Single phase AC Motor speed controller

Abstract:

Here is a very simple example of AC motor speed control given by changing firing angle of TRIAC with the help of micro controller AT89C5 ! "arying speed of AC motor by means of changing firing angle of any thyristor is very widely #sed method! $ne very nice example is fan reg#lator in which a fan motor is an AC motor #sed and its speed is varied #sing TRIAC method! A %ero crossing detector circ#it is #sed here to interr#pt AT89C5 after every & ms! After getting an interr#pt 89C5 will fire TRIAC after some delay from to 9 ms! This will c#t the c#rrent s#pplied to motor and so the speed of motor will red#ce! Th#s by varying the delay after which the TRIAC is triggered one can change the speed of motor! 'ain circ#it is a combination of two s#b circ#its! ! (ero crossing detector circ#it )! *iring angle control circ#it
Zero crossing detector circuit: Connections:

As shown in above fig#re transformer T step downs )+& "AC in to 9 "AC and this is given to bridge rectifier! This rectified o#tp#t is directly fed to base of , thro#gh resistors R - R)! .ame rectified o#tp#t is filtered thro#gh C and given to voltage reg#lator IC /8&5! $#tp#t of /8&5 is reg#lated 5 "0C that is given as biasing voltage for both transistors , - ,) 1same reg#lated 5 " s#pply is given to main control section also2! 3oth transistors are connected in switch config#ration! The final o#tp#t 4C5 is given to main control section!
Firing angle control circuit: Connections:

As shown in above fig#re micro controller AT89C5 along with opto co#pler '$C+& 1for triggering TRIAC2 and common Anode type bar graph display 1for indicating angle2 are #sed for changing firing angle of TRIAC! .ignal 6C6 from %ero crossing detector circ#it is directly given to pin no ) 1I7T&2 that is external interr#pt & 18+!)2 pin! All port 8 pins are connected with cathode of bar graph display and common Anode of bar graph is connected to 5 volt thro#gh ))& ohm resistor! Two led5s of bar graph display is connected to 8+!/ and other one is connected to 8+!9! It is #sed to show the stat#s of the motor power and %ero cross circ#it! If the led that is connected with 8+!/ blin:s it means %ero cross circ#it is wor:ing o:! The led that is connected with 8+!9 shows the power stat#s! If led is on it means motor power is enabled if led is off it means power is disabled! 8&!& is connected with inp#t of opto;co#pler '$C+& ! $#tp#t of '$C+& is connected with gate of TRIAC! TRIAC is connected in loop with AC motor and )+& "AC s#pply as shown! RC sn#bber circ#it is connected is connected in parallel with TRIAC! Three p#sh b#ttons .w < .w) and .w+ are connected with 8 !&< 8 ! - 8 !) respectively! 8in 8+!+ 1external interr#pt 2 is connected with all three p#sh b#ttons thro#gh diodes 0 < 0) - 0+ as shown! A ) 'H% crystal along with two ++pf capacitor is connected with crystal inp#t pins! Capacitor C) with Resistor R9 performs power on reset!
Operation:

To #nderstand operation let #s ta:e a help of waveforms!

As shown in fig#re the first wave form is f#ll rectified wave that is fed to the base of , ! =henever this voltage falls below &!/ " , is switched off! .o its o#tp#t goes high!

This will prod#ce one very short positive p#lse at 435 as shown in fig#re as second waveform As this positive p#lses are fed to ,) which is again connected in switch config#ration< it will prod#ce one negative p#lse at 4C5 of same width of positive p#lse! This is shown as third waveform

7ow as this negative p#lse o#tp#t is given to interr#pt pin of micro controller! It will generate interr#pt every time! After getting an interr#pt micro controller will on the timer&! Timer & is #sed to generate a delay after some delay ma:e 8&!& low! This is #sed to trigger 1fire2 TRIAC! 0epending #pon the time delay in between interr#pts and p#lse on 8&!&< the TRIAC is fired earlier or later! As shown In fig#re I have given wave forms for two different cases one for > ms delay and second for 8 ms delay In the first case for > ms delay the o#tp#t positive cycle of AC wave is 9&? of inp#t so only 9&? c#rrent is delivered to load 1the dotted line shows part of wave form that has been c#t2 *or second case 8 ms delay o#tp#t cycle is )&? of inp#t cycle so only )&? c#rrent is s#pplied to load

This change in delay is done thro#gh p#sh b#ttons given! .o let #s see the f#nctions of p#sh b#tton .witch .w .w) .w+ to switch on @ off TRIAC .) to increase delay by ms to decrease delay by ms *#nctions

"ariation in angle is displayed on bar graph display! If angle is more< less c#rrent s#pplied to motor and motor speed is red#ced less bars appears on display! If angle is decreased< c#rrent s#pplied will be more< speed of motor is increased and more bars appear on display! The diodes 0 < 0) and 0+ are connected in s#ch a manner that whenever any of three p#sh b#ttons< is pressed it will generate external interr#pt ! =hen .w is pressed first time it will enable the switching of TRIAC! After every & ms external interr#pt & is generated and that will start the entire operation! 8ressing .w again will disable switching of TRIAC! 7ow no more p#lses are generated on 8&!& and complete operation is sh#t off! $n pressing .w) will increase delay by ms 1firing angle by 8 o deg2! .o firing of TRIAC is delayed by ms and amo#nt of c#rrent s#pplied to load is decreased by &?! 'axim#m delay is 9 ms 1max angle is 9)o deg2! 3ar is decreased by step! In same manner when .+ is pressed delay is decreased by ms 1firing angle by 8 o deg2 and load c#rrent increases by &?! 'inim#m delay is & means f#ll positive cycle is applied! 3ar is increased by step!

The bar graph displays the variation in phase angle! 'ore bars means angle is small and motor speed is high and vice versa!

Pc Software:
Hardware can be interfaced with the pc to control the speed of motor! It has no as s#ch practical #se it is A#st for learning point of view! Hardware can be connected with pc thro#gh a serial port! .erial comm#nication is #sed to comm#nicate between hardware and software! "is#al basic 9 is #sed for ma:ing this BCI 1Braphic #ser Interface2! 3a#d rate is )>&& bps!

Tested: This hardware is tested with )& watts 8edestal *an< )&& watt b#lb and with grander motor that # can see in the video! 'otor specification is as BL !" # MOTO# $%&% 'oltage: AC &&%' Fre(uenc): *%+,% -Z .attage: &*% .ATT A/pere: 0A #PM: 01%%% #PM Software logic:
The complete operation is based on the software embedded in micro controller AT89C5 ! The software is written in C lang#age! Compiler is :eil >! 0ifferent f#nctions are #sed for different operations li:e incangle 12< decangle 12< init 12< #art 12 and Interr#pts f#nctions etc!