)
Reference to either a construction or a
material name Many shading control variations:

Always on or off or on as per schedule On if high solar, glare, air temperature, cooling load, or combinations of these Meet daylighting illuminance setpoint On at night if heating required or low temperatures with various daytime controls Off at night while on during daytime for cooling conditions and high solar on windows
14
WindowShadingControl (contd)
Other controls

Various setpoints Glare control Several control options for blind slat angles
!!!!!!!!!!!User Supplied Shading Control Name Shading Type Name of construction with shading Shading Control Type Schedule Name Solar/Load/Temp SetPoint {W/m2, W or deg C} Shading Control Is Scheduled Glare Control Is Active Material Name of Shading Device Type of Slat Angle Control for Blinds Slat Angle Schedule Name
WINDOWSHADINGCONTROL, WIN-CONTROL-GLARE, SwitchableGlazing, ELECTRO-CON-DARK, OnIfHighGlare, , 0.0, NO, YES, , , ;
15
WindowFrameAndDivider
Used to define information about
frames and dividers Can be significant portion of heat transfer characteristics of window Includes physical properties (width, projections, number of dividers) as well as thermal properties Example on next slide
16
WindowFrameAndDivider (contd)
WindowFrameAndDivider, TestFrameAndDivider, !- User Supplied Frame/Divider Name 0.05, !- Frame Width {m} 0.05, !- Frame Outside Projection {m} 0.05, !- Frame Inside Projection {m} 5.0, !- Frame Conductance {W/m2-K} 1.2, !- Ratio of Frame-Edge Glass Conductance to Center-Of-Glass Co 0.8, !- Frame Solar Absorptance 0.8, !- Frame Visible Absorptance 0.9, !- Frame Thermal Hemispherical Emissivity DividedLite, !- Divider Type 0.02, !- Divider Width {m} 2, !- Number of Horizontal Dividers 2, !- Number of Vertical Dividers 0.02, !- Divider Outside Projection {m} 0.02, !- Divider Inside Projection {m} 5.0, !- Divider Conductance {W/m2-K} 1.2, !- Ratio of Divider-Edge Glass Conductance to Center-Of-Glass 0.8, !- Divider Solar Absorptance 0.8, !- Divider Visible Absorptance 0.9; !- Divider Thermal Hemispherical Emissivity 17
WindowGapAirFlowControl
Used to allow ventilation of air gap in
windows with either inside or outside air Air can be vented to inside or outside Can be scheduled
WindowGapAirflowControl, !!Zn001:Wall001:Win002, !InsideAir, !OutsideAir, !0.008, !!AlwaysOnAtMaxFlow, !No, !; !Used to control forced airflow through a gap between glass layers Name of Associated Window Airflow Source Airflow Destination Maximum Airflow (m3/s per m of glazing width) (5.2 cfm for 1m x 1m window) Airflow Control Type Airflow Has Multiplier Schedule? Name of Airflow Multiplier Schedule 18
Daylighting
DAYLIGHTING:SIMPLE
Specify useful fraction of solar gain Calculates illuminance
DAYLIGHTING:DETAILED
Only one type per zone May use different types in same run
19
Daylighting:Simple
Effectiveness method

Fraction beam usable Fraction diffuse usable Schedule Fraction replaceable All lights on one control
20
LIGHTS

Daylighting:Simple
Light Control
Sensible and Latent
Beam Solar Sky Diffuse
Ground Diffuse
21
Daylighting:Detailed Methodology
Calculated illuminance level External factors

Sky condition Sun position Ground reflectance External shading and obstructions
22
Daylighting:Detailed Methodology (cont)

Window factors Size Position Transmittance Shades Internal factors Interior surface visible absorptance Position of daylighting reference point
23
Daylighting:Detailed
Light Control 1 Light Control 2
Beam Solar Sky Diffuse
Uncontrolled Sensible and Latent
Reference Pt 2
Ground Diffuse
Reference Pt 1
24
Daylighting Calculation
Daylight factors
Ratios of interior illuminance or luminance to exterior horizontal illuminance Contribution of direct light from each window to each reference point Contribution of reflected light from walls, floor and ceiling Window luminance and window background luminance used to determine glare Factors calculated for hourly sun positions on sun-paths for representative days of the run period
25
Daylighting Calculation (contd)

Daylighting calculation performed each heatbalance time step when the sun is up Daylight factors at each reference point interpolated using the current time steps sun position and sky condition Illuminance found by multiplying daylight factors by exterior horizontal illuminance If glare control, then automatically deploy window shading, if available, to decrease glare below a specified comfort level Similar option uses shades to control solar gain
26
Electric Lighting Control

Electric lights full-on assumed to provide the setpoint illuminance regardless of schedule Electric lighting control system simulated to determine fraction of lighting for each lighting zone Based on daylighting illuminance level regardless of actual electric lighting input power Zone lighting electric reduction factor passed to thermal calculation Heat gain from lights and power input reduced
27
Continuous Dimming
1.0 Increasing daylight illuminance Fractional light output Zero daylight illuminance
Minimum light output fraction 0 0 1.0 Fractional input power Minimum input power fraction
28
Stepped Lighting Control

Step 1 1.0 Step 2 Fractional input power
Step 3
0 0 Daylight illuminance Illuminance set point

29
Daylighting:Detailed Inputs
1 or 2 illuminance reference points Specific point(s) in zone (X,Y,Z position) Zone coordinate system relative to zone origin If zone origins are all 0,0,0, then equivalent to world coordinates 1 to 3 lighting zones Controlled by reference point 1 Controlled by reference point 2 Uncontrolled Specify fraction of lighting power for each zone
30
Daylighting:Detailed Inputs (contd)

Illuminance setpoint(s) [lux] Lighting control type

Continuous stay on at minimum Continuous turn off at minimum Stepped automatic Stepped manual with probability Minimum lighting output and power levels
31
Daylighting:Detailed Inputs (contd)

Glare control of window shades

Direction of view Maximum glare level
32
Daylighting:Detailed Example
DAYLIGHTING:DETAILED, Zone 2, 1, 2.5, 2, 0.8, 2.5, 8, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 500, 500, 1, 0, 0, 22, 0.3, 0.2, 1, 1; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Zone Name Total Daylighting Reference Points X,Y,Z-coordinates of first reference point {m} X,Y,Z-coordinates of second reference point {m} Fraction of zone controlled by first ref. point Fraction of zone controlled by second ref. point Illuminance setpoint at first reference point {lux} Illuminance setpoint at second reference point {lux} Lighting control type Azimuth angle of view direction clockwise from zone y-axis (for glare calculation) {deg} Maximum allowable discomfort glare index Minimum input power fraction for continuous control Minimum light output fraction for continuous control Number of steps (excluding off) for stepped control Probability lighting will be reset in manual control
33
Ground Reflectance
GroundReflectance 12 monthly values Affects:

Solar gains Daylighting
Snow Ground Reflectance Modifiers
34
Daylighting Modeling Guidelines

Do not use window multipliers Different window positions would be lost Zone multipliers Beneficial to get room proportions correct Can only use if external shading not affected by zone position Interior surfaces within a zone do not
block direct light for daylighting calcs
35
Representative Room with Zone Multiplier
36
Model Unique Rooms as Individual Thermal Zones
A C B D
37
Multiple Lighting Zones

Second Reference Point Fraction of Zone Controlled by Second Reference Point = 0.5 First Reference Point Fraction of Zone Controlled by First Reference Point = 0.5
38
Daylighting in Part of a Thermal Zone
Interior window no daylighting passes through First Reference Point
Exterior window
39
Shading Surfaces for Daylighting

Opaque No daylight transmitted (according to manual, I/O ref. pp 191-192) However, shadowing surface transmittance schedule does impact daylighting currently in some cases (may be a bug) Black Do not reflect light For example, reflection from top of overhang onto window above not calculated
40
Summary
Windows are a means of providing solar
heat gain and natural lighting to spaces within a building EnergyPlus requires specification of the composition of window components as well as any shading strategy being used Daylighting calculations can show the possible reduction in electric lighting
41
Lecture 10: Zone and Modeling Controls, Simple HVAC for Load Calculations

Almost all buildings are controlled thermal
environments To calculate how much energy is required to maintain the appropriate thermal environment, an energy simulation program needs the control strategy Resulting heating and cooling loads can be a good basis for comparing different envelope designs before addressing HVAC issues Simulation programs always have details this lecture discusses some of the simulation parameters that might be of importance to some runs

Gain an understanding of how to:
Obtain heating and cooling loads for zones without defining an entire HVAC system Calculate approximate air flow rates for zones Control some of the modeling details of a thermal simulation using EnergyPlus

Zone Control:Thermostatic Single Heating Setpoint, Single Cooling
Setpoint, Dual Setpoint With Deadband Schedule (review) Purchased Air (and some affiliated input) Simulation Control Parameters: TimeStep in Hour, Inside/Outside Convection Algorithm, Sky Radiance Distribution, Solution Algorithm, Shadowing Calculation, Convection Coefficients
4
Thermostatic Control
Controls zone to a specified temperature Control options include:
0 Uncontrolled
No heating or cooling, zone floats Heats to setpoint, no cooling Cools to setpoint, no heating Perfect control
1 Single heating setpoint 2 Single cooling setpoint 3 Single heating/cooling setpoint 4 Dual setpoint with deadband
Heating below lower setpoint, Cooling above higher setpoint, Zone floats in deadband between setpoints
Zone Thermostat
Basic Format of EnergyPlus Input:
ZONE CONTROL:THERMOSTATIC, Zone Name, Control Type SCHEDULE Name, Control Type #1, !-Single Heating Setpoint Control type sched = 1 !-Single Cooling SetPoint Control type sched = 2 !-Single Heating Cooling Setpoint Control type sched = 3 !-Dual Setpoint with Deadband Control type sched = 4 Control Type Name #1, (Repeat for each thermostatic control type in zone) ;
Zone Thermostat - Example

ZONE CONTROL:THERMOSTATIC, SPACE1-1 Control, SPACE1-1, Zone Control Type Sched, Single Cooling Setpoint, Cooling Setpoint with Setback, Single Heating Setpoint, Heating Setpoint with Setback; !!!!!!!Thermostat Name Zone Name Control Type SCHEDULE Name Control Type Control Type Name Control Type Control Type Name
Schedules of setpoint temperatures (example on slide 9); allows setpoint temperature to vary (i.e., setback) Schedule of control type parameter (0-4); determines which control type is valid at a particular time
Zone Thermostat Control Type Schedule

DAYSCHEDULE, Summer Control Type Day Sch, Control Type, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2; ! 2=single cool SP DAYSCHEDULE, Winter Control Type Day Sch, Control Type, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1; ! 1=single heat SP WEEKSCHEDULE, Summer Control Type Week Sch, Summer Control Type Day Sch, . . . ; WEEKSCHEDULE, Winter Control Type Week Sch, Winter Control Type Day Sch, . . . ;
Control Type Schedule

cooling heating
SCHEDULE, Zone Control Type Sched, Control Type, heating Winter Control Type Week Sch, 1,1, 3,31, Summer Control Type Week Sch, 4,1, 9,30, JFMA Winter Control Type Week Sch, 10,1, 12,31;
MJJASOND
Values can change hourly if necessary (0-4) to model situations such as heating/cooling during the day and heating only at night for freeze protection
Zone Thermostat Heating Setpoint Object

SINGLE HEATING SETPOINT, Heating Setpoint with Setback, !- Setpoint control object name Heating Setpoints; !- Setpoint schedule
DAYSCHEDULE, Heating Setpoint Day Sch, Temperature, 15.,15.,15.,15.,15.,15.,15.,20.,20.,20.,20.,20.,20.,20.,20.,20.,20., 15.,15.,15.,15.,15.,15.,15.; WEEKSCHEDULE, Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Heating Setpoint Week Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch, Day Sch; !- Name !- Sunday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Monday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Tuesday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Wednesday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Thursday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Friday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Saturday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Holiday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- SummerDesignDay DAYSCHEDULE Name !- WinterDesignDay DAYSCHEDULE Name !- CustomDay1 DAYSCHEDULE Name !- CustomDay2 DAYSCHEDULE Name
SCHEDULE, Heating Setpoints, Temperature, Heating Setpoint Week Sch, 1,1, 12,31;
no conditioning
20 15
heating midnight 6am noon 6pm

9
Set Point Objects - Examples

SINGLE HEATING SETPOINT, HeatingSetpoint, Htg-SetP-Sch; SINGLE COOLING SETPOINT, CoolingSetpoint, Clg-SetP-Sch; !- Name !- Setpoint Temp SCHEDULE Name
!- Name !- Setpoint Temp SCHEDULE Name
DUAL SETPOINT WITH DEADBAND, DualSetPoint, !- Name Htg-SetP-Sch, !- Heating Setpoint Temp SCHEDULE Name Clg-SetP-Sch; !- Cooling Setpoint Temp SCHEDULE Name
10
Purchased Air
Used to compute zone heating/cooling loads
without modeling an HVAC system Unlimited capacity at specified temperature and humidity Controls only Zone dry bulb temperature Resulting humidity level calculated Controlled by Zone thermostat (dry bulb setpoint) Calculates required flow rate at specified supply air temperature
11
Purchased Air Example

PURCHASED AIR, Zone1Air, !- Purchased Air Name NODE_1, !- Zone Supply Air Node Name 50, !- Heating Supply Air Temp {C} 15, !- Cooling Supply Air Temp {C} 0.02, !- Heating Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} 0.02; !- Cooling Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} CONTROLLED ZONE EQUIP CONFIGURATION, RESISTIVE ZONE, Zone1Equipment, Zone1Inlets, , NODE_4,NODE_5; ZONE EQUIPMENT LIST, Zone1Equipment, PURCHASED AIR, Zone1Air, 1, 1; NODE LIST, Zone1Inlets, NODE_1;
These keywords will be discussed in more detail in a future lecture; all are required to get purchased air to work Note that the colors in the above example denote the interconnections of these different statements
12
Complete Purchased Air Example (Everything you need to condition a zone)

SCHEDULETYPE,ControlType,0:4,DISCRETE; DAYSCHEDULE,Zone Control Day, ControlType,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4; WEEKSCHEDULE, Zone Control Week, Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day, Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day,Zone Control Day; SCHEDULE, Zone Control Type Schedule, ControlType, Zone Control Week,1,1,12,31; DAYSCHEDULE,Heat Temp 5,Temperature, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0, 20.0; DAYSCHEDULE,Cool Temp 5,Temperature, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6, 25.6; WEEKSCHEDULE,HEAT-DEAD BAND, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5, Heat Temp 5; WEEKSCHEDULE,COOL-DEAD BAND, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5, Cool Temp 5; SCHEDULE,ZONE 1 Heating Setpoints,Temperature,HEAT-DEAD BAND, 1, 1,12,31; SCHEDULE,ZONE 1 Cooling Setpoints,Temperature,COOL-DEAD BAND, 1, 1,12,31; ZONE CONTROL:THERMOSTATIC, ZONE 1 CONTROLS, ZONE 1,Zone Control Type Schedule,DUAL SETPOINT WITH DEADBAND, ZONE 1 SETPOINTS; DUAL SETPOINT WITH DEADBAND, ZONE 1 SETPOINTS,ZONE 1 Heating Setpoints,ZONE 1 Cooling Setpoints; PURCHASED AIR, ZONE 1 PURCHASED AIR, ZONE 1 INLETS, !- Zone Supply Air Node 50, !- Heating Supply Air Temperature {C} 13, !- Cooling Supply Air Temperature {C} 0.015, !- Heating Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-Air} 0.010; !- Cooling Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-Air} CONTROLLED ZONE EQUIP CONFIGURATION, ZONE 1, ZONE 1 EQUIPMENT, ZONE 1 INLETS,, ZONE 1 NODE, ZONE 1 OUTLET; ZONE EQUIPMENT LIST, ZONE 1 EQUIPMENT, PURCHASED AIR, ZONE 1 PURCHASED AIR, 1, 1; NODE LIST, ZONE 1 INLETS,ZONE 1 INLET;
13
TimeStep in Hour
EnergyPlus is a sub-hourly simulation
programcapable of simulating the building at time steps of less than one hour Example:
TIMESTEP IN HOUR, 4; !- Number of time steps in an hour--validity 1 to 6--4 suggested
Sets time step for zone portion of simulation to 15 minutes; HVAC may run at time steps of less than 15 minutes to insure the stability of the system response (adaptive time step discussed in future lecture)
14
Solution Algorithm
User has ability to control the details of
the simulation algorithm
Options include standard heat transfer only, heat and mass transfer, and detailed (layer-by-layer) heat and mass transfer
Note that requesting heat and mass transfer simulations can significantly increase execution time 15
SOLUTION ALGORITHM, \memo Determines which Heat Balance Algorithm will be used \unique-object A1 ; \field Solution Algorithm \required-field \type choice \key CTFConduction Transfer Functions (heat transfer only) \key MTFMoisture Transfer Functions (detailed heat+mass) \key EMPDEffective Moisture Penetration Depth (heat+mass) \default CTF
Inside Convection Algorithm

User may selection the inside
convection correlation from following options:

Simpleconstant natural convection Detailedvariable natural convection CeilingDiffuserACH-based correlation TrombeWallclosed rectangular cavity
from ASHRAE
from research
16
Inside Convection Algorithm (contd)

ASHRAE Simple Correlation for Interior
Convection

Cool floor or warm ceiling: hconv = 0.948 W/m2-K Tilted surface, reduced: hconv = 2.281 W/m2-K
where reduced means a surface tilted in such a way as to mimic the poorer conditions for natural convection as in the cool floor/warm ceiling situation
where enhanced means a surface tilted in such a way as to mimic the better conditions for natural convection as in the warm floor/cool ceiling situation
Vertical surface: hconv = 3.076 W/m2-K Warm floor or cool ceiling: hconv = 4.040 W/m2-K Tilted surface, enhanced: hconv = 3.870 W/m2-K
17

ASHRAE Detailed Correlation for Interior
Convection
Reduced convection: Vertical surface:
hconv =
1.81 3 Tsurf Tair 1.382 + cos ( surf
) )
18
hconv = 1.31 3 Tsurf Tair

7.283 cos ( surf
Enhanced convection: hconv =
9.482 3 Tsurf Tair
)
)
where surf is the tilt of the surface (surf=0 for roof, =90 for vertical wall, =180 for floor)

Ceiling Diffuser Correlation
Floor: Wall:
hconv = 3.873 + 0.082 ACH0.98 hconv = 1.208 + 1.012 ACH0.604
) ) )
Ceiling: hconv = 2.234 + 4.099 ACH0.503
where ACH is the air changes per hour of the HVAC system
19
Outside Convection Algorithm

User may selection the outside convection
correlation from following options:
Simpleconstant natural convection
hconv = Drough + Erough Vwind + Frough V
2 wind
where D, E, and F vary with surface roughness
Detailedvariable natural convection

where A incorporates surface and wind direction factors while B takes roughness into account and hnatural is identical to the natural convection correlation for the detailed inside convection algorithm
20
hconv = hnatural + A surf B rough Vwind
ConvectionCoefficients
Allows user to set interior and/or
exterior convection coefficients
Could be used for comparison to other programs or to determine influence of convection coefficients on simulation
Two per surface to allow specification of both interior and exterior 21
ConvectionCoefficients, A1, \field SurfaceName A2, \field Convection Type #1 (either Interior or Exterior) A3, \field Convection Value Type #1 (either Value or Schedule) N1, \field Convection value #1 (W/m2-K, only used if A3 is Value) A4, \field Convection Schedule #1 (only used if A3 is Schedule) A5, \field Convection Type #2 (either Interior or Exterior) A6, \field Convection Value Type #2 (either Value or Schedule) N2, \field Convection value #2 (W/m2-K, only used if A3 is Value) A7; \field Convection Schedule #2 (only used if A3 is Schedule)
Shadowing Calculation
EnergyPlus does shadowing calculation
for periods of time and assumes that the shadow casting over this time period is the same each day User can control how often this is done through Shadowing Calculation input

Can force EnergyPlus to do this every day Shorter shadowing periods result in longer run times for EnergyPlus
22
SHADOWING CALCULATIONS, N1 ; \field Shadowing period length in days (0 will use E+ default)
Airflow Model
This parameter is only needed if the
user is trying to do detailed airflow studies using the EnergyPlus link to COMIS This statement tells EnergyPlus to do the COMIS simulation but much more input data is required (see next lecture)
Airflow Model, COMIS; !- Airflow model type (COMIS or Simple, default is Simple) 23
Summary
Zone Thermostat input allows control of the
air temperature within individual zones control setpoint can change on an hourly basis Purchased Air can be used as a simple HVAC system when doing initial studies or trying to determine the size of the air handling system User has the option to control various details of the simulation such as time step, convection algorithms, shading calculations, and air flow modeling
24
Lecture 11: Air Movement in Buildings

Air is critical to sustaining life and also to the thermal
environment inside a building (comfort) While a zone is defined by a common air mass at a particular temperature, air is not static within a building

Unintended flow into/out of the building Purposeful flow into/out of the building Exchange between interior spaces
Air movement may result in energy transfer from one
area to another and thus has an energy impact on the zone and/or building Understanding the energy impact of air movement is critical to our understanding of how much energy is required to maintain thermally comfortable conditions within a space

Define air movement between interior spaces Approximate the effect of ventilating a building (naturally or mechanically) Perform detailed air movement calculations using the EnergyPlus link to COMIS

Mixing Cross Mixing Ventilation COMIS Input Syntax
Mixing
Used to move air from one zone to another Only has an impact on the receiving zone
user must account for energy impact on source zone through Mixing, Infiltration, etc. or a circular path between more than two zones
Can be used to set-up multiple air flow paths
User must specify flow rates and schedule
Mixing (contd)
IDD Description:
MIXING, A1 , \field A2 , \field N1 , \field A3 , \field N2 ; \field Zone Name SCHEDULE Name Design Level of Air Flow in m3/s Source Zone Name Delta Temperature in degrees Celsius Delta Temperature controls when mixing air from the source zone is sent to receiving zone; if positive, the temperature of zone from which air is drawn must be T warmer than receiving zone air or no mixing occurs; if negative, the temperature of source zone must be T cooler than receiving zone air or no mixing occurs; if T is zero, mixing occurs regardless of the relative zone temperatures
6
Cross Mixing
Used to exchange equal amount of air
between two zones Has an (equal) energy impact on both zones Only needs to be defined once for one of the two zones Only one cross mixing statement per zone If mixing occurs with more than one zone, must use Mixing User must specify flow rates and schedule
7
Cross Mixing (contd)

IDD Description:
CROSS MIXING, A1 , \field Zone Name A2 , \field SCHEDULE Name N1 , \field Design Level of Air Flow in m3/s A3 , \field Source Zone Name N2 ; \field Delta Temperature in degrees Celsius Delta Temperature controls when mixing air from the source zone is sent to the receiving zone.; if positive, the temperature of zone from which air is being drawn (source zone) must be T warmer than the zone air or no mixing occurs; if zero, mixing occurs regardless of the relative air temperatures; negative values for Delta Temperature are not permitted
8
Mixing and Cross Mixing Examples

mixing
OK
Zone 1 mixing Zone 3
OK
Zone 2 Zone 1 cross mixing Zone 3 Zone 2 cross mixing Zone 4
mixing Zone 4
OK
Zone 1 Zone 2
mixing
Zone 1 cross mixing Zone 3
Zone 2
mixing Zone 3 Zone 4
Illegal
Ventilation (Simple)
Intent is to allow simple mechanical
ventilation without specifying an HVAC system or natural ventilation Amount of ventilation determined by user defined design flow rate, schedule, and equation similar to infiltration (allows for variation based on temperature difference and wind speed) Type and control of ventilation determined by ventilation specific parameters
10
Ventilation (Simple, contd)

Control Parameters: Minimum Temperature: indoor (zone) air temperature below which ventilation is shut off Delta Temperature: temperature differential between inside (zone) and outside air below which ventilation is shut off (negative values allowed) Advantage: can take effect of natural or simple
forced ventilation into account without a lot of input Disadvantage: user must define the air flow rate (will not figure out how much air flow there will be) Use COMIS for more serious studies of air movement within the building and between inside and outside
11

Example from an IDF file:
VENTILATION, !- Ventilation is specified as a design level which is modified !- by a schedule fraction, temperature difference and wind speed: !- Ventilation = Vdesign * Fschedule * !(A + B*|Tzone-Todb| + C*WindSpd + D * WindSpd**2) West Wing, !- Zone Name CONSTANT, !- SCHEDULE Name (Fschedule in Equation) 0.12, !- Design Volume Flow Rate in m3/s (Vdesign in Equation) 0.0, !- Delta Temperature in degrees C Natural, !- Ventilation Type (Natural | Intake | Exhaust) 0.0, !- Fan Pressure Rise in Pa 0.0, !- Fan Total Efficiency 1.0, !- Constant Term Coefficient (A in Equation) 0.0, !- Temperature Term Coefficient (B in Equation) 0.03, !- Velocity Term Coefficient (C in Equation) 0.0; !- Velocity Squared Term Coefficient (D in Equation)
could be used for stack ventilation
could be used for cross ventilation
12

A few thoughts on how to get the design flow rate for natural
ventilation
ACH: consider how many air changes per hour you might expect for natural ventilation (somewhere between infiltration and fan driven flow, probably closer to infiltration) Window area and velocity: area times velocity is volumetric flow rate
Determine window opening area (not necessarily the same as window areadepends on window type) Multiply by some standard velocity (you will use the velocity coefficients so consider 1.0m/s) Reduce this number to account for the fact that the velocity of air at the window will not be the same as the velocity of the air at the weather station and the fact that the air must go through the building
Adjust the temperature and wind speed parameters in the ventilation input to account for potential variations due to stack effect and/or wind effect on cross ventilation (can only estimate this without more detailed simulations)
13
COMIS Multizone Airflow

COMIS Conjunction Of Multizone Infiltration
Specialists COMIS model incorporated into EnergyPlus Multizone airflow driven by external wind and stack effect Does not model HVAC system impact Computes infiltration and interzone flows which are passed to the thermal simulation See Input Output Reference - Airflow
14
Overview of the COMIS/EnergyPlus Link

COMIS was developed in 1994 as a stand-alone multizone air
flow program with its own input and output processors. In the COMIS/EnergyPlus link, COMIS is called each time step by the EnergyPlus program. Using inside and outside temperatures and the wind pressure distribution at the beginning of a time step, COMIS calculates air flows through cracks and large openings (such as open windows) between outside and inside and from zone to zone. These are then used by the EnergyPlus thermal calculation to determine surface temperatures and zone air temperatures for that time step (which are then used in the next time step to calculate new air flow values, and so on)
15
The COMIS Input Objects

Airflow Model COMIS Simulation COMIS Zone Data COMIS Surface Data COMIS Standard Conditions for Crack Data COMIS Air Flow:Crack COMIS Air Flow:Opening COMIS Site Wind Conditions COMIS External Node COMIS CP Array COMIS CP Values
16
Input Object Description

COMIS Simulation defines basic run parameters for the air
flow calculation and specifies whether wind pressure coefficients are input by the user or, for rectangular buildings, calculated by the program (New Feature for Version 1.1.1). COMIS Zone Data object specifies the ventilation control that applies to all of the openable exterior windows and doors in the corresponding thermal zone. COMIS Surface Data indicates whether a heat transfer surface (wall, window, etc.) has a crack or opening and references a COMIS Air Flow:Crack or COMIS Air Flow:Opening object that gives the air flow characteristics of that crack or opening. COMIS Surface Data can also be used to specify individual ventilation control for openable exterior windows and doors.
17
Input Object Description (Cont.)

COMIS Standard Conditions for Crack Data is
used to normalize crack information that is based on measurements of crack air flow. If wind pressure coefficients are input by the user, COMIS Surface Data also has an associated COMIS External Node, that, via the COMIS Site Wind Conditions, COMIS CP Array and COMIS CP Values objects, gives the wind pressure distribution vs. wind direction for that node and, implicitly, for the cracks and openings in the exterior surfaces associated with that node.
18
Relationship Among COMIS Objects

Regular EnergyPlus Objects COMIS Objects COMIS Simulation COMIS Site Wind Conditions COMIS Standard Conditions for Crack Data Surface:HeatTransfer or Surface:HeatTransfer:Sub COMIS Surface Data COMIS External Node
COMIS Air Flow:Crack or COMIS Air Flow:Opening Zone Schedule (of venting temperatures) COMIS Zone Data
COMIS CP Values
COMIS CP Array
19
What COMIS/EnergyPlus Can Do

Air flow through cracks in exterior or interzone surfaces Air flow through cracks around windows and doors Natural ventilation, i.e., air flow through open (or partially open)
exterior windows and doors Control of natural ventilation based on inside/outside temperature or enthalpy difference Modulation of natural ventilation to prevent large temperature swings Interzone air flow, i.e., air flow through open interzone windows and doors, and through cracks in interzone surfaces Account for how air flow depends on buoyancy effects and wind pressure Account for how wind pressure depends on wind speed, wind direction and surface orientation
20
What COMIS/EnergyPlus Cannot Do

Account for the effect of supply-air and/or return-air flows in a
zone when an HVAC air system is present and is operating. This means that the COMIS air flow simulation will give reliable answers only if there is no HVAC system, the HVAC system is off, or the HVAC system is hydronic. Air flow through cracks around windows and doors.
Air circulation and/or air temperature stratification within a
thermal zone. For example, you should not try to divide a high space, such as an atrium, into subzones separated by artificial horizontal surfaces that have cracks or openings with the expectation that COMIS/EnergyPlus will give you a realistic temperature in each subzone and/or a realistic air flow between subzones.
21
What COMIS/EnergyPlus Cannot Do (Cont.)

Bi-directional flow through large horizontal openings.
See discussion below under COMIS Air Flow:Opening. Flow through ducts or other elements of an HVAC air system. Pollutant transport. There are some pollutant-related inputs but they are not used. Air-flow networks that are not connected. This means you cannot model air flow in two or more separate groups of zones.
22
Simple COMIS Air Flow Network

ExternalNode-1
Window-1
Window-2
Zone-1
Door-12
Zone-2
ExternalNode-2 Door-23 Window-3
Zone-3
23
Illegal COMIS Air Flow Network

ExternalNode-1 Window-1 Window-2
Zone-1 Door-23 Window-4
Zone-2 ExternalNode-2 Window-3 Zone-3
ExternalNode-3
24
Correcting the Illegal COMIS Air Flow Network

The previous slide shows an Air-flow network that is
illegal in COMIS because there are two separate groups of zones with air flow (one group is Zone-2 plus Zone-3 and the other is Zone-1). To make this legal a link (a crack or opening) between Zone-1 and Zone-2 would have to be added or the zones in one of the groups would have to be turned off as COMIS zones.
25
New COMIS Feature Version 1.1.1 Release

For rectangular buildings EnergyPlus will
automatically calculate surface-averaged Cp values for the walls and roof of the building if, in COMIS Simulation, you specify Wind Pressure Coefficients = SURFACE-AVERAGE CALCULATION. In this case you do not have to enter any COMIS CP Values objects. If not calculated by program, Cp values can be obtained from wind tunnel measurements, CFD calculations, or from published values for different building shapes.
26
COMIS Input
AIRFLOW MODEL, COMIS; !- AirFlowModelValue COMIS SIMULATION, VENT, !- Ventilation simulation control NO POL, !- Pollution simulation control NO CONC, !- Concentration simulation control 1.00, !- Under-relaxation factor {dimensionless} 1.0E-06, !- Absolute flow tolerance {kg/s} 1.0E-04, !- Relative flow tolerance {dimensionless} 1.0E-04, !- Error estimate for total flow per zone {kg/s} 1, !- Start number of iterations 1.0E-04, !- Limit for laminar flow approximation {Pa} 1, !- Flag for using old pressures 0, !- Flag for pressure initiation 500, !- Maximum number of iterations 10.0, !- Reference height for recorded wind data {m} 0.14, !- Wind velocity profile exponent {dimensionless} Every 30 Degrees; !- COMIS CP ARRAY Name
27
COMIS Input (Cont.)

COMIS SITE WIND CONDITIONS, 0.0, !- Wind direction {deg} 0.20, !- Plan area density {dimensionless} 0.18, !- Exponent of Wind velocity profile {dimensionless} 0.0; !- Surrounding building height {m} COMIS SITE WIND CONDITIONS, 180.0, !- Wind direction {deg} 0.20, !- Plan area density {dimensionless} 0.32, !- Exponent of Wind velocity profile {dimensionless} 15.0; !- Surrounding building height {m} COMIS EXTERNAL NODE, NFacade, !- Name 1.0; !- Outside Pollutant Concentration Factor {dimensionless} . . . COMIS EXTERNAL NODE, WFacade, !- Name 1.0; !- Outside Pollutant Concentration Factor {dimensionless} 28
COMIS Input (Cont.)

COMIS STANDARD CONDITIONS FOR CRACK DATA, 20.0, !- Standard temperature for crack data {C} 101.32, !- Standard barometric pressure for crack data {kPa} 5.0; !- Standard humidity ratio for crack data {g/kg} COMIS AIR FLOW:CRACK, CR-1, !- Name 0.01, !- Air mass flow coefficient {kg/s} 0.667, !- Air mass flow exponent {dimensionless} 1.0, !- Crack length {m} 0.0, !- Pollutant #1 Filter Efficiency {dimensionless} 0.0, !- Pollutant #2 Filter Efficiency {dimensionless} 0.0; !- Pollutant #3 Filter Efficiency {dimensionless}
29
COMIS Input (Cont.)

COMIS AIR FLOW:OPENING, WiOpen1, !- Name 0.001, !- Air Mass Flow Coefficient When Window or Door Is Closed {kg/s-m} 0.667, !- Air Mass Flow Exponent When Window or Door Is Closed {dimensionless} 1, !- Type of large vertical opening (LVO) 0.0, !- Extra crack length for LVO type 1 with multiple openable pa {m} 2, !- Number of Opening Factor Values 0.0, !- Opening factor #1 {dimensionless} 0.5, !- Discharge coefficient for opening factor #1 {dimensionless} 0.0, !- Width factor for opening factor #1 {dimensionless} 1.0, !- Height factor for opening factor #1 {dimensionless} 0.0, !- Start height factor for opening factor #1 {dimensionless} 1.0, !- Opening factor #2 {dimensionless} 0.6, !- Discharge coefficient for Opening factor #2 {dimensionless} 1.0, !- Width factor for for Opening factor #2 {dimensionless} 1.0, !- Height factor for for Opening factor #2 {dimensionless} 0.0, !- Start height factor for for Opening factor #2 {dimensionless} 0, !- Opening factor #3 {dimensionless} 0, !- Discharge coefficient for for Opening factor #3 {dimensionless} 0, !- Width factor for for for Opening factor #3 {dimensionless} 0, !- Height factor for for for Opening factor #3 {dimensionless} 0, !- Start height factor for for for Opening factor #3 {dimensionless} . . .
30
COMIS Input (Cont.)

COMIS ZONE DATA, WEST_ZONE, !- Name of Associated Thermal Zone WindowVentSched, !- Vent Temperature Schedule Temperature, !- Ventilation Control Mode 0.3, !- Limit Value on Multiplier for Modulating Venting Open Factor {dimensionless} 5.0, !- Lower Value on Inside/Outside Temperature Difference for Mo {deltaC} 10.0, !- Upper Value on Inside/Outside Temperature Difference for Mo {deltaC} 0.0, !- Lower Value on Inside/Outside Enthalpy Difference for Modul {J/kg} 300000.0, !- Upper Value on Inside/Outside Enthalpy Difference for Modul {J/kg} Optional Venting Schedule; COMIS SURFACE DATA, Surface_1, !- Name of Associated EnergyPlus Surface CR-1, !- Air Flow Crack or Opening Type SFacade, !- External Node Name 1; !- Crack Actual Value or Window Open Factor for Ventilation {dimensionless} COMIS SURFACE DATA, Window1, !- Name of Associated EnergyPlus Surface WiOpen1, !- Air Flow Crack or Opening Type SFacade, !- External Node Name 0.5; !- Crack Actual Value or Window Open Factor for Ventilation {dimensionless}
31
COMIS Input (Cont.)

COMIS Cp ARRAY, Every 30 Degrees, !- Name 10.0, !- Reference height for CP data {m} 0, !- Wind direction #1 {deg} 30, !- Wind direction #2 {deg} . 270, !- Wind direction #10 {deg} 300, !- Wind direction #11 {deg} 330; !- Wind direction #12 {deg} COMIS Cp VALUES, Every 30 Degrees, !- COMIS CP ARRAY Name NFacade, !- External Node Name 0.60, !- Cp value #1 {dimensionless} 0.48, !- Cp value #2 {dimensionless} 0.04, !- Cp value #3 {dimensionless} -0.56, !- Cp value #4 {dimensionless} -0.56, !- Cp value #5 {dimensionless} -0.42, !- Cp value #6 {dimensionless} -0.37, !- Cp value #7 {dimensionless} -0.42, !- Cp value #8 {dimensionless} -0.56, !- Cp value #9 {dimensionless} -0.56, !- Cp value #10 {dimensionless} 0.04, !- Cp value #11 {dimensionless} 0.48; !- Cp value #12 {dimensionless}
32
Ventilation Control Mode
Ventilation Control M ode
(4 types of natural ventilation control)
Tout = outside air temperature Tzone = previous time steps zone air temperature Tset = Vent Temperature Schedule value Hzone = specific enthalpy of zone air Hout = specific enthalpy of outside air Temperature: The windows/doors are opened if Tzone > Tout and Tzone > Tset and Venting Schedule allows venting. Enthalpic: The windows/doors are opened if Hzone > Hout and Tzone > Tset and Venting Schedule allows venting. Constant: Whenever Venting Schedule allows venting, the windows/doors are open, independent of indoor or outdoor conditions. NoVent: The windows/doors are closed at all times independent of indoor or outdoor conditions. Venting Schedule is ignored in this case.
33
Ventilation Schedules
Field: Vent Temperature Schedule
The name of a schedule of zone-air temperature set points that controls opening of a window/door to provide natural ventilation. This schedule consists of weeks and days, with the days containing the ventilation temperature setting in C for each hour of the day. This ventilation temperature is the temperature above which the window/door will be opened if the conditions described under the following Ventilation Control Mode are met. [This opening control logic does not exist in the original COMIS program.] The name of a schedule that specifies when venting through this window/door is available. A zero schedule value means venting is not allowed. A value greater than zero means venting can occur if other venting control conditions (specified by Ventilation Control Mode and Vent Temperature Schedule) are satisfied. This schedule should not be confused with Vent Temperature Schedule.
Field: Venting Schedule
34
Summary
Air movement between spaces in
EnergyPlus can either rely on userdefined quantities or more detailed calculations Simple modeling statements: mixing, cross mixing, and ventilation COMIS link provides more detailed analysis of interzone air flow as well as more sophisticated calculation of infiltration
35
Lecture 12: Building Technology and Strategies for Sustainability

Energy consumption of buildings (heating,
cooling, and lights) is a significant fraction of energy consumption worldwide Many energy sources are finite so we must slow down energy consumption as much as possible Simulation can help reduce energy consumption by modeling various strategies before they are built thus minimizing energy costs Knowledge of various techniques for sustainable design and what can be simulated is crucial

Some basic strategies for reducing the energy cost of buildings Various technology solutions that are currently available A few green capabilities of EnergyPlus
General Strategies for Reducing Building Heating and Cooling

Non-mechanical system approach
Should always try to minimize heating and cooling requirements first Mechanical system efficiency important also
Building Envelope: Insulation and/or Isolation Solar Strategies (Passive Heating) Alternate Cooling Strategies
Building Envelope: Insulation and/or Isolation

Goal: Attempt to minimize the adverse effects
of the environment on a building

Note: effect of environment is always changing Note: in some cases (e.g., temperate/mild climates and high internally loaded buildings), we may want to maximize impact of environment because it is beneficial (Climate Specific Strategies)
Adjust volume to exterior area ratio Volume/living space desirable (maximize volume) Minimizing exterior surface area (usually) since it affects conduction, convection, and radiation
5
Building Envelope: Change Wall Construction

Reduce conduction by adding insulation

Conduction (q=AT/R)increase in R decreases q Note differences in R-values of various exterior surfaces and their relative areas
Consider the possibility of movable insulation for various surfaces
Windows vs. walls: windows generally have a lower R-value Walls vs. roofs: building shape determines where to focus attention
Potentially reduce conduction by adding thermal mass
Interior internal mass damps various short term effects, reducing or shifting conditioning needs Exterior thermal mass delays impact of exterior temperature swings, may send some/much of effect back to exterior side Thermal mass discussed in more detail later in this lecture
6
Building Envelope: Change Exterior Boundary Conditions

Create a local micro-climate Air vs. ground temperature Ground can be a thermal mass and insulator Air temperature changes more extreme (harm or help?) Modification of air temperature using site water resources (evaporative cooling to reduce local air temperature) Wind exposure Use of vegetation as wind breaks in winter (evergreens on north sidelocation specific) Allow air movement for cooling? Note surroundings and impact on air movement around building Surface properties
7
Solar Radiation: Light and Heat

General concepts
Use solar energy when heating required, avoid it when cooling is required Sun angles (particularly altitude) can vary with time of yearthis can work to our advantage Solar adds heat and light, but only during the day Orientation of openings (windows) critical to the success of the design; in general:
Maximize southern exposure Minimize east/west exposure
8
Solar Radiation: Light and Heat (contd)

Passive solar increasingly important in
design
A definition: a system that collects, stores, and redistributes solar energy without the use of fans, pumps, or complex controllers (Lechner) Lower first costs than active solar systems because they are part of the building rather than an additional syste
9
Solar Radiation: Light and Heat (contd)

Using Direct Solar Gain (Windows) Utilize the greenhouse effect of windows which allow solar radiation to be transmitted but block most thermal radiation Benefit is maximized with south facing windows
Low winter sun more directly impacts this direction High summer sun has little effect on south windows, can be easily shaded
Potential for overheating during the day and underheating at night

Thermal mass (interior) helps reduce this effect Need to exercise caution about thermal mass color and location relative to insulators such as carpet, furniture, etc.
Direct gain easy to provide but there are limitsincreasing windows to increase gain also increases heat loss through windows (at night) or heat gain when undesirable (in summer)
10
Solar Radiation: Systems

Trombe Wall Systems (more details later in
this lecture)
Sunspaces (more details later in this lecture) Transpired Solar Collector

Perforated metal wall covering Solar energy heats up wall Fan assists in drawing air through panels Panels reject heat to air, heating the air before introduction into building
11
Solar Radiation: Shading

Attempt to block solar radiation from impacting the building
during cooling season Devices can be:

Natural or constructed Fixed or variable (trees of differing types, movable shades, etc.) Opaque or somewhat transparent Indoor or outdoor Overhangpanels or louvers, can be rotated Fins/wingspanel(s), slanted or rotating Eggcratereduced depth combined overhang/fin, slanted or rotating Roller shades/awnings Trees/vinesfree standing, trellis, attached
12
Categories/characteristics

Solar Radiation: General Shading Guidelines

Exterior shading more efficient, but weather can take its toll on mechanized variable systems that are outdoors South windows
East/west windows

Easiest to shade, overhangs very effective Fins may be needed for early morning, late afternoon Trees typically not much help to the south
North windows

Difficult to shade due to low altitude angles Fins (slanted) more effective or eggcrates Trees best on the east, west, southeast, and southwest (northern hemisphere) Little shading required Desirable and even diffuse daylight Fins typically enough, if needed at all Potential for leaks is greater Solar/light gain maximized at wrong time of year (summer) Can be more difficult to shade 13
Skylights can be problematic

Other orientations may require combination solutions
Alternate Cooling Techniques: Air Movement

Ventilation Comfort ventilation: increase comfort by increasing air flow rates with the building Night purge ventilation: ventilate (naturally or mechanically) at night when the outside air temperature is presumably cooler than inside Technology Windows (various types of openings) Cool Towers (Down Draft Coolers) Thermal Chimney
14
Alternate Cooling Techniques: Roof Cooling

Basic concept: block solar radiation during the day, then take
advantage of radiation to cold sky during the night (clouds will significantly decrease nighttime performance) Roof Pond

Simply a layer of water contained on a flat roof or containers of water Daytime operation
Nighttime operation
Pond is covered with insulation to deflect solar heat and reduce connection to outside environment Thermal mass of water soaks up heat from the interior space Pond is left uncovered to reject heat from water to outside environment Heat is rejected via convection to surrounding air and to sky via radiation Cycle can be reversed in winter to provide a Trombe Wall type roofing system
15
Roof Pond: Drawbacks

Added cost of system and extra
maintenance Movable insulation systems are typically not very successful Concerns about leaks
16
Alternate Cooling Techniques: Roof Radiator

Similar in concept to roof pond, but replaces
water and movable insulation with a metal deck that is elevated above the roof

Can be used as a heating system in winter if
Can use interior movable insulation with a closed deck Can be fan assisted with an open deck
solar energy is trapped between metal deck and roof
Drawbacks Added costs of roof deck Reliability/longevity of movable insulation

17
Hot air is then circulated to interior spaces
Roof Radiator: Cooling Operation

Daytime operation Metal panel reflects a portion of the solar radiation Insulation blocks heat transfer to building interior Or ventilation air reduces heat transfer from roof deck to actual roof Nighttime operation Roof radiates heat to sky Roof temperature may be low enough to actually cool outside air even further
18
Earth Coupling: Direct Earth Coupling

Underground or berms Ground temperatures can be lower than Concerns about winter may require
outside air, making this a good heat sink insulation of ground and/or building surfaces in contact with ground
Potential moisture problems
19
Earth Coupling: Indirect Earth Coupling

Buried supply air tubes Inlet air diverted through pipes that are buried Air is cooled by the cooler ground, providing some free cooling Pipes must be buried significantly deep Maintenance and moisture issues Ground micro-climate change using
evaporation

Cool the ground surrounding a building using evaporation Ground connected buildings Elevated buildings
20
EnergyPlus Modeling Capabilities

Thermal Mass Trombe Wall Sunspaces Movable/transparent insulation
21
Thermal Mass/Energy Storage within Buildings: Theory

Storage energy (heat) within building elements
(exterior or interior) for use or release at a later time/date (analogy of a sponge or a rechargeable battery) Building materials store heat as internal energy Thermal mass a function of material properties (specific heat and density) as well as volume of materialhow much thermal mass is enough? Energy stored in a building material will eventually be releaseeither to the interior or exterior depending on placement of mass, environmental conditions, etc.
22
Thermal Mass: Examples

Traditional Examples Dense building types with very thick walls Ice blocks from Lake Michigan More Modern Examples Trombe Walls Interior Water Walls or Containers Phase Change Materials
23
Thermal Mass: Seasonal Effects

Cooling Season

Dampen the effect of outside temperature variations Shift time of highest cooling loads to the night hours (offices) Absorb excessive internal gains during daytime hours (usually combined with night ventilation strategies) Store solar energy absorbed for use during the nighttime hours when temperatures are low and the sun is not visible Avoid potential overheating problems due to excessive direct solar gains Note: thermal mass effects will not show up in a winter design day runmust look at an annual simulation with actual weather data
Heating Season
24
Thermal Mass: Key Terms in EnergyPlus IDF

Material:Regularspecification of
specific heat and density Constructionreference to a material layer definition Surfacereference to a construction definition
25
Trombe Walls: Theory

Primarily a passive heating element used to
delay the impact of solar radiation
Intended to cooperate with direct gain
through windows to provide heating via solar radiation during all parts of the day and night southwest facades
Most useful on south, southeast, and
26
Trombe Walls: System components

Thermally massive wall (brick, concrete,
stone, water) painted a dark color to absorb solar radiation
Air gap Wall cover (transparent glass) to allow
sun light to get through to the thermal mass and to block some of the heat loss to the outside environment
27
Open vs. Closed Trombe Walls

Open System Similar to a mini-sunspace where the air in the gap between the cover and the wall mass is allowed to circulate to an interior space More important if no visual link to the outside These have fallen out of favor (in US) due to difficulty in controlling the amount of exchange between the air gap and the attached space and due to the loss of delay factor (easier to combine wall with windows); also maintenance issues
28
Open vs. Closed Trombe Walls

Closed System
Air gap between the wall mass and the cover is sealed Heat is trapped and absorbed better into the thermal mass
29
Trombe Walls: Performance

Best for heating when wall mass has both a
high storage capacity and a high thermal conductivity High thermal conductivity increases heat gain/loss of overall wall assembly Wall cover should be as transparent as possible but also resistive Solar must be kept out of the Trombe wall in summer through use of:

Shading devices Specialized transparent insulation materials Electrochromic or thermochromic glazing
30
Trombe Walls: Examples

Trombe walls are usually but not necessarily
restricted to simple flat south-facing walls (compare Zion National Park Visitors Center to NREL Visitors Center)
Photos courtesy of www.nrel.gov
31
Trombe Walls: Key Terms in EnergyPlus IDF

Material:WindowGlassspecification of window
properties Constructiondefinition of wall and window constructions Surfacespecification of wall and cover (separate) with wall defined as an interzone partition Zonedefinition of Trombe Wall air gap as a separate thermal zone

Cover is specified as a window covering a fictitious exterior wall Trombe wall shows up in TWO zones (equal and opposite interzone partition) Zone definition must include syntax to use special Trombe wall coefficients
32
Trombe Walls: Example of Trombe wall syntax (Zone)

ZONE, Lounge, 0.0, 10.0, 14.9, 0.0, 1, 1, 4.0, 0.0, TrombeWall; !!!!!!!!!!Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Name North Axis (relative to Building) X Origin {m} Y Origin {m} Z Origin {m} Type Multiplier Ceiling Height {m} Volume {m**3} Inside Convection Algorithm
33
Sunspaces and Double Skinned Buildings

Sunspaces and double skinned buildings can also be
modeled as separate zones
Note that in EnergyPlus solar radiation will pass through one space and into another but that once it gets to the second zone it is assumed to be all diffuse Both sunspaces and double skinned buildings provide an extra buffer from the outside Sunspaces add potentially usable space For systems which exchange heat through air transport, definition of a MIXING or CROSS MIXING statement required (not very accurate)
34
Movable Insulation: Purpose

Apply insulating layer to exterior (or interior)
of building that can be scheduled for various times of day or year
Intended to trap heat inside a building or
block heat from coming into a building during certain times these are not feasible due to complexity of the systems
35
Many applications, but in reality, most of
Movable Insulation: Process

In EnergyPlus, movable insulation can
be applied to the interior or exterior side of a surface (but not windows) Window insulation must be specified as window blinds Exterior insulation may be transparent
36
Movable Insulation: Syntax

Insulation type: must be keyword Interior or
Exterior Surface name: surface that insulation will be applied to (link to a surface definition within the input file) Material name: composition/description of material layer that makes up the insulation (link to a material definition within the input file) Schedule: when the movable insulation is applied (link to a schedule definition within the input file)
37
Movable Insulation: Example

Example of IDD format and IDF:
MovableInsulation, A1, \field Insulation Type ( Exterior or Interior ) A2, \field Surface Name (heat transfer surface to which insulation applied) A3, \field MaterialMovInsul- Name of the material used for movable insulation A4; \field SchedMovInsul-Schedule for movable insulation
Schedule controls if insulation is present and acts as a multiplier on the R-value of the material Material layer can be transparent if exterior insulation
MovableInsulation, Exterior, Zn001:Wall001, MovableInsulationMaterial, ON; MATERIAL:REGULAR-R,MovableInsulationMaterial,Rough,2.0,0.9,0.7,0.7; 38
Summary
Careful attention to climate and building
heating and cooling needs as well as knowledge of passive strategies can help significantly reduce the amount of energy consumed to condition a building EnergyPlus green building modeling capabilities:

Thermal Mass Trombe Wall Sunspaces Movable/Transparent Insulation

39
Lecture 13: HVAC Loops, Nodes, and Connections

So far, we have discussed how much heating or
cooling energy is required to maintain a particular thermal environment inside a building Something must meet these heating and cooling loads in order for the thermal comfort goals to be metHVAC system System or secondary system meets thermal loads of the zones Primary system (central plant) produces or converts energy for use by the secondary system Primary and secondary systems are not perfectly efficient and will impact the energy consumption of a buildingthus, we need to simulate these as well

Structure of an HVAC (primary and secondary) system How an HVAC system is described within EnergyPlus (big picture)

Branch Branch List Connector List Splitter and Zone Splitter Mixer and Zone Mixer Node List
HVAC Input Overview

Hierarchical set of objects

Loops (air, chilled & hot water, condenser) Supply and demand sides Topology of sides: branches, splitters, and mixers Branches: components along a single duct or pipe Components: specific pieces of equipment Nodes: store components inlet & outlet conditions
HVAC Input Overview (contd)

Multiple systems or zone components
can serve each zone EnergyPlus HVAC simulation attempts to satisfy the conflicting demands of:

Input simplicity & usability Input flexibility & generality Simulation robustness
EnergyPlus HVAC Loop Overview

Loop Types:

Air Loop Zone Equipment Loop Plant Loop Supply Side Plant Loop Demand Side Condenser Loop Supply Side Condenser Loop Demand Side
Air Loop
Air side of the secondary system Typically contains equipment such as a
fan, coils, mixing box, etc. Where the centralized conditioning of air takes placebefore splitting off to zones, before reheat, before individual VAV dampers, etc.
Zone Equipment Loop

Equipment that is more specific to a
particular thermal zone May include splitters and air distribution units which split up flow from the air loop Can have multiple systems serving individual zones
9
Zone Equipment Schematic

Return Air Path
Zone Exhaust Branch (Opt.)
Zone Supply Air Splitter
Dual Duct Constant Volume (CV)
None
Zone 1
Air Distribution Unit Select One
Dual Duct VAV
Single Duct CV Reheat
Air Distribution Unit Options
Low Temp Radiant
Single Duct VAV: Reheat
High Temp Radiant/ Convective
Local Convective Units
Select One
Select One
Diagram from I nput Output Reference p. 208 (not all equipm ent types are included)
Select One
Low Temp Radiant Panels Low Temp Rad Alternatives
High Temp Radiators
Radiators
Baseboards
Window AC
Fan Coil
Unit Heater/ Vent ilator
Air -Air HP
Water-Air HP & Ground Source HP
Hi Temp Rad/Conv Alternatives
Local Conv. Unit Alternatives
10
Plant Demand Side

Water side of coils, radiant systems,
etc. that require conditioned fluid to provide either heating or cooling to the zone (the demand) Connects to air loop or zone equipment loop through individual components Connects to plant supply side through direct fluid connection
11
Plant Supply Side

Supplies hot or cold fluid to meet the
demands of the plant demand side Equipment may include pumps, chillers, boilers, etc. Typically controls both flow rate (via pump) and temperature (loop setpoint) Connects directly to plant demand side Connected indirectly to condenser demand side through components
12
Condenser Supply and Demand Sides

Analogous to plant supply and demand sides Condenser demand receives heat rejection from plant
supply side equipment Condenser supply side tries to supply the conditioned fluid by rejecting heat to external environment Condenser supply side may only be connected to condenser demand side Condenser demand side also connected indirectly to plant supply side through components and may also be connected to air loop and zone equipment loop through components
13
EnergyPlus HVAC Loop Interaction

Building Systems Simulation Manager
Zone Conditions Predictor Zone Conditions
Simulate Building Systems
Corrector
Plant Loop Demand Air Loop Main Air Handler Coils, Baseb., etc. Plant Equip. Supply Condenser Loop Demand Cond., Coils, etc. Supply Towers, Wells, etc.
Zones & Equip.
14
EnergyPlus HVAC Loop Structure

General rules on EnergyPlus loop
structure:

Maximum of one parallel section per loop Maximum of one splitter and one mixer per loop Equipment may be arranged in series on any particular branch Only one bypass (in a parallel section) per loop
15
Loops, Branches, Components, and Nodes

Comp
Branches
Splitter
Components
Loop
Comp
Comp
Comp
Comp
Mixer
Comp
Nodes
16
EnergyPlus Branches
Definition: a collection of components
connected in series Branches are linked together through connection components (splitters and mixers) A loop may consist of a single branch or multiple branches Input keywords:

Branch Branch List

17
Branch
Lists components and nodes associated
with the components on the branch Only used for air branches Example:
BRANCH, Zone 3 Reheat Branch, 0, COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, Reheat Coil Zone 3, Zone 3 Reheat Water In Node, Zone 3 Reheat Water Out Node, ACTIVE; !!!!!!!Branch Name Maximum Branch Flow Rate {m3/s} Comp1 Type Comp1 Name Comp1 Inlet Node Name Comp1 Outlet Node Name Comp1 Branch Control Type
Options are: ACTIVE, PASSIVE, and BYPASS; determines which component tried to control the flow on the branch
Repeated for each component on the branch
18
Branch List
Used by loops to determine which
branches are a part of the loop Example:

BRANCH LIST, Condenser Demand Side Branches, Condenser Demand Inlet Branch, Little Chiller Condenser Branch, Big Chiller Condenser Branch, Condenser Demand Bypass Branch, Condenser Demand Outlet Branch; !!!!!!Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch List Name Name Name Name Name
Name 1 2 3 4 5
19
Connector List
Used by loops to determine which
connectors (splitters and mixers) are a part of the loop Maximum of one each allowed (two total) Connector type must be SPLITTER or MIXER
CONNECTOR LIST, Condenser Demand Side Connectors, SPLITTER, Condenser Demand Splitter, MIXER, Condenser Demand Mixer; !!!!!Connector List Name Type of Connector 1 Name of Connector 1 Type of Connector 2 Name of Connector 2
20
Splitter
Used to distribute fluid flow into various
parallel legs in a loop Single inlet branch One or more outlet branches (50 max)
SPLITTER, CW Loop Splitter, CW Pump Branch, Little Chiller Branch, Big Chiller Branch, Purchased Cooling Branch, Supply Bypass Branch; !!!!!!SplitterName Inlet Branch Name Outlet Branch Name Outlet Branch Name Outlet Branch Name Outlet Branch Name
1 2 3 4
21
Zone Splitter
Same as Splitter except used for air
loops Single inlet branch One or more outlet branches (50 max)
ZONE SPLITTER, Zone Supply Air Splitter, Zone Equipment Inlet Node, Zone 1 Reheat Air Inlet Node, Zone 2 Reheat Air Inlet Node, Zone 3 Reheat Air Inlet Node; !!!!!Splitter Name Inlet_Node Outlet Node 1 Outlet Node 2 Outlet Node 3
22
Mixer
Used to combine or mix several parallel
branches back together again Opposite of a Splitter One outlet, one to 50 inlet branches
MIXER, Heating Heating Heating Heating Supply Mixer, Supply Outlet Branch, Purchased Hot Water Branch, Supply Bypass Branch; !!!!-
MixerName Outlet Branch Name Inlet Branch Name 1 Inlet Branch Name 2
23
Zone Mixer
Same as Mixer except used for air loops Single outlet branch One or more inlet branches (50 max)
ZONE MIXER, Zone Return Air Mixer, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone 1 Outlet Node, Zone 2 Outlet Node, Zone 3 Outlet Node; !!!!!Mixer Name Outlet Node Inlet Node 1 Inlet Node 2 Inlet Node 3
24
EnergyPlus Components
Simple Components input; initialize; calculate; report Compound Components assembled from multiple simple components simulated sequentially with overall control Complex Components component may be a system
25
EnergyPlus Nodes
A node is the point at
which a component, such as a source or a load, is connected to the system.
CHWR
Chiller
Nodes
CHWS
Load CHWS Nodes CHWR
26
EnergyPlus Nodes (contd)

Nodes connect components in HVAC
network Store network state data
temperature, humidity, flow rate, pressure (air only) at current barometric pressure
Also store control information: set
points Store component input and output data

27
Example Node Diagram

1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 2
Return Fan
3 8
Mixed Air System Manager

4 3
MA Damper
3 2 10 12 5 4 6
Heat Recovery
6 7
11
13
Desiccant Wheel
8 9
Supply Fan
Zone
10
10
Splitter
11
12
Heating Coil
12 13
Cooling Coil
28

Components have one or more pairs of
inlet/outlet nodes

Fan: Air inlet node, Air outlet node CHW Coil: Air inlet node, Air outlet node, CHW inlet node, CHW outlet node
29

Components read inlet node data and
write outlet node data Most components know nothing more than their respective input specifications and inlet/outlet node data Each zone has a single node for the zone air conditions Node data available for output reporting
30
Node List
In some cases, a single node or a list of
nodes may be appropriate input Node List allows user to specify a variable length list of nodes as input Name is then referenced elsewhere in the input file
NODE LIST, Zone1Inlets, !- Node List Name Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node, !- Node Name 1 Zone 1 Fan Coil Outlet Node; !- Node Name 2
31
Branch and Node Details Output File

*.bnd output file Details about branches, nodes, and
other elements of the flow connections Intended for use in debugging potential problems
32
BND File Node Lists

! #Nodes,<Number of Unique Nodes> #Nodes,72 ! <NodeNumber>,<Node Name>,<# Times Node Referenced After Definition> 1,ZONE 1 INLET NODE,2 2,ZONE 2 INLET NODE,2 =============================================================== Suspicious nodes have 0 references. It is normal for some nodes, however. Listing nodes with 0 references (culled from previous list): ! <NodeNumber>,<Node Name>,<# Times Node Referenced After Definition> 65,ZONE 1 NODE,0 67,ZONE 2 NODE,0
33
BND File Branch Lists

! <#Branch Lists>,<Number of Branch Lists> #Branch Lists,7 ! <Branch List>,<Branch List Count>,<Branch List Name>,<Loop Name>,<Loop Type> ! <#Branches on Branch List>,<Number of Branches> ! <Branch>,<Branch Count>,<Branch Name>,<Loop Name> ! <Branch Inlet/Outlet Nodes>,<Branch Inlet Node Name>,<Branch Outlet Node Name> Branch List,1,AIR LOOP BRANCHES,TYPICAL TERMINAL REHEAT 1,Air #Branches on Branch List,1 ..Branch,1,AIR LOOP MAIN BRANCH,TYPICAL TERMINAL REHEAT 1 ....Branch Inlet/Outlet Nodes,AIR LOOP INLET NODE,AIR LOOP OUTLET NODE Branch List,2,COOLING SUPPLY SIDE BRANCHES,CHILLED WATER LOOP,Plant Supply #Branches on Branch List,6 ..Branch,1,CW PUMP BRANCH,CHILLED WATER LOOP ....Branch Inlet/Outlet Nodes,CW SUPPLY INLET NODE,CW PUMP OUTLET NODE ..Branch,2,LITTLE CHILLER BRANCH,CHILLED WATER LOOP ....Branch Inlet/Outlet Nodes,LITTLE CHILLER INLET NODE,LITTLE CHILLER OUTLET NODE 34
BND File Supply Air Paths

! <#Supply Air Paths>,<Number of Supply Air Paths> #Supply Air Paths,1 ! <Supply Air Path>,<Supply Air Path Count>,<Supply Air Path Name> ! <#Components on Supply Air Path>,<Number of Components> ! <Component>,<Component Count>,<Component Type>,<Component Name> Supply Air Path,1,TERMREHEATSUPPLYPATH #Components on Supply Air Path,1 Component,1,ZONE SPLITTER,ZONE SUPPLY AIR SPLITTER ! <#Nodes on Supply Air Path>,<Number of Nodes> ! <Node>,<Node Count>,<Node Name> #Nodes on Supply Air Path,4 Inlet Node,1,ZONE EQUIPMENT INLET NODE Outlet Node,2,ZONE 1 INLET NODE Outlet Node,3,ZONE 2 INLET NODE Outlet Node,4,ZONE 3 INLET NODE
35
BND File Return Air Paths

! <#Return Air Paths>,<Number of Return Air Paths> #Return Air Paths,1 ! <Return Air Path>,<Return Air Path Count>,<Return Air Path Name> ! <#Components on Return Air Path>,<Number of Components> ! <Component>,<Component Count>,<Component Type>,<Component Name> Return Air Path,1,TERMREHEATRETURNPATH #Components on Return Air Path,1 Component,1,ZONE MIXER,ZONE RETURN AIR MIXER ! <#Nodes on Return Air Path>,<Number of Nodes> ! <Node>,<Node Count>,<Node Name> #Nodes on Return Air Path,4 Outlet Node,1,RETURN AIR MIXER OUTLET Inlet Node,2,ZONE 1 OUTLET NODE Inlet Node,3,ZONE 2 OUTLET NODE Inlet Node,4,ZONE 3 OUTLET NODE
36
BND File Component Sets

! <#Component Sets>,<Number of Component Sets> #Component Sets,34 ! <Component Set>,<Component Set Count>,<Parent Object Type>,<Parent Object Name>,<Component Type>,<Component Name>,<Inlet Node ID>,<Outlet Node ID>,<Description> Component Set,1,BRANCH,AIR LOOP MAIN BRANCH,FAN:SIMPLE:CONSTVOLUME,SUPPLY FAN 1,AIR LOOP INLET NODE,COOLING COIL AIR INLET NODE,Air Nodes Component Set,2,BRANCH,AIR LOOP MAIN BRANCH,COIL:WATER:DETAILEDFLATCOOLING,DETAILED COOLING COIL,COOLING COIL AIR INLET NODE,AIR LOOP OUTLET NODE,Air Nodes
37
BND File Air Loops

! <#Primary Air Loops>,<Number of Primary Air Loops> #Primary Air Loops,1 ! <Air Loop Connections>,<Air Loop Name>,<# Return Nodes>,<# Supply Nodes>,<# Zones Cooled>,<# Zones Heated>,<Outside Air Used> ! <Return Connections>,<Zn Eqp Return Node #>,<Zn Eqp Return Node Name>,<Air Loop Return Node #>,<Air Loop Return Node Name> ! <Supply Connections>,<Zn Eqp Supply Node #>,<Zn Eqp Supply Node Name>,<Air Loop Supply Node #>,<Air Loop Supply Node Name> ! <Cooled Zone Info>,<Cooled Zone Name>,<Cooled Zone Inlet Node #>,<Cooled Zone Inlet Node Name> ! <Heated Zone Info>,<Heated Zone Name>,<Heated Zone Inlet Node #>,<Heated Zone Inlet Node Name> ! <Outside Air (OA)>,<OA Inlet Node #>,<OA Return Air Inlet Node Name>,<OA Outlet Node #>,OA Mixed Air Outlet Node Name> Air Loop,TYPICAL TERMINAL REHEAT 1,1,1,3,0,No Return Node #1,72,RETURN AIR MIXER OUTLET,5,AIR LOOP INLET NODE Supply Node #1,71,ZONE EQUIPMENT INLET NODE,4,AIR LOOP OUTLET NODE Cooled Zone #1,RESISTIVE ZONE,1,ZONE 1 INLET NODE Cooled Zone #2,EAST ZONE,2,ZONE 2 INLET NODE Cooled Zone #3,NORTH ZONE,3,ZONE 3 INLET NODE 38
BND File Plant Loops

! <# Plant Loops>,<Number of Plant Loops> #Plant Loops,2 ! <Plant Loop>,<Plant Loop Name>,<Loop Type>,<Inlet Node Name>,<Outlet Node Name>,<Branch List>,<Connector List> Plant Loop,CHILLED WATER LOOP,Supply,CW SUPPLY INLET NODE,CW SUPPLY OUTLET NODE,COOLING SUPPLY SIDE BRANCHES,COOLING SUPPLY SIDE CONNECTORS Plant Loop,CHILLED WATER LOOP,Demand,CW DEMAND INLET NODE,CW DEMAND OUTLET NODE,COOLING DEMAND SIDE BRANCHES,COOLING DEMAND SIDE CONNECTORS Plant Loop,HOT WATER LOOP,Supply,HW SUPPLY INLET NODE,HW SUPPLY OUTLET NODE,HEATING SUPPLY SIDE BRANCHES,HEATING SUPPLY SIDE CONNECTORS Plant Loop,HOT WATER LOOP,Demand,HW DEMAND INLET NODE,HW DEMAND OUTLET NODE,HEATING DEMAND SIDE BRANCHES,HEATING DEMAND SIDE CONNECTORS
39
BND File Condenser and Heat Recovery Loops

! <# Condenser Loops>,<Number of Condenser Loops> #Condenser Loops,1 ! <Condenser Loop>,<Condenser Loop Name>,<Loop Type>,<Inlet Node Name>,<Outlet Node Name>,<Branch List>,<Connector List> Cond Loop,CHILLED WATER CONDENSER LOOP,Supply,CONDENSER SUPPLY INLET NODE,CONDENSER SUPPLY OUTLET NODE,CONDENSER SUPPLY SIDE BRANCHES,CONDENSER SUPPLY SIDE CONNECTORS Cond Loop,CHILLED WATER CONDENSER LOOP,Demand,CONDENSER DEMAND INLET NODE,CONDENSER DEMAND OUTLET NODE,CONDENSER DEMAND SIDE BRANCHES,CONDENSER DEMAND SIDE CONNECTORS =============================================================== ! <# Heat Recovery Loops>,<Number of Heat Recovery Loops> #Heat Recovery Loops,0 ! <Heat Recovery Loop>,<Heat Recovery Loop Name>,<Component Type>,<Component Name>
40
BND File Controlled Zones

! <# Controlled Zones>,<Number of Controlled Zones> #Controlled Zones,3 ! <Controlled Zone>,<Controlled Zone Name>,<Equip List Name>,<Control List Name>,<Zone Node Name>,<Return Air Node Name>,<# Inlet Nodes>,<# Exhaust Nodes> ! <Controlled Zone Inlet>,<Inlet Node Count>,<Supply Air Inlet Node Name>,<SD Sys:Cooling/Heating [DD:Cooling] Inlet Node Name>,<DD Sys:Heating Inlet Node Name> ! <Controlled Zone Exhaust>,<Exhaust Node Count>,<Exhaust Air Node Name> Controlled Zone,RESISTIVE ZONE,ZONE1EQUIPMENT,,ZONE 1 NODE,ZONE 1 OUTLET NODE,1,0 Controlled Zone Inlet,1,ZONE 1 INLET NODE,ZONE 1 INLET NODE,N/A Controlled Zone,EAST ZONE,ZONE2EQUIPMENT,,ZONE 2 NODE,ZONE 2 OUTLET NODE,1,0 Controlled Zone Inlet,1,ZONE 2 INLET NODE,ZONE 2 INLET NODE,N/A Controlled Zone,NORTH ZONE,ZONE3EQUIPMENT,,ZONE 3 NODE,ZONE 3 OUTLET NODE,1,0 Controlled Zone Inlet,1,ZONE 3 INLET NODE,ZONE 3 INLET NODE,N/A
41
Examples of EnergyPlus HVAC
Diagrams with Loops, Branches, Components, and Nodes
Simplified Plant Node and Equipment Diagram

Typical Plant & Condenser Loop
Plant Supply Side
Pump 2 Mix -Cond 3 Splitter
Purchased Heating/ Cooling
Cond Supply Side Loop
Cond Pump
Towers, Wells, Etc. Heating or Cooling Equipment 3 Mixer Cooling Tower 2 Split -Cond
Cond Demand Side Loop

43
Example System
44
Non-Conventional Cooling Options

Outside Air Supply Fan
Connect the Cooling Tower Directly to the Cooling Coil

CC
CW Pump
Mixed Outside Air Box
Bypass
Bypas s
Relief Air
Cooling Tower
Resistive Zone Zone Air Splitter
Return Air Mixer
Cooling Tower
East Zone
Pump
North Zone
Bypas s
Connect the Cooling Tower Directly to the Radiant Slab. This would limit the possibility of Condensation in the Zone or "Indoor Rain"
45
Low Intensity Radiant Floor Slab & Conventional Cooling

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop
CW Pump
Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop
Bypass
Chiller
Bypass
Relief Air
Condenser Bypass
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
Cond Demand Side Loop

Boiler
Cond Pump Pump Condenser Bypass
Return Air Mixer
East Zone
Plant Supply Side Heating Loop North Zone

Bypass
Cooling Tower
Cond Supply Side Loop
46
Summary
EnergyPlus uses a loop-node concept to
describe primary and secondary systems Six main loop types:

Air Loop and Zone Equipment Loops Plant Supply and Demand Loops Condenser Supply and Demand Loops
Loops are constructed of branches Branches contain components in series Nodes exist at the beginning and ending of
each branch as well as between components

47
Lecture 14a: Introduction to Secondary Systems

Simulation is important, but
understanding what one is simulating is equally critical Lack of understanding (treating an HVAC system like a black box) can lead to errors in input

Different types of space conditioning systems General characteristics about how they operate and what some of their advantages/disadvantages might be Prepare for upcoming lectures on EnergyPlus system input
3
All-Air Systems: Overview

Provides all sensible and latent cooling, preheating,
and humidification required by the zone(s) Additional cooling or humidification at the zone rare (industrial systems) Heating is either provided by the main air stream by the central system or locally at a specific zone Classified into single- and dual-duct categories as well as constant and variable volume categories Conditioning depends on air mass flow rate and temperature (enthalpy) difference between supply and room air
4
Single-Duct Systems

Main heating and cooling coils in series arrangement Ducts supply air to all terminals at a common temperature Capacity varied by varying temperature or flow rate Types of single-duct systems
Constant Volume
Variable Air Volume (VAV)

Single zone Multiple-zone reheat Bypass VAV
Throttling Fan-powered Reheat Induction Variable diffusers
Dual-Duct Systems
Main heating and cooling coils in parallel May use separate warm and cold air duct distribution systems, blending
air at the terminal device May blend air near the main unit and have separate duct for each zone Most vary supply temperature, limited number (around 1% of all installed systems?) vary flow rate Types of dual-duct systems
Single zone (dual duct)

Constant volume Variable air volume Dual conduit
Multizone
Constant volume Variable air volume Three-deck multizone
Variable Volume vs. Variable Temperature

Variable Volume Throttling back flow when less heating/cooling required Reduced flow results in reduced fan energy Potential concerns about outdoor air quantities for IAQ and humidity control Variable Temperature Temperature of supply air changes as thermal loading conditions change Variation in temperature may require additional energy (or use of more outside air)
7
Advantages vs. Other System Types

Flexible: high degree of flexibility on how to
meet loads, distribute air, etc. Low noise: most equipment kept away from occupied spaces Control: probably the best control of both temperature and humidity can be achieved with air systems (precise control situations) Most easily understood and popular Indoor air quality: IAQ is part of the system (not an afterthought)
8
Disadvantages vs. Other System Types

Space: require additional space for air
distribution ductwork (vertically and horizontally) adds to building size in all directions
Concerns about access to terminal devices Requires air balancing which can be difficult
on large systems construction
Perimeter heating not always available during
Single-Zone Constant Volume

Also known as single zone
draw through system Simplest all-air system, meets all conditioning needs of space System can be in zone or at a remote location, with or without distribution ductwork Little or no ductwork means low pressure drop and lower fan energy Systems can be turned off without affecting adjacent systems
10
Multiple-Zone Reheat (Constant Volume)

Also known as terminal reheat
in some circles Single air stream at a fixed temperature delivered to various spaces Local supply temperature is varied by the use of a terminal reheat coil Main duct temperature typically cooled to cold deck temperature (all year)large amount of energy consumption When main duct air temperature varies, could have humidity problems
11
Constant Volume Bypass

Bypass replaces reheat coil Total flow of system remains constant but flow of air
to space is varied Excess flow is bypassed around zone and directly into return duct Saves the energy that would be used by the reheat coil Requires a return fan to avoid air short circuiting back into the room from the bypass; still have contact supply fan energy Usually only used in smaller applications where humidity control is not as important
12
Variable Air Volume Systems

Objective: reduce flow rate when loads
are not as high to save fan energy (fan energy proportional to flow rate cubed) Especially effective for perimeter zones that may receive solar heating Temperature is maintain same for all zones, flow rate varied to each Flow rate bounded at lower end by a minimum air fraction Concern 1: indoor air qualityoutside air may limit lower bound of VAV flow rate Concern 2: humidityit may also limit lower bound of VAV flow rate Terminal devices used to further reduce cooling or to provide heating From maximum cooling point, VAV first throttles back flow and then adds reheat (or uses terminal device)
13
Dual-Duct Systems: Overview

Two air streams are conditioned at a central location:
one warm, one cold Air distributed to spaces through:
Two ducts (one warm, one cold) and mixed locally, disadvantage of two ducts (both must be sized to handle their maximum flow rate though this may be different for heating and cooling, cost, space) A single duct per zone after mixed centrally, disadvantage(?) of multiple ducts
Tends to require more energy than a VAV system Dual-duct can serve one or more thermal zones May have more than one fan (dual fanone for each
duct)
14
Dual-Duct Constant Volume

Total air flow rate remains fixed,
but volume through each duct varies with heating/cooling load Single fan with reheat
Similar to the terminal reheat system Reheat applied at a central location rather than at each individual zone Air is not cooled and then reheated as in terminal reheat Uses less energy than terminal reheat because some air is heated and other air is cooled Constant volume systemair flow is constant and thus fan energy is always same (high)
15
Dual-Duct Constant Volume (contd)

Single fan, no reheat

Similar to a single-duct system Simply has a cooling coil bypass and is very similar to a single duct system Does not expend energy to reheat air, simply uses a mixture of return and outdoor air Less air is sent through cooling coil, may result in less dehumidification and thus moisture problems during parts of the year (spring/fall)
16
Dual-Duct Variable Air Volume (DDVAV)

Blends warm and cold air in variable
volume combinations Flow reduced below maximum load and flows mixed at minimum flow rate (which might be limited by outside air or humidity concerns) Can be combined with single duct VAV systems for zones that are cooling only (interior spaces) Dual-duct terminal units can also serve as separate VAV systems (one warm, one cold) which can reduce fan energy and heating and cooling energy
17
Single Fan DDVAV

Fan sized for the coincident peak of the hot and
cold deck volumes Control via two static pressure controllers (one in each deck) Cold deck typically kept at same temperature though it may be varied Hot deck sometimes adjusted up when temperature outside is low or when humidity is high (to force more air through the cold deck) Some systems may use a precooling coil for the mixed or outside air
18
Dual Fan DDVAV

Volume of each fan independently controlled Each fan sized for anticipated maximum
coincident hot or cold volume (not sum of instantaneous peaks) (free cooling) or mechanical refrigeration outside air (rare, humidity concerns) to provide heating
Cold deck maintained with either outside air Hot deck can use return air, heating coil, or
19
Dual Conduit
Really a dual system configuration Primary air (constant flow) system:

Used to meet exterior transmission (perimeter) loads Run only during peak periods Runs without outside air (can be fairly local) Must be sized to account for action of secondary system at minimum air fraction Runs year-round Serves both interior and perimeter spaces Used to meet the loads from people, lights, equipment, and solar heating Used to bring in outside (fresh) air Variation on this system mixes the two air streams using a dual duct terminal boxin this case the primary system is heating only and the secondary system must meet the entire cooling load
20
Secondary air (variable volume) system:

Multizone Systems: Overview

Similar to a dual-duct system (though
only for more than one zone) Multizone systems share same advantages and disadvantages as dualduct systems Multizone systems can be obtained as packaged units (lower first costs) of up to approximately 12 zones
21
Three-Deck Multizone
Has an additional duct for
unconditioned air This duct is in addition to the warm and cold air ducts (hence the name) Only two of the ducts unconditioned and either warm or cold used at any given time (seasonal switchover) Generally not used due to the extra initial expenses Can be mimicked by a standard dual-duct by seasonally scheduling coils
22
Summary
Single-duct systems: Main heating and cooling coils in series arrangement Ducts supply air to all terminals at a common temperature Capacity varied by varying temperature or flow rate Dual-duct systems Main heating and cooling coils in parallel May use separate warm and cold air duct distribution systems, blending air at the terminal device May blend air near the main unit; separate duct for each zone Most vary supply temperature
23
Lecture 14b: Introduction to Secondary Systems
Special Systems: Dual Air Stream System

Two interconnected all air systems (diagram) Primary air system used for outside air Secondary air system used to condition space Used when there are high space gains or high
air flow rates required coils
Both systems might have heating and cooling
25
Special Systems: Under-floor Air Distribution (UFAD)

Also called up air system Air distributed from floor rather than
overhead Air enters space through floor registers or through furniture Individual control and high degree of flexibility Floor surface is also conditioned (pseudoradiant system)
26
Special Systems: Evaporative Cooling

Water vapor added to air stream to reduce
the dry bulb temperature
Raises the humidity level so this tends to only
have application in drier climates
Cooling can either be direct (of supply or
outside air stream) or indirect (return air with heat exchanger) resource
Can offset cooling needs, requires water as a
27
Special Systems: LowTemperature Systems

Concept: lower the supply air temperature for cooling
so that we can reduce the flow rate (less flow means less fan energy) Typically only used in conjunction with ice storage systems Ice can be used to produce lower supply air temperatures Cannot produce colder air directly using chiller because lower evaporator temperatures will make chiller less efficient Terminal units may be required to maintain a sufficient amount of air movement within the space
28
Terminal Units: Overview

Terminal unit is the last (hence terminal)
device on the air distribution system (between the duct and the conditioned space) Two types:
Supply outletregister or diffuser: goal is to supply air to the space without causing drafts or excessive noise Terminal unit: controls the quantity and temperature of the supply air (by further conditioning the air)
29
Constant Volume Reheat Terminal Units

Used mainly in terminal reheat systems Reheat coil adds heat to avoid
overcooling (supply air temperature generally cooled down to around 13C first) Can lead to excessive energy consumption (frowned upon by ASHRAE Standard 90.1)
30
Variable Air Volume Terminal Units

Terminal unit reduces the flow rate in
an attempt to provide only enough cooling to match the actual cooling load Care must be taken to avoid too much flow in areas close to the air handler
31
Throttling Units
Throttling Unit Without Reheat Air flow rate can be throttled down to meet the cooling load Sometimes flow can be completely shutoff (air quality concerns) Concerns about noise from throttling (typically have some sort of sound attenuation) Throttling Unit With Reheat Air flow rate can be throttled down to some minimum Below the minimum, reheat energy would be required Can also be used in cases where there are actual heating loads Flow rate reduced first, then reheat added Some systems will ramp up flow rate again once reheat turned on to avoid excessive reheat energy Reheat is sometimes replace with a baseboard unit
32
Induction Unit
Flow from room or ceiling induced (Bernoulli
effect) and mixed with primary air stream actual flow relatively constant (avoids stagnant air concerns)
Primary air flow rate reduced while keeping
Requires higher static pressures to achieve
induction effectthis leads to higher fan energy (though overall it should be reduced since this is VAV)
33
Fan-Powered Terminal Unit

Also referred to as fan-powered VAV box Basic idea is to reuse heat from space, lights, etc. to provide the
reheating (similar to induction except we are now actively moving air with a fan) Better circulation due to increased air movement (over throttling unit) Parallel arrangementlocal fan is outside primary air supply stream Series arrangementlocal fan is inside primary air stream and runs when space is occupied Various heater options available to provide perimeter heating (coil, baseboard, radiant system) During unoccupied hours, main system can be shut off and local fans can be run to meet loads as needed Increase in fan energy over throttling units possibly offset by reuse of heat from space Noise a potential problem since fan is so close to occupied space
34
In-Room Terminal Systems: Main Characteristics

Combined air and water system
components:

Central air-conditioning equipment Duct and water distribution systems Room terminal units
35

Primary or ventilation air provided either centrally or locally
Central air: handles indoor air quality requirements and latent loads (humidity) Centralized maintenance and lack of moisture condensation in the terminal units Requires ductwork but typically smaller than all-air systems Air can be supplied through the terminal unit or separately from it Moisture addition/removal can be accomplished centrally Eliminates requirements for ducts since outside air is introduced through terminal unit Increase in maintenance costs due to outside air handling distribution Generally lower first costs
Local air: handles all conditioning requirements locally through
building apertures

36

Water supplied to local coils (secondary water) used to
provide additional conditioning beyond that which is done by the central air
Usually sensible onlylatent cooling at the terminal unit would significantly decrease the life of the unit and could lead to odors/bacterial growth Any condensate is typically left in space to get reabsorbed by room air at some later time (drain usually recommended) Can be either heating or cooling Primarily exterior spaces with mainly sensible loads and no strict humidity control requirements Spaces where individual control is important or preferable Common installations: hospitals, hotels, schools, apartment buildings, office buildings, research laboratories
Applications
37

Potential for heating without the
circulation of air (unoccupied periods, similar to baseboard heating) Main categories/arrangements

Induction units Fan-coil units Two-, Three-, and Four-Pipe arrangements Packaged units
38
Induction Units: Characteristics

(Requires) centrally
conditioned primary air supplied to unit Uses Bernoulli effect to draws secondary air through secondary coil Requires medium to high pressure to achieve secondary air flow Secondary air flow is simply room air drawn into unit (through filter/screen and coil) Units typically installed around perimeter of building near windows
supply fan outside air relief air heat recovery
Mixing Box
cooling coil
return air
humidifier
primary air Zone

reheat/recool coil
induction unit
induced air
39
Induction Units: Advantage

Individual temperature control on separate
thermostats at fairly low cost (biggest advantage) Ducts and air handling units can be reduced in size since much of conditioning can be done locally Moisture addition/removal, filtering, and outside air can be done centrally Space heating during unoccupied hours does not require fan operation Components last relatively long (15-25 years) with limited maintenance (cleaning filters and nozzles)
40
Induction Units: Disadvantages

Usually limited to perimeter spaces, requiring another system
for interior spaces Primary air flow is constant and flow to units cannot be shutoff individually (local coils can be shutoff) Secondary air flow dependent on condition of lint screen and nozzle Potentially lower chilled water temperature needed due to reduce air flow to zones and desire to avoid local cooling coil condensation Not appropriate for spaces with high ventilation requirements since primary flow is reduced Local moisture sources (open windows, etc.) can cause unexpected condensation Higher initial costs and higher operating costs (due to high pressure requirements) than most air systems
41
Fan-Coil Units: Characteristics

Components: coils, fan/fan motor, filter, insulated condensate
pan/drain, controls/valves, return and supply air openings Heating and cooling (though maybe only one at a time) Forced convection from coil to air using local fan Outside air locally or (usually) separate from the unit via a central source (example: high-rise hotels)

Local outside air eliminates balancing problem if windows are opened Local outside air not allowed in commercial buildings because wind pressure changes outside reduce control over outside air Local outside air systems might require coil freeze protection
Water (hot and/or cold) supplied from central source Electric heater might be needed for a two-pipe system for
shoulder seasons
42
Fan-Coil Units: Types/Locations

Vertical units Floor mounted, can also be low profile style Usually installed at the perimeter under window sill Low profile units can present maintenance problems Horizontal units Ceiling mounted, saving floor space May use ductwork to distribute air (greater pressure required at fan)\ Can also combine air with central (outside) air Maintenance and condensate handling more difficult though initial costs lower Chase-enclosed units Unit is typically floor to ceiling configuration More likely to see these in hotels and residential buildings Back-to-back placement with sound treatment
43
Fan-Coil Units: Selection and Capacity/Control Issues

Common technique is to select a unit that can meet
the cooling needs of a space at the medium speed setting of a three-speed unit (safety factor and less noise during most operation conditions) Sizes can be reduced if outside air handled separately and introduced at a temperature close to room air conditions (~21C)/reasonable humidity Automated control on water flow rate, manual or auto control on air flow rate On-off control not recommended (noise/circulation issues)
44
Fan-Coil Units: Water Distribution Schemes

General considerations
Pipes refer to fluid pipes entering and leaving the unit More pipes increases initial costs Less pipes requires changeover strategies and may result in lack of heating or cooling when needed All can be used with central ventilation
45

Two-Pipe One inlet pipe, one outlet pipe (single coil) Heating and cooling happen seasonally with changeover from one to the other (problems during intermediate seasons) Changeover typically determined by outdoor air temperature, all zones changeover at same time Can result in frequent changeovers Two-pipe changeover with partial or full electric strip heat can help avoid frequent changeovers by meeting smaller heating loads Changeovers not necessary if building is dominated by either heating or cooling
46

Three-Pipe Two inlet pipes, common return pipe (two coils) Generally not recommended since mixing the hot and cold water return is a waste of energy Four-Pipe Two inlet pipes, two outlet pipes (two coils) Highest initial cost but best performance of fan coil units May include a deadband between heating and cooling to avoid simultaneous heating/cooling
47
Fan-Coil Units: Advantages

Individual control of spaces/central
water production Pipes require less space than ducts (easier for retrofits?) Potential lack of central AHU may also save space
48
Fan-Coil Units: Disadvantages

Greater maintenance costs,
maintenance in occupied areas Multiple condensate drains problematic Ventilation may not be uniform or guaranteed if outside air is provided locally
49
Packaged Terminal Systems

Similar in concept to fan-coil units
except that cooling provided locally by window AC type unit Heating can either be through central water/steam source or local (electric coil/heat pump) Advantages/disadvantages similar to other air/water systems with additional concerns:
Units have relatively short (appliance) life Concerns about outside air and water leaks into building through unit Noise from compressor can be excessive and variable
50
Summary
Induction Units: Centrally conditioned primary air Bernoulli effect to draws secondary air through secondary coil Fan-Coil Units: Forced convection from coil to air using local fan Outside air locally or separate from the unit via a central source Water (hot and/or cold) supplied from central source Many other system types possible: packaged,
low temperature, evaporative, etc.
51
Lecture 15: Air Primary Loops and Controls


Define primary air loops in EnergyPlus Control their operation and availability for conditioning thermal zones

Air Primary Loop System Availability Manager List System Availability Manager:Scheduled System Availability Manager:Night Cycle Controller List Controller:Simple
Describing a Central Forced Air System

Can be thought of as an Air Loop with
2 sides:
Supply side: air primary loop and its associated objects

central fans, coils, etc.
Demand side: controlled zone equip configuration and its associated objects
air terminal units, fan coils, etc.
Describing a Central Forced Air System (contd)

When we say Air Loop we will
normally mean the supply side of the overall air loop Zone Equipment will mean the demand side: all the stuff specific to a zone If no central air system, then there will be only zone equipment
5
Describing a Central Forced Air System (contd)

Outside Air Supply Fan
CC
Supply Side/Air Primary Loop

Relief Air
Cooling Coil
Resistive Zone VAV Box:ReHeat Zone Air Splitter
Return Air Mixer
Demand Side/Zone Equipment
East Zone VAV Box:ReHeat
North Zone VAV Box:ReHeat
Air Loop Simulation

Simulates central air distribution, mixing,
and conditioning
Equipment: supply & return fans, central heating and cooling coils, heat recovery, mixed air box Control: supply air temperature, outside air economizer
Air Loop Layout

Zone Equipment Group Cold Branch Splitter Hot Branch Zone Splitter
Main Supply Branch
Zone Splitter Zones Zone Mixer
Zone Equip Group Outlet
Zone Equipm ent Group I nlets

8
Air Loop Layout (contd)

Outside Air Supply Fan Heating/Cooling Coil
Relief Air Air Loop Inlet Node Zone Equip Outlet Node Air Loop Outlet Node Zone Equip Inlet Node
Air Loop Syntax Map
10
Air Primary Loop

Controller List System Availability Manager List Branch List Connector List Connection to Zone Equipment ReturnAir AirLoop Inlet Node ZoneEquipGroup Outlet Node SupplyAirPath ZoneEquipGroup Inlet Nodes AirLoop Outlet Nodes
11
Air Primary Loop - Example

AIR PRIMARY LOOP, Unitary System, !, !Avail List, !autosize, !Air Loop Branches, !, !Air Loop Inlet Node, !ZONE EQUIP OUTLET NODE, !Zone Equipment Inlet Node,!Air Loop Outlet Node; !Primary Air Loop Name Name: Controller List Name: System Availability Manager List Primary air design flow rate {m3/s} Air Loop Branch List Name Air Loop Connector List Name ReturnAir AirLoop Inlet Node ZoneEquipGroup Outlet Node SupplyAirPath ZoneEquipGroup In Nodes AirLoop Outlet Nodes
12
System Control
High Level

Similar to an energy management system Set Point Managers

algorithms establish fluid loop set points
Availability Managers
make global on/off decisions
13
System Control (contd)

Component Control
Controllers
sense state at one point in system control flow at another point to match set point
Integrated control
control integrated within component
14
System Control (contd)

Plant: component sequencing & load
management Control is ideal
PI/PID control is not modeled would require shorter time steps
15
System Availability Managers

Scheduled
System availability determined by an on/off schedule Used to cycle an air system on when one or more zones becomes too hot or too cold
Night Cycle
16
System Availability Manager List

Lists all of the applicable system
availability managers for a given air loop
SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER LIST, Furnace- Avail List, !- Name SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:SCHEDULED, !- Type Furnace- Avail; !- System Availability Manager Name 1
17
System Availability Manager:Scheduled

Simple on/off schedule
SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:SCHEDULED, Furnace- Avail, FanAndCoilAvailSched; !- Name !- Schedule name
18
System Availability Manager:Night Cycle

Applicability schedule name Fan schedule name Control type
Stay Off, Cycle On Any, Cycle On Control Zone, Cycle On Any - Zone Fans Only
Thermostat on/off tolerance Cycling run time Control zone name

19
System Availability Manager:Night Cycle-Example

SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:NIGHT CYCLE, VAV Sys 1 Avail, !- Name SysAvailApplicSch, !- Applicability schedule name FanAvailSched, !- Fan schedule name Cycle On Any, !- Control type 4.0, !- thermostat on/off tolerance {deltaC} 7200.; !- Cycling run time {s}
20
Set Point Managers

Scheduled
Uses a schedule to determine one or more set points Sets the supply air temperature according to the outside air temperature using a reset rule Reset schedule determined by the supply air set point temperature at the outside high and low temperature
Outside Air
21
Set Point Managers (contd)

Single Zone Reheat
Calculates a set point temperature for the supply air that will satisfy the load of a controlled zone Calculates the supply air humidity ratio needed to maintain the zone relative humidity at or above a given set point
22
Single Zone Minimum Humidity
Set Point Managers (contd)

Mixed Air
Used to establish a temperature set point at the mixed air node

Set point must take into account any
downstream system fan heat
Outside air controller operates the outside air damper to meet this set point for economizer
23
Controllers
Simple
Controls variable at one node based on the condition at another node For a cooling coil, the control node might be the outlet air temperature while the actuated variable is the flow rate through the coil Controls mixed air box to use outside air for free cooling whenever possible
Outside Air
24
Controller List
CONTROLLER LIST, VAV Sys 1 Controllers, Controller:Simple, Central Cooling Coil Controller 1, Controller:Simple, Central Heating Coil Controller 1; !- Name !- Controller Type 1 !- Controller Name 1 !- Controller Type 2 !- Controller Name 2
Repeat for each controller
25
Controller:Simple
Control_Node really the sensed node Actuator_Node Controller convergence tolerance Max actuated flow Min actuated flow Action Reverse for cooling Normal for heating
26
Controller:Simple - Example
CONTROLLER:SIMPLE, Central Heating Coil Controller 1, !- Name TEMP, !- Control variable Normal, !- Action FLOW, !- Actuator variable VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node, !- Control_Node Main Heating Coil 1 Water Inlet Node, !- Actuator_Node 0.002, !- Controller Convergence Tolerance: delta from setpoint autosize, !- Max Actuated Flow {m3/s} 0.0; !- Min Actuated Flow {m3/s}
Action is Normal for heating, Reverse for cooling.

27
Summary
Central forced air systems in EnergyPlus
consist of an air loop (supply side) and a zone equipment loop (demand side) controller list, availability manager, branch list, and connection information calculate current setpoint for various HVAC components
28
Primary air loop description contains:
Setpoint manager used by controllers to
Lecture 16: Zone Air Paths and Air Distribution Units

Define the Zone Equipment (Demand Side) of an Air Loop

Zone Air Supply and Return Paths Air Distribution Units Examples of Zone Equipment

Fan:Simple:VariableVolume Zone Air Supply Path Zone Air Return Path Zone Splitter and Zone Mixer (review) Direct Air Air Distribution Unit Single Duct:VAV:Reheat
3
Air Loop Components: Simple Example

FAN:SIMPLE:VariableVolume, Supply Fan 1, FanAvailSched, 0.7, 600.0, 1.56, 0.45, 0.9, 1.0, 0.35071223, 0.30850535, -0.54137364, 0.87198823, 0.000, Main Heating Coil 1 Outlet Node, VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Fan Name Available Schedule Fan Total Efficiency Delta Pressure {Pa} Max Flow Rate {m3/s} Min Flow Rate {m3/s} Motor Efficiency Motor In Airstream Fraction FanCoefficient 1 FanCoefficient 2 FanCoefficient 3 FanCoefficient 4 FanCoefficient 5 Fan_Inlet_Node Fan_Outlet_Node
Zone Equipment Syntax Map

Zone Equipment Loop Input Structure/Map
Zone Supply Air Path data Component List Component: Zone Control: Thermostatic data Control Type Schedule Control Type List
Zone Splitter
selects control type from list
Controlled Zone Equip Configuration data Equipment List Inlet Node List Outlet Node List
Zone Equipment List Air Distribution Unit Baseboard Window Air Cond
etc. data
Zone Inlet Node List

name up to 5 node numbers
Control Types :
Single Heating Setpoint Single Cooling Setpoint Single Heating Cooling Setpoint Dual Setpoint with DeadBand
Zone Outlet Node List

name up to 5 node numbers
Zone Return Air Path data Component List
Air Distribution Unit Single Duct:Const Vol:Reheat Dual Duct: Const Vol Dual Duct: VAV
etc. data
Components:
Zone Mixer
Air Path
Zone Supply Air Path Zone Return Air Path
Zone Supply Air Path

Zone splitter
Splits the supply air from the main air handler to serve individual zones Dual duct systems require splitters for both the cold and hot air ducts Allows system air to flow through a zone before it reaches the zone(s) to be served One supply plenum per air handler supply duct
7
Zone supply plenum
Zone Supply Air Path Example

Zone Supply Air Path 1 Zone Supply Air Splitter 1 Zone Eq In Node ZONE1 ATU In Node ZONE2 ATU In Node ZONE 3 ATU In Node
Exhaust Fan
Supply Fan ZONE1 ZONE2 ZONE3
Zone Supply Air Path Example (contd)

ZONE SUPPLY AIR PATH, Zone Supply Air Path 1, Zone Eq In Node, Zone Splitter, Zone Supply Air Splitter 1; ZONE SPLITTER, Zone Supply Air Splitter 1, Zone Eq In Node, ZONE1 ATU In Node, ZONE2 ATU In Node, ZONE3 ATU In Node; !- name of object !- supply path inlet node !- type and name of component
!- name !- inlet node !- outlet nodes
Zone Return Air Path

Zone Mixer Mixes the return air streams returning to the main air handler from individual zones Zone return plenum Allows system air to flow through a zone before it reaches the main return duct Allows system air to be mixed from multiple zones, can eliminate the need for a zone mixer Can mix plenum and ducted returns Plenums may be in series or parallel (series temperatures lag by a zone time step)
10
Zone Return Air Path Example
Exhaust Fan
Supply Fan ZONE1 ZONE2 ZONE3
ZONE1 Outlet Node Return Air Mixer Outlet
ZONE2 Outlet Node
ZONE 3 Outlet Node
Zone Return Air Mixer Zone Return Air Path
11
Zone Return Air Path Example with Return Plenum

Supply Fan Outside Air CC HC
Relief Air
Space1-1
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box:ReHeat
Return Air Plenum Zone
Space2-1
VAV Box:ReHeat
12
Zone Return Air Path Example (contd)

ZONE RETURN AIR PATH, TermReheatReturnPath, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone Mixer, Zone Return Air Mixer; ZONE MIXER, Zone Return Air Mixer, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone 1 Outlet Node, Zone 2 Outlet Node, Zone 3 Outlet Node; !!!!Return Air Path Name Return Air Path Outlet Node KEY--System Component Type 1 Component Name 1
!!!!!-
Mixer Name Outlet_Node Inlet_Node_1 Inlet_Node_2 Inlet_Node_3
13
Air Loop Zone Equipment

Direct Air Air Distribution Units
14
Zone Equipment Schematic

Return Air Path
Zone Exhaust Branch (Opt.)
Zone Supply Air Splitter
Dual Duct Constant Volume (CV)
None
Zone 1
Air Distribution Unit Select One
Dual Duct VAV
Low Temp Radiant
High Temp Radiant/ Convective
Local Convective Units
Select One
Select One Select One
Low Temp Radiant Panels Low Temp Rad Alternatives
High Temp Radiators
Radiators
Baseboards
Window AC
Fan Coil
Unit Heater/ Ventilator
Air- Air HP
Water- Air HP & Ground Source HP
Hi Temp Rad/Conv Alternatives
Local Conv. Unit Alternatives
15
Direct Air
Used to model systems in which central
system air is supplied directly to a zone

Furnace Heat pump
Central supply air may be controlled to meet
setpoints in a control zone Slave zones typically have no individual control Slave zones may have baseboards or other equipment to allow individual control
16
Direct Air - Example

ZONE1 DirectAir ZONE1 Inlet Node Supply Fan ZONE1 Node ZONE1 ZONE2 DirectAir ZONE2 Inlet Node ZONE2 Node ZONE2
ZONE1 Out Node Control Zone with thermostat
ZONE2 Out Node Slave Zone
DIRECT AIR, Zone1DirectAir, FanAndCoilAvailSched, Zone 1 Inlet Node, 0.47;
!!!!-
Direct Air Name Schedule name for on/off schedule Zone Supply Air Node Name Maximum air flow rate {m3/s}
17
Air Distribution Units

Allows equipment within the zone inlet
duct-work to be attached to the supply air stream Includes equipment that controls or tempers the air going into a zone such as dampers, reheat coils, etc. Only one ADU allowed per zone on a given air loop
18
Air Distribution Units (contd)

Air Distribution Units

Single Duct Constant Volume Reheat Single Duct VAV Reheat Dual Duct Constant Volume Dual Duct VAV Powered Induction Units (Series and Parallel)
19
Air Distribution Units (contd)

Dual Duct Constant Volume (CV) None
Zone 1
Air Distribution Unit
Select One
Dual Duct VAV
20
Air Distribution Unit Example

AIR DISTRIBUTION UNIT, SPACE1-1 ATU, SPACE1-1 In Node, SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, SPACE1-1 VAV Reheat; ! ! ! ! Name unit type name of air distribution unit outlet node of component of component
21
Single Duct:VAV:Reheat Example

SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, SPACE1-1 VAV Reheat, ReheatCoilAvailSched, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Air In Node, SPACE1-1 ATU In Node, 0.33, 0.3, ! min air flow ! object name ! availability schedule ! zone heating coil inlet node ! terminal unit inlet node ! max air flow rate m3/s as decimal fraction of max air flow
SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water In Node, ! water flow control node COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, ! heating component type SPACE1-1 Zone Coil, ! heating component name 0.0003, ! max water flow rate m3/s 0.0, ! min water flow rate m3/s SPACE1-1 In Node, ! terminal unit outlet node 0.001, ! convergence tolerance REVERSE ACTION; ! Damper Heating Action
22
Summary
Zone Equipment loop is the demand side of
a forced air system Main parts of the zone equipment loop include:

Supply and Return paths Thermostats Air Distribution Unit
Can also add local radiative or convective
systems that serve the zone apart from the air loop
23
Lecture 17: VAV and Terminal Reheat Systems

Define Air Loops and Zone Equipment input for various types of fan systems
VAV Terminal Reheat
Review various keywords already
covered and show how they interact to form a complete system definition
2
VAV Systems in EnergyPlus
VAV with Reheat and Outside Air Example

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Mixed Outside Air Box
Air Loop contains the Mixed Air

Chilled Water Return
Relief Air
Return Air
Resistive Zone VAV Box: ReHeat

R eturn Air M ixer
East Zone VAV Box: ReHeat
System, Supply Fan and the Cooling Coil Chilled Water Supply Outside air system will be discussed later in more detail Zone Equipment Loop contains the Splitter, VAV Box Air Distribution Unit, the zones, and the Return Air Path with the Mixer.
Zone Air Splitter
North Zone VAV Box: ReHeat
VAV with Reheat Air Loop

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Mixed Outside Air Box Chilled Water Return Return Air Chilled Water Supply
Relief Air
Air Primary Loop, Typical Terminal Reheat 1, Reheat System 1 Controllers, Reheat System 1 Avail List, 1.3, Air Loop Branches, , Air Loop Inlet Node, Return Air Mixer Outlet Node, Zone Equipment Inlet Node, Air Loop Outlet Node;
!!!!!!!!!!-
Primary Air Loop Name Name: Controller List Name: System Availability Manager List Primary air design volumetric flow rate {m3/s} Air Loop Branch List Name Air Loop Connector List Name ReturnAir AirLoop Inlet Node ZoneEquipGroup Outlet Node SupplyAirPath ZoneEquipGroup Inlet Nodes AirLoop Outlet Nodes
5
VAV with Reheat Controller and Branch Lists

Relief Air
CONTROLLER LIST, Reheat System 1 Controllers, !- Name Controller:Simple, !- Controller Type 1 Main Cooling Coil Controller; !- Controller Name 1 BRANCH LIST, Air Loop Branches, !- Branch List Name Air Loop Main Branch; !- Branch Name 1
VAV with Reheat Main Branch

Relief Air
BRANCH, Air Loop Main Branch, 1.3, OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEM, OA Sys 1, Air Loop Inlet Node, Mixed Air Node, PASSIVE, FAN:SIMPLE:VariableVolume, Var Vol Supply Fan 1, Mixed Air Node, Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node, ACTIVE, < contd on next slide>
!!!!!!!!!!!!-
Branch Name Maximum Branch Flow Rate {m3/s} Comp1 Type Comp1 Name Comp1 Inlet Node Name Comp1 Outlet Node Name Comp1 Branch Control Type Comp2 Type Comp2 Name Comp2 Inlet Node Name Comp2 Outlet Node Name Comp2 Branch Control Type 7
VAV with Reheat Main Branch (contd)

Relief Air
COIL:Water:DetailedFlatCooling, Detailed Cooling Coil, Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node, Air Loop Outlet Node, PASSIVE;
!!!!!-
Comp3 Type Comp3 Name Comp3 Inlet Node Name Comp3 Outlet Node Name Comp3 Branch Control Type
VAV with Reheat System Availability Manager

Relief Air
SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER LIST, Reheat System 1 Avail List, Reheat System 1 Avail; SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:SCHEDULED, Reheat System 1 Avail, FanAndCoilAvailSched; !- Name !- Schedule name
9
!- Name !- System Availability Manager name 1
SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:SCHEDULED, !- System Availability Manager type 1
VAV with Reheat Supply Fan

FAN:SIMPLE:VariableVolume, Var Vol Supply Fan 1, !- Fan Name CoolingCoilAvailSched, !- Available Schedule 0.7, !- Fan Total Efficiency 600.0, !- Delta Pressure {Pa} 1.3, !- Max Flow Rate {m3/s} Outside Air 0.20, !- Min Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.9, !- Motor Efficiency 1.0, !- Motor In Airstream Fraction 0.35071223, !- FanCoefficient 1 Relief Air 0.30850535, !- FanCoefficient 2 -0.54137364, !- FanCoefficient 3 0.87198823, !- FanCoefficient 4 0.000, !- FanCoefficient 5 Air Loop Inlet Node, !- Fan_Inlet_Node Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node; !- Fan_Outlet_Node
Supply Fan CC Mixed Outside Air Box Chilled Water Return
Return Air
Chilled Water Supply
10
VAV with Reheat Cooling Coil

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Mixed Outside Air Box Chilled Water Return
Relief Air
Return Air
COIL:Water:SimpleCooling, Main Cooling Coil 1, CoolingCoilAvailSched, autosize, autosize, 0.9, Main Cooling Coil 1 Water Inlet Node, Main Cooling Coil 1 Water Outlet Node, Mixed Air Node 1, Main Cooling Coil 1 Outlet Node;
!- Coil Name !- Available Schedule !- UA of the Coil {W/K} !- Max Water Flow Rate of Coil {m3/s} !- Leaving Relative Humidity of Coil !- Coil_Water_Inlet_Node !- Coil_Water_Outlet_Node !- Coil_Air_Inlet_Node !- Coil_Air_Outlet_Node 11
VAV with Reheat Cooling Coil Controller

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Mixed Outside Air Box Chilled Water Return
Relief Air
Return Air
Controller:Simple, Main Cooling Coil Controller, TEMP, Reverse, FLOW, Air Loop Outlet Node, Cooling Coil Water Inlet Node, 0.001, 0.0011, 0.0;
!- Name !- Control variable !- Action !- Actuator variable !- Control_Node !- Actuator_Node !- Controller Convergence Tolerance: delta temp from setpoint {C} !- Max Actuated Flow {m3/s} !- Min Actuated Flow {m3/s}
12
VAV with Reheat Zone Supply Air Path

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE SUPPLY AIR PATH, TermReheatSupplyPath, Zone Equipment Inlet Node, Zone Splitter, Zone Supply Air Splitter; !- Supply Air Path Name !- Supply Air Path Inlet Node !- KEY--System Component Type !- Component Name
13
VAV with Reheat Zone Splitter

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE SPLITTER, Zone Supply Air Splitter, Zone Equipment Inlet Node, Zone 1 Inlet Node, Zone 2 Inlet Node, Zone 3 Inlet Node; !- Splitter Name !- Inlet_Node !- Outlet_Node_1 !- Outlet_Node_2 !- Outlet_Node_3
14
VAV with Reheat Zone Return Air Path

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE RETURN AIR PATH, TermReheatReturnPath, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone Mixer, Zone Return Air Mixer; !- Return Air Path Name !- Return Air Path Outlet Node !- KEY--System Component Type 1 !- Component Name 1
15
VAV with Reheat Zone Mixer

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE MIXER, Zone Return Air Mixer, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone 1 Outlet Node, Zone 2 Outlet Node, Zone 3 Outlet Node; !- Mixer Name !- Outlet_Node !- Inlet_Node_1 !- Inlet_Node_2 !- Inlet_Node_3
16
VAV with Reheat Zone Equip Configuration

Resistive Zone VAV Box: Reheat
CONTROLLED ZONE EQUIP CONFIGURATION, RESISTIVE ZONE, Zone1Equipment, Zone1Inlets, , Zone 1 Node, Zone 1 Outlet Node; !- Zone Name !- List Name: Zone Equipment !- List Name: Zone Inlet Nodes !- List Name: Zone Exhaust Nodes !- Zone Air Node Name !- Zone Return Air Node Name
17
VAV with Reheat Zone Equipment List

ZONE EQUIPMENT LIST, Zone1Equipment, AIR DISTRIBUTION UNIT, Zone1TermReheat, 1, 1; !- Name !- KEY--Zone Equipment Type 1 !- Type Name 1 !- Cooling Priority !- Heating Priority
18
VAV with Reheat Air Distribution Unit

AIR DISTRIBUTION UNIT, Zone1TermReheat, Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node, SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, Zone 1 VAV System; NODE LIST, Zone1Inlets, Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node; !- Node List Name !- Node_ID_1
19
!- Air Distribution Unit Name !- Air Dist Unit Outlet Node Name !- KEY--System Component Type 1 !- Component Name 1
VAV with Reheat VAV Terminal Unit

SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, SPACE1-1 VAV Reheat, ReheatCoilAvailSched, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Air In Node, SPACE1-1 ATU In Node, 0.33, 0.3, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water In Node, COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil, 0.0003, 0.0, SPACE1-1 In Node, 0.001, REVERSE ACTION; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Name of System Availability schedule for VAV System Damper Outlet Node Damper Inlet Node Maximum air flow rate {m3/s} Min air flow fraction Control node Reheat Component Object Name of Reheat Component Max Reheat Water Flow {m3/s} Min Reheat Water Flow {m3/s} Reheat Air Outlet Node Convergence Tolerance Damper Heating Action
20
VAV with Reheat Reheat Coil

COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil, ReheatCoilAvailSched, 300., 0.0003, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water In Node, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water Out Node, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Air In Node, SPACE1-1 In Node;
!!!!!!!!-
Coil Name Available Schedule UA of the Coil {W/K} Max Water Flow Rate of Coil {m3/s} Coil_Water_Inlet_Node Coil_Water_Outlet_Node Coil_Air_Inlet_Node Coil_Air_Outlet_Node
21
Terminal Reheat Systems in EnergyPlus
TermReheat Controller and Branch Lists

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Mixed Outside Air Box Relief Air
CONTROLLER LIST, Reheat System 1 Controllers, !- Name Controller:Simple, !- Controller Type 1 Main Cooling Coil Controller; !- Controller Name 1 BRANCH LIST, Air Loop Branches, !- Branch List Name Air Loop Main Branch; !- Branch Name 1
23
TermReheat Main Branch

BRANCH, Air Loop Main Branch, 1.3, FAN:SIMPLE:VariableVolume, Var Vol Supply Fan 1, Air Loop Inlet Node, Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node, ACTIVE, COIL:Water:DetailedFlatCooling, Detailed Cooling Coil, Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node, Air Loop Outlet Node, PASSIVE;
!!!!!!!!!!!!-
Branch Name Maximum Branch Flow Rate {m3/s} Comp1 Type Comp1 Name Comp1 Inlet Node Name Comp1 Outlet Node Name Comp1 Branch Control Type Comp2 Type Comp2 Name Comp2 Inlet Node Name Comp2 Outlet Node Name Comp2 Branch Control Type 24
TermReheat System Availability Manager

SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER LIST, Reheat System 1 Avail List, Reheat System 1 Avail; SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:SCHEDULED, Reheat System 1 Avail, FanAndCoilAvailSched; !- Name !- Schedule name
25
!- Name !- System Availability Manager name 1
SYSTEM AVAILABILITY MANAGER:SCHEDULED, !- System Availability Manager type 1
TermReheat Supply Fan

Relief Air
FAN:SIMPLE:ConstVolume, Supply Fan 1, FanAndCoilAvailSched, 0.7, 600.0, 1.3, 0.9, 1.0, Air Loop Inlet Node, Cooling Coil Air Inlet Node;
!!!!!!!!!-
Fan Name Available Schedule Fan Total Efficiency Delta Pressure {Pa} Max Flow Rate {m3/s} Motor Efficiency Motor In Airstream Fraction Fan_Inlet_Node Fan_Outlet_Node 26
TermReheat Cooling Coil

Relief Air
COIL:Water:SimpleCooling, Main Cooling Coil 1, CoolingCoilAvailSched, autosize, autosize, 0.9, Main Cooling Coil 1 Water Inlet Node, Main Cooling Coil 1 Water Outlet Node, Mixed Air Node 1, Main Cooling Coil 1 Outlet Node;
!- Coil Name !- Available Schedule !- UA of the Coil {W/K} !- Max Water Flow Rate of Coil {m3/s} !- Leaving Relative Humidity of Coil !- Coil_Water_Inlet_Node !- Coil_Water_Outlet_Node !- Coil_Air_Inlet_Node !- Coil_Air_Outlet_Node 27
TermReheat Cooling Coil Controller

Relief Air
Controller:Simple, Main Cooling Coil Controller, TEMP, Reverse, FLOW, Air Loop Outlet Node, Cooling Coil Water Inlet Node, 0.001, 0.0011, 0.0;
!- Name !- Control variable !- Action !- Actuator variable !- Control_Node !- Actuator_Node !- Controller Convergence Tolerance: delta temp from setpoint {C} !- Max Actuated Flow {m3/s} !- Min Actuated Flow {m3/s}
28
TermReheat Zone Thermostat

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE CONTROL:THERMOSTATIC, Zone 1 Thermostat, RESISTIVE ZONE, Zone Control Type Sched, SINGLE HEATING SETPOINT, Heating Setpoint with SB, SINGLE COOLING SETPOINT, Cooling Setpoint with SB;
!!!!!!!-
Thermostat Name Zone Name Control Type SCHEDULE Name Control Type #1 Control Type Name #1 Control Type #2 Control Type Name #2 29
TermReheat Thermostat Setpoints

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
SINGLE HEATING SETPOINT, Heating Setpoint with SB, Heating Setpoints; SINGLE COOLING SETPOINT, Cooling Setpoint with SB, Cooling Setpoints;
!- Name !- Setpoint Temperature SCHEDULE Name !- Name !- Setpoint Temperature SCHEDULE Name
30
TermReheat Zone Supply Air Path

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE SUPPLY AIR PATH, TermReheatSupplyPath, Zone Equipment Inlet Node, Zone Splitter, Zone Supply Air Splitter; !- Supply Air Path Name !- Supply Air Path Inlet Node !- KEY--System Component Type !- Component Name
31
TermReheat Zone Return Air Path

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE RETURN AIR PATH, TermReheatReturnPath, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone Mixer, Zone Return Air Mixer; !- Return Air Path Name !- Return Air Path Outlet Node !- KEY--System Component Type 1 !- Component Name 1
32
TermReheat Zone Splitter

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE SPLITTER, Zone Supply Air Splitter, Zone Equipment Inlet Node, Zone 1 Inlet Node, Zone 2 Inlet Node, Zone 3 Inlet Node; !- Splitter Name !- Inlet_Node !- Outlet_Node_1 !- Outlet_Node_2 !- Outlet_Node_3
33
TermReheat Zone Mixer

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
ZONE MIXER, Zone Return Air Mixer, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone 1 Outlet Node, Zone 2 Outlet Node, Zone 3 Outlet Node; !- Mixer Name !- Outlet_Node !- Inlet_Node_1 !- Inlet_Node_2 !- Inlet_Node_3
34
TermReheat Zone Equip Configuration

CONTROLLED ZONE EQUIP CONFIGURATION, RESISTIVE ZONE, Zone1Equipment, Zone1Inlets, , Zone 1 Node, Zone 1 Outlet Node; !- Zone Name !- List Name: Zone Equipment !- List Name: Zone Inlet Nodes !- List Name: Zone Exhaust Nodes !- Zone Air Node Name !- Zone Return Air Node Name
35
TermReheat Zone Equipment List

ZONE EQUIPMENT LIST, Zone1Equipment, AIR DISTRIBUTION UNIT, Zone1TermReheat, 1, 1; !- Name !- KEY--Zone Equipment Type 1 !- Type Name 1 !- Cooling Priority !- Heating Priority
36
TermReheat Air Distribution Unit

AIR DISTRIBUTION UNIT, Zone1TermReheat, Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node, SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, Zone 1 VAV System; NODE LIST, Zone1Inlets, Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node; !- Node List Name !- Node_ID_1
37
!- Air Distribution Unit Name !- Air Dist Unit Outlet Node Name !- KEY--System Component Type 1 !- Component Name 1
TermReheat VAV Terminal Unit

SINGLE DUCT:VAV:REHEAT, SPACE1-1 VAV Reheat, ReheatCoilAvailSched, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Air In Node, SPACE1-1 ATU In Node, 0.33, 0.3, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water In Node, COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil, 0.0003, 0.0, SPACE1-1 In Node, 0.001, REVERSE ACTION; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!Name of System Availability schedule for VAV System Damper Outlet Node Damper Inlet Node Maximum air flow rate {m3/s} Min air flow fraction Control node Reheat Component Object Name of Reheat Component Max Reheat Water Flow {m3/s} Min Reheat Water Flow {m3/s} Reheat Air Outlet Node Convergence Tolerance Damper Heating Action
38
TermReheat Reheat Coil

COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil, ReheatCoilAvailSched, 300., 0.0003, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water In Node, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Water Out Node, SPACE1-1 Zone Coil Air In Node, SPACE1-1 In Node;
!!!!!!!!-
Coil Name Available Schedule UA of the Coil {W/K} Max Water Flow Rate of Coil {m3/s} Coil_Water_Inlet_Node Coil_Water_Outlet_Node Coil_Air_Inlet_Node Coil_Air_Outlet_Node
39
Summary
This lecture highlighted the EnergyPlus
input necessary to define most VAV and Terminal Reheat systems

Air loop and zone equipment input Thermostat input Fan and coil component input Controller input
40
Lecture 18: Template Systems and Autosizing

Introduce Templatesa time saving feature Putting an actual system together in EnergyPlus (by hand) can be difficult and time consuming Templates provide shorthand way of describing systems Introduce Autosizing Some components require sizes that the user may not know immediately Autosizing asks EnergyPlus to size these automatically
2
HVAC System Templates

Template Purpose Current Templates Future Templates Template Concepts Using HVAC Templates HVAC Template Structure Typical HVAC Systems Template Example Inputs/Results
3
Template Purpose
HVAC system templates provide a
shorthand way of describing selected standard HVAC system configurations
Current Templates
Zone Thermostat Purchased Air Four Pipe Fan Coil VAV Single Duct w/ Reheat Packaged Furnace w/ DX Air Conditioner
Current Templates (contd)

Purchased Hot and Chilled Water Supply
Loops Single Boiler and Chiller Supply Loops
Future Templates
Constant Volume Dual Duct Variable Volume Dual Duct VAV w/ Power Induction Unit Heat Pumps Add automatic autosizing to all templates Provide IDF Segments for template systems
Multiple Boiler and Chiller Supply Loops Multiple Equipment Condenser Loop
Template Concepts
Beneficial for setting up the loops, branches,
and nodes coils, etc.,
Not as beneficial for fans, pumps, chillers, The only "automatic" fields are the object For autosized templates the defaults are
name, node names, and maybe flow rates. already specified
Template Concepts (NonAutosized)

User assigns a template variable for
each of the remaining fields in the object for Fans, Coils, Chillers, etc
Advantage: order-independent keywords to assign values to Disadvantage: mapping the variable names to object fields is messy, and then the user has to go find the object documentation to understand what the variables really mean
9
Using HVAC Templates

To describe typical HVAC system
configurations, a combination of system macro commands is used along with the required macro variable definitions prior to each command
10
HVAC Template Structure

Input File.imf ##include HVACTemplates.imf Regular EnergyPlus objects RUN PERIOD, 1, 1, 12, 31; ... HVAC Template commands: ##set1 ZoneName = "RESISTIVE ZONE" ##set1 AvailSched = "FanAndCoilAvailSched" ##set1 HeatSuppAirTemp = 50 ##set1 CoolSuppAirTemp = 13 ##set1 HeatSuppAirHR = 0.015 ##set1 CoolSuppAirHR = 0.010 PurchAirZone[] ... EP-Launch or RunEplus.bat EP-Macro.exe
EPMIDF File Regular EnergyPlus objects after macro processing (Clean IDF file)
EnergyPlus.exe
EnergyPlus output files EnergyPlus output files EnergyPlus output files
11
Typical HVAC Systems

Purchased Air System

ZoneThermostat[ ] (once for each zone) PurchAirZone[ ] (once for each zone) ZoneThermostat[ ] (once for each zone) DirectAirZone[ ] (once for each zone) UnitaryAirLoop[ ]
12
Packaged Furnace w/ DX Cooling

Typical HVAC Systems (contd)

Single-Duct VAV System w/ OA Option

ZoneThermostat[ ] (once for each zone) VAVZone[ ] (once for each zone) VAVAirLoop[ ] ChilledWaterDemand[ ] HotWaterDemand[ ]
13
Typical HVAC Systems (contd)

Single Chiller Supply Plant

ChillerSupply1[ ] Condenser1[ ] BoilerSupply1[ ]
Single Boiler Supply Plant
14
Template Example Inputs Thermostat

##include HVACTemplates.imf ! Master Zone ##set1 ZoneName ##set1 ZoneCtrlSched ##set1 SnglHeatSPSched ##set1 SnglCoolSPSched ##set1 SnglHtClSPSched ##set1 DualSPHeatSched ##set1 DualSPCoolSched ZoneThermostat[] ! Command to insert template master file = = = = = = = "RESISTIVE ZONE" ! Zone name "Zone-Control-Type-Sched" ! Cntrl Type Sched "Heating-Setpoints" ! Single Heat SP Sched "Cooling-Setpoints" ! Single Cool SP Sched "None" ! Single Heat/Cool SP Sch "None" ! Dual SP Heat SP Sched "None" ! Dual SP Cool SP Sched
! Trigger the zone thermostat macro
15
Template Example Results Thermostat

ZONE CONTROL:THERMOSTATIC, RESISTIVE ZONE Thermostat, RESISTIVE ZONE, Zone-Control-Type-Sched, Single Heating Setpoint, RESISTIVE ZONE SingleHeatSPSched , Single Cooling SetPoint, RESISTIVE ZONE SingleCoolSPSched ; SINGLE HEATING SETPOINT, RESISTIVE ZONE SingleHeatSPSched, Heating-Setpoints; SINGLE COOLING SETPOINT, RESISTIVE ZONE SingleCoolSPSched, Cooling-Setpoints;
16
Template Example Inputs Direct Air Zone

##set1 ZoneName ##set1 AvailSched ##set1 ZoneSuppAirFlow DirectAirZone[] = "RESISTIVE ZONE" ! Zone name = "FanAndCoilAvailSched" ! System Avail Sched = 2.0 ! Supply air flow [m3/s] ! Trigger the direct air zone macro
17
Template Example Results Direct Air Zone

CONTROLLED ZONE EQUIP CONFIGURATION, RESISTIVE ZONE, ! zone name RESISTIVE ZONE Equipment, ! zone equipment list RESISTIVE ZONE Inlets, ! inlet node list , ! exhaust node list RESISTIVE ZONE ZoneNode, ! zone node RESISTIVE ZONE OutletNode; ! zone outlet node ZONE EQUIPMENT LIST, RESISTIVE ZONE Equipment, ! name DIRECT AIR, RESISTIVE ZONE Direct Air, 1, 1; NODE LIST, RESISTIVE ZONE Inlets, ! name RESISTIVE ZONE AirTermInletNode; ! zone inlet is the direct air DIRECT AIR, RESISTIVE ZONE Direct Air, !- Direct Air Name FanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Schedule name for on/off schedule RESISTIVE ZONE AirTermInletNode, !- Zone Supply Air Node Name 2.0; !- Maximum air flow rate {m3/s}
18
HVAC Sizing Options

Component Sizing Zone Sizing System Sizing Plant Sizing
19
Component Sizing
Components are typically autosized
based on specified summer and winter design days. Global sizing factor optional

Sizing factor typically >1.0 Sizing factor can be any value >0 Default 1.0
SIZING PARAMETERS, 1.2; !- sizing factor 20
Zone Sizing
Calculates required supply air volume to
maintain zone setpoints Computes maximum cooling load, heating load and air flow for systems sizing and sizing zone components Only controlled zones are included in zone sizing calculations OA flow per person based on total number of people for all PEOPLE statements in zone (schedule values are not applied)
21
Zone Sizing (contd)

ZONE SIZING, ZONE ONE, 14., 50., 0.009, 0.004, flow/person, 0.00944, 0.0, 0.0, design day, 0, design day, 0; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Name of a zone Zone cooling design supply air temperature {C} Zone heating design supply air temperature {C} Zone cooling design supply air humidity ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} Zone heating design supply air humidity ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} Outside air method Outside air flow per person {m3/s} Outside air flow {m3/s} Zone sizing factor Cooling design air flow method Cooling design air flow rate {m3/s} Heating design air flow method Heating design air flow rate {m3/s}
22
System Sizing
Calculates design air flow rates and heating
and cooling capacities based on specified supply air conditions and zone sizing results sizes (will not read component sizes) sizing calculations
Must use zone sizing objects to force hard Only controlled zones are included in system
23
System Sizing (contd)

SYSTEM SIZING, Unitary System, sensible, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 13.0, 50.0, noncoincident, no, no, 0.008, 0.008, design day, 0, design day, 0; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!name of an AIR PRIMARY LOOP object type of load to size on Design (min) outside air volume flow rate {m3/s} minimum system air flow ratio Preheat design set temperature {C} Central cooling design supply air temperature {C} Central heating design supply air temperature {C} Sizing Option Cooling 100% Outside Air Heating 100% Outside Air Central cooling design supply air hum. ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} Central heating design supply air hum. ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} cooling design air flow method cooling design air flow rate {m3/s} heating design air flow method heating design air flow rate {m3/s}
24
Auto-Sizing
Generate sizing report files (.zsz, .ssz) Outside air options Supply-side equipment sizing Size and go runs with computed sizes Uses all design days and selects max size
25
Auto-Sizing Calculation
A Purchased Air simulation is
performed for each zone using user specified Design Day weather
Purchased Air: hot or cold air supplied directly to a zone at a fixed temperature and with infinitely variable air flow. The Purchased Air simulation yields zone design air flow rates.
26
Auto-Sizing Calculation (contd)

The zone design air flow rates are
summed to give central air handler coincident or non-coincident design flow rates. User specified design supply temperatures and the design weather conditions are used to calculate zone and system design heating and cooling capacities.
27
Auto-Sizing Calculation (contd)

Coil UAs and other component inputs
are obtained by iterating the component models to meet the design outlet conditions Coil water flow rates are summed to obtain plant loop hot and chilled water flow rates
28
Auto-Sizing Input
Run Control At least 2 design days Special day schedules for sizing Zone Sizing, System Sizing and Plant
Sizing Indicate with Autosize the inputs to be auto-sized

29
Zone Sizing
Name of Zone Design cooling supply air temperature Design heating supply air temperature Design cooling supply air humidity ratio Design heating supply air humidity ratio
30
Zone Sizing (contd)

Outside air method Outside air flow per person Outside air flow Zone sizing factor
31
Zone Sizing (contd)

Cooling design air flow method Cooling design air flow rate Heating design air flow method Heating design air flow rate
32
Zone Sizing - Example

ZONE SIZING, SPACE1-1, 14., 50., 0.009, 0.004, FLOW/PERSON, 0.00944, 0.0, 0.0, design day, 0, design day, 0; !!!!!!!!!!!!!Name of a zone Zone cooling design supply air temperature {C} Zone heating design supply air temperature {C} Zone cooling design supply air humidity ratio Zone heating design supply air humidity ratio outside air method outside air flow per person {m3/s} outside air flow {m3/s} zone sizing factor cooling design air flow method cooling design air flow rate {m3/s} heating design air flow method heating design air flow rate {m3/s}
33
System Sizing
Name of an AIR PRIMARY LOOP Type of load to size on
Sensible, latent or total
Design (min.) outside air volumetric
flow rate Minimum system air flow ratio
34
System Sizing (contd)

Preheat design set temperature Central cooling/heating design supply
air temperature Sizing Option
Coincident or non-coincident
35
Plant Sizing
Design loop exit temperature Design loop delta T Name of a PLANT LOOP or CONDENSER
LOOP Loop type heat, cool, condenser
36
Run Control - example

RUN CONTROL, Yes, ! zone sizing Yes, ! system sizing Yes, ! plant sizing No, ! design day full simulation Yes; ! weather file full simulation
Note: design days used here just to size

37
Sizing Schedules Example - 1

SCHEDULE, Clg-SetP-Sch, Temperature, Clg-SetP-WSch, 1, 1, 12, 31; !- Name !- ScheduleType !- Name of WEEKSCHEDULE 1 !- Start Month 1 !- Start Day 1 !- End Month 1 !- End Day 1
38

WEEKSCHEDULE, Clg-SetP-Wsch, Clg-SetP-DSch-We, Clg-SetP-DSch-Wd, : Clg-SetP-DSch-Wd, Clg-SetP-DSch-We, Clg-SetP-DSch-We, Clg-SetP-DSch-SumDes, Clg-SetP-DSch-HighLimit, Clg-SetP-DSch-Wd, Clg-SetP-DSch-Wd; !- Name !- Sunday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Monday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Friday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Saturday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- Holiday DAYSCHEDULE Name !- SummerDesignDay DAYSCHEDULE Name !- WinterDesignDay DAYSCHEDULE Name !- CustomDay1 DAYSCHEDULE Name !- CustomDay2 DAYSCHEDULE Name
39

DAYSCHEDULE, Clg-SetP-DSch-SumDes, Temperature, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9,
23.9, 23.9, 23.9, 23.9;
No setback for autosizing - will cause
oversizing to meet setback recovery within one timestep
40
What Inputs can be Auto-sized?

Indicated in IDD file
FAN:SIMPLE:VariableVolume, .. N3 , \field Max Flow Rate \units m3/s \Autosizeable ..
41
Asking for Auto-sizing

In the IDF file: FAN:SIMPLE:VariableVolume, Supply Fan 1, !Fan Name FanAvailSched, !Fan Schedule 0.7, !Fan Efficiency 600.0, !Delta Pressure [N/M2] Autosize, !Max Vol Flow Rate [m3/S] Autosize, !Min Vol Flow Rate [m3/S] 0.9, !motor efficiency 1.0, !motor in air stream fraction 0.35071223, !Fan Coeff 1 Coeff's for Inlet Vane Dampers 0.30850535, !Fan Coeff 2 -0.54137364, !Fan Coeff 3 0.87198823, !Fan Coeff 4 0.000, !Fan Coeff 5 Main Heating Coil 1 Outlet Node, !Outlet Node VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node; !Inlet Node
42
Summary
Templates are a time saving feature that: Provides a shorthand way of describing systems Assists in the process of putting together EnergyPlus input Autosizing helps the user: Determine the size of equipment needed based on the building description, thermal loads, etc. Avoids the need to provide a size for some equipment which may not be of interest but is still needed as input for EnergyPlus
43
Lecture 19: HVAC Outside Air Systems and Modeling Guidelines

Discuss Outside Air
IAQ requirements force us to draw fresh air in from the outside environment Outside air (OA) can have a significant impact on the building energy requirements
Show how OA is specified in EnergyPlus

Air Loop Equipment List Outside Air System Outside Air Mixer Controller:Outside Air Outside Air Inlet Node List Review of other related keywords
Components: Special Case Outside Air System

OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEM is a subsystem component OA System Controller List OA System Equipment List OA System Availability Manager List
OA System Equipment List

System component type
outside air mixer, coil, heat exchanger
System component name Repeat for each air loop component
Air Loop Equipment List Example

AIR LOOP EQUIPMENT LIST, OA Sys 1 Equipment, !- Name OUTSIDE AIR MIXER, !- KEY--System Component 1 OA Mixing Box 1; !- Component Name 1
Outside Air System - Example

OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEM, OA Sys 1, OA Sys 1 Controllers, OA Sys 1 Equipment, VAV Sys 1 Avail List; !!!!Name Name: Controller List Name of an Air Loop Equipment List Name of a System Availability Manager List
Outside Air Mixer

Mixed_Air_Node Outside_Air_Stream_Node Relief_Air_Stream_Node Return_Air_Stream_Node
Outside Air Mixer - Example

OUTSIDE AIR MIXER, OA Mixing Box 1, Mixed Air Node 1, Outside Air Inlet Node 1, Relief Air Outlet Node 1, VAV Sys 1 Inlet Node; !!!!!Name Mixed_Air_Node Outside_Air_Stream_Node Relief_Air_Stream_Node Return_Air_Stream_Node
Outside Air Mixer Controller List

CONTROLLER LIST, OA Sys 1 Controllers, CONTROLLER:OUTSIDE AIR, OA Controller 1; !- Name !- Controller Type 1 !- Controller Name 1
10
Controller:Outside Air
Control_Node Actuated_Node Minimum outside air flow rate Maximum outside air flow rate Temperature limit Temperature lower limit
11
Controller:Outside Air Example

CONTROLLER:OUTSIDE AIR, OA Controller 1, ECONOMIZER, NO RETURN AIR TEMP LIMIT, NO RETURN AIR ENTHALPY LIMIT, NO LOCKOUT, FIXED MINIMUM, Mixed Air Node 1, Outside Air Inlet Node 1, autosize, autosize, 19., 4., 0.0, Relief Air Outlet Node 1, VAV Sys 1 Inlet Node, Min OA Sched; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Name EconomizerChoice ReturnAirTempLimit ReturnAirEnthalpyLimit Lockout MinimumLimit Control_Node Actuated_Node min outside air flow rate {m3/s} max outside air flow rate {m3/s} temperature limit {C} temperature lower limit {C} enthalpy limit {J/kg} Relief_Air_Outlet_Node Return_Air_Node Minimum Outside Air Schedule Name
12
TermReheat with Outside Air Example

Air Loop contains the Mixed Air
System
Relief Air

Return Air Mixer
Zone Air Splitter
13
TermReheat Main Branch with OA System

BRANCH, Air Loop Main Branch, 1.3, OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEM, OA Sys 1, VAV Sys 1 Inlet Node, Mixed Air Node, PASSIVE, FAN:SIMPLE:ConstVolume, Supply Fan 1, Mixed Air Node, < cooling coil >
!!!!!!!!!!-
Branch Name Maximum Branch Flow Rate {m3/s} Comp1 Type Comp1 Name Comp1 Inlet Node Name Comp1 Outlet Node Name Comp1 Branch Control Type Comp2 Type Comp2 Name Comp2 Inlet Node Name
14
TermReheat Outside Air Node List

Outside Air Mixed Outside Air Box
Relief Air
OUTSIDE AIR INLET NODE LIST, OutsideAirInletNodes; NODE LIST, OutsideAirInletNodes, Outside Air Inlet Node 1; !- Node List Name !- Node_ID_1 !- 1st Node name or node list name
15
TermReheat Outside Air System

Relief Air
OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEM, OA Sys 1, OA Sys 1 Controllers, OA Sys 1 Equipment, VAV Sys 1 Avail List; !- Name !- Name: Controller List !- Name of an Air Loop Equipment List !- Name of a System Availability Manager List
16
TermReheat Outside Air Controller List

Relief Air
CONTROLLER LIST, OA Sys 1 Controllers, CONTROLLER:OUTSIDE AIR, OA Controller 1; !- Name !- Controller Type 1 !- Controller Name 1
17
TermReheat Outside Air Equipment List

Relief Air
AIR LOOP EQUIPMENT LIST, OA Sys 1 Equipment, OUTSIDE AIR MIXER, OA Mixing Box 1; !- Name !- KEY--System Component 1 !- Component Name 1
18
TermReheat Outside Air Controller

CONTROLLER:OUTSIDE AIR, OA Controller 1, ECONOMIZER, NO RETURN AIR TEMP LIMIT, NO RETURN AIR ENTHALPY LIMIT, NO LOCKOUT, FIXED MINIMUM, Mixed Air Node 1, Outside Air Inlet Node 1, 0.468, 1.56, 19., 4., 0.0, Relief Air Outlet Node 1, VAV Sys 1 Inlet Node, Min OA Sched; !- Name !- EconomizerChoice !- ReturnAirTempLimit !- ReturnAirEnthalpyLimit !- Lockout !- MinimumLimit !- Control_Node !- Actuated_Node !- minimum outside air flow rate {m3/s} !- maximum outside air flow rate {m3/s} !- temperature limit {C} !- temperature lower limit {C} !- enthalpy limit {J/kg} !- Relief_Air_Outlet_Node !- Return_Air_Node !- Minimum Outside Air Schedule Name 19
TermReheat Outside Air Mixer

Relief Air
OUTSIDE AIR MIXER, OA Mixing Box 1, Mixed Air Node 1, Outside Air Inlet Node 1, Relief Air Outlet Node 1, VAV Sys 1 Inlet Node; !- Name !- Mixed_Air_Node !- Outside_Air_Stream_Node !- Relief_Air_Stream_Node !- Return_Air_Stream_Node
20
Outdoor Air Economizer

TermReheatOA.idf example file
CONTROLLER:OUTSIDE AIR, OA Controller 1, !- Name ECONOMIZER, !- EconomizerChoice NO RETURN AIR TEMP LIMIT, !- ReturnAirTempLimit NO RETURN AIR ENTHALPY LIMIT, !- ReturnAirEnthalpyLimit NO LOCKOUT, !- Lockout FIXED MINIMUM, !- MinimumLimit Mixed Air Node, !- Control_Node Outside Air Inlet Node, !- Actuated_Node 0.4333, !- minimum outside air flow rate {m3/s} 1.3, !- maximum outside air flow rate {m3/s} 19., !- temperature limit {C} 4., !- temperature lower limit {C} 0.0, !- enthalpy limit {J/kg} Relief Air Outlet Node, !- Relief_Air_Outlet_Node VAV Sys 1 Inlet Node; !- Return_Air_Node
21
Outdoor Air Economizer (contd)

Scheduled mixed air setpoint
SET POINT MANAGER:SCHEDULED, Mixed Air Temp Manager, !- Name TEMP, !- Control variable Seasonal Reset Mixed Air Temp Sch, !- Schedule Name Mixed Air Nodes; !- Name of the set point Node List NODE LIST, Mixed Air Nodes, !- Node List Name Mixed Air Node; !- Node_ID_1
22
Outdoor Air Economizer (contd)

Mixed air setpoint adjusted for fan heat
SET POINT MANAGER:SCHEDULED, Supply Air Temp Manager 1, !- Name TEMP, !- Control variable Seasonal Reset Supply Air Temp Sch, !- Schedule Name Supply Air Temp Nodes 1; !- Name of the set point Node List SET POINT MANAGER:MIXED AIR, Mixed Air Temp Manager 1, !- Name TEMP, !- Control variable: VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node, !- reference set point node name Main Heating Coil 1 Outlet Node, !- fan inlet node name VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node, !- fan outlet node name Mixed Air Node 1; !- Name of the set point Node or Node List NODE LIST, Supply Air Temp Nodes 1, !- Node List Name VAV Sys 1 Outlet Node; !- Node_ID_1 23
Economizer with Furnace/DX

Furnace/DX does not set a supply air
setpoint Must use setpoint managers to establish a setpoint
24
Summary
Introduction of outside air into a forced
air system is necessary to meet indoor air quality (IAQ) standards Outside air (mixing box) in EnergyPlus is a component on an air loop branch Outside air system also contains controllers that can be operated in economizer mode
25
Lecture 20: Radiant Systems

Forced air systems tend to dominate the US
market

Systems are relatively easy to understand Control on air temperature pretty straightforward
Air systems do not guarantee comfort which
is a function of other variables besides air temperature Other systems, such as radiant systems, may be a better option for some cases Ability to simulate different system types is critical to the fair and accurate comparison of energy consumption
2

Radiant systems overview: characteristics, types, advantages, and potential problems How to specify different types of radiant systems in EnergyPlus

Low Temp Radiant System:Hydronic Construction With Internal Source Surface:HeatTransfer (review) Radiant System Surface Group Low Temp Radiant System:Electric High Temp Radiant System
Radiant Systems Overview
Low Temperature Radiant Systems High Temperature Radiant Systems Hybrid Systems
Radiant System Overview

Conventional Forced Air Systems: aim to affect the
thermal comfort of space occupants by conditioning air and delivering it to a space

Primary effect is on space air temperature Controls are simple but do not always guarantee comfort
Radiant Systems: aim to affect the thermal comfort
of space occupants by modifying the radiant field within a space

Primary effect can be on surface temperatures Some systems are simply direct radiant sources Controls are more complex but inclusion of radiant effects may result in better comfort at lower air temperatures
6
Radiant System Overview (contd)

Definition: system which supplies a majority of its
energy to a space via radiation Main System Types (Temperature Classifications)

Low Temperature Radiant Systems High (and Medium) Temperature Radiant Systems (heating only)
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Issues IAQ linked to introduction of outside air, but radiant systems lack an air stream Dust, dirt, etc. not spread around by forcing air circulation IAQ concerns may require the use of a hybrid system

Overall Advantages

Less extreme water conditions Lack of architectural effect Potential energy savings Warm floor effect While gaining in popularity in US, market percentage is still fairly small (lack of knowledge/understanding about systems, IAQ concerns) Much more popular in Asia and Europe where it is used in much more diverse settings (not just residences) Concerns about high temperature surfaces within space (burns, fires) Limits on wall, floor temperatures (maximum
8
Market Issues
Safety/Comfort Issues
Low Temperature Radiant Systems

System components Thermostat (air, radiant, or operative) Radiant surface (embedded in a particular building element) Resistance wires or water tubing Control valves and headers Primary system (boiler/chiller) System classifications Hydronic (water, air also possible) or electric Heat source/sink embedded in a surface: floor, wall, ceiling, or panel High mass or low mass Heating or cooling (hydronic only) though only one at a time (like a two-pipe air system)
9
Low Temperature Radiant Systems (contd)

Energy efficiency issues Conditioning surfaces not airmay allow more extreme air temperatures while maintaining the same amount of comfort No fan energy More extreme air temperatures should result in less infiltration heat gain/loss Heat gain/loss through surfacesmore or less? Back and edge lossesmay require more insulation Choice of floor covering might decrease system efficiency Condensation potential (indoor rain)cooling systems may require an air loop to avoid moisture condensing on the system
10

Alternative energy sources Standard source for heating/cooling system is a boiler or chiller Potential for using alternative energy sources may be higher than with conventional systems due to less extreme water conditions Use of mass to shift energy needs Link to solar hot water heaters (interior or exterior) Link to ground loop Link to cooling tower/evaporative cooler (cooling only) Nighttime ventilation (ventilated slab) Link to a nearby water source (pond, lake, stream, etc.)
11

Applications

Manytypically used most often in residential Buildings where warm floors are beneficial (e.g., garages) Buildings where air systems might contaminate (other) areas (hospitals, clean rooms, etc.) Buildings where IAQ obtained with minimal air systems Snow/ice melting
12
High Temperature Radiant Systems

General characteristics Also known as Infrared Radiant Heating High temperature due to characteristic temperatures of radiant heaters (range from 150 to 2760C)
Low- and medium-intensity (up to ~1000C) typically gas-fired High-intensity (above 1000C) use electric resistance heating Can result in spaces with highly variable levels of thermal comfort Direction depends on type, reflector, and shape
Highly directional in naturegenerally good for spot heating
Shapes: tube or lamp Heating onlycooling would be provided by some other means
13
High Temperature Radiant Systems (contd)

System components

Burner or wire/filament Housing (shape depends on type) Reflector (redirects radiation toward space Power connection or gas inlet/combustion exhaust
14
High Temperature Radiant Systems (contd)

Energy efficiency issues Similar benefits as low temperature radiant heaters: lower air temperatures and no fan energy Not all radiation is infraredsome might actually go out the window Safety issues of the high temperature surface within a space Applications Large spaces: hangars, factories, warehouses, gymnasiums Open areas: loading docks, outdoor areas (stadiums or restaurants), pools, building entrances Snow/ice melting
15
Hybrid Systems: Cool Beam

Shaped and positioned like a high
temperature radiant heater but supplied with chilled water (from plant or alternate source) into space fan
Condensate pan to avoid temporary dripping Air movement via buoyancy effects or small Some radiant effect
16
Hybrid Systems: Combined Forced Air/Radiant System

Sometimes referred to as a hybrid system Usually due to condensation or perhaps for IAQ concerns Radiant system is run as the primary system for heating and
cooling In cooling mode, forced air loop turns on when condensation likely (based on moisture levels in the air) Chilled water sent to forced air coil first and then to radiant system (to help avoid condensation in the space) Benefits of radiant system but initial costs of two systems
17
Hybrid Systems: UFAD

Sort of a pseudo-radiant system
Underfloor air distribution (floor supply
plenum) can turn the floor into a radiant systemin effect a hybrid system Exact effect on comfort not yet studied since technology is still fairly new
18
Radiant Systems in EnergyPlus
Radiant System Overview

Low Temperature Radiant Systems Two types:
condenser) Electric
Hydronic (must be hooked up to a fluid loopplant or
System serves as:
Heat transfer surface with an embedded source or sink
(heating or cooling) Space conditioning system
Important keywords:

Construction With Internal Source Surface:HeatTransfer Low Temp Radiant System:Hydronic Low Temp Radiant System:Electric Radiant System Surface Group
20

High Temperature Radiant Systems Two types:
Electric Gas
System is only seen as a space conditioning (heating) system Important keywords:

High Temp Radiant System Radiant System Surface Group
21
Radiant System Controls

Thermostatic control Zone Thermostat determines whether system is in heating, cooling, or float mode If zone thermostat says the system is on, the radiant temperature schedule determines the response of the system System fluid flow varies linearly around the setpoint temperature (user also specifies a throttling range Fluid loop temperature controlled by plant/condenser loop
Mass Flow Rate Setpoint Temperature Heating
Controlling Temperature Throttling Range
Mass Flow Rate
Setpoint Temperature Cooling
Controlling Temperature Throttling Range
22
Radiant System Controls (contd)

Control temperature
In determining the system response, the radiant control setpoint can be compared to a variety of other temperatures depending on the type of control one desires:
Zone Mean Air Temperature Zone Mean Radiant Temperature Zone Operative Temperature (average of MAT and MRT) Outside Air Dry-Bulb Temperature (low temperature
systems only) Outside Air Wet-Bulb Temperature (low temperature systems only)
23
Radiant System Controls (contd)

Single Surface or Serial Control Radiant system description for each individual surface Control is staged via priority in zone equipment list Top priority surface will attempt to meet entire load; when it cannot, next highest priority surface will attempt to meet load, etc. Multiple Surface or Parallel/Coordinated Control One radiant system description for a group of surfaces Control of all surfaces in this group are identical Split of fluid flow determined by Radiant System Surface Group input RADIANT SYSTEM SURFACE GROUP,
Zone 1 Rad Surfs, Zn001:Flr001, 0.75, Zn001:Roof001, 0.25; !!!!!name of surface list Surface name 1 Flow fraction for surface 1 Surface name 2 Flow fraction for surface 2 24
Low Temperature Surface Input

IDF Example:
CONSTRUCTION WITH INTERNAL SOURCE, Slab Floor with Radiant, !- Name 3, !- Source present after this layer in definition below 4, !- Temperature calculation requested after this layer 1, !- Dimensions for the CTF calculation (1- or 2-D) 0.1524, !- Tube Spacing {m} CONCRETE - DRIED SAND AND GRAVEL 4 IN, !- Outside Layer INS - EXPANDED EXT POLYSTYRENE R12 2 IN, !- Layer #2 GYP1, !- Layer #3 GYP2, !- Layer #4 FINISH FLOORING - TILE 1 / 16 IN; !- Layer #5
Based on the above input, the tubing (and thus the heat source or sink) would be applied between layers 3 and 4 in this construction
25
Low Temperature Surface Input (contd)

IDF Example:
Surface:HeatTransfer, Zn002:Flr001, !- User Supplied Surface Name Floor, !- Surface Type Slab Floor with Radiant, !- Construction Name of the Surface EAST ZONE, !- Inside Face Environment Ground, !- Outside Face Environment , !- Outside Face Environment Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 1.000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Surface Vertice Groups -- Number of (X,Y,Z) group 6.096,0.0,0.0, !- X,Y,Z ==> Vertex 1 6.096,6.096,0.0, !- X,Y,Z ==> Vertex 2 12.192,6.096,0.0, !- X,Y,Z ==> Vertex 3 12.192,0.0,0.0; !- X,Y,Z ==> Vertex 4
26
Hydronic Radiant Input

IDF Example:
Could be name of a Radiant System Surface Group LOW TEMP RADIANT SYSTEM:HYDRONIC, East Zone Radiant Floor, !- name of hydronic low temperature radiant system RadiantSysAvailSched, !- availability schedule East Zone, !- Zone name (name of zone system is serving) Zn002:Flr001, !- Surface name (name of surface tubes embedded in) or list name 0.012, !- Hydronic tubing inside diameter {m} 400.0, !- Hydronic tubing length (total length of pipe embedded) {m} MAT, !- temperature control type (MAT|MRT|OPERATIVE|ODB|OWB) 0.00008, !- maximum hot water flow {m3/s} East Zone Radiant Water Inlet Node, !- heating water inlet node East Zone Radiant Water Outlet Node, !- heating water outlet node 2.0, !- heating control throttling range {C} Radiant Heating Setpoints, !- heating control temperature schedule 0.0012, !- maximum cold water flow {m3/s} Zone 2 Cooling Water Inlet Node, !- cooling water inlet node Zone 2 Cooling Water Outlet Node, !- cooling water outlet node 2.0, !- cooling control throttling range {C} Radiant Cooling Setpoints; !- cooling control temperature schedule
Separate input for heating and cooling
27
Electric Low Temperature Radiant Heating Systems

IDF Example:
LOW TEMP RADIANT SYSTEM:ELECTRIC, Zone 1 Elec Floor, !- name of electric low temperature radiant system RadPanelAvailSched, !- availability schedule NORTH ZONE, !- Zone name (name of zone system is serving) Zone 1 Rad Surfs, !- Surface name or Radiant System Surface Group name 10000, !- maximum electrical power to panel {W} MRT, !- temperature control type (MAT|MRT|Operative|ODB|OWB) 2.0, !- heating throttling range {C} Radiant Heating Setpoints; !- heating setpoint temperature schedule
Note: Input similar to hydronic radiant system except no fluid loop information and no cooling information
28
High Temperature Radiant Systems

IDF Example:
Affects thermal comfort directly, then convected to zone air Energy has no effect on zone or any surface HIGH TEMP RADIANT SYSTEM, Zone 1 Radiant Heater, !- name of high temperature radiant system RadiantPanelAvailSched, !- availability schedule NORTH ZONE, !- Zone name (name of zone system is serving) 10000, !- maximum power input {W} GAS, !- type of high temperature radiant heater (GAS|ELECTRIC) 0.85, !- combustion efficiency (ignore for electric radiant heaters) 0.75, !- fraction of input converted to radiant energy 0.00, !- fraction of input converted to latent energy 0.00, !- fraction of input that is lost (vented to outside environment) OPERATIVE, !- temperature control type (MAT|MRT|OPERATIVE) 2.0, !- heating throttling range {C} Radiant Heating Setpoints, !- heating setpoint temperature schedule 0.05, !- fraction of radiant energy incident on people Zn001:Flr001, !- surface to which radiant energy from heater is distributed 0.75, !- fraction of radiant energy from heater distributed to surface Zn001:Wall001, !- surface to which radiant energy from heater is distributed 0.25; !- fraction of radiant energy from heater distributed to surface User-defined output pattern, fraction must add to 1 29
Summary
Radiant systems use radiation as the primary
mode of heat transfer to heat space occupants directly rather than indirectly by conditioning air can be defined in EnergyPlus as zone equipment
Low and high temperature radiant systems
Hydronic radiant systems are connected to a
primary system loop much like a water coil
30
Lecture 21: Introduction to Primary Systems (Central Plants)

Primary systems provide hot and chilled
water for the secondary systems as well as other energy sources that are needed by the building Some knowledge of the primary systems (central plants) is required to accurately simulate buildings and to understand what the model input parameters are
2

Basic information about primary plants (central plants) Interconnection between primary plants and the rest of the building
Cooling Equipment
Chillers: Compression-Based and Absorption Heat Pumps Rooftop/DX Packaged Units Thermal Energy Storage (Water and Ice)
Compression-Based Liquid Chilling Systems

Compression Chillers and Heat Pumps both work on
what is commonly referred to as a vapor compression cycle

Thermodynamic cycle through which refrigerant goes Refrigerant is enclosed within cycle components
Components Condenser Compressor Evaporator (aka Liquid Cooler) Expansion Valve Primary and secondary fluids (refrigerant, water, etc.)
Compression Cycle
Typical compression cycle diagram:
Condenser
QC
Compressor
High Pressure Low Pressure
Expansion Valve
Work
Evaporator
QE
6
Compression-Based Liquid Chilling Systems (contd)

Cycle Details High pressure side: from compressor outlet through condenser to expansion valve inlet Low pressure side: from expansion valve outlet through evaporator to compressor inlet Utilize the fact that the boiling point of the refrigerant changes as the fluid pressure changes: lower pressure means a lower boiling temperature Refrigerant picks up heat in the evaporator (refrigerant evaporates) because the chilled fluid temperature is higher than the refrigerant temperature Refrigerant rejects heat in the condenser (refrigerant condenses) because condenser fluid temperature is lower than refrigerant temperature Compressor drives the cycle by compressing the refrigerant through the addition of work First Law of Thermodynamics
Chillers/Heat Pumps for Conditioning

Cooling: Normal operation mode Goal is to provide cooling at the evaporator where there is chilled water or air that is produced Coefficient of performance (COP) equal to cooling achieved at the evaporator over the work required at the compressor Heating: Reverse operation (heat pumps) Goal is to provide heating at the condenser where there is hot water or air that is produced Typically this requires a reversal of refrigerant flow Coefficient of performance (COP) equal to heating achieved at the condenser over the work required at the compressor
8
Chillers/Heat Pumps for Conditioning (contd)

Efficiency and Energy Issues Work is required because we are trying to get heat to flow in a direction that is counter the natural flow of heat (natural would be from higher temperature to lower temperature) COP is generally greater than 1.0 so we get more kW-h of cooling or heating than electric kW-h that we put into the compressor Performance (and COP) of the system is highly dependent on the fluid temperatures that the condenser and evaporator are in contact with
Lower evaporator temperatures result in lower COP Higher condenser temperatures result in lower COP More extreme temperatures lower COP and can lower available
Temperature relation to performance can be a hindrance to the system or a potential advantage

Heat pump may struggle and require more energy as outside
capacity
temperatures become more extreme Presence of a more moderate/constant temperature source can keep system running efficiently (e.g., ground)
Chillers/Heat Pumps for Conditioning (contd)

Chiller vs. Heat Pumpswhats the
difference?

Difference in system components: none Chillers are generally cooling only device and are used to produce chilled water for cooling coils (size range can be quite large) Heat pumps can provide both heating and cooling and are typically smaller in size (often residential units) Heat pumps are typically compression cycle only and almost all use electric energy as input Chillers can use various cycles and may actually use other energy sources as the system energy input
10
Condensers
Purpose: to reject heat from refrigerant to
surrounding environment, condensing the refrigerant from a (superheated) vapor to a (subcooled) liquid Condenser is really a heat exchanger which transfers energy from one fluid stream to another without mixing the two streams Water-Cooled Condensers
Heat exchanged with water which is circulated to another component (ground, lake, pondnatural or constructed, river, cooling tower, etc.) as closed or open loop Condenser temperature depends on water source temperature
11
Condensers (contd)
Air-Cooled Condensers Heat exchanged with outdoor air Fans required to improve heat transfer Condenser temperature linked to outside air dry bulb temperature Evaporative Condensers Heat exchanged sensibly and latently with outdoor air Fan and pump required: fan to circulate air through unit, pump to circulate water Added evaporation process increases performance Condenser temperature linked to outside wet bulb temperature (less than or equal to dry bulb) Condenser water and evaporative water kept separat
12
Condensers (contd)
Cooling Towers

Similar concept as evaporative condensers Condenser water open in the tower Some water evaporates, requiring make-up water Some systems eliminate the fan requirement
13
Condenser Examples
14
Condenser Examples (cont.)
15
Digital images on this slide courtesy of: Lisa Fricker, Graduate Student, UIUC
16
Condenser Examples (cont.)
17
Evaporators (Liquid Coolers)

Purpose: to absorb heat in the refrigerant
from the surrounding environment, evaporating the refrigerant from a liquid (or liquid/vapor mixture) to a (superheated) vapor Evaporator is also a heat exchanger Evaporator can be a cooling coil itself or a refrigerant (DX or direct expansion coil) to water heat exchanger to the chilled water loop
18
Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchanger Types (largest to smallest): Shell-and-Tube Plate/Plate-and-Frame Tube-in-Tube Shell-and-Coil Heat Exchanger Issues: Larger exposed air means largest UA (more heat transfer) Fouling can affect performance over time (maintenance issues) Interior and exterior fins on coils
19
Compressors
Purpose: to compress the refrigerant vapor to a
higher pressure (also increases the temperature) Mechanical device: power input converted to mechanical energy Types of Compressors:
Positive-displacement: squeezeincrease pressure be decreasing vapor volume

Reciprocating Rotary Scroll Trochoidal
Dynamic: spinincrease pressure by transferring angular momentum, momentum converted to pressure increase
Centrifugal
Centrifugal tend to be used in larger systems

20
Compressors (contd)
Motor Types
Open: motor and compression chamber separated via shaft link Hermetic: motor and compression chamber same, motor shaft and compressor crankshaft integral Semi-hermetic: bolted construction allows field service
21
Compression Cycle: Big Picture

Cooling Tower Direction of heat transfer
Expansion Valve
Condenser
Compressor
Evaporator
Air System Cooling Coil
To Zones
22
Absorption-Based Liquid Chilling Systems

Concept
Compression-based chillers use electrical energy (work) to produce heating or cooling (in the opposite direction of natural energy flow) Absorption-based chillers use mixture/solution chemistry and a heat source to produce heating (reverse cyclealso called heat transformer) or cooling (forward cyclemore common)\ Absorption-based systems are most effective when a free or very inexpensive source of heat is available
Solar energy Waste heat Heat source must be high enough quality (temperature) to drive system
No compressor or other large rotating mechanical equipment needed Two refrigerantsprimary and secondary (absorbent)
Primaryusually water Secondaryusually ammonia or lithium bromide (LiBr)
23
Absorption Chillers (contd)

Components

Generator (desorber)high pressure side Condenserhigh pressure side Evaporatorlow pressure side Absorberlow pressure side Heat Exchanger Pump Expansion valve/flow restrictors Refrigerants
24

Cycle Details (LiBr system) Pure water (vapor/liquid) in the condenser and evaporator Primary refrigerant (water) and absorbent mixtures of varying concentrations in generator and absorber Weak liquid solution is introduced into the generator along with heat from some source Generator process: boils water out of solution accomplishing two things Pure water vapor is sent over to condenser side of chamber Strong(er) solution (liquid) is sent to absorber Water vapor in condenser is converted to liquid (condensed) by the removal/rejection of heat
25

Cycle Details (LiBr system, contd) Condensed water is pushed to the evaporator as a result of the pressure difference/gravity Liquid water in the evaporator is boiled off with the addition of heat at low temperature/pressure Water vapor boiled off from evaporator is sent to absorber Absorber: Water vapor condenses (potential heat rejection) and gets reabsorbed into the water-LiBr solution, weakening the solution Absorber sends weakened solution back to generator where cycle starts over again Pumps used to send solution from absorber to generator and to circulate liquid water over evaporator coil Heat exchanger used between lines connection generator and absorber reduces heat addition needed in generator (improving efficiency) Goal is cooling at the evaporator (forward cycle) or heating at the generator (reverse cycle) Many slight variations on this basic cycle
26

Performance Issues Capacities typically range from 180-almost 6000 kW (big!) though smaller units on the range of 18-35 kW available internationally Typical COP values are much lower than for compression cycle chillers: 0.7-0.8 or lower is common Low COP not necessarily a problem if heat source is free: COP = Usable cooling/energy input Other Issues Is a heat source available that can be used? Concerns about water in contact with metal inside absorption system (rust formation) Potential toxicity of absorbent Noisefar less than a compression cycle chiller
27
Thermal Energy Storage

Concept
Produce and store energy for use during another time
Initially, this was as simple as cutting ice blocks from Lake Michigan and storing those until summer Now, energy storage is produced during off-peak hours when energy costs are lower
Overall dollar effect is a reduction in the conditioning costs for the buildingprimary (or only) benefit is economic Reduction in cost per kW-hr and reduction in demand costs
Costs based on type of power plants running Cost of start-up and shutdown of power plants
Mainly an issue for industrial customers, usually used for cooling Utilities have in the past actually paid (in part) for systems
Reduced demand reduces need for new power plants Shift of electric load uses power that might not otherwise be used (hydroelectric, nuclear, etc.)
28
Thermal Energy Storage (contd)

System Types Tempered Water Storage
Storage of hot or cold water in a large tank above or below grade Water is kept stratified, taking advantage of density differences of water at different temperatures Inlet diffusers must be designed to avoid mixing Some energy transfer does occur between hot and cold sides Water in tank can serve as emergency water source in case of fire Water temperatures for cooling same as for standard chiller only system Large tank needs large space, tank losses
29

System Types (contd)
Ice Storage
Storage of cooling energy in the form of ice Latent heat of solidification allows large amount
of energy storage in a much smaller area than a water system System types:

Ice-on-coil outside melt (obsolete) Ice-on-coil inside melt Encapsulated ice (ice container) Ice harvester Ice slurry
30

Efficiency Issues (Ice Systems) Process for producing ice less efficient than chilled water production (temperatures required for making ice are much lower, resulting in lower efficiency/COP and capacity of chiller) This may be offset somewhat be reduced condenser temperatures due to cooler outdoor conditions at night Systems can produce lower supply air temperatures, reducing the flow rates needed to provide same cooling (which lowers fan energy) Do ice storage systems save dollars and energy?
31
Thermal Energy Storage Controls

Full Storage (discharging) Minimizes on-peak energy consumption, maximizes energy consumption shift Largest storage requirements and perhaps largest chiller (and initial costs) Probably largest potential savings on operating costs Partial Storage (discharging) Types:
Some shift of energy consumption to off-peak, also savings on demand costs Smaller chiller requirements than full storage or no storage
Chiller priority: chiller runs during on-peak only up to some set demand limit, ice meets all other needs Ice priority: storage meets demand up to some limit and chiller is turned on if the demand is higher than the limit
32
Thermal Energy Storage Controls (contd)

Charging Strategies
Zero predictionchiller charges system at its capacity as soon as off-peak period starts Optimal strategies
Delay start of charging to take advantage of
presumably cooler outdoor air in early morning hours And/or run chiller at less than full capacity at whatever its optimal fraction of full load is
33
Heating Equipment
Boiler Furnace Heat Pump
Heating Equipment
Electric resistance heating Heat pump in heating mode Solar panels Boiler

Water Steam
same basic principle, just a different fluid
Furnace (air)
35
Boilers
Definition: equipment whose sole
purpose is to provide hot water or steam for various uses within a building Size (capacity) range: 15 kW 30+ MW
Fuels: coal, wood, fuel oil, (natural)
gas, electricity
36
Boiler Uses
Steam: Heating coils (reheat, preheat) Hot water heat exchangers Absorption cooling Laundry Sterilizers Water: Heating coils (reheat, preheat) Domestic hot water
37
Boilers: Basic Layout

stack/flue/ Goal: chimney Try to get most efficient transfer of heat from flue gas (combustion products) to water burner air/fuel mix
38
water
water
water
water
Boiler Example (continued)
Digital image on this slide courtesy of: Lisa Fricker, Graduate Student, UIUC
39
Boilers: Types
Dry Base/Back Wet Base/Back/Leg
Base (bottom), back (with respect to multipass boilers), leg (top and sides) Flue gas condensing due to low return temperature of water More efficient, but potential for rust greatly increased
Condensing
40
Boilers: Efficiency
Fuel Boiler (combustion efficiency)

Efficiency = (input stack loss) / input Non-condensing 75-86% Condensing 88-95+%
Electric Boiler (overall efficiency)

Efficiency = output / input Range of efficiencies 92-96%

41
Furnaces
Heats air indirectly
Combustion products do not mix with circulated air dangerous Natural gas (most common) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) Oil Electric
42
Fuels:

Furnaces (continued)
Sizes:

Residential units (smallest) Commercial (44 600+ kW) Generally smaller than boilers Combustion systems Air flow variations (single/multi-pass)
43
Various configurations:

Furnace (AHU) Example
44
Boiler/Furnace Stack
45
Furnace Efficiency
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 103 Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE)
Usable Heat Output AFUE Fuel Input
AFUE includes: latent and sensible losses, cyclic effects, infiltration, pilot burner effects, and losses from a standing pilot when furnace not in use AFUE 78-80% for non-condensing, 90+% for condensing
46
Big Picture Review

Zone (Loads)
air surroundings heating coil
mix box
supply fan
Secondary System
pump
cooling coil
pump
A Building and its HVAC System
boiler Primary System
chiller
pump
cooling tower
47
Summary
Primary systems convert one form of
energy (fuel, electricity, etc.) to thermal energy Chillers/heat pumps are used to provide cooling (direct expansion or chilled water) Boilers are used to provide steam or hot water for heating coils Furnaces are used to provide hot air
48
Lecture 22: Primary System Loops in EnergyPlus

Water (fluid) side loop structures in EnergyPlus How to control fluid flow rates using the EnergyPlus pump strategies
Defining Loops
Loops define the movement of mass
and energy within an HVAC system

Plant loop Condenser loop Heat recovery loop
Systems defined by the order of
branches/components on the HVAC loop

3
Defining Loops (contd)

Main loops divided into sub-loops or
semi-loops for organizational clarity & simulation logistics Sub-loops are matched pairs that consist of half of the main loop. For example, plant and condenser loops are broken into supply and demand sides.
4
Demand- & Supply-Side Sub-Loops

Plant demand-side sub-loop contains
equipment that creates a load on the plant. Plant supply-side sub-loop contains equipment that meets these loads. Each supply-side sub-loop must be connected to a demand-side loop.
5
Demand- & Supply-Side Loops (contd)

Heating Coil HW Demand Outlet Node Exit Pipe HW Supply inlet Node HW Pump Outlet Node HW Pump
Boiler Inlet Node Boiler
Heating Coil Inlet Node
Heating Coil Inlet Pipe Outlet Node HW Demand Inlet Node
HW Supply Outlet Node HW Supply Outlet Pipe
Boiler Outlet Node
Demand-Side Loop
Supply-Side Loop
Branches for Water-Side Loops

Maximum Branch Flow Rate (Ignored) Comp1 Type Comp1 Name Comp1 Inlet Node Name Comp1 Outlet Node Name Comp1 Branch Control Type
Branches for Water-Side Loops - Example

BRANCH, Heating Supply Inlet Branch, , PUMP:VARIABLE SPEED, HW Circ Pump, HW Supply Inlet Node, HW Pump Outlet Node, ACTIVE; !- Branch Name !- Maximum Branch Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Comp1 Type !- Comp1 Name !- Comp1 Inlet Node Name !- Comp1 Outlet Node Name !- Comp1 Branch Control Type
Layout for Individual HVAC Supply or Demand Sub-Loops

Elements can be defined in
A 1 to m Components B n Splitter C1 1 to i Components D1 n Mixer E 1 to k Components F Cn
series, in parallel, or both with some restrictions Branches are defined as individual legs within the loop structure Segment between point A & B is defined as a branch, as is the section between points E and F
...
1 to j Components Dn

The first supply side
component between A & B must be the loop pump, which controls the loop flow. There may be multiple branches between the splitter and mixer (between points C1 & D1 to Cn & Dn). Each sub-loop may only have one splitter and one mixer.
...
10

Equipment may be in
parallel between the mixer and splitter, Within any branch, there can only be elements in series. Sub-loops do not require a splitter or mixer, if all equipment on the sub-loop is in seriesa single branch defines the entire sub-loop.
...
11
Pumping Rules
Pumps must be on the
Supply-Side Sub-Loop Loop Pump
supply side From DemandSide Sub-Loop Pumps can operate as constant or variable flow Pumps can run continuously or intermittently To DemandSide Sub-Loop
Splitter
Components
Mixer
12
Pumping Rules (contd)

Single boiler/chiller with NO bypass,
PUMP:CONSTANT SPEED

Boiler/chiller should be constant flow Pump should be intermittent
Single boiler/chiller with NO bypass,
PUMP:VARIABLE SPEED
Boiler/chiller should be variable flow, regardless of whether pump is intermittent or continuous (runs at the minimum if demand is less than minimum, this includes zero.)
13

Single boiler/chiller with bypass,
PUMP:CONSTANT SPEED
Boiler/chiller can be constant or variable flow Pump may be intermittent or continuous as long as the bypass can handle the entire pump volume when the boiler is not operating
14

Multiple branches add more complexity, but it
is nothing more than continuity.

If the pump is putting out flow then it has to
have a branch to flow down whether it is a chiller or a bypass.
15

You are always safer adding the bypass for a
simulation. If the active machines require the flow the bypass will be dry
Thermodynamically it does not make any
difference if the flow goes through a machine that is OFF or it flows down the bypass.
There is no pressure simulation and flow
losses are not accounted for.
16
Summary of Loop Limitations

Each sub-loop allowed one splitter and one
mixer
One bypass on each sub-loop optional No other components may be in series with a
bypass
Equipment may be in parallel only between
the splitter and mixer
Equipment may be in series in each branch

17
3-Zone VAV System

We are going to look at this system input Loop by Loop
Outside Air Supply Fan CC Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop Bypass Relief Air CW Pump Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop
Bypass
Chiller
Plant Demand Side Heating Loop
Condenser Bypass
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Cond . Demand Side Loop Boiler Cond . Pump HW Pump Plant Supply Side Heating Loop Condenser Bypass
Hot Water Splitter
Water Mixer
Return Hot
North Zone
Bypass
Cooling Tower
VAV Box: ReHeat
Cond . Supply Side Loop
18
Cooling Coil & Chilled Water Demand Side

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop Bypass Relief Air CW Pump Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop Mixed Outside Air Box
Bypass
Chiller
Condenser Bypass
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Cond . Demand Side Loop Boiler Cond . Pump HW Pump Condenser Bypass
Hot Water
Splitter
East Zone
Water Mixer
Return Hot
VAV Box: ReHeat
Plant Supply Side Heating Loop Bypass Cooling Tower
North Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
19
Cooling Coil & Chilled Water Demand Side

CC Cooling Coil Chilled Water Demand -Side Outlet Node Bypass Chilled Water Demand -Side Inlet Note
Objects required:

BRANCH LIST CONNECTOR LIST SPLITTER MIXER BRANCH, VAV Sys 1 ChW-Branch
COIL:Water:DetailedFlatCooling, VAV SYS 1 Cooling Coil
20
Cooling Coil & Chilled Water Demand Side (contd)

CC Cooling Coil Chilled Water Demand -Side Outlet Node Bypass Chilled Water Demand -Side Inlet Note
Objects required (contd):
BRANCH, Chilled Water Loop 1 CHW Inlet Branch

PIPE
BRANCH, Chilled Water Loop 1 CHW Outlet Branch

PIPE
BRANCH, Chilled Water Loop 1 CHW Bypass Branch

PIPE
21
Hot Water Demand Side

Bypass
Chiller
Condenser Bypass
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Hot Water
Splitter
East Zone
Water Mixer
Return Hot
VAV Box: ReHeat
North Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
22
Hot Water Coils & Demand Side

Objects required:

BRANCH LIST CONNECTOR LIST SPLITTER MIXER BRANCH,Zone X Reheat Branch (3)
COIL:Water:SimpleHeating(3)
VAV Box: Reheat
Zone Air Splitter
HW Splitter
BRANCH, HW Outlet Branch

PIPE
VAV Box: Reheat
Return HW Mixer
BRANCH, HW Inlet Branch

PIPE
Bypass
BRANCH, HW Bypass Branch

PIPE
VAV Box: Reheat
23
Hot Water Loop Supply Side

Bypass
Chiller
Plant Demand Side
Condenser Bypass
Heating Loop
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Hot Water Splitter
East Zone
Return Hot Water Mixer
VAV Box: ReHeat
North Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
24
Hot Water Loop Supply Side Hot Water Loop Supply Side
Objects required:
PLANT LOOP BRANCH LIST CONNECTOR LIST SPLITTER MIXER BRANCH, Supply Inlet Branch
PUMP:VARIABLE SPEED
Bypass
HW Supply Outlet Node
Boiler Outlet Node Boiler Boiler Inlet Node HW Pump HW Pump Outlet Node
HW Supply Inlet Node
25
Hot Water Loop Supply Side (contd)

Objects required:
BRANCH, Boiler Branch

BOILER:SIMPLE
Bypass
HW Supply Outlet Node
Boiler Outlet Node Boiler Boiler Inlet Node HW Pump HW Pump Outlet Node
BRANCH, Supply Bypass Branch

PIPE
BRANCH, Supply Outlet Branch

PIPE
HW Supply Inlet Node
PLANT OPERATION SCHEME

HEATING LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION HEATING LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST
26
Chilled Water Supply Side

Outside Air Supply Fan CC Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop Bypass Relief Air CW Pump Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop
Bypass
Chiller
Plant Demand Side
Condenser Bypass
Heating Loop
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Hot Water Splitter
East Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
North Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
27
Chilled Water Supply Side

CW Pump Bypass Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop Chiller
Objects required:

PLANT LOOP, Chiller Plant Chilled Water Loop BRANCH LIST CONNECTOR LIST SPLITTER MIXER
28
Chilled Water Supply Side (contd)

BRANCH, Chiller Plant Cooling Supply Inlet Branch

PUMP:VARIABLE SPEED
BRANCH, Chiller Plant Chiller Branch

CHILLER:Electric
BRANCH, Chiller Plant Cooling Supply Bypass Branch

PIPE
29
Chilled Water Supply Side (contd)

BRANCH, Chiller Plant Cooling Supply Outlet Branch

PIPE
PLANT OPERATION SCHEMES

COOLING LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION COOLING LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST
30
Condenser Loop Demand Side

Bypass
Chiller
Plant Demand Side
Condenser Bypass
Heating Loop
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Hot Water Splitter
East Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
North Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
31
Condenser Loop Demand Side

Objects required:

BRANCH LIST CONNECTOR LIST SPLITTER MIXER BRANCH, Condenser Demand Inlet Branch
PIPE
Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop
Chiller
BRANCH, Chiller Condenser Branch

CHILLER:Electric
Condenser Bypass
BRANCH, Cond. Demand Bypass Branch

PIPE
BRANCH, Cond. Demand Outlet Branch

PIPE
Condenser Supply Side Loop
32
Condenser Supply Side

Bypass
Chiller
Plant Demand Side
Condenser Bypass
Heating Loop
Resistive Zone
Zone Air Splitter
VAV Box: ReHeat

Return Air Mixer
Hot Water Splitter
East Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
North Zone
VAV Box: ReHeat
33
Condenser Supply Side Condenser Loop Supply Side

Objects required:
Condenser Demand Side Loop
CONDENSER LOOP BRANCH LIST CONNECTOR LIST SPLITTER MIXER BRANCH, Supply Inlet Branch
PIPE
Condenser Pump Condenser Bypass
BRANCH, Condenser Branch

COOLING TOWER:Single Speed
Cooling Tower
34
Condenser Loop Supply Side Condenser Supply Side (contd)

Condenser Demand Side Loop
BRANCH, Cond. Supply Bypass Branch

PIPE
BRANCH, Supply Output Branch

PIPE
Condenser Pump Condenser Bypass
CONDENSER OPERATION SCHEMES

COOLING LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST
Cooling Tower
35
Summary
Loops are backbone of HVAC simulation all equipment attached to air or fluid loops Loop structure permits assembly of any
system through inputnot hardwired Primary system may consist of four different loops: plant supply and demand, condenser supply and demand Pumps regulate flow while attempting to meet requests on both sides of each loop pair Individual loops may have components in series and parallel with some limitations
36
Lecture 23: Primary System Loops and Components


EnergyPlus loop controls Some of the many EnergyPlus plant and condenser components
Keywords Categories Covered in this Lecture

Plant Loop and Condenser Loop Plant Operation Schemes, Cooling/Heating
Load Range Based Operation, Load Range Equipment List Coil Pump Boiler Chiller Cooling Tower Curve
Plant Loop
IDD Description:
Control information Flow and temperature limits for both sides of the loop Supply side nodes, branches, and connections Demand side nodes, branches, and connections Control information PLANT LOOP, A1 , \field A2 , \field A3 , \field A4 , \field N1 , \field N2 , \field N3 , \field N4 , \field N5, \field A5, \field A6, \field A7, \field A8, \field A9, \field A10, \field A11, \field A12, \field A13; \field Plant Loop Name Fluid Type (Water) Plant Operation Scheme List Name Loop Temperature Setpoint Schedule Name Maximum Loop Temperature in C Minimum Loop Temperature in C Maximum Loop Volumetric Flow Rate in m3/s Minimum Loop Volumetric Flow Rate in m3/s volume of the plant loop in m3 Plant Side Inlet Node Name Plant Side Outlet Node Name Plant Side Branch List Name Plant Side Connector List Name Demand Side Inlet Node Name Demand Side Outlet Nodes Name Demand Side Branch List Name Demand Side Connector List Name Load Distribution Scheme (Optimal|Sequential) 4
Plant Loop Limits

Provides upper and lower boundaries
for temperature and flow rate Pump will operate within this range of flows (pump controls actual flow rate) Loop will not be allowed to vary temperature beyond temperature limits
Plant Loop Controls: Temperature

Setpoint temperature for plant loop can be
scheduled
Plant loop will run equipment as needed and
as defined by the remaining controls to meet setpoint temperature setpoint temperature may not be met (can catch-up in future time steps)
If not enough equipment capacity, loop
Pump controls will determine loop flow rate

6
Plant Loop Controls: Load Distribution

Sequential Sequential simply operates equipment in a serial manner based on the loop operation scheme (which assigns priority to different equipment on the loop) When highest priority equipment is out of capacity, next highest priority equipment tries to meet the load, etc. Optimal Parallel operation of equipment Tries to find an optimal balance of the plant loop load between equipment based on the operating characteristics of the equipment on the loop Not a strict optimization, simply an approximation at what might be the best load distribution from an energy perspective
7
Plant Loop Controls: Operation Scheme

List of load ranges that define which
equipment might try to meet a load Requires following input:
Plant Operation Schemesa list of load range definitions and the schedules for when they are in effect Cooling/Heating Load Range Based Operationa list of load ranges and the lists of equipment that are operating for those ranges Load Range Equipment Listthe equipment lists referenced by the load ranges
8
Plant Loop Controls: Operation Scheme Example

PLANT OPERATION SCHEMES, CW Loop Operation, LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION, Peak Operation, On Peak, LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION, Off Peak Operation, Off Peak;
Referenced in Plant Loop input

!!!!!!!Plant Operation Scheme Name KEY--Control Scheme 1 Control Scheme Name 1 Control Scheme Schedule 1 KEY--Control Scheme 2 Control Scheme Name 2 Control Scheme Schedule 2
COOLING LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION, Peak Operation, !- Name 0, !- Load Range Lower 70000, !- Load Range Upper Chiller Plant, !- Priority Control 70000, !- Load Range Lower 245000, !- Load Range Upper Chiller Plant and Purchased, !- Priority Control 245000, !- Load Range Lower 500000, !- Load Range Upper Purchased Only; !- Priority Control
Limit Limit Equip Limit Limit Equip Limit Limit Equip
1 {W} 1 {W} List Name 1 2 {W} 2 {W} List Name 2 3 {W} 3 {W} List Name 3
COOLING LOAD RANGE BASED OPERATION, Off Peak Operation, !- Name 0, !- Load Range Lower Limit 1 {W} 900000, !- Load Range Upper Limit 1 {W} All Chillers; !- Priority Control Equip List Name 1
Plant Loop Controls: Operation Scheme Example

LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST, Chiller Plant, CHILLER:CONST COP, Little Chiller; LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST, Chiller Plant and Purchased, CHILLER:ELECTRIC, Big Chiller, Purchased:Chilled Water, Purchased Cooling; LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST, Purchased Only, Purchased:Chilled Water, Purchased Cooling; LOAD RANGE EQUIPMENT LIST, All Chillers, CHILLER:ELECTRIC, Big Chiller, CHILLER:CONST COP, Little Chiller; !- Equip List Name !- KEY--Plant Equip 1 Type !- Equip Name 1
!!!!!-
Equip List KEY--Plant Equip Name KEY--Plant Equip Name
Name Equip 1 Type 1 Equip 2 Type 2
!- Equip List Name !- KEY--Plant Equip 1 Type !- Equip Name 1
!!!!!-
Equip List KEY--Plant Equip Name KEY--Plant Equip Name
Name Equip 1 Type 1 Equip 2 Type 2
Load Range Equipment Lists referenced on previous slide
10
Example: Plant Loop

PLANT LOOP, Chilled Water Loop, !- Plant Loop Name Water, !- Fluid Type CW Loop Operation, !- Plant Operation Scheme List Name CW Loop Temp Schedule, !- Loop Temperature Setpoint Schedule Name 98, !- Maximum Loop Temperature {C} 1, !- Minimum Loop Temperature {C} 0.0011, !- Maximum Loop Volumetric Flow Rate {m3/s} 0, !- Minimum Loop Volumetric Flow Rate {m3/s} autosize, !- volume of the plant loop {m3} CW Supply Inlet Node, !- Plant Side Inlet Node Name CW Supply Outlet Node, !- Plant Side Outlet Node Name Cooling Supply Side Branches, !- Plant Side Branch List Name Cooling Supply Side Connectors, !- Plant Side Connector List Name CW Demand Inlet Node, !- Demand Side Inlet Node Name CW Demand Outlet Node, !- Demand Side Outlet Nodes Name Cooling Demand Side Branches, !- Demand Side Branch List Name Cooling Demand Side Connectors, !- Demand Side Connector List Name Optimal; !- Load Distribution Scheme
11
Coils
COIL:Water:SimpleCooling COIL:Water:SimpleHeating COIL:Electric:Heating COIL:Gas:Heating COIL:Water:DetailedFlatCooling COIL:DX:Cooling Bypass Factor-Empirical Includes the condensing unit COIL:DX:Heating-Empirical
12
Coil - Example
Zone 1 Reheat Air Inlet Node Reheat Coil Zone 1 Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node Supply Fan ZONE1 Zone 1 Reheat Water Inlet Node Zone 1 Reheat Water Outlet Node
13
Coil Example (contd)

COIL:Water:SimpleHeating, Reheat Coil Zone 1, !Name of coil FanAndCoilAvailSched, !Coil Schedule 400.0, !UA of the Coil 1.3, !Max Water Flow Rate of Coil kg/sec Zone 1 Reheat Water Inlet Node, Zone 1 Reheat Water Outlet Node, !Coil Water Side Inlet & Outlet Node Zone 1 Reheat Air Inlet Node, Zone 1 Reheat Air Outlet Node; !Coil Air Side Inlet & Outlet Node
14
Pump Example
Circ Pump Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop
CW Supply Inlet Node
CW Pump Outlet Node Chiller 1 Chiller 2
Cond. Demand Side Loop
15
Pump Example (contd)

PUMP:CONSTANT SPEED PUMP:VARIABLE SPEED
PUMP:VARIABLE SPEED, CW Circ Pump, !- Pump Name CW Supply Inlet Node, !- Inlet_Node CW Pump Outlet Node, !- Outlet_Node .0013, !- Rated Volumetric Flow Rate {m3/s} 300000, !- Rated Pump Head {Pa} 560, !- Rated Power Consumption {W} .87, !- Motor Efficiency 0.0, !- Fraction of Motor Inefficiencies to Fluid Stream 0, !- Coefficient1 of the Part Load Performance Curve 1, !- Coefficient2 of the Part Load Performance Curve 0, !- Coefficient3 of the Part Load Performance Curve 0, !- Coefficient4 of the Part Load Performance Curve 0, !- Min Flow Rate in variable flow capacity;{m3/s} INTERMITTENT; !- Pump Control Type 16
Boilers
BOILER:SIMPLE WATERHEATER:SIMPLE

Storage tank Heat recovery
PURCHASED:HOT WATER
17
Boiler - Example
Heating Coil HW Pump Plant Supply Side Heating Loop Boiler Inlet Node Boiler Boiler Outlet Node
18
Boiler Example (contd)

BOILER:SIMPLE, Boiler Plant Boiler,! Boiler Name GAS, ! Fuel Type 25000, ! Nominal Capacity {W} 0.8, ! Theoretical Boiler Efficiency 100, ! Design Boiler Water Outlet Temp {C} 0.0021, ! Max Design Boiler Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.10, ! Minimum Part Load Ratio 1.00, ! Maximum Part Load Ratio 1.00, ! Opt Part Load Ratio 1.0, ! Coefficient1 of the fuel use/part load ratio curve 0.0, ! Coefficient2 of the fuel use/part load ratio curve 0.0, ! Coefficient3 of the fuel use/part load ratio curve Boiler Inlet Node, ! Boiler_Water_Inlet_Node Boiler Outlet Node, ! Boiler_Water_Outlet_Node 100, ! Temp Upper Limit Water Outlet {C} ConstantFlow; ! Boiler Flow Mode (v1.0.1)
19
Chillers
CHILLER:ELECTRIC CHILLER:GAS TURBINE CHILLER:ABSORPTION CHILLER:GAS ABSORPTION Direct-Fired Gas Absorption Chiller-Heater CHILLER:CONST COP CHILLER:ENGINEDRIVEN PURCHASED:CHILLED WATER
20
Chiller Example
Plant Demand Side Cooling Loop CW Pump Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop Chiller Inlet Node Chiller
Chiller Outlet Node
Chiller Condenser Outlet Node
Chiller Condenser Inlet Node
Condenser Demand Side Loop 21
Chiller Example (contd)

CHILLER:ELECTRIC, Big Chiller, !- Chiller Name WATER COOLED, !- Condenser Type 100000, !- Nominal Capacity {W} 2.75, !- COP Big Chiller Inlet Node, !- Plant_Side_Inlet_Node Big Chiller Outlet Node, !- Plant_Side_Outlet_Node Big Chiller Condenser Inlet Node, !- Condenser_Side_Inlet_Node Big Chiller Condenser Outlet Node, !- Condenser_Side_Outlet_Node .15, !- Minimum Part Load Ratio 1.0, !- Maximum Part Load Ratio .65, !- Opt Part Load Ratio 35.0, !- Temp Design Condenser Inlet {C} 2.778, !- Temp Rise Coefficient 6.67, !- Temp Design Evaporator Outlet {C} 0.0011, !- Design Evaporator Vol Water Flow Rate {m3/s} (v1.0.1) 0.0011, !- Design Condenser Volumetric Water Flow Rate
22
Chiller Example (contd)

0.9949, -0.045954, -0.0013543, 2.333, -1.975, 0.6121, 0.03303, 0.6852, 0.2818, 5; ConstantFlow; !!!!!!!!!!!Coefficient1 of the capacity ratio curve Coefficient2 of the capacity ratio curve Coefficient3 of the capacity ratio curve Coefficient1 of the power ratio curve Coefficient2 of the power ratio curve Coefficient3 of the power ratio curve Coefficient1 of the full load ratio curve Coefficient2 of the full load ratio curve Coefficient3 of the full load ratio curve Temp Lower Limit Evaporator Outlet {C} Chiller Flow Mode (v1.0.1)
2 AvailToNominalCapacityRatio = C1 + C2 temp + C3 temp
FullLoadtoPowerRatio = C1 + C2 AvailToNominalCapRatio + C3 AvailToNominalCapRatio 2
FracFullLoadPower = C1 + C2 PartLoadRatio + C3 PartLoadRatio 2

Power = FracFullLoadPower FullLoadtoPowerRatio Q evaporator COP
23
Cooling Tower Example

Plant Supply Side Cooling Loop Condenser Tower Outlet Node Cond Demand Side Loop Condenser Tower Inlet Node
Tower
24
Cooling Tower Example (contd)

COOLING TOWER:TWO SPEED COOLING TOWER:SINGLE SPEED
2 Input Methods
UA and Design Water Flow Rate
COOLING TOWER:SINGLE SPEED, Big Tower1, !- Tower Name Condenser Tower 1 Inlet Node, !- Water Inlet Node Name Condenser Tower 1 Outlet Node, !- Water Outlet Node Name .0011, !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 8.0, !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s} 500, !- Fan Power at Design Air Flow Rate {W} 175.0, !- Tower UA Value at Design Air Flow Rate {W/K} 0.0, !- Air Flow Rate in Free Convection Regime {m3/s} 0.0, !- Tower UA Value at Free Convection Air Flow Rate {W/K} UA and Design Water Flow Rate; !- Tower Performance Input Method 25
Cooling Tower Example (contd)
2 Input Methods (Cont.)

Nominal Capacity
COOLING TOWER:SINGLE SPEED, Big Tower1, !- Tower Name Condenser Tower 1 Inlet Node, !- Water Inlet Node Name Condenser Tower 1 Outlet Node, !- Water Outlet Node Name , !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s} autosize, !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s} 500, !- Fan Power at Design Air Flow Rate {W} , !- Tower UA Value at Design Air Flow Rate {W/K} 0.0, !- Air Flow Rate in Free Convection Regime {m3/s} 0.0, !- Tower UA Value at Free Convection Air Flow Rate {W/K} Nominal Capacity, !- Tower Performance Input Method 20438., !- Tower Nominal Capacity {W} 0.; !- Tower Free Convection Capacity {W}
26
Curve Objects
CURVE:CUBIC CURVE:QUADRATIC CURVE:BIQUADRATIC
CURVE:BIQUADRATIC, Sample Curve, 1.000, 0.100, 0.001, 0.200, 0.002, 0.003, 0, 100, 0, 100; !!!!!!!!!!!Name Coeff1 Constant Coeff2 x Coeff3 x**2 Coeff4 y Coeff5 y**2 Coeff6 x*y minimum value of maximum value of minimum value of maximum value of
x x y y 27
Summary
Each component on the primary system loops
has specific input requirements that are unique to that component type Some components may link between two different loops, for example:
Coilsair/zone equipment loop and plant demand side Chillerplant supply side and condenser demand side
Primary loops have temperature, flow, and
operational controls that must be defined by the program user
28
Lecture 24: Ground Heat Transfer

Almost all buildings have some connection to
the ground Depending on the building type, ground heat transfer may play a significant role in determining the response of the building to its surroundings Ground heat transfer is often difficult to calculate and often miscalculated Better simulation tools can help avoid errors in predicting the effects of the ground on the building
2


Ground heat transfer in EnergyPlus How to use the slab.exe utility program to obtain better ground heat transfer evaluation in EnergyPlus

GroundTemperatures Inputs specific to the slab.exe utility
program
Ground Heat Transfer Introduction

It is difficult to link ground heat transfer calculations
to EnergyPlus since the conduction calculations in EnergyPlus are one-dimensional and the ground heat transfer calculations are two or three-dimensional This causes severe modeling problems for the ground heat transfer calculation. But, it is necessary to be able to relate ground heat transfer calculations to that model Note that ground heat transfer is highly dependent on soil properties and that soil properties can vary greatly from location to locationeven between locations in the same city
5
Ground Temperature Object

Specifies the outside surface temp for
surfaces in contact with the ground (e.g., slab floors, basement walls)
!- Jan {C} !- Feb {C} !- Dec {C}
GROUNDTEMPERATURES, 12.2, 12.7, <etc.> 12.7;
Ground Temperatures (contd)

Three sets of ground temperatures are tabulated in
the weather file. Ground temperatures are for thermally undisturbed soil with a diffusivity of 2.3225760E-03 {m**2/day}.
- Monthly Calculated "undisturbed" Ground Temperatures Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 0.5 m 9.8 9.5 10.1 11.5 13.4 15.1 16.3 16.7 16.0 2.0 m 11.0 10.4 10.6 11.4 12.6 14.0 15.1 15.7 15.6 4.0 m 12.0 11.4 11.3 11.6 12.4 13.3 14.2 14.8 14.9 Oct Nov Dec 14.6 12.8 11.0 14.8 13.5 12.1 14.5 13.8 12.8
These values are not appropriate for computing
building floor losses.

Use slab.exe utility to compute appropriate
ground temperatures at the exterior side of any surface that is in contact with the ground.
This is a monthly value that establishes the outside boundary condition (temperature) for a particular surface in contact with the ground. Documentation for slab.exe can be found in AuxiliaryPrograms.pdf .
Otherwise, take the indoor air temperature
and subtract 2C as a reasonable starting value to use for most commercial applications in the U.S.
8

Slab.exe utility will calculate: Monthly core, perimeter, and average ground temperatures Given a description of the floor slab, perimeter insulation, the average indoor temperature, the soil conditions and the weather file for a given location Will only compute temperatures for slabon-grade construction (i.e., not basements)
9
PreProcess Folder
PreProcess BLAST Translator DOE-2 Translator IDF Editor IFCtoIDF Weather Converter Ground Temp Calculator
10

Slab.exe ground temperature utility
11
Slab.exe Utility Program

The slab program used to calculate the
results is included with the EnergyPlus distribution. It requires an input file named GHTin.idf in the input data file format. The needed corresponding idd file is E+SlabGHT.idd. An EnergyPlus weather file for the location is also needed. A sample batch file is shown on the next slide.
12
Slab.exe Batch File Basic Functions

echo ===== %0 (Run Slab Generation) ===== Start ===== : Complete the following path and program names. : path names must have a following \ or errors will happen set program_path= set program_name=Slab.exe set input_path= set output_path= set weather_path= IF EXIST %output_path%%1.gtp ERASE %output_path%%1.gtp IF EXIST %output_path%%1.ger ERASE %output_path%%1.ger copy %input_path%%1.idf GHTIn.idf if EXIST %weather_path%%2.epw copy %weather_path%%2.epw in.epw ECHO Begin Slab processing . . . %program_path%%program_name% IF EXIST "SLABSurfaceTemps.txt" MOVE "SLABSurfaceTemps.txt" %output_path%%1.gtp IF EXIST eplusout.err MOVE eplusout.err %output_path%%1.ger ECHO Removing extra files . . . IF EXIST GHTIn.idf DEL GHTIn.idf IF EXIST in.epw DEL in.epw
13
Ground Slab Heat Transfer

The simulation can go from a 1 to x (user
specified) years and uses an explicit finite difference solution technique. Uses monthly average inside temperatures. Can use a daily cyclic hourly variation of inside temperatures; main purpose is for user experimentation. Will shortly have multiple ground temperature capability in EnergyPlus
14
Slab Program Input

! =========== Materials, 2, 0.158, 0.379, 0.9, 0.9, 0.75, 0.03, 6.13, 9.26; ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: MATERIALS =========== ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 [NMAT: Number of materials: 2] [ALBEDO: Surface Albedo: No Snow: 0-1] [ALBEDO: Surface Albedo: Snow: 0-1] [EPSLW: Surface Emissivity: No Snow: 0.9] [EPSLW: Surface Emissivity: Snow: 0.9] [Z0: Surface Roughness: No Snow: 0-10 cm] [Z0: Surface Roughness: Snow] [HIN: Indoor HConv: Downward Flow: 4-10 W/m**2-K] [HIN: Indoor HConv: Upward: 4-10 W/m**2-K]
15
Slab Program Input (Cont.)

! =========== MatlProps, 2300, ! 1200, ! 653, ! 1200, ! 0.93, ! 1; ! ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: MATLPROPS =========== N1[RHO: Slab Material density: Validity: 2300.0 kg/m**3] N2[RHO: Soil Density: 1200.0 kg/m**3] N3[CP: Slab CP: Validity: 650.0 J/kg-K] N4[CP: Soil CP: Validity: 1200.0 J/kg-K] N5[TCON: Slab k: Validity: .9 W/m-K] N6[TCON: Soil k: Vailidity: 1.0 W/m-K]
! =========== BoundConds, ! A1 TRUE, TRUE, ! A2 FALSE; ! A3
ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: BOUNDCONDS ===========

[EVTR: TRUE/FALSE: Is surface evapotranspiration modeled] [FIXBC: TRUE/FALSE: Is the lower boundary at a fixed temp.] [OLDTG: TRUE/FALSE: is there an old ground temperature file]
16

! =========== ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: BLDGPROPS =========== BldgProps, 2, ! N1[IYRS: Number of years to iterate: 10] 0, ! N2[Shape: Slab shape: 0 ONLY] 3.048, ! N3[HBLDG: Building height 0-20 m] 21.4; ! N4[TIN: Indoor temperature set point: 21 C]
! =========== ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: INSULATION =========== Insulation, 0., ! N1[RINS: R value of under slab insulation 0-2.0 W/m-K] 0., ! N2[DINS: Width of strip of under slab insulation 0-2.0 m] 2.0, ! N3[RVINS: R value of vertical insulation 0-3.0 W/m-K] 1.0, ! N4[ZVINS: Depth of vertical insulation .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 ! 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 m ONLY] 1; ! N5[IVINS: Flag: Is there vertical insulation 1=yes 0=no]
17

! =========== ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: EQUIVSLAB =========== EquivSlab, 5.08, ! N1[APRatio: The area to perimeter ratio for this slab: m] TRUE; ! A1[EquivSizing: Flag: Will the dimensions of an equivalent ! slab be calculated (TRUE) or will the dimensions be input ! directly? (FALSE)] ! =========== ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: EQUIVAUTOGRID =========== EquivAutoGrid, ! NOTE:EquivAutoGrid only necessary when EquivSizing is true 0.1016, ! N1[SLABDEPTH: Thickness of slab on grade, 0.1 m] 15; ! N2[CLEARANCE: Distance from edge of slab to domain edge, 15.0 m] ! =========== ALL OBJECTS IN CLASS: AUTOGRID =========== AutoGrid, ! NOTE: AutoGrid only necessary when EquivSizing is false , ! N1[SLABX: X dimension of the building slab, 0-60.0 m] , ! N2[SLABY: Y dimension of the building slab, 0-60.0 m] , ! N3[SLABDEPTH: Thickness of slab on grade, 0.1 m] ; ! N4[CLEARANCE: Distance from edge of slab to domain ! edge, 15.0 m]
18
Building Properties IDD Object

Slab Program uses the EnergyPlus input philosophy and uses its own IDD. Example is shown below:
BldgProps, N1, ! [IYRS: Number of years to iterate: 10] N2, ! [Shape: Slab shape: 0 ONLY] N3, ! [HBLDG: Building height 0-20 m] N4, ! [TIN1: Indoor Average temperature set point for January: 22 C] N5, ! [TIN2: Indoor Average temperature set point for February: 22 C] N6, ! [TIN3: Indoor Average temperature set point for March: 22 C] N7, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for April: 22 C] N8, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for May: 22 C] N9, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for June: 22 C] N10, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for July: 22 C] N11, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for August: 22 C] N12, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for September: 22 C] N13, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for October: 22 C] N14, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for November: 22 C] N15, ! [TIN: Indoor Average temperature set point for December: 22 C] N16, ! [Daily sine wave variation amplitude: 0 C ] N17; ! Convergence Tollerance : 0.1
19
Variable Inside Temperature

Monthly Slab Outside Face Temperatures, C Perimeter Area: 304.00 Core Area: 1296.00 Month Average Perimeter Core Inside 1 17.67 16.11 18.03 18.0 2 17.45 15.92 17.81 18.0 3 17.43 16.07 17.74 18.0 4 19.00 17.82 19.27 20.0 5 19.24 18.23 19.48 20.0 6 19.31 18.42 19.52 20.0 7 20.92 20.14 21.11 22.0 8 21.17 20.44 21.35 22.0 9 21.22 20.45 21.40 22.0 10 21.21 20.26 21.44 22.0 11 19.62 18.54 19.88 20.0 12 19.35 17.99 19.67 20.0
20
Heat Fluxes
Temperatures Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Heat Flux W/m^2 Average 1.22 2.04 2.11 3.70 2.81 2.56 4.00 3.07 2.89 2.93 1.41 2.41
21
Average Perimeter Core Inside Perimeter 17.67 16.11 18.03 18 7.00 17.45 15.92 17.81 18 7.70 17.43 16.07 17.74 18 7.15 19 17.82 19.27 20 8.07 19.24 18.23 19.48 20 6.56 19.31 18.42 19.52 20 5.85 20.92 20.14 21.11 22 6.89 21.17 20.44 21.35 22 5.78 21.22 20.45 21.4 22 5.74 21.21 20.26 21.44 22 6.44 19.62 18.54 19.88 20 5.41 19.35 17.99 19.67 20 7.44
Heat Fluxes with Hourly Variation of Inside Temp

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Average Perimeter 17.51 17.29 17.27 18.87 19.11 19.17 20.81 21.05 21.09 21.08 19.47 19.2 16.03 15.85 16 17.77 18.16 18.34 20.07 20.36 20.38 20.19 18.45 17.92 Core 17.86 17.63 17.57 19.13 19.34 19.37 20.98 21.21 21.26 21.29 19.71 19.51 Inside 18 18 18 20 20 20 22 22 22 22 20 20 Perimeter Average Heat Flux Heat Flux W/m^2 W/m^2 7.30 7.96 7.41 8.26 6.81 6.15 7.15 6.07 6.00 6.70 5.74 7.70 1.81 2.63 2.70 4.19 3.30 3.07 4.41 3.52 3.37 3.41 1.96 2.96
22
Hourly Temperature Variation

Slab with Sinusoidal Inside Temp
25
Temperature, C
20 15 10 5 0 Perim Out Ts Core Out Ts Inside Temp
11
13
15
17
19
21
hour
23
23
General Procedure for using slab.exe with EnergyPlus

1.
Run the building in EnergyPlus with an insulated slab or as a partition to obtain monthly inside temperatures. Put those monthly inside temperatures in the slab program to determine outside face temperatures. Use resulting outside face temperatures in EnergyPlus. Repeat 2 and 3 if inside temperatures change significantly.
24
2.
3. 4.
Example Results 100 X 300 ft Warehouse, Minneapolis
25
Slab Results
Month Average Perimeter Core 1 4.78 3.90 4.99 2 4.68 3.85 4.87 3 6.13 5.40 6.30 4 10.54 9.90 10.69 5 17.56 16.83 17.73 6 22.56 21.73 22.75 7 24.96 24.14 25.16 8 24.31 23.51 24.50 9 20.03 19.33 20.19 10 12.89 12.31 13.03 11 7.07 6.56 7.19 12 5.17 4.51 5.33 Convergence has been gained.
26
Inside 4.4 4.5 6.3 11.8 20.0 25.1 27.1 25.6 20.1 11.9 5.8 4.4
Temperature Differences between EnergyPlus Runs

Inside Temperature Difference, Step 2 to step 3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
27
Summary
Almost all buildings have some thermal
connection to the ground, but ground heat transfer can be difficult to simulate Slab Program allows more accurate calculation of ground temperatures for use with EnergyPlus Use of Slab ProgramEnergyPlus combination may require iteration between the two programs
28

EnergyPlus University Course

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Introduction to Building Simulation and EnergyPlus

Undergraduate Course Curriculum Information July 31, 2003

General Breakdown of Class Sessions

Class Outline/Schedule (With Semester Projects)

Week 13 Week 13 Week 13 Week 14 Week 14 Week 14 Week 15 Week 15 Week 15

Class Outline/Schedule (With Exams/Quizzes)

Lecture Examples and Homework Assignments

Lecture 1: An Overview of Simulation and EnergyPlus

Purpose of this Lecture

Simulation as a Concept EnergyPlus as a Simulation Tool

Briefly review topics important to your

understanding of building thermal simulations

What is Building Thermal Simulation?

Goals of Building Thermal Simulation

Why is Simulation Important?

all the energy consumed nationally every year

Simulation can and has played a

significant role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings

How does Simulation save Energy?

Quick Review of Important Background Concepts

Migration between zones

Only models what is explicitly described

EnergyPlus Concepts (contd)

calculation methods recommended by ASHRAE)

EnergyPlus Concepts (contd)

Links to other software

Integrated Simulation Manager

systems and plant

Integrated Simulation Manager (contd)

Input/Output Data (contd)

Materials and constructions Schedules Building envelope surfaces

and DOE-2 and includes many new simulation capabilities:

Basic Input and Output Issues

General Philosophy of Input/Output/Weather

results Not user-friendly Interfaces will help Can become large

Input Data Files (IDF)

Input Object Structure

Input Object Structure (contd)

Input Object Structure (contd)

Input Data Dictionary (IDD File)

IDD File (contd)

IDD File (contd)

Field descriptions Units Value ranges (minimum, maximum) Defaults Autosizing

IDD File (contd)

detailed explanations of inputs

Allowable Ranges and Defaults

Some max/min hidden in source code

Weather Data (epw file)

Output Data Format

Output Reporting Flexibility

How will I know whether my simulation results are

Computer Laboratory 1: Installing and Using EnergyPlus

Purpose of this Lecture

Installing EnergyPlus (contd)

contain the following subdirectories (if default components are selected):

BACKUP DataSets Documentation Example Files PostProcess

PreProcess Templates Trnsysspv WeatherData

MacroDataSets ##if blocks for parametric batch runs

User can download additional EPW weather files at www.energyplus.gov

Start Menu Shortcuts

EnergyPlus Vn-n-n Programs

Start Menu Shortcuts (contd)

Convert IFC Files Process Weather Data Create Weather Reports

EP-Launch IDF Editor WinEPDraw