Microwave Design Linking Laoag and Pagudpud

1
CHAPTER I
A. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, wireless technology is known for its flexibility in many applications in our
everyday life. Wireless communications systems include cellular telephones, pagers, radio
telegraphs, satellite telephones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs),
shortwave radios, and two-way radios. One of the most remarkable contributions of
wireless technology at present is Microwave radio communication system. Microwave radio
communication system is the recommended wireless system for it suites many applications
like point-to-point telecommunications, point to multi-point systems, means by which data,
TV, and telephone communications are transmitted, broadcasting and telecommunication,
air traffic control, specialized digital and digital data networks , weather forecasting,
navigation of ships, and speed limit enforcement, radio astronomy, short haul applications
and military applications. Careful planning and detailed analysis is required for a microwave
radio system before the equipment can be installed. A poorly designed path can result in
periodic system outage, resulting in increases system latency, decreased throughput, or
worst case, a complete failure of the system.
In this microwave link design, data, voice and video services will be provided to the
town of Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte and to the city of Laoag, Ilocos Norte using microwave radio
system for the interconnection of these places. Due to pronounced physical obstructions
between these places, direct link from Laoag to Pagudpud is not possible. A repeater
therefore is needed for the microwave signal to be propagated in a path that has
manageable physical obstructions. One repeater is not enough to link the said places
because of the mountainous area between them. Two repeaters are being proposed to link
these places, the proposed locations of the repeaters are at Burgos, Ilocos Norte and
Bangui, Ilocos Norte. Data, voice and video services will also be provided to the towns of
Burgos and Bangui which will increase the efficiency of the system.
2

The Laoag site will be a terminal station of the system. Burgos site will be linked to
Laoag site and Bangui site. The Bangui site will be linked to Pagudpud site, also a terminal
staion of the system. In this microwave link design, Site A refers to Laoag site, Site B refers
to Burgos site, Site C refers to Bangui site and Site D refers to Pagudpud site. Also Link 1
refers to the link between Laoag and Burgos, Link 2 refers to the link between Burgos and
Bangui and Link 3 refers to the link between Bangui and Pagudpud.

B. PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVES

This microwave communication system linking Laoag, Ilocos Norte and Pagudpud, Ilocos
Norte is proposed due to following reasons:
Lack of fast mode of communication linking Laoag and Pagudpud
Large mountainous separating Laoag and Pagudpud

To come up with best results the following design objectives are set:
to design a reliable Point-to-Point Microwave Communication System
to achieve a system reliability of at least 99.999%
to efficiently provide data, voice and video services in the town of Pagudpud and the
city of Laoag
to maximize the efficiency of the system by extending data, voice and video services
to the towns of Burgos and Bangui.
to fully understand the Microwave Link Design process

3

C. DELIMITATION
The link design focused on providing transmission of data, voice and video services using
microwave radio system to interconnect the town of Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte and the city of
Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The said services will also be extended to the towns of Bangui, Ilocos
Norte and Burgos, Ilocos Norte.

D. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
To better understand the design, the following terms were described as:
Antenna - Parabolic antennas that converts incoming electromagnetic
fields into alternating electric currents having the same
frequencies (receiving antenna), or converts an alternating
current at a specific frequency into an outgoing
electromagnetic field at the same frequency (transmitting
antenna).
Antenna gain - The amount of increase the signal density undergoes when
focused into a microwave beam or back into the waveguide,
expressed in decibels (dB)
Antenna Inclination - Vertical inclination of the antenna in degrees in order to
have a face-to-face with the receiving/transmitting antenna.
Azimuth - Horizontal inclination of the antenna in degrees, measured
from the true north in clockwise direction, in order to have a
180 degree out of phase with the receiving/transmitting
antenna.
Channel Bandwidth

- The difference between consecutive channels in a frequency
band
Composite Fade Margin - A term used to describe the total effects of FFM and DFM
Diffractive Fade Margin
(DiffFM)
- These anticipates the losses due to diffraction and clutters
4

Dispersive Fade Margin
(DFM)
- These anticipates the impact of multipath dispersion on a
radio system
Earth Bulge - Describes the effect of physical earth curvature along a
direct path between two points on the earth surface
Fade Margin - Is the difference in dB, between the magnitude of the
receive signal at receiver input and the minimum level of
signal determined for reliable operation. Higher the fade
margin, the more reliable the link will be.
Fading - Repeated increases and decreases of radio communications
signal amplitude at the reception point. Fading of a radio
wave results from multiple propagation paths from
transmitter to receiver, causing the received waves to arrive
in constantly varying phase relationships
Flat Fade Margin (FFM) - A term used to describe the total effects of TFM, IFM and
DiffFM
Free-Space loss - Is how much the signal density reduces as it travel in free
space, expressed in dB
Frequency - Expressed in Hertz (Hz), which represents one complete cycle
per second. Commonly in terms of Megahertz (MHz), and
Gigahertz (GHz) in this project
Frequency allocation - The assignment of frequencies to radio and allied services by
the licensing authority. A specific assignment of a frequency
or a band of frequencies
Fresnel zone - Circular portions of wave front transverse to a line between
an emitter and a point where the disturbance is being
observed
Fresnel Clearance - Described as any criterion to ensure sufficient antenna
heights so that, in the worst case of reflection, the reflected
signals will arrive in phase with the signal travelling directly
5

to the receiver antenna.
Indoor Unit( IDU) - Unit which resides in Shelter acts as Modem such as
Modulator and Demodulator. It takes electrical/optical
signal and converts it into analog (electromagnetic) which is
sent to ODU (Out Door Unit)
Interference Fade margin (IFM) -
-
is usually 6dB higher than the TFM(a TIA standard)
defines the digital links vulnerability to co-channel
and adjacent channel interference
ITU-Recommendation - International Telecommunication Union constitutes a set of
international technical standards developed by the Radio
communication Sector (formerly CCIR) of the ITU. They are
the result of studies undertaken by Radio Communication
Study groups on the use of a vast range of wireless services,
including popular new mobile communication technology,
the management of the radio-frequency spectrum and
satellite orbits, the efficient use of radio-frequency spectrum
by all radio communication services, terrestrial and satellite
radio communication broadcasting, radio wave propagation
,systems and networks for fixed-satellite service, for the
fixed service and the mobile service, and lastly space
operation
Line of Sight
Communication/Propagation
- Radio communications between points located so that a
straight line between them does not pass through the
earth, or through any major obstructions.
Gas absorption - Primarily due to water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere
in the radio relay region. The absorption peaks are located
around 23Ghz for water molecules .The specific attenuation
(db/km) is strongly dependent on frequency, temperature
and the absolute or relative humidity of the atmosphere.
6

Link - A connection/path between two microwave stations
Latitude - Angular distance which gives the location of a place north or
south of the equatornorth and south from the equator
Link budget - The accounting of all of the gains and losses from the
transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable,
waveguide, fiber, etc) to the receiver in a telecommunication
system. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted
signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed
line and miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel
gains such as a fading are taken into account by adding some
margin depending on the anticipated severity of its effects.
Longitude

- Angular displacement, measured in degrees around the
earths circumference, to the east and west of the prime
meridian that passes through Greenwich, England.
Microwave - Radio-frequency electromagnetic energy at wavelengths
shorter than 10 centimeters, but longer than the
wavelengths of infrared energy.
Outdoor Unit(ODU) - It converts data from the IDU into an RF signal for
transmission. It also converts the RF signal from the far end
to suitable data to transmit to the IDU. ODUs are
weatherproofed units that are mounted on top of a tower
either directly connected to a microwave antenna or
connected to it through a wave guide.
Path Profile - Is a graphical representation of the physical features of a
propagation path in the vertical plane containing both end
points of the path, showing the surface of the earth and
including trees, buildings, and other features that may
obstruct the radio signal
Receive signal level - The amount of input signal into the receiver from the
7

waveguide.
Receiver Threshold - It is taken from the data sheet of the equipment. Minimum
amount of microwave carrier power, usually expressed in
dBm which the receiver can still accurately detect and
discriminate information carried.
Reflective Surfaces - Surfaces along the path composed of river, marshland, rice
field and other bodies of water which mar reflect the
microwave signal
Reliability - The dependability of operation of a device or circuit under
specified conditions.
Repeater - A receiver/transmitter device that retransmits a signal it
receives from another source to another, often
simultaneously.
Single Knife Edge - A type of diffraction where only single point on the path is
nearer than the 150% radius of the first freznel zone to the
line of sight path.
Terminal Site/station A microwave station where the signal originate or teminate
Thermal fade margin - In dB, is the difference between the normal received signal
RSL at the input of microwave receiver expressed in dBm and
the receivers threshold (given by the manufacturer)
expressed in dBm
Transmit power - The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the
antenna port of a transmitter. It is measured in dBm, watts
or milliwatts and does not include the signal loss of the
coaxial cable or the gain of the antenna

A. Site A: Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
The City of Laoag is a 1st class city
of Ilocos Norte, Philippines
Ilocos Norte, and the province's political, commercial,
and industrial hub. It is the northern
Philippines and the location of the
commercial airport.
According to the 2010 census, it had a population
of 104,904 people. It has a total land area of
(49.22 sq mi).
Laoag City is politically subdivided into 80
Apaya Madiladig
Araniw Mangato East
Bacsil North Mangato West
Bacsil South Navotas
Balacad Navotas South
Balatong Nalbo
Barit-Pandan Nangalisan East
Bengcag Nangalisan West
Buttong Nstra. Sra. De Consolacion (Pob.)
Caaoacan Nstra. Sra. De Natividad (Pob.)
Cabungaan North Nstra. Sra. De Natividad (Pob.)
8
CHAPTER II
SITE DESCRIPTION
Site A: Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
1st class city in the province
Philippines. It is the capital city of
Ilocos Norte, and the province's political, commercial,
and industrial hub. It is the northern most city in the
Philippines and the location of the Ilocos region's only
to the 2010 census, it had a population
It has a total land area of 127.47 km
2

City is politically subdivided into 80 barangays.
Madiladig San Matias (Pob.)
Mangato East San Miguel (Pob.)
Mangato West San Pedro (Pob.)
Navotas North San Pedro (Pob.)
Navotas South San Quirino (Pob.)
Nalbo San Vicente (Pob.)
Nangalisan East Santa Angela (Pob.)
Nangalisan West Santa Balbina (Pob.)
Nstra. Sra. De Consolacion (Pob.) Santa Cayetana
Nstra. Sra. De Natividad (Pob.) Santa Joaquina (Pob.)
Nstra. Sra. De Natividad (Pob.) Santa Marcela (Pob.)
San Matias (Pob.)
San Miguel (Pob.)
San Pedro (Pob.)
San Pedro (Pob.)
San Quirino (Pob.)
San Vicente (Pob.)
Santa Angela (Pob.)
Santa Balbina (Pob.)
Santa Cayetana
Santa Joaquina (Pob.)
Santa Marcela (Pob.)
9

Cabungaan South Nstra. Sra. De Soledad (Pob.) Santa Maria
Calayab Nstra. Sra. De Visitacion (Pob.) Santa Rosa
Camangaan Nstra. Sra. Del Rosario (Pob.) Santo Tomas (Pob.)
Casili Pila Santo Tomas (Pob.)
Cataban Raraburan Suyo
Cavit Rioeng Talingaan
Darayday Salet-Bulangon Tangid
Dibua North San Agustin, Jeff (Pob.) Vira
Dibua South San Andres (Pob.) Zamboanga
Gabu Norte East San Bernabe (Pob.)
Gabu Norte West San Francisco (Pob.)
Gabu Sur San Guillermo (Pob.)
La Paz East San Guillermo (Pob.)
La Paz Proper San Isidro (Pob.)
La Paz West San Jacinto (Pob.)
Lagui-Sail San Jose (Pob.)
La Paz East San Lorenzo (Pob.)
La Paz Proper San Marcelino (Pob.)
Lataag San Mateo

The proposed site will be located in San Matias (Pob.), Laoag City, Ilocos Norte. This site
is chosen to be a terminal site for the microwave radio system. From figure 2.0, it can be
seen that the proposed site is located in a vacant area at the back of Gov. Roque B. Ablan Sr.
Memorial Hospital.

Site Coordinates
Latitude: 8
Longitude:
Elevation: 21.6408 meters above sea level

Figure 2.0: Proposed Site Location

10
.N
.
E
meters above sea level

Proposed Site Location at Laoag
Site A
N

B. Site B: Burgos, Ilocos Norte
Burgos is a fifth class municipality
of Ilocos Norte, Philippines
on the island of Luzon. It was formerly known as
Nagpartian and was renamed after the
Jose Burgos who, together with two other clergymen,
were accused of mutiny and later executed in Manila. He
was born in the Ilocos Region
According to the latest census, it has a population of 8,765 people in 1,784 households
It has a total land area of 194.90
Burgos has a heritage structure called the Cape Bojeador Ligh
Burgos Lighthouse. It is the highest
northwesternmost in location (the northeasternmost being Cape Engao Lighthouse in
Palaui Island, Santa Ana, Cagayan). It was established on March 31,
government on a high hill overlooking the scenic Cape Bojeador, where galleons passed by.
Its purpose is also to guide ships away from the rocky coasts of the town. It still continues to
operate with new lenses run by solar panels.
Burgos is politically subdivided into 11 barangays.
Ablan (Buraan)
Agaga
Bayog
Bobon
Buduan (Malituek)
Nagsurot

11
, Ilocos Norte
municipality in the province
Philippines, the most northwestern town
. It was formerly known as
Nagpartian and was renamed after the martyred priest
who, together with two other clergymen,
were accused of mutiny and later executed in Manila. He
Ilocos Region.
According to the latest census, it has a population of 8,765 people in 1,784 households
It has a total land area of 194.90 km2 (75.25 sq mi).
Burgos has a heritage structure called the Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, also known as
Burgos Lighthouse. It is the highest-elevated lighthouse in the Philippines and the
Palaui Island, Santa Ana, Cagayan). It was established on March 31, 1892 under the Spanish
operate with new lenses run by solar panels.
Burgos is politically subdivided into 11 barangays.
Ablan (Buraan)
Buduan (Malituek)
Paayas
Pagali
Poblacion (Ili)
Saoit
Tanap

According to the latest census, it has a population of 8,765 people in 1,784 households.
thouse, also known as
elevated lighthouse in the Philippines and the
1892 under the Spanish
Poblacion (Ili)

The proposed site will be located in Burgos, Ilocos Norte. This site is chosen to be the
Site B site for the microwave radio system. From figure
site will be located beside the road.
Site Coordinates
Latitude: 8
Longitude:
o
9
Elevation: 530.352 meters above sea leve

Figure 2.1: Proposed Site Location

12
site for the microwave radio system. From figure 2.1, it can be seen that the proposed
site will be located beside the road.
.8N
9
E
Location at Burgos
Site B
To Burgos
, it can be seen that the proposed
Site B
SAPAT
Radar
N

C. Site C: Bangui, Ilocos Norte
Bangui is a 4th class municipality
Ilocos Norte, Philippines
windmill farm in Southeast Asia
Bangui Wind Farm, is found in the municipality of Bangui.
According to the latest census, it has a population of
14,634 in 3,055 households
163.59 km2 (63.16 sq mi).
The Northwind Bangui Bay Project is located at the municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte,
Philippines. Located at the north
1204720.37E), the windmills face the sea from where the wind blows towards the land. Its
location along the shore is optimal in removing windbreaks and has a terrain roughness of 0.
The site, Bangui Bay, borders the South China Sea, free of any trees and vegetation, and
stretches approximately 9km long and 100 meters wide. The area is undeveloped and
uninhabited making it ideal as a site and poses no threat to the environment.
Bangui is politically subdivided into 14
Abaca
Bacsil
Banban
Baruyen
Dadaor
The proposed site will be located in Bangui, Ilocos Norte. This site is chosen to be the
Site C site for the microwave radio system. From figure
site will be located 1.1 Km away from the residential area
figure 2.3, it can be seen that the
13
: Bangui, Ilocos Norte
municipality in the province of
Philippines. The first power generating
Southeast Asia, commonly known as
, is found in the municipality of Bangui.
According to the latest census, it has a population of
14,634 in 3,055 households. It has a total land area of
.
Bangui Bay Project is located at the municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte,
Philippines. Located at the north-west tip of Luzon (Coordinates: 1831
along the shore is optimal in removing windbreaks and has a terrain roughness of 0.
s politically subdivided into 14 barangays.
Lanao
Malasin
Manayon
Masikil
Nagbalagan

site for the microwave radio system. From figure 2.2, it can be seen that the proposed
site will be located 1.1 Km away from the residential area and located up a hill
, it can be seen that the slope of the path going to the proposed site location
Bangui Bay Project is located at the municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte,
west tip of Luzon (Coordinates: 183138.86N
along the shore is optimal in removing windbreaks and has a terrain roughness of 0.
Payac
San Lorenzo (Pob.)
Taguiporo
Utol
and located up a hill and from
path going to the proposed site location is

relatively small which implies th
hindrance.
Site Coordinates
Latitude: 8.
Longitude:

Figure 2.2: Proposed Site Location at Bangui

Figure 2.3: Steepness of the Path going to

Houses
Bangui Windmills
Bangui Windmills
14
which implies that going up to the proposed site location
N
8.
E
Proposed Site Location at Bangui

Steepness of the Path going to Site C

Houses
Houses
Bangui Windmills

1.1 km
location will not be a
Repeater2
N
15

Site D: Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
Pagudpud a fourth class municipality and a coastal
resort town of Ilocos Norte province, in the northern Ilocos
Region of the Philippines. Pagudpud was made a municipality
on July 5, 1954. Unlike Laoag City, the province's only
autonomous city, Pagudpud derives its authority from the
provincial government. It had previously been a part of the
neighboring town of Bangui.
According to the latest census, Pagudpud has a population of 23,533 people in 5,290
households. It has a total land area of 194.90 km2 (75.25 sq mi). It is the northernmost
settlement on Luzon Island.
The town is bounded to the south by the town of Bangui and to the east by the
Cordillera Mountain Range, the town of Adams and the province of Cagayan. The South
China Sea lies to the west and north. The town rolls over mountains, hills, valleys and flat
coastal land. It lies 45 miles (72 km) north of Laoag City, the provincial capital, and about
350 miles (560 km) north of Manila. They reside in 5, 290 homes that are spread across 83
square miles (210 km2). Most make their living through farming, fishing and subsistence
retailing. Tourism is a growing part of the economy.
There are no ATMs in Pagudpud. The nearest ATM is in Pasuquin which is about 1 and
1/2 hours on a local bus. By land, Pagudpud is approximately a 90 minute bus ride from
Laoag City. Several bus lines serve the Manila-Laoag route, namely Partas, Florida, Farinas,
and Maria de Leon among others.
Pagudpud is politically subdivided into 16 barangays, or town districts.
Poblacion 1
Poblacion 2
Aggasi
Baduang
Dampig
Ligaya
Pancian
Pasaleng

Balaoi
Burayoc
Caparispisan
Caunayan

The proposed site will be located in
Site D for the microwave radio system. From figure 2.4
site will be located near the residential area.
Site Coordinates
Latitude: 8
Longitude:

Figure 2.4: Proposed Site Location at Pagudpud

Pagudpud Municipal
Hall
N
16
Balaoi
Burayoc
Caparispisan
Caunayan
Saguigui
Saud
Subec
Tarrag
The proposed site will be located in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte. This site is chosen to be the
ave radio system. From figure 2.4, it can be seen that the proposed
the residential area.
.N
.9
E
meters above sea level
Proposed Site Location at Pagudpud

Site B
Pagudpud Municipal
Norte. This site is chosen to be the
17

CHAPTER III
A. Frequency Plan
The choice of operating frequency must be suited for the system. A Radio Frequency
Interference Test must be done in the signal path to ensure that there will no other signals
that could interfere to the chosen frequency. The size of antenna and point-to-point
distance is inversely proportional with the frequency. As the link distance becomes longer,
lower operating frequency will be used that results to greater Fresnel clearance but larger
antenna size. Also, as the link distance becomes shorter, higher operating frequency will be
used resulting to smaller antenna size but greater free-space loss.
The frequency band to be used for the system will be the Lower 8 GHz band (7725MHz-
8275MHz) based on the ITU-R Recommendation F.386-8, Annex 6. This band is designated
for use by medium and high capacity fixed point-to-point links and where distances
between links typically range between 10 and 30 kilometers. There are eight channel pairs
in this band and each channel has a bandwidth of 29.65MHz. It has a duplex spacing of
311.32MHz.
The frequency assignment plan formulas are as follows:
Lower half of band: f
n
= f
0
281.95 + 29.65(n) MHz
Upper half of band: f
n
= f
0
+ 29.37 + 29.65(n) MHz
Where:
n - Frequency channel for the lower half of the band
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8
n - Frequency channel for the upper half of the band
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8
f
0
= band center frequency = 8000 MHz
f
n
= center frequency of lower frequency channel
18

f
n
= center frequency of the upper frequency channel
Using the given formulas, the frequency assignment plan is shown in table 3.0.

Table 3.0: Frequency Assignment Plan for Point-to-Point System in the L8 GHz Band
Channel n f
n
(MHz) Channel n f
n
(MHz)
1 7747.70 1 8059.02
2 7777.35 2 8088.67
3 7807.00 3 8118.32
4 7836.65 4 8147.97
5 7866.30 5 8177.62
6 7895.95 6 8207.27
7 7925.60 7 8236.92
8 7955.25 8 8266.57

Based on the CCIR recommendations preferred frequency arrangement as shown in
figure 3.0, the GO frequency to be used for Link 1 will be channel 2 and channel 1 for the
RETURN frequency. For Link 2, channel 4 will be used for the GO frequency and channel 3
for the RETURN frequency. For Link 3, channel 6 will be used for the GO frequency and
channel 5 for the RETURN frequency. Based on ITU-R, F.386-9, the go and return channels
on a given section should preferably use the polarizations also shown in figure 3.0.

19

Figure 3.0: CCIR Recommendation preferred arrangement

a. For Link 1
Go Frequency:
f
2
= 8 - 8.9 +9.() NBz
I
2
= 7777. 35MH
RETURN Frequency:
f
1
| = 8 +9. +9.() NBz
I
1i
= 859. 2MH
b. For Link 2
GO Frequency:
f
5
= 8 - 8.9 +9.() NBz
I
5
= 783. 5MH
RETURN Frequency
f
4
| = 8 + 9. +9.() NBz
I
4
| = 8118. 32MH
7836.65MHz
B
v

20

c. For Link 3
GO Frequency:
f
8
= 8 - 8.9 + 9.() NBz
I
8
= 7895. 95MH
RETURN Frequency
f
7
| = 8 +9. +9.() NBz
I
7i
= 8177. 2MH

Table 3.1: Frequency Plan Summary
GO Frequency RETURN Frequency
Link 1 .NBz 89.NBz
Link 2 8.NBz 88.NBz
Link 3 89.9NBz 8.NBz

B. System Capacity
The system will carry voice, video and data. The modulation scheme to be used will be
32QAM. The system capacity will be 63 E1 which is the maximum capacity of the radio
system used having a bit rate of 129.024Mbps. Using Nyquist Bandwidth formula, the
minimum bandwidth required is 25.8048MHz which ensures that a channel with a
bandwidth of 29.65MHz is sufficient to propagate 63E1.
13E1, 20E1 and 30E1 will be allotted for voice transmission, data transmission and video
transmission respectively. This partition will give 390 channels for voice transmission, 600
channels for data transmission and 900 channels for video transmission.

21

CHAPTER IV
PATH PROFILE
Path profile is a part of a microwave link design which ensures line-of-sight propagation.
It involves distance calculations between sites, determination of the azimuth angles of each
site, antenna height and inclination calculation. To achieve line-of-sight propagation, the
antenna heights must have enough clearance from vegetation and tree growth, physical
obstructions along the signal path and earths curvature. Fresnel clearance must also be
taken into account to ensure free-space-propagation. The signal path must be inspected
using topographic maps and Google Earth to determine possible obstructions along the
signal path.

A. Distance and Azimuth Calculations
Let:
La
a
Latitude of site A
La
b
Latitude of Site B
La
c
Latitude of Site C
La
d
Latitude of Site D
Lo
a
Longitude of site A
Lo
b
Longitude of Site B
Lc Longitude of Site C
Lo
d
Longitude of Site D
Lo
ad
Difference in longitude of site A and Site D
Lo
ab
Difference in longitude of site A and Site B
22

Lo
bc
Difference in longitude of Site B and Site C
Lo
cd
Difference in longitude of Site C and Site D
D
ad
Distance from Site A to Site D
D
ab
Distance from site A and Site B
D
bc
Distance from Site B and Site C
D
cd
Distance from Site C and Site D

ab
Azimuth of site A to Site B

ba
Azimuth of Site B to site A

bc
Azimuth of Site B to Site C

cb
Azimuth of Site C to Site B

cd
Azimuth of Site C to Site D

dc
Azimuth of Site D to Site C

a. Direct Path
for the Distance of Site A to Site D:

Lo
ad
= |
0
i
.
u
-
0
i
.9|
=
0
i
.8
cosB
ad
= sinLa
a
sinLa
d
+cosLa
a
cosLa
d
cosLo
ad

cosB
ad
= sin(8
0
i
.
u
) sin(8
0
i
.
u
)
+ cos (8
0
i
.
u
)cos (8
0
i
.
u
)cos (
0
i
.8)

cosB
ad
= .9999
23

B
ad
=
0
i
.
u

B
ad
= .999nm
D
d
= 4. 113178 (Distance of Laoag to Pagudpud)

Figure 4.0 shows the graphical representation of the terrain present between Site A
and Site D. It can be seen that the obstructions were too high and it can be concluded that
there is a need to use repeaters to have a line of sight communication connecting Sites A
and D.

Figure 4.0: Path Profile from Site A to Site D

b. Link 1
Solving for the Distance of Site A to Site B:
Lo
ab
= |
0
i
.
u
-
0
9
i
.|
=
0
i
.
cosB
ab
= sinLa
a
sinLa
b
+cosLa
a
cosLa
b
cosLo
ab

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0
.
0
0
3
.
0
0
6
.
0
0
9
.
0
0
1
2
.
0
0
1
5
.
0
0
1
8
.
0
0
2
1
.
0
0
2
4
.
0
0
2
7
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
3
3
.
0
0
3
6
.
0
0
3
8
.
0
0
4
1
.
0
0
4
4
.
0
0
4
6
.
5
1
Distance (km)
Elevation (m)
Earth Bulge (m) Site A
Site B
24

cosB
ab
= sin(8
0
i
.
u
) sin(8
0
i
.8
u
)
+ cos (8
0
i
.
u
)cos (8
0
i
.8
u
)cos (
0
i
.)

cosB
ab
= .999998
B
ab
=
0
i
.
u

B
ab
= . nautical miles
D
b
= 22. 8549135 (Distance of Laoag to Burgos)

Solving for the Azimuth from Site A to Site B:
tan
ab
=
cosLa
b
sin (Lo
b
- Lo
a
)
cosLa
a
sinLa
b
-sinLa
a
cosLa
b
cos(Lo
b
-Lo
a
)

cosLa
b
sin(Lo
b
-Lo
a
) = cos (8
0
i
. 8)sin (
0
9
i
. -
0
i
.
u
)
cosLa
b
sin(Lo
b
-Lo
a
) = .99
cosLa
a
sinLa
b
-sinLa
a
cosLa
b
cos(Lo
b
- Lo
a
)
= cos(8.)sin(8
0
i
. 8)
- sin(8.)cos(8
0
i
. 8)cos(
0
9
i
.
-
0
i
.
u
)
cosLa
a
sinLa
b
-sinLa
a
cosLa
b
cos(Lo
b
- Lo
a
) = .99
tan
ab
=
.99
.99

tan
ab
= .999
ab
= tan
-1
(.999)
b
= 1
39
i
3. 54
u
(Azimuth of Pagudpud to Burgos)
ba
=
0
9
i
.
u
+ 8
0

b
= 19
39
i
3. 54
u
(Azimuth of Burgos to Pagudpud)
25

c. Link 2
Solving for the Distance of Site B to Site C:
Lo
bc
= |
0
9
i
.
u
-
0
i
8.|
=
0
i

cosB
bc
= sinLa
b
sinLa
c
+cosLa
b
cosLa
c
cosLo
bc

cosB
bc
= sin(8
0
i
.8
u
) sin(8
0
i
.
u
)
+ cos (8
0
i
.8
u
)cos (8
0
i
.
u
)cos (
0
i
)

cosB
bc
= .99999
B
bc
=
0
i
9.
u

B
bc
= .899nmi
D
b
= 13. 8299 (Distance of Burgos to Bangui)

Solving for the Azimuth from Site B to Site C:
tan
bc
=
cosLa
c
sin (Lo
c
-Lo
b
)
cosLa
b
sinLa
c
- sinLa
b
cosLa
c
cos(Lo
c
-Lo
b
)

cosLa
c
sin(Lo
c
-Lo
b
) = cos (8
0
i
.)sin (
0
i
8. -
0
9
i
.
u
)
cosLa
c
sin(Lo
c
-Lo
b
) = .999
cosLa
b
sinLa
c
-sinLa
b
cosLa
c
cos(Lo
c
-Lo
b
)
= cos(8
0
i
.8)sin(8
0
i
.)
- sin(8
0
i
.8)cos(8
0
i
.)cos(
0
i
8.
-
0
9
i
.
u
)
cosLa
b
sinLa
c
-sinLa
b
cosLa
c
cos(Lo
c
-Lo
b
) = .899
tan
bc
=
.999
.899

tan
bc
= .
26

bc
= tan
-1
(.)
b
= 32
i
41. 5
u
(Azimuth of Burgos to Bangui)
cb
=
0
i
.
u
+8
0

b
= 212
i
41. 5
u
(Azimuth of Bangui to Burgos)

d. Link 3
Solving for the Distance of Site C to Site D:
Lo
cd
= |
0
i
8.
u
-
0
i
.9|
=
0
i
.
cosB
cd
= sinLa
c
sinLa
d
+cosLa
c
cosLa
d
cosLo
cd

cosB
cd
= sin(8
0
i
.
u
) sin(8
0
i
.
u
)
+ cos (8
0
i
.
u
)cos (8
0
i
.
u
)cos (
0
i
.)
cosB
cd
= .99999899
B
cd
=
0
i
.
u

B
cd
= .nmi
D
d
= 1. 58352 (Distance of Bangui to Pagudpud)

Solving for the Azimuth from Site C to Site D:
tan
cd
=
cosLa
d
sin (Lo
d
-Lo
c
)
cosLa
c
sinLa
d
- sinLa
c
cosLa
d
cos(Lo
d
-Lo
c
)

cosLa
d
sin(Lo
d
-Lo
c
) = cos (8
0
i
.)sin (
0
i
.9 -
0
i
8.
u
)
cosLa
d
sin(Lo
d
-Lo
c
) = .889
27

cosLa
c
sinLa
d
-sinLa
c
cosLa
d
cos(Lo
d
-Lo
c
)
= cos(8
0
i
.)sin(8
0
i
.)
- sin(8
0
i
.)cos(8
0
i
.)cos(
0
i
.9
-
0
8.
u
)
cosLa
c
sinLa
d
-sinLa
c
cosLa
d
cos(Lo
d
-Lo
c
) = .89
tan
cd
=
.889
.89

tan
cd
= .8
cd
= tan
-1
(.8)
d
= 4
24
i
58. 35
u
(Azimuth of Bangui to Pagudpud)
dc
=
0
i
8.
u
+ 8
0

d
= 22
24
i
58. 35
u
Azimuth of Pagudpud to Bangui)

Table 4.0: Summary of the values of distances and azimuth angles between sites
Distance (km) Azimuth
LINK 1 .89 From Laoag to Burgos
0
9
i
.
u

From Burgos to Laoag 9
0
9
i
.
u

LINK 2 .899 From Burgos to Bangui
0
i
.
u

From Bangui to Burgos
0
i
.
u

LINK 3 .8 From Bangui to Pagudpud
0
i
8.
u

From Pagudpud to Bangui
0
i
8.
u

0
9
i
.
u

0
N
Site A
Figure 4.1: Antenna Orientation
28
i
.
u

0
i
8.
u

Site B
Site C
Site D
Antenna Orientation

9
0
9
i
.
u
i
.
u

i
8.
u
29

B. Antenna Height and Inclination Calculations
Let:
E
ab
- Ground elevation of the highest point of obstruction between Site A and Site
B in meters
E
bc
- Ground elevation of the highest point of obstruction between Site B and Site
C in meters
E
cd
- Ground elevation of the highest point of obstruction between Site C and Site
D in meters
Ec
ab
- Earths curvature at the highest point of obstruction between Site A and Site
B in meters
Ec
bc
- Earths curvature at the highest point of obstruction between Site B and Site
C in meters
Ec
cd
- Earths curvature at the highest point of obstruction between Site C and Site
D in meters
K - Ratio of the effective earths radius and the true earths radius. In this design,
considering normal atmospheric conditions, the value of K is 4/3.
D
ao
- Distance from Site A to the location of the highest point of obstruction in
kilometers
D
bo
- Distance from Site B to the location of the highest point of obstruction in
kilometers
D
co
- Distance from Site C to the location of the highest point of obstruction in
kilometers
D
do
- Distance from Site D to the location of the highest point of obstruction in
kilometers
D
ab
- Distance from Site A to Site B in kilometers
30

D
bc
- Distance from Site B to Site C in kilometers
D
cd
- Distance from Site C to Site D in kilometers
Ef
ab
- Fresnel clearance at the highest point of obstruction between Site A and Site
B in meters
Ef
bc
- Fresnel clearance at the highest point of obstruction between Site B and Site
C in meters
Ef
cd
- Fresnel clearance at the highest point of obstruction between Site C and Site
D in meters
Evt
ab
- Vegetation and tree growth clearance at the highest point of obstruction
between Site A and Site B in meters
Evt
bc
between Site B and Site C in meters
Evt
cd
between Site C and Site D in meters
F
ab
- Frequency used for Link 1 in GHz
F
bc
F
cd
H
ab
- Total height of the highest obstruction between Site A and Site B in meters
H
bc
- Total height of the highest obstruction between Site B and Site C in meters
H
cd
- Total height of the highest obstruction between Site C and Site D in meters
A
a
- antenna height of Site A in meteis
A
b
- antenna height of Site B in meteis
A
c
- antenna height of Site C in meteis
A
d
- antenna height of Site B in meteis
31

E
a
- uiounu elevation of Site A in meteis
E
b
- uiounu elevation of Site B in meteis
E
c
- uiounu elevation of Site C in meteis
E
d
- uiounu elevation of Site B in meteis
ab
- Site A antenna inclination with iespect to Site B antenna
ba
- Site B antenna inclination with iespect to Site A antenna
bc
- Site B antenna inclination with iespect to Site C antenna
cb
- Site C antenna inclination with iespect to Site B antenna
cd
- Site C antenna inclination with iespect to Site B antenna
dc
- Site B antenna inclination with iespect to Site C antenna

Note: In antenna height computations, freznel clearance is considered as a part of the obstruction
for simplicity.
3
2

a
.

F
o
r

L
I
N
K

1

T
a
b
l
e

1
.
1
:

P
a
t
h

P
r
o
f
i
l
e

f
o
r

L
i
n
k

1

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

G
r
o
u
n
d

T
o
t
a
l

H
e
i
g
h
t

f
r
o
m

S
i
t
e

A

f
r
o
m

S
i
t
e

B

E
a
r
t
h

B
u
l
g
e

E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
n

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

t
h
e

1
s
t

F
r
e
s
n
e
l

C
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e

O
f

O
b
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c

(
k
m
)

(
k
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
G
h
z
)

F
r
e
s
n
e
l

Z
o
n
e

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

0

2
2
.
8
5
4
9

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1
.
6
4
0
8

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
6
.
6
4
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0

f
i
e
l
d

1

2
1
.
8
5
4
9

1
.
2
8
5
5
8
2
3
5
2
9

9
.
7
5
3
6

0

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

6
.
0
6
6
1
7
6
3
3
4

3
.
6
3
9
7
0
5
8
0
0
3

1
4
.
6
7
8
8
8
8
1
5
3
3

r
i
c
e

f
i
e
l
d

2

2
0
.
8
5
4
9

2
.
4
5
3
5
1
7
6
4
7
1

1
7
.
3
7
3
6

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

8
.
3
8
0
3
0
2
0
5
3

5
.
0
2
8
1
8
1
2
3
1
6

3
9
.
8
5
5
2
9
8
8
7
8
6

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

3

1
9
.
8
5
4
9

3
.
5
0
3
8
0
5
8
8
2
4

2
3
.
1
6
4
8

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
0
.
0
1
4
6
3
4
3
7

6
.
0
0
8
7
8
0
6
2
1
2

4
7
.
6
7
7
3
8
6
5
0
3
6

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

4

1
8
.
8
5
4
9

4
.
4
3
6
4
4
7
0
5
8
8

2
0
.
4
2
1
6

0

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
1
.
2
6
8
9
3
1
2
9

6
.
7
6
1
3
5
8
7
7
4
8

3
1
.
6
1
9
4
0
5
8
3
3
6

r
i
c
e

f
i
e
l
d

5

1
7
.
8
5
4
9

5
.
2
5
1
4
4
1
1
7
6
5

1
6
.
4
5
9
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
2
.
2
6
0
3
9
1
3
2

7
.
3
5
6
2
3
4
7
8
9
7

4
4
.
0
6
6
8
7
5
9
6
6
2

r
i
v
e
r

6

1
6
.
8
5
4
9

5
.
9
4
8
7
8
8
2
3
5
3

2
0
.
1
1
6
8

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
3
.
0
4
9
0
6
3
1
8

7
.
8
2
9
4
3
7
9
0
7
8

4
8
.
8
9
5
0
2
6
1
4
3
1

u
r
b
a
n

a
r
e
a

7

1
5
.
8
5
4
9

6
.
5
2
8
4
8
8
2
3
5
3

1
4
.
9
3
5
2

0

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
3
.
6
7
0
0
9
0
5
8

8
.
2
0
2
0
5
4
3
4
6
0

2
9
.
6
6
5
7
4
2
5
8
1
3

r
i
c
e

f
i
e
l
d

8

1
4
.
8
5
4
9

6
.
9
9
0
5
4
1
1
7
6
5

3
6
.
2
7
1
2

0

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
1
4
5
5
7
0
8
5

8
.
4
8
7
3
4
2
5
1
1
5

5
1
.
7
4
9
0
8
3
6
8
8
0

r
i
c
e

f
i
e
l
d

9

1
3
.
8
5
4
9

7
.
3
3
4
9
4
7
0
5
8
8

4
9
.
3
7
7
6

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
4
8
9
8
3
9
3
7

8
.
6
9
3
9
0
3
6
2
2
3

8
0
.
4
0
6
4
5
0
6
8
1
1

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n

1
0

1
2
.
8
5
4
9

7
.
5
6
1
7
0
5
8
8
2
4

2
7
.
1
2
7
2

0

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
7
1
2
1
1
0
2
2

8
.
8
2
7
2
6
6
1
3
1
2

4
3
.
5
1
6
1
7
2
0
1
3
5

r
i
c
e

f
i
e
l
d

1
1

1
1
.
8
5
4
9

7
.
6
7
0
8
1
7
6
4
7
1

4
8
.
4
6
3
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
8
1
7
8
7
4
3
8

8
.
8
9
0
7
2
4
6
2
6
2

8
0
.
0
2
4
7
4
2
2
7
3
3

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
2

1
0
.
8
5
4
9

7
.
6
6
2
2
8
2
3
5
2
9

6
2
.
7
8
8
8

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
8
0
9
6
2
8
1
8

8
.
8
8
5
7
7
6
9
0
9
2

9
4
.
3
3
6
8
5
9
2
6
2
1

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
3

9
.
8
5
4
9

7
.
5
3
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

6
9
.
1
8
9
6

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
6
8
7
1
7
9
6

8
.
8
1
2
3
0
7
7
5
9
7

1
0
0
.
5
3
8
0
0
7
7
5
9
7

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
4

8
.
8
5
4
9

7
.
2
9
2
2
7
0
5
8
8
2

1
1
8
.
5
6
7
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
4
4
7
6
2
5
2
1

8
.
6
6
8
5
7
5
1
2
4
8

1
4
9
.
5
2
8
0
4
5
7
1
3
1

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
5

7
.
8
5
4
9

6
.
9
3
0
7
9
4
1
1
7
6

2
5
.
6
0
3
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
4
.
0
8
4
9
9
1
1
5

8
.
4
5
0
9
9
4
6
8
7
6

5
5
.
9
8
4
9
8
8
8
0
5
2

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
6

6
.
8
5
4
9

6
.
4
5
1
6
7
0
5
8
8
2

1
2
0
.
3
9
6

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
3
.
5
8
9
4
2
7
8
3

8
.
1
5
3
6
5
6
7
0
0
9

1
5
0
.
0
0
1
3
2
7
2
8
9
1

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
7

5
.
8
5
4
9

5
.
8
5
4
9
0
0
0
0
0
0

6
3
.
7
0
3
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
2
.
9
4
5
6
7
8
5
9

7
.
7
6
7
4
0
7
1
5
1
3

9
2
.
3
2
5
5
0
7
1
5
1
3

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
8

4
.
8
5
4
9

5
.
1
4
0
4
8
2
3
5
2
9

1
6
4
.
2
8
7
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
2
.
1
3
0
1
7
3
5
8

7
.
2
7
8
1
0
4
1
4
7
6

1
9
1
.
7
0
5
7
8
6
5
0
0
5

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
9

3
.
8
5
4
9

4
.
3
0
8
4
1
7
6
4
7
1

1
1
3
.
0
8
0
8

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

1
1
.
1
0
5
1
3
8
4
5

6
.
6
6
3
0
8
3
0
6
9
0

1
3
9
.
0
5
2
3
0
0
7
1
6
1

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

2
0

2
.
8
5
4
9

3
.
3
5
8
7
0
5
8
8
2
4

2
5
7
.
2
5
1
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

9
.
8
0
5
0
7
8
3
1
2

5
.
8
8
3
0
4
6
9
8
7
5

2
8
1
.
4
9
2
9
5
2
8
6
9
8

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

2
1

1
.
8
5
4
9

2
.
2
9
1
3
4
7
0
5
8
8

5
0
9
.
9
3
0
4

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

8
.
0
9
8
6
1
0
5
8
1

4
.
8
5
9
1
6
6
3
4
8
4

5
3
2
.
0
8
0
9
1
3
4
0
7
2

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

2
2

0
.
8
5
4
9

1
.
1
0
6
3
4
1
1
7
6
5

5
5
1
.
0
7
8
4

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

5
.
6
2
7
4
2
3
7
2
9

3
.
3
7
6
4
5
4
2
3
7
3

5
7
0
.
5
6
1
1
9
5
4
1
3
8

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

2
2
.
8
5
4
9

0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5
3
0
.
3
5
2

1
5

7
.
7
7
7
3
5

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5
4
5
.
3
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

33

Figure 4.2: Graphical Representation of the Path Profile for LINK 1

Ground elevation of Site A: 21.6408 meters
Ground elevation of Site B: 530.352 meters
Distance between Site A and Site B: 22.8549 km
Point of highest obstruction: 22km from site A and 0.8549 km from Site B

Solving for the total height of the highest obstruction:
B
ab
= E
ab
+Ec
ab
+Ef
ab
+Evt
ab

E
b
= 551. 784
For =
4
3

Ec
ab
=
B
ao
B
bo
.

Ec
ab
=
()(.89)
. -

E
b
=. . . .m mm m
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0123456789
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
.
8
5
4
9
Distance (km)
Fresnel Clearance (m)
Vegetation (m)
Ground Elevation (m)
Earth Bulge (m)
Site A
Site B
34

Since Fresnel Clearance is inversely proportional with the frequency, the GO
frequency will be used for the computation because it yields higher value of Fresnel
clearance than the RETURN frequency. This will ensure that all propagations will be in free
space and the Fresnel clearance is at least 60% of the radius of the first fresnel zone.

For a GO frequency of 7.89595 GHz:
Ef
ab
= .(.)_
D
ao
D
bo
F
ab
D
ab

Ef
ab
= .(.)_
()(.89)
(.)(.89)

EI
b
= . . . .m mm m
Evt
b
= 15

For the total height of the highest point of obstruction:
B
ab
= .8 + . + . +
H
1
= .98 .98 .98 .98m mm m

Solving For the antenna heights for Site A and Site B :
For uniformity, the antenna heights of Site A and Site D will be made equal.
A
a
= A
b

.98 -(.8 + A
a
)
-
=
(. + A
b
) - .98
.89 -

8.99 - A
a
=
A
b
-.99
.89

.89(8.9 - A
a
) = (A
b
-.99)
9. -.89A
a
= A
b
- 88.988

( +.89)A
a
= 9.
.89A
a
= .8
A
=59.2378153 m
A
b
=59.2378153 m
The antenna height of Laoag and Burgos
is free from obstructions
60% first freznel zone clearance

Solving For the Antenna
t6
b
=
E
b
-E
D
b

ab
= tan
-1
E
b
-E
a
B
ab

ab
= tan
-1
. -
.89(
ab
= tan
-1
8.
8.9

6
b
= 1. 275951 degrees
6
b
= 1. 275951 degrees

Figure 4.3: Antenna Inclination for
1.275096051degrees
Site A
35
+88.988
8
of Laoag and Burgos sites for Link 1 for the signal to have a path that
is free from obstructions is 59.2378153 meters. This antenna height also accounts the
60% first freznel zone clearance of the line of sight path from the highest obstruction.
Antenna Inclination for Site A and Site B:
.8
)

degrees uwrd
degrees dwwrd
Antenna Inclination for Link 1
1.275096051 degrees
1.275096051degrees
for the signal to have a path that
This antenna height also accounts the
from the highest obstruction.
Site B
3
6

b
.

F
o
r

L
I
N
K

2

T
a
b
l
e

4
.
3
:

P
a
t
h

P
r
o
f
i
l
e

f
o
r

L
I
N
K

2

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

G
r
o
u
n
d

T
o
t
a
l

H
e
i
g
h
t

f
r
o
m

S
i
t
e

B

f
r
o
m

S
i
t
e

C

E
a
r
t
h

B
u
l
g
e

E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
n

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

t
h
e

1
s
t

F
r
e
s
n
e
l

C
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e

O
f

O
b
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s

(
k
m
)

(
k
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
G
h
z
)

F
r
e
s
n
e
l

Z
o
n
e

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

0

1
3
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5
3
0
.
3
5
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5
4
5
.
3
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

0
.
5
4
1
0
2

1
3
.
3
1
9
1
8
9
0
9

0
.
4
2
3
8
7
9
2
7
5
4

5
5
1
.
9
9
2
8

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

4
.
4
5
5
9
6
2
6
2
1

2
.
6
7
3
5
7
7
5
7
2
6

5
7
0
.
0
9
0
2
5
6
8
4
8
0

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1

1
2
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

0
.
7
5
6
4
8
2
8
8
7
6

5
4
3
.
7
6
3
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

5
.
9
5
2
7
8
2
3
2

3
.
5
7
1
6
6
9
3
9
1
8

5
6
3
.
0
9
1
3
5
2
2
7
9
4

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
.
1
7
4
8
2
1
1
2

1
2
.
6
8
5
3
8
7
9
7

0
.
8
7
6
6
5
0
6
8
8
4

5
4
8
.
9
4
4
8

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

6
.
4
0
8
1
6
5
7
5
2

3
.
8
4
4
8
9
9
4
5
1
0

5
6
8
.
6
6
6
3
5
0
1
3
9
4

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

2

1
1
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

1
.
3
9
5
3
1
8
7
1
6
5

5
0
4
.
4
4
4

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

8
.
0
8
4
5
7
4
3
1
2

4
.
8
5
0
7
4
4
5
8
7
4

5
2
5
.
6
9
0
0
6
3
3
0
3
8

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

3

1
0
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

1
.
9
1
6
5
0
7
4
8
6
5

4
5
6
.
8
9
5
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

9
.
4
7
4
9
2
3
3
9
8

5
.
6
8
4
9
5
4
0
3
8
8

4
7
9
.
4
9
6
6
6
1
5
2
5
3

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

4

9
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
3
2
0
0
4
9
1
9
7
6

4
2
9
.
1
5
8
4

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
0
.
4
2
4
8
3
1
5
1

6
.
2
5
4
8
9
8
9
0
8
7

4
5
2
.
7
3
3
3
4
8
1
0
6
4

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

5

8
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
6
0
5
9
4
3
8
5
0
0

4
0
2
.
0
3
1
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
1
.
0
4
8
4
9
1
2
1

6
.
6
2
9
0
9
4
7
2
3
8

4
2
6
.
2
6
6
2
3
8
5
7
3
8

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

6

7
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
7
7
4
1
9
1
4
4
3
5

3
2
5
.
5
2
6
4

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
1
.
3
9
9
5
7
5
0
3

6
.
8
3
9
7
4
5
0
1
8
7

3
5
0
.
1
4
0
3
3
6
4
6
2
2

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

7

6
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
8
2
4
7
9
1
9
7
8
2

2
9
5
.
3
5
1
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
1
.
5
0
3
0
6
7
8
9

6
.
9
0
1
8
4
0
7
3
6
2

3
2
0
.
0
7
7
8
3
2
7
1
4
4

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

8

5
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
7
5
7
7
4
5
4
5
4
1

2
5
2
.
6
7
9
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
1
.
3
6
5
7
3
5
2
7

6
.
8
1
9
4
4
1
1
6
0
2

2
7
7
.
2
5
6
3
8
6
6
1
4
3

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

9

4
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
5
7
3
0
5
1
8
7
1
2

1
4
2
.
3
4
1
6

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
0
.
9
7
8
5
4
3
2
8

6
.
5
8
7
1
2
5
9
6
6
0

1
6
6
.
5
0
1
7
7
7
8
3
7
2

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
0

3
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

2
.
2
7
0
7
1
1
2
2
9
4

1
2
9
.
8
4
4
8

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

1
0
.
3
1
3
3
8
9
0
6

6
.
1
8
8
0
3
3
4
3
6
4

1
5
3
.
3
0
3
5
4
4
6
6
5
8

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
1

2
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

1
.
8
5
0
7
2
3
5
2
8
8

3
5
.
0
5
2

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

9
.
3
1
0
8
9
0
5
3
1

5
.
5
8
6
5
3
4
3
1
8
5

5
7
.
4
8
9
2
5
7
8
4
7
3

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
2

1
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

1
.
3
1
3
0
8
8
7
6
9
4

4
1
.
1
4
8

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

7
.
8
4
2
7
3
4
1

4
.
7
0
5
6
4
0
4
5
9
8

6
2
.
1
6
6
7
2
9
2
2
9
2

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
3

0
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

0
.
6
5
7
8
0
6
9
5
1
2

2
1
6
.
4
0
8

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

5
.
5
5
0
9
8
0
1
8

3
.
3
3
0
5
8
8
1
0
8
2

2
3
5
.
3
9
6
3
9
5
0
5
9
4

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1
3
.
8
6
0
2
0
9
0
9

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
3
0
.
7
0
8

1
5

7
.
8
3
6
6
5

0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
4
5
.
7
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

37

Figure 4.4: Graphical representation of the path profile for LINK 2

Ground Elevation of Site B: 530.352 meters
Ground Elevation of Site C: 330.708 meters
Distance between Site B and Site C: 13.86020909 km
Point of highest obstruction: 0.54102 km from Site B and 1.17482112 km from Site C

B
bc
= E
bc
+ Ec
bc
+ Ef
bc
+ Evt
bc

E
b
= 551. 9928
For =
4
3

Ec
bc
=
B
bo
B
co
.

Ec
bc
=
(.)(.9899)
. -

E
b
=.89 .89 .89 .89m mm m

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
Distance (km)
Vegetation (m)
Earth Bulge (m)
Site B
Site C
38

Again for the Fresnel clearance, the GO frequency will be used for the computation
because it yields higher value of Fresnel clearance. This will ensure that all propagations will
be in free space and the Fresnel clearance is at least 60% of the radius of the first fresnel
zone.
Ef
bc
= .(.)_
D
bo
D
co
F
bc
D
bc

Ef
bc
= .(.)_
(.)(.9899)
(.8)(.899)

EI
b
= . . . .m mm m
Evt
b
= 15

B
bc
= .998 + .89 + . +
H
b
= .988 .988 .988 .988m mm m

Solving For the antenna height of Site B and Site C:
For uniformity, the antenna heights of Site B and Site C will be made equal.
A
b
= A
c

(. + A
b
) - .988
. -
=
.988 - (.8 + A
c
)
.899 - .

A
b
- 9.88
.
=
9.88 - A
c
.9899

.9899(A
b
- 9.88) = .(9.88 - A
c
)
.9899A
b
- 9.8 = 9.88 - .A
c

(.9899 + .)A
b
= 9.88 +9.8
39

.899A
b
= 8.99
A
b
= 47.53116932 m
A
= 47.53116932 m

Figure 4.5: Graphical Representation of LOS for Link 2

It can be seen from Figure 4.5 that considering the 570.0902568480 meter obstruction
in antenna height computation and graphing the line of sight between the stations using the
computed antenna height will not give a line-of-sight propagation between the sights. This
is also supported by Table 4.4 where it can be seen that the line of sight is obstructed by the
568.6663501394 meter high obstruction.

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
Distance (km)
Earth Bulge (m) Ground Elevation (m) Vegetation (m)
Fresnel Clearance (m) Line of Sight (m)
Site B
Site C
40

Table 4.4: LINK 2 Line of Sight versus Obstructions
Distance Distance

from Site B from Site C
Obstruction
Height (m)
Line of Sight
(km) (km) (m)
0 13.86020909 545.3520000000 577.8831693000
0.54102 13.31918909 570.0902568480 570.0902571668
1 12.86020909 563.0913522794 563.4790583000
1.17482112 12.68538797 568.6663501394 560.9609154824
2 11.86020909 525.6900633038 549.0749473000
3 10.86020909 479.4966615253 534.6708363000
4 9.86020909 452.7333481064 520.2667253000
5 8.86020909 426.2662385738 505.8626143000
6 7.86020909 350.1403364622 491.4585033000
7 6.86020909 320.0778327144 477.0543923000
8 5.86020909 277.2563866143 462.6502813000
9 4.86020909 166.5017778372 448.2461703000
10 3.86020909 153.3035446658 433.8420593000
11 2.86020909 57.4892578473 419.4379483000
12 1.86020909 62.1667292292 405.0338373000
13 0.86020909 235.3963950594 390.6297263000
13.86020909 0.00000000 345.7080000000 378.2391790844

From Table 4.3 it can be seen that 1.17482112 km from Site B and 12.68538797 km
from Site C is an obstruction 568.6663501394 meters high. Considering this obstruction,
new antenna heights were computed:

Solving For the new antenna height of Site B and Site C:
A
b
= A
c

(. + A
b
) - 8.9
.8 -
=
8.9 -(.8 + A
c
)
.899 -.8

A
b
- 8.
.8
=
.98 - A
c
.889

.889(A
b
- 8.) = .8(.98 - A
c
)
41

.889A
b
- 8.98 = 9.89 - .8A
c

(.889 + .8)A
b
= 9.89 + 8.98
.899A
b
= .989
A
b
= 55.23660475 m
A
= 55.23660475 m
The antenna height of Burgos and Bangui Sites for Link 2 for the signal to have a path
that is free from obstructions is 55.23660475 meters. This antenna height also accounts
the 60% first freznel zone clearance of the line of sight path from the highest
obstruction.

Table 4.5: LINK 2 New Line of Sight versus Obstructions
Distance Distance
from Site B from Site C Total (m) Line of Sight
(km) (km) (m)
0 13.86020909 545.3520000000 585.5886047000

0.54102 13.31918909 570.0902568480 577.7956925668

1 12.86020909 563.0913522794 571.1844937000

1.17482112 12.68538797 568.6663501394 568.6663508824

2 11.86020909 525.6900633038 556.7803827000

3 10.86020909 479.4966615253 542.3762717000

4 9.86020909 452.7333481064 527.9721607000

5 8.86020909 426.2662385738 513.5680497000

6 7.86020909 350.1403364622 499.1639387000

7 6.86020909 320.0778327144 484.7598277000

8 5.86020909 277.2563866143 470.3557167000

9 4.86020909 166.5017778372 455.9516057000

10 3.86020909 153.3035446658 441.5474947000

11 2.86020909 57.4892578473 427.1433837000

12 1.86020909 62.1667292292 412.7392727000

13 0.86020909 235.3963950594 398.3351617000

13.86020909 0.00000000 345.7080000000 385.9446047000

It can be seen from Table 4.5 that considering the 568.6663501394 meter high
obstruction as the highest obstruction will give a line of sight for Sites B and C.

Solving For the Antenna
t6
b
=
E
-E
b
D
b

bc
= tan
-1
E
c
- E
b
B
bc

bc
= tan
-1
.8 -
.899
bc
= tan
-1
-99.
8.99
6
b
= . 825237738 degrees
6
b
= . 825237738 degrees

Figure 4.6: Antenna Inclination

Site B
42
Antenna Inclination for Site B and Site C:
.
899()

99

degrees dwwrd
degrees uwrd
Inclination for LINK 2
0.825237738 degrees
0. 825237738 0. 825237738degrees
Site C
4
3

c
.

F
o
r

L
I
N
K

3

T
a
b
l
e

4
.
6
:

P
a
t
h

p
r
o
f
i
l
e

f
o
r

L
I
N
K

3

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

G
r
o
u
n
d

T
o
t
a
l

H
e
i
g
h
t

f
r
o
m

S
i
t
e

C

f
r
o
m

S
i
t
e

D

E
a
r
t
h

B
u
l
g
e

E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
n

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

t
h
e

1
s
t

F
r
e
s
n
e
l

C
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e

O
f

O
b
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c

(
k
m
)

(
k
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
G
h
z
)

F
r
e
s
n
e
l

Z
o
n
e

(
m
)

(
m
)

(
m
)

0

1
0
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
3
0
.
7
0
8

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
4
5
.
7
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

0
.
1
0
6
0
7
0
4

1
0
.
5
5
0
7
6
4
8

0
.
0
6
5
8
3
0
8
1
4

3
4
5
.
0
3
3
6

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

1
.
9
9
5
1
1
9
2
4
4

1
.
1
9
7
0
7
1
5
4
6

3
6
1
.
2
9
6
5
0
2
4

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

1

9
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

0
.
5
6
8
0
4
9
1
2
9
4

1
5
1
.
7
9
4

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

5
.
8
6
0
6
6
8
9
9
3
6

3
.
5
1
6
4
0
1
3
9
6
2

1
7
0
.
8
7
8
4
5
0
5
2
5
6

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

2

8
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
0
1
8
4
5
1
2

6
0
.
0
4
5
6

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

7
.
8
4
7
3
7
4
0
9

4
.
7
0
8
4
2
4
4
5
4

8
0
.
7
7
2
4
7
5
6
5

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

3

7
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
3
5
1
2
0
6
2
1
1
8

4
3
.
5
8
6
4

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

9
.
0
3
8
8
8
9
1
5
6
6

5
.
4
2
3
3
3
3
4
9
4
0

6
5
.
3
6
0
9
3
9
7
0
5
7

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

4

6
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
5
6
6
3
1
4
1
6
5

4
7
.
5
4
8
8

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

9
.
7
3
1
8
1
1
3
5
6

5
.
8
3
9
0
8
6
8
1
3

6
9
.
9
5
4
2
0
0
9
8

m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s

5

5
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
6
6
3
7
7
5
0
5
8
8

1
2
.
8
0
1
6

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

1
0
.
0
3
0
0
1
4
2
2
5
0

6
.
0
1
8
0
0
8
5
3
5
0

3
5
.
4
8
3
3
8
3
5
9
3
8

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

6

4
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
6
4
3
5
8
8
8
9
4

4
.
2
6
7
2

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

9
.
9
6
8
9
8
2
7
1
9

5
.
9
8
1
3
8
9
6
3
1

2
6
.
8
9
2
1
7
8
5
3

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

7

3
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
5
0
5
7
5
5
6
7
0
6

3
.
0
4
8

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

9
.
5
4
1
8
2
6
1
1
2
3

5
.
7
2
5
0
9
5
6
6
7
4

2
5
.
2
7
8
8
5
1
3
3
8
0

t
r
e
e
s

8

2
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

1
.
2
5
0
2
7
5
3
8
8

1
.
5
2
4

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

8
.
6
9
4
7
4
9
7
1
9

5
.
2
1
6
8
4
9
8
3
1

2
2
.
9
9
1
1
2
5
2
2

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

9

1
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

0
.
8
7
7
1
4
8
0
4
7
1

9
.
4
4
8
8

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

7
.
2
8
2
6
7
1
0
6
2
1

4
.
3
6
9
6
0
2
6
3
7
3

2
9
.
6
9
5
5
5
0
6
8
4
3

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

1
0

0
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

0
.
3
8
6
3
7
3
6
4
7

1
0
.
0
5
8
4

1
5

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

4
.
8
3
3
4
5
8
4
8
6

2
.
9
0
0
0
7
5
0
9
1

2
8
.
3
4
4
8
4
8
7
4

r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l

1
0
.
6
5
6
8
3
5
2

0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8
.
2
2
9
6

0

7
.
8
9
5
9
5

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8
.
2
2
9
6
0
0
0
0
0
0

r
i
c
e

f
i
e
l
d

44

Figure 4.6: Graphical representation of the path profile for LINK 3

Elevation of Site C: 330.708 meters
Elevation of Site D: 8.2296 meters
Distance between Site C and Site D: 10.6568352 km
Point of highest obstruction: 0.1060704 km from Site C and 10.5507648 km from Site D

B
cd
= E
cd
+Ec
cd
+ Ef
cd
+ Evt
cd

E
d
= 345. 33
For =
4
3

Ec
cd
=
B
co
B
do
.

Ec
cd
=
(.)(.8)
. -

E
d
= .88 .88 .88 .88m mm m

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
Distance (m)
Vegetation (m)
Earth Bulge (m)
Site C
Site B
45

Again for the Fresnel clearance, the GO frequency will be used for the computation
because it yields higher value of Fresnel clearance. This will ensure that all propagations will
be in free space and the Fresnel clearance is at least 60% of the radius of the first freznel
zone.
Ef
cd
= .(.)_
D
co
D
do
F
d2
D
cd

Ef
cd
= .(.)_
(.)(.8)
(.899)(.8)

EI
d
= . . . .9 9 9 9m mm m
Evt
d
= 15

B
cd
= . + .88 +.9 +
H
d
= .9 .9 .9 .9m mm m

Solving For the antenna height of Site C and Site D:
A
c
= A
d

(.8 + A
c
) - .9
. -
=
.9 - (8.9 +A
d
)
.8 -.

A
c
- .88
.
=
.9 - A
d
.8

.8(A
c
- .88) = .(.9 - A
d
)
.8A
c
- .9 = .99 - .A
d

(.8 +.)A
d
= .99 + .9

.8A
d
= .8
A
d
=33.79821825m
A
=33.79821825m
The antenna height of Bangui and Pagudpud Sites
that is free from obstructions is
obstruction.

Solving For the Antenna Elevations of
t6
d
=
E
d
-E
D
d

cd
= tan
-1
E
d
- E
c
B
dc

cd
= tan
-1
.8 -8
.8(
cd
= tan
-1
.8
.8

6
d
= 1. 733255181 degrees
6
d
= 1. 733255181 degrees
Figure 4.7: Antenna Elevation for

Site C
46
8
of Bangui and Pagudpud Sites for Link 3 for the signal to have a path
that is free from obstructions is 33.79821825 meters. This antenna height also accounts
Antenna Elevations of Site C and Site D
8.9
()

degrees dwwrd
degrees uwrd
: Antenna Elevation for LINK 3
1.733255181
1.733255181
degrees
for the signal to have a path
This antenna height also accounts

Site B
47

C. Reflection Points Computation

Multi-path reflections occur when the reflection point for a given path has a reflective
surface that can be seen by both antennas. Reflection points along the path include lakes,
rivers, marshlands, swamps and large rice farmland. Multi-path reflected signals frequently
cause problems in wireless systems that have been implemented without proper path
engineering. Bodies of water along the path may cause multi path fading.

In the design, the researchers take note of the reflection surfaces present along the path
that are seen by both of the antenna of the stations and determine if the reflective surfaces
affect the transmissions of the signals.

a. For LINK 1

The researchers computed for the slope (m) of the line of sight of the Site B antenna
with respect to the highest obstruction

m =
(E
b
+A
b
) -(obstiuction height)
B
bo

m =
(. + 9.8) - (.8)
8.9

= . 22783
using slope-intercept form:
y = mx + b
y = .8x +b
b = y - .8x
Assigning:
x = B
ao

y = L0S value
@ Site B
B
ao
= 8.9 ; L0S value = E
b
+ A
b
= . +9.99988
b = (. + 9.8) - .8(8.9)
b = -9.387527385

= . 22783 - 9.387527385
Using the computed equation,
with respect to the highest obstruction as shown in
lies below the line of sight
by these reflective surfaces
Figure 4.9 Line-of-Sight of

As shown in figure 4.8, the
seen by both antennas. The heights of the reflected signals caused by thes
surfaces are computed using the reflection formula below:

B
a
B
ao
-
B
ao
=
B
b
B
bo
-
B
bo

Where : B
R
is the height
B
T
is the height

Note :
B
R
are values or range that must not be equal or include the elevation of
B antenna.
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0246
Site A
48
9.387527385
Using the computed equation, the researchers plot the line of sight of
with respect to the highest obstruction as shown in figure 4.8. The reflective surfaces the
lies below the line of sight are not seen from Site B, therefore the reflected signals caused
surfaces do not affect the propagation between the sites.
Sight of Site B Antenna with respect to the highest obstruction
As shown in figure 4.8, the reflective surfaces within 2 kilometers
seen by both antennas. The heights of the reflected signals caused by thes
computed using the reflection formula below:

height of the ieflecteu signal on Site B
height of the Site A antenna
values or range that must not be equal or include the elevation of
8
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2
0
2
2
Distance (km)
Site B
plot the line of sight of Site B antenna
. The reflective surfaces the
the reflected signals caused
between the sites.
Antenna with respect to the highest obstruction

ilometers away from Site A are
seen by both antennas. The heights of the reflected signals caused by these reflective
values or range that must not be equal or include the elevation of the Site
Vegetation (m)
Sight from Repeater 1
49

Table 4.6 Reflective Surfaces along LINK 1

Distance Distance Ground Total Height Height of
from Site A from Site B Earth Bulge Elevation Vegetation Of Obstruction Characteristic Reflected Signals Notifications
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m) (m) On Site B (m)
0 22.8549 0.0000000000 21.6408 15 36.6408000000 field - seen by both antenna
1 21.8549 1.2855823529 9.7536 0 11.0391823529 rice field 1794.4047409323 seen by both antenna
2 20.8549 2.4535176471 17.3736 15 34.8271176471 residential 866.4881320518 not seen by Site B
3 19.8549 3.5038058824 23.1648 15 41.6686058824 residential 554.9643722288 not seen by Site B
4 18.8549 4.4364470588 20.4216 0 24.8580470588 rice field 397.7152952585 not seen by Site B
5 17.8549 5.2514411765 16.4592 15 36.7106411765 river 302.3172678999 not seen by Site B
6 16.8549 5.9487882353 20.1168 15 41.0655882353 urban area 237.9624124059 not seen by Site B
9 13.8549 7.3349470588 49.3776 15 71.7125470588 mountain 128.4639512884 not seen by Site B
11 11.8549 7.6708176471 48.4632 15 71.1340176471 mountainous 87.7605162297 not seen by Site B
22 0.8549 1.1063411765 551.0784 15 567.1847411765 mountainous 2.0795197004 not seen by Site A
22.8549 0 0.0000000000 530.352 15 545.3520000000 mountainous - not seen by Site A

50

Table 4.6 shows the reflective surfaces present along Link 1 with their reflected signals
on Site B. The highlighted reflective surfaces are seen by both transmitting and receiving
antennas. But since the reflected signals caused by these reflective surfaces did not hit or
include in range 589.5898153 meters, the elevation of the Site B antenna, transmission
between Site A and Site B is free from multipath propagations.

b. For LINK 2

Again using the researchers computed for the slope (m) and equation of the line of sight
of the Site B antenna with respect to the highest obstruction arriving with the equation
below:

= -. 17898 +585. 58848
assigning:
x = B
bo

y = L0S value
Using the computed equation, the researchers plot the line of sight of Site B antenna
with respect to the highest obstruction as shown in figure 4.10. The reflective surfaces the
lies below the line of sight are not seen from Site B therefore the reflected signals caused by
these reflective points do not affect the transmission of signals between the sites.
Figure 4.10 Line-of-Sight of Site B Antenna with respect to the highest obstruction

As shown in Figure 4.10, no reflective surface is seen by both
This implies that reflective surfaces that may be present along the path will not affect the
transmission of signals between the stations.

c. For LINK 3

Again, the researchers
of the Site C antenna with respect to the highest obstruction arriving with the equation
below

= -. 41545873
assigning:
x = B
co

y = L0S value
Using the computed equation,
with respect to the highest obstruction as shown in figure 4.11. The reflective
lies below the line of sight are not seen from
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
0
.
0
0
0
.
5
4
1
.
0
0
1
.
1
7
2
.
0
0
3
.
0
0
Site B
51
As shown in Figure 4.10, no reflective surface is seen by both Site B
transmission of signals between the stations.
Again, the researchers computed for the slope (m) and equation of the line of sight
antenna with respect to the highest obstruction arriving with the equation
+34. 52183

Using the computed equation, the researchers plot the line of sight of
with respect to the highest obstruction as shown in figure 4.11. The reflective
lies below the line of sight are not seen from Site C therefore the reflected signals caused by
3
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
6
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
8
.
0
0
9
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
0
0
1
2
.
0
0
1
3
.
0
0
1
3
.
8
6
Distance (km)
Site C

Site B and Site C Antennas.
computed for the slope (m) and equation of the line of sight
antenna with respect to the highest obstruction arriving with the equation
plot the line of sight of Site B antenna
with respect to the highest obstruction as shown in figure 4.11. The reflective surfaces that
therefore the reflected signals caused by
Vegetation (m)
Earth Bulge (m)

Figure 4.10 Line-of-Sight of

As shown in figure 4.11, the reflective points beginning 9 km away from
are seen by both antennas. The heights of the reflected signals caused by these reflective
surfaces are being computed using the reflection formula below:

B
d
B
do
-
B
ao
=
B
c
B
1o
-
B
co

Where : B
R
is the height
B
T
is the height

Note :
B
R
are values or range that must not be equal or include the elevation of the
C antenna,

0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
0.00 0.11 1.00
Earth Bulge (m)
Site C
52
Sight of Site B Antenna with respect to the highest obstruction
As shown in figure 4.11, the reflective points beginning 9 km away from
surfaces are being computed using the reflection formula below:

height of the ieflecteu signal on Site C
height of the Site B
are values or range that must not be equal or include the elevation of the
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Distance (km)
Elevation (m) Vegetation (m) Sight from Repeater 2
he highest obstruction

As shown in figure 4.11, the reflective points beginning 9 km away from Site C to Site D
are values or range that must not be equal or include the elevation of the Site
9.00 10.00 10.66
Site D
53

Table 4.7 Reflective Surfaces along LINK 3

Distance Distance
from Site C from Site D Earth Bulge Elevation Vegetation Total (m) Characteristic Height of Notifications
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m) Reflected Signals (m)
0 10.6568352 0.0000000000 330.708 15 345.7080000000 mountainous - not seen by Site D
0.1060704 10.5507648 0.065830814 345.0336 15 360.0994308 mountainous 0.357350849 not seen by Site D
1 9.6568352 0.5680491294 151.794 15 167.3620491294 mountainous 3.8429060642 not seen Site B
5 5.6568352 1.6637750588 12.8016 15 29.4653750588 residential 36.9546323758 not seen Site B
6 4.6568352 1.643588894 4.2672 15 20.91078889 residential 54.62390429 not seen Site B
7 3.6568352 1.5057556706 3.048 15 19.5537556706 trees 81.8272360497 not seen Site B
8 2.6568352 1.250275388 1.524 15 17.77427539 residential 129.0644499 seen by both antennas
10.6568352 0 0.0000000000 8.2296 0 8.2296000000 rice field - seen by both antennas

Table 4.7 shows the reflective surfaces present along Link 3 with their reflected signals on Site C. The highlighted reflective
surfaces are seen by both transmitting and receiving antennas. But since the reflected signals caused by these reflective surfaces
did not hit or include in range 364.5062183 meters, the elevation of the Site C antenna, transmission between Site C and Site A is
free from multipath propagations.

54

CHAPTER V
LINK BUDGET

The link budget is a calculation involving the gain and loss factors associated with the
antennas, transmitters, transmission lines and propagation environment. Computation on
availability of the system is also done in the link budget.
For the computation of our link budget we have considered two methods. In the first
computation, a reliability of 99.999% is the target with a corresponding fade margin of
48dB.
In the second method, all predictable losses are included in the computation. The losses
are quantified using specific formulas following present standards. The fade margin and
reliability are computed considering values of the losses considered.

A. LINK BUDGET CALCULATION USING THE FIRST METHOD

I. Free-space Loss

L
Is
= . + logF +logB
Where:
L
Is
-Fiee - space loss
F - Fiequency in NBz

B -Bistance in km

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(.) +log(.89)
L
Is
= 137. 392194dB
RETURN Frequency:
55

L
Is
= . + log(89.) +log(.89)
L
Is
= 137. 752312dB

b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(8.) +log(.899)
L
Is
= 133. 11847dB
RETURN Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(88.) +log(.899)
L
Is
= 133. 424719dB

c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(89.9) +log(.8)
L
Is
= 13. 9528dB
RETURN Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(8.) +log(.8)
L
Is
= 131. 25135dB

56

ii. Minimum Antenna Gain

The minimum antenna gain is lowest gain the antenna should attain to at least
achieve a reliability of 99.999%. Shown in Table 7 are the parameters needed to
compute the minimum antenna gain.

Table 5.0: Parameters
LINK 1 LINK 2 LINK 3
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
Transmitter
Output
power
29dBm 29dBm 29dBm 29dBm 29dBm 29dBm
Minimum
receiver
threshold
-77dBm -77dBm -77dBm -77dBm -77dBm -77dBm
Free-space
Loss
137.438dB 137.747dB 133.193dB 133.498dB 131.007dB 131.31dB
Minimum
Fade
margin
48dB 48dB 48dB 48dB 48dB 48dB

Minimum Received Signal Level
I
mn
= NRT +NFN
Where:
RSL
min
MRT Minimum Receiver Threshold
57

MFM Minimum Fade Margin
Solving for RSL
min
:
RSL
mIn
= -uBm +8uB
L
= -29dB
The minimum received signal level for the GO and RETURN Frequencies in all Links are
equal to -29dBm because the same radio equipment has been used.

Solving for the minimum antenna gain:
In the computation of minimum antenna gain, the antenna gain of each site in every
LINK will be made equal. From the formula of Received Signal Level (I =
t
+
t
+
-
I
]s
) where the gains of transmitting and receiving antenna are considered equal, the
formula for the minimum antenna gain is derived.

=
I
mn
-
t
+I
]s

Where:
RSL
min
P
t
Transmitter output power
L
fs
Free- space loss

For LINK 1
GO Frequency
u =
-9 -9 +.99

C = 39. 98197dB

58

RETURN Frequency
u =
-9 -9 +.

C = 39. 85215dB

LINK 2
GO Frequency
u =
-9 -9 +.8

C = 37. 559235dB
RETURN Frequency
u =
-9 -9 +.9

C = 37. 7123595dB
LINK 3
GO Frequency
u =
-9 -9 +.98

C = 3. 45324dB
RETURN Frequency
u =
-9 -9 +.

C = 3. 255175dB

59

Table 5.1: Summary of the Minimum antenna gain
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
Minimum
Antenna gain
39.698dB 39.853dB 37.559dB 37.712dB 36.450dB 36.602dB

Since antenna gains for each site on every LINK will be made equal, the antenna gain to
be used must be at least 39.853dB, 37.712dB and 36.602dB for LINK 1, LINK 2 and LINK
3 respectively.
iii. Waveguide Length
a. For stations at Link 1
W
Icngth
= Antenna Beight + meteis (allowance)
W
Icngth
= 9.8 m+ meteis
W
Icngth
= .8 m
b. For stations at Link 2
W
Icngth
W
Icngth
= . m + meteis
W
Icngth
= . m
c. For stations at Link 3
W
Icngth
W
Icngth
= .988 m + meteis
W
Icngth
= 8.988 m

60

iv. Waveguide Attenuation
Using EWP7771W,HELIAX Premium Elliptical Waveguide and considering 7.77735
Ghz operating frequency the considerable waveguide attenuation would be 5.88
dB/100m

v. Waveguide Loss
a. For stations at Link 1
W
Ioss
= W
Icngth
x W
attcnuatIon

W
Icngth
= .8 m x .88m
W
Icngth
= .8 uB
b. For stations at Link 2
W
Ioss
= W
Icngth
x W
attcnuatIon

W
Icngth
= . m x .88m
W
Icngth
= .99 uB
c. For stations at Link 3
W
Ioss
= W
Icngth
x W
attcnuatIon

W
Icngth
= 8.988 m x .88m
W
Icngth
= .8 uB

vi. Actual Received Signal Level
In determining the actual received signal level, practical antenna gain that satisfies
the minimum antenna gain requirement will be considered. The antennas to be used for
LINK 1 will be a 3.0m diameter antenna with a gain, taken from the specification sheet,
of 44.8dB. Also, the antennas to be used for LINK 2 and Link 3 will be the same, a 2.4m
diameter antenna with a gain, taken from the specification sheet, of 42.3dB. We also
decided to compute the gain of the antennas with respect to their diameter and
frequency.
61

C = 7. 5 + 2 g F
C
+ 2 g D
Ieet

For First Antenna
u = . + log . + log 9.898
C = 45. 14815989 dB

For Second Antenna
u = . + log . + log .88
C = 42. 4792295 dB

Since the computed antenna gains are larger than the antenna gains obtained from
the specification sheet, we preferred to use the gains given in the antenna specification
sheets for computations to obtain safer results.
RSL
actuaI
= P
t
-W
Loss
-C
Loss
+u
t
-L
Is
+u
r
-W
Loss
- C
Loss

Where:
RSL
actual
Actual received signal level
P
t
-Tiansmittei output powei
u
t
- gain of the tiansmitting antenna
u
r
-gain of the ieceiving antenna
L
Is
- fiee - space loss
W
Loss
Waveguide Loss
C
Loss
Connector Loss (1dB)

62

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency
RSL
actuaI
= 9uBm - .8uB - uB + .8uB
RSL = -.99uB +.8uB - .8uB - uB
L
tu
= -28. 355848dB
RETURN Frequency:
RSL
actuaI
= 9uBm -.8uB -uB +.8uB
RSL = -.uB + .8uB - .8uB - uB
L
tu
= -28. 5959828dB

b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
RSL
actuaI
= 9uBm - .99 uB - uB +.uB
RSL = -.8 +.uB - .99uB - uB
L
tu
= -28. 182942dB
RETURN Frequency:
RSL
actuaI
= 9uBm - .99uB - uB + .uB
RSL = -.9uB +.uB - .99uB - uB
L
tu
= -28. 9854372dB
c. For LINK3
GO Frequency:
RSL
actuaI
= 9uBm - .8uB - uB + .uB
RSL = -.98uB +.uB - .8uB - uB
L
tu
= -23. 8332327dB
63

RETURN Frequency:
RSL
actuaI
= 9uBm - .8uB - uB + .uB
RSL = -.uB +.uB - .8uB - uB
L
tu
= -24. 1777397dB

vii. Actual Fade Margin
FN
actuaI
= RSL
actuaI
-NRT
Where:
FN
actuaI
-actual faue maigin
RSL
actuaI
- actual ieceiveu signal level
NRT - minimum ieceivei thiesholu

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
FN
actuaI
= -8.88uBm -(-uBm)
FM
tu
= 48. 4941352dB
RETURN Frequency:
FN
actuaI
= -8.9988uBm -(-uBm)
FM
tu
= 48. 34172dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
FN
actuaI
= -8.89uBm -(-uBm)
FM
tu
= 48. 3981758dB
64

RETURN Frequency:
FN
actuaI
= -8.98uBm -(-uBm)
FM
tu
= 48. 914528dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
FN
actuaI
= -.8uBm -(-uBm)
FM
tu
= 53. 13773dB
RETURN Frequency:
FN
actuaI
= -.9uBm -(-uBm)
FM
tu
= 52. 832223dB

Table 5.2: Summary of the Actual fade margin
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
8.9uB 8.uB 8.98uB .9uB .uB .8uB

Since all the computed actual fade margins are greater than 48dB, the minimum
fade margin required to have a reliability of 99.999%, the objective to have
reliability of 99.999% is achieved.

65

B. LINK BUDGET CALCULATION USING THE SECOND METHOD

I. Free-space Loss

L
Is
= . +logF +logB
Where:
L
Is
-Fiee - space loss
F - Fiequency in NBz

B -Bistance in km

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(.) +log(.89)
L
Is
= 137. 392194dB
RETURN Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(89.) +log(.89)
L
Is
= 137. 752312dB

b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(8.) +log(.899)
L
Is
= 133. 11847dB
RETURN Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(88.) +log(.899)
L
Is
= 133. 424719dB

66

c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(89.9) +log(.8)
L
Is
= 13. 9528dB
RETURN Frequency:
L
Is
= . + log(8.) +log(.8)
L
Is
= 131. 25135dB

ii. Received Signal Level
RSL = P
t
+ u
t
-W
Loss
-C
Loss
- L
Is
+ u
r
- W
Loss
-C
Loss

Where:
RSL received signal level
P
t
-Tiansmittei output powei
u
t
- gain of the tiansmitting antenna
u
r
-gain of the ieceiving antenna
L
Is
- fiee - space loss
W
Loss
Waveguide Loss
C
Loss
Connector Loss (1dB)

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency
RSL = 9uBm - .8uB -uB +.8uB
RSL = -.99uB +.8uB - .8uB - uB
L = -28. 355848dB
67

RETURN Frequency:
RSL = 9uBm -.8uB -uB +.8uB
RSL = -.uB + .8uB - .8uB - uB
L = -28. 5959828dB

b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
RSL = 9uBm - .99 uB - uB + .uB
RSL = -.8 +.uB - .99uB - uB
L = -28. 182942dB
RETURN Frequency:
RSL = 9uBm - .99uB - uB +.uB
RSL = -.9uB +.uB - .99uB - uB
L = -28. 9854372dB
c. For LINK3
GO Frequency:
RSL = -.98uB +.uB - .8uB - uB
L = -23. 8332327dB
RETURN Frequency:
RSL = -.uB +.uB - .8uB - uB
L = -24. 1777397dB

68

Table 5.3: Link Parameter for the GO Frequency of Link 1
PARAMETERS VALUE UNIT
Transmitter Output Power 29 dBm
Antenna Gain (TX) 44.8 dB
Free-space Loss 137.3962194 dB
Antenna Gain (RX) 42.3 dB
Received Signal Level -8.88 dBm
Minimum Receiver Threshold -77 dBm

Table 5.4: Link Parameter for the RETURN Frequency of Link 1


69


Received Signal Level -.8 dBm

Received Signal Level -.9 dBm

70

Figure 5.0: Graphical representation of the link budget for LINK 1

Figure 5.1: Graphical representation of the link budget for LINK 2

29.00
29.00
24.22
69.02
-68.37
-23.57
-28.35
-28.35
-28.66
-28.66
-23.88
-68.68
69.02
24.22
29.00
29.00
-77 -77 -77 -77
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
GO Frequency
signal level
(Free-space
propagation)
RETURN
Frequency
signal level
(Free-space
propagation)
Receiver
Threshold
IDU ODU IDU ODU
29.00
29.00
24.46
66.76
-66.36
-24.06
-28.60
-28.60
-28.91
-28.91
-24.37
-66.67
66.76
24.46
29.00
29.00
-77 -77 -77 -77
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
GO Frequency
signal level
(Free-space
propagation)
RETURN
Frequency
signal level
(Free-space
propagation)
Receiver
threshold
IDU
ODU IDU ODU
Site A Site B
Site B Site C
71

Figure 5.1 Graphical representation of the link budget for LINK 3

iii. Fade Margin Calculations
A. Thermal Fade Margin
TFN = RSL -NRT
Where:
TFN- Theimal faue maigin in uB
RSL - Receiveu signal level in uBm
NRT - Ninimum Receivei Thiesholu in uBm

29.00
29.00
25.72
68.02
-62.88
-20.58
-23.86
-23.86
-24.17
-24.17
-20.89
-63.19
68.02
25.72
29.00
29.00
-77 -77 -77 -77
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
GO Frequency
signal level
(Free-space
propagation)
RETURN
Frequency signal
level (Free-space
propagation)
Receiver
threshold
IDU ODU IDU ODU
RX A RX B
Site C Site B
72

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
TFN = -8.88uBm - (-uBm)
FM = 48. 4941352dB
RETURN Frequency:
TFN = -8.9988uBm - (-uBm)
FM = 48. 34172dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
TFN = -8.89uBm - (-uBm)
FM = 48. 3981758dB
RETURN Frequency:
TFN = -8.98uBm - (-uBm)
FM = 48. 914528dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
TFN = -.8uBm - (-uBm)
FM = 53. 13773dB
RETURN Frequency:
TFN = -.9uBm - (-uBm)
FM = 52. 832223dB

B. Dispersive Fade Margin
Dispersive Fade Margin (DFM) is the contribution to outage that accounts for
in band distortion that can at times cause a digital system to fail when the AGC or
73

flat fade is less than that required to reach the thermal noise threshold. The DFM
for CFQ radio is 70dB.

C. Interference Fade Margin
The value of Interference Fade margin (IFM) is usually 6dB higher than the
TFM.
It is given by the formula:
IFN = TFN +
Where:
IFN - Inteifeience Faue Naigin
TFN- Theimal Faue Naigin

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
IFN = 8.9uB + uB
IFM = 54. 4941352dB
RETURN Frequency:
IFN = 8.uB +uB
IFM = 54. 34172dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
IFN = 8.988uB + uB
IFM = 54. 3981758dB

74

RETURN Frequency:
IFN = 8.98uB + uB
IFM = 54. 914528dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
IFN = .uB + uB
IFM = 59. 13773dB
RETURN Frequency:
IFN = .8uB + uB
IFM = 58. 832223dB

D. Diffraction Losses
To determine if there is a need to compute for diffraction losses, the researcher find
out any point along the path comes closer than 150% the first freznel zone. Following
are the studies of the paths for Diffraction Losses.

75

a. For LINK 1
Table 5.9: Link Parameters for Diffraction Losses of Link 1
Distance Distance 60% 1.50%
from Site A from Site B Radius of the 1st Radius of the 1st Line of Sight Obstruction (m)
(km) (km) Fresnel Zone (m) Fresnel Zone (m) (m)
0 22.8549 0.0000000000 0.0000000000 80.8786153000 36.6408000000
1 21.8549 3.6397058 9.0992645009 103.1369143000 11.0391823529
2 20.8549 5.028181232 12.5704530790 125.3952133000 34.8271176471
3 19.8549 6.008780621 15.0219515530 147.6535123000 41.6686058824
4 18.8549 6.761358775 16.9033969370 169.9118113000 24.8580470588
5 17.8549 7.35623479 18.3905869742 192.1701103000 36.7106411765
6 16.8549 7.829437908 19.5735947695 214.4284093000 41.0655882353
7 15.8549 8.202054346 20.5051358649 236.6867083000 21.4636882353
8 14.8549 8.487342512 21.2183562789 258.9450073000 43.2617411765
9 13.8549 8.693903622 21.7347590557 281.2033063000 71.7125470588
10 12.8549 8.827266131 22.0681653280 303.4616053000 34.6889058824
11 11.8549 8.890724626 22.2268115656 325.7199043000 71.1340176471
12 10.8549 8.885776909 22.2144422729 347.9782033000 85.4510823529
13 9.8549 8.81230776 22.0307693992 370.2365023000 91.7257000000
14 8.8549 8.668575125 21.6714378120 392.4948013000 140.8594705882
15 7.8549 8.450994688 21.1274867189 414.7531003000 47.5339941176
16 6.8549 8.153656701 20.3841417522 437.0113993000 141.8476705882
17 5.8549 7.767407151 19.4185178782 459.2696983000 84.5581000000
18 4.8549 7.278104148 18.1952603690 481.5279973000 184.4276823529
19 3.8549 6.663083069 16.6577076725 503.7862963000 132.3892176471
20 2.8549 5.883046987 14.7076174687 526.0445953000 275.6099058824
21 1.8549 4.859166348 12.1479158709 548.3028943000 527.2217470588
22 0.8549 3.376454237 8.4411355934 570.5611933000 567.1847411765
22.8549 0 0.0000000000 0.0000000000 589.5898153000 545.3520000000

76

Figure 5.3 Graphical Representation of Table 5.9

b. For LINK 2
Distance Distance 60% 150%
from Site B from Site C Radius of the 1st Radius of the 1st Line of sight Obstruction
(km) (km) Fresnel Zone (m) Fresnel Zone (m) (m) (m)
0 13.86020909 0 0 585.5886047000 545.3520000000
0.54102 13.31918909 2.673577573 6.683943932 577.7956925668 567.4166792754
1 12.86020909 3.571669392 8.929173479 571.1844937000 559.5196828876
1.17482112 12.68538797 3.844899451 9.612248628 568.6663508824 564.8214506884
2 11.86020909 4.850744587 12.12686147 556.7803827000 520.8393187165
3 10.86020909 5.684954039 14.2123851 542.3762717000 473.8117074865
4 9.86020909 6.254898909 15.63724727 527.9721607000 446.4784491976
5 8.86020909 6.629094724 16.57273681 513.5680497000 419.6371438500
6 7.86020909 6.839745019 17.09936255 499.1639387000 343.3005914435
7 6.86020909 6.901840736 17.25460184 484.7598277000 313.1759919782
8 5.86020909 6.81944116 17.0486029 470.3557167000 270.4369454541
9 4.86020909 6.587125966 16.46781491 455.9516057000 159.9146518712
10 3.86020909 6.188033436 15.47008359 441.5474947000 147.1155112294
11 2.86020909 5.586534318 13.9663358 427.1433837000 51.9027235288
12 1.86020909 4.70564046 11.76410115 412.7392727000 57.4610887694
13 0.86020909 3.330588108 8.32647027 398.3351617000 232.0658069512
13.86020909 0.00000000 0 0 385.9446047000 345.7080000000

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0123456789
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
.
8
5
4
9
Distance (km)
Obstruction (m) Line of Sight Elevation (m)
Height of %150 1st Fresnel Zone (m) 60% Radius of the 1st Fresnel Zone (m)
77

Figure 5.4 Graphical Representation of Table 5.10

c. For LINK 3
Distance Distance
0.60%
150%
from Site C from Site D Radius of the 1st Radius of the 1st Line of Sight (m) Obstruction
(km) (km) Fresnel Zone (m) Fresnel Zone (m) (m)
0 10.6568352 0.0000000000 0.0000000000 364.5062183000 345.7080000000
0.1060704 10.5507648 1.197071546 2.992678866 361.2965025 360.0994308
1 9.6568352 3.5164013962 8.7910034904 334.2459783000 167.3620491294
2 8.6568352 4.708424454 11.77106114 303.9857383 76.0640512
3 7.6568352 5.4233334940 13.5583337349 273.7254983000 59.9376062118
4 6.6568352 5.839086813 14.59771703 243.4652583 64.11511416
5 5.6568352 6.0180085350 15.0450213375 213.2050183000 29.4653750588
6 4.6568352 5.981389631 14.95347408 182.9447783 20.91078889
7 3.6568352 5.7250956674 14.3127391685 152.6845383000 19.5537556706
8 2.6568352 5.216849831 13.04212458 122.4242983 17.77427539
9 1.6568352 4.3696026373 10.9240065931 92.1640583000 25.3259480471
10 0.6568352 2.900075091 7.250187728 61.9038183 25.44477365
10.6568352 0 0.0000000000 0.0000000000 42.0278182500 8.2296000000

0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0
.
0
0
0
.
5
4
1
.
0
0
1
.
1
7
2
.
0
0
3
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
6
.
0
0
7
.
0
0
8
.
0
0
9
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
0
0
1
2
.
0
0
1
3
.
0
0
1
3
.
8
6
Distance (km)
Obstruction (m) Line of Sight (m)
150% Radius of the 1st Fresnel Zone (m) 60% Radius of the 1st Fresnel Zone (m)
78

Figure 5.5: Graphical Representation of Table 5.11

As shown in Figures 5.3,5.4 and 5.5 only single point on each path for Link 1, Link 2 and
Link 3 go less than the diffraction criteria. This implies that each path is under the Single
Knife Edged diffraction loss.
Figure 5.6 shows an approximation of the losses caused by a knife edge obstacle with
different heights respective to 60% of the first freznel zone.

Figure 5.6: Obstacle Losses and Knife-Edge approximation

0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
0.00 0.11 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 10.66
Distance (km)
Obstruction (m) line of sight (m)
150% Radius of the 1st Fresnel Zone (m) 60% Radius of the 1st Fresnel Zone (m)
79

From Figures 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5, it could be seen that the topmost part of the
obstruction for each link exactly touches the 60% First Freznel Zone and based from the
losses approximation in Figure 5.6 in consideration with the obstruction heights present
on each link, the researchers concluded that there is no diffraction loss incurred in each
link during propagation.

E. Clutter Losses
Clutter can be described as attenuation due to trees and buildings in the front of the
antenna. They have the same clearing factor as diffraction, 150% of the first freznel
zone, and they should be within the near field of the antenna.
When computing the range of the near field of the antenna, the researchers used
the higher frequency of the duplex frequencies to have a larger near field range.
a. For LINK 1
From Table 5.9, it can be seen that the obstruction 854.9 meters away from
Site B is nearer than 150% First freznel radius to the line of sight path. To
determine if this will cause a clutter loss during propagation, the researchers
determine if this is within the near field of Site B antenna.
Neai Fielu <
B
2

Where:
B -Biametei of the antenna in meteis
- wavelength of the antenna in meteis
Neai Fielu <
B
2
< (
2
)x
8.9 x
9

x
8
< 8. rs
The near field of the antenna is only within 483.5412 meters from the
antenna. Since the obstruction is located 854.9 meters from Site B antenna, it is
80

not within the near field range. Therefore, no clutter losses incurred during the
propagation for this link.

b. For LINK 2
From Table 5.10, it can be seen that the obstruction 541.02 meters away
from Site B is nearer than 150% First freznel radius to the line of sight path. To
Neai Fielu <
B
2

Where:
Neai Fielu <
B
2
< (.
2
) x
8.8 x
9

x
8
< .88 rs
The near field of the antenna is only within .88 meters from the
antenna. Since the obstruction is located further then 541.02 meters from Site B,
it is not within the near field range. Therefore, antenna no clutter losses incurred
during the propagation for this link.
c. For LINK 3
From Table 5.11, it can be seen that the obstruction 106.0704 meters away
from Site B is nearer than 150% First freznel radius to the line of sight path. To
Neai Fielu <
B
2

Where:
81

Neai Fielu <
B
2
< (.
2
) x
8. x
9

x
8
< .8 rs
The near field of the antenna is only within .8 meters from the
antenna. Since the obstruction is located further then 106.0704 meters from Site
B, it is within the near field range. Therefore, the obstruction will cause clutter
losses during the propagation for this link.
Computing for clutter losses:
L
t
= x u
c

Where:
L
t
- attenuation thiough tiees in uB
- attenuation factoi thiough tiees
u
c
-effective uepth of tiees
For Vertically polarization:
= +. e
-90
I
Mhz
log
10
+
I
Mhz
100

Where:
= conuuctivity of tiees
Tree Type
Dry Bare Trees 7.00e-06
Dry Full Leaf Trees 1.00e-05
Dry Evergreen Trees 3.00e-05
Dry Rain Forrest 2.00e-05
Wet Bare Trees 1.40e-06
82

Wet Full Leaf Trees 2.00e-05
Wet Evergreen Trees 6.00e-05
Wet Rain Forrest 4.00e-4
The tree conductivity to be used for link tree will be the conductivity of
Dry full Leaf Trees which is equal to 1.00e-05
f
Mhz
-Bighei fiequency of the uuplex fiequencies = 8. Nhz

= +. e
-90
I
Mhz
log
10
+
I
Mhz
100

= ( x
-5
) +. e
-90
81.62
log
10
+
8177.62
100

= .9998

Bepth of Tiees (u
c
) = _u
p
+ ( log(f
Mhz
))
2

Where:
u
p
= tiee uepth in meteis = meteis
f
Mhz
-Bighei fiequency of the uuplex fiequencies = 8. Nhz

u
c
= + ( log(8.))
2
= .8
L
t
= x u
c

L
t
= .9998 x .8
L
t
= 17. 9778815 dB

83

F. Diffraction Fade Margin

BiffFN = TFN- Biffiaction Loss - Cluttei Loss
Where:
BiffFN -Biffiaction Faue maigin
TFN- Theimal Faue Naigin in uB

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
BiffFN = 8.9uB -uB - uB
DIIFM = 48. 4941352dB
RETURN Frequency:
BiffFN = 8.uB - uB -uB
DIIFM = 48. 34172dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
BiffFN = 8.88uB -uB - uB
DIIFM = 48. 3981758dB
RETURN Frequency:
BiffFN = .988uB -uB - uB
DIIFM = 47. 914528dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
BiffFN = .uB -uB - .988uB
DIIFM = 35. 15879517dB
84

RETURN Frequency:
BiffFN = .8uB -uB - .988uB
DIIFM = 34. 85434447dB

G. Flat Fade Margin

FFN = -log(
-
TFM
10
+
-
IFM
10
+
-DIIIFM10
+
-AdjCFM10
)
Where:
FFN -Flat Faue Naigin in uB
TFN- Theimal Faue Naigin in uB
IFN - Exteinal Inteifeience Faue Naigin in uB
BiffFN -Biffiaction Faue maigin in uB
AujCFN -Aujacent Channel Faue Naigin in uB

In cases when External Interference Fade Margin (IFM) and Adjacent Channel
Fade Margin (AdjFM) is not given, then the terms which contain these values in the
exponent are omitted. Since Adjacent Channel Fade Margin (AdjFM) is not given, the
researchers omitted the term containing (AdjFM).

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
FFN = -log(
-48.6494135210
+
-54.6494135210
+
-48.6494135210
)
FFM = 45. 1252943dB
85

RETURN Frequency:
FFN = -log(
-48.304017210
+
-54.304017210
+
-48.304017210
)
FFM = 44. 77989831dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
FFN = -log(
-48.3981705810
+
-54.3981705810
+
-48.3981705810
)
FFM = 44. 874519dB
RETURN Frequency:
FFN = -log(
-48.0914562810
+
-54.09145628
+
-48.0914562810
)
FFM = 44. 5733739dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
FFN = -log(
-53.1366767310
+
-59.1366767310
+
-35.1587951710
)
FFM = 35. 73817dB
RETURN Frequency:
FFN = -log(
-52.8322260310
+
-59.8322260310
+
-34.8543444710
)
FFM = 34. 77214117dB

86

H. Composite Fade Margin

CFN = -log(
-FFM10
+
-DFM10
)
Where:
CFN -Composite Faue Naigin in uB
FFN -Flat Faue Naigin in uB
BFN - Bispeisive Faue Naigin in uB

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
CFN = -log(
-45.1252946310
+
-7010
)
CFM = 45. 111182dB
RETURN Frequency:
CFN = -log(
-44.7798983110
+
-7010
)
CFM = 44. 78297dB

b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
CFN = -log(
-44.8740516910
+
-7010
)
CFM = 44. 87311dB
RETURN Frequency:
CFN = -log(
-44.5673373910
+
-7010
)
87

CFM = 44. 5549238dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
CFN = -log(
-35.0730861710
+
-7010
)
CMM = 35. 718972dB
RETURN Frequency:
CFN = -log(
-34.7721411710
+
-7010
)
CFM = 34. 778382dB

Table 5.9: Fade Margin Calculation Summary
Fade
Margins
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
TFM 8.9uB 8.uB 9.98uB 8.9uB .uB .8uB
DFM 70dB 70dB 70dB 70dB 70dB 70dB
IFM .9uB .uB .98uB .9uB 9.uB 8.8uB
FFM .uB .9uB .8uB .uB .uB .uB
CFM .uB .uB .8uB .uB .uB .uB

iv. Atmospheric Losses
A. Oxygen Absorption Loss
For oxygen, specific attenuation is given by (according to ITU-R Rec. P-676):
o
= _.9x
-3
+
.9
f
2
+ .
+
.8
(f -)
2
+ .
_ f
2
x
-3

88

I
o
=
o

Where:

o
-0xygen specific attenuation in uBkm
f -Fiequency in uBz
B -path uistance in km
L
o
-0xygen Absoiption Loss in uB

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:

o
= .9x
-3
+
6.09
(7.77735)
2
+0.227
+
4.81
(7.77735-57)
2
+1.50
(.)
2
x
-3

o
= .9x
-3
uBkm
L
o
= (.89)(.9x
-3
)
L
= . 151348373dB
RETURN Frequency:

o
= .9x
-3
+
6.09
(8.05902)
2
+0.227
+
4.81
(8.05902-57)
2
+1.50
(8.9)
2
x
-3

o
= .98x
-3
uBkm
L
o
= (.89)(.98x
-3
)
L
= . 152353231dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:

o
= .9x
-3
+
6.09
(7.83665)
2
+0.227
+
4.81
(7.83665-57)
2
+1.50
(.8)
2
x
-3

o
= .x
-3
uBkm
L
o
= (.899)(.x
-3
)
89

L
= . 919188dB
RETURN Frequency:

o
= .9x
-3
+
6.09
(8.11832)
2
+0.227
+
4.81
(8.11832-57)
2
+1.50
(8.8)
2
x
-3

o
= .9x
-3
uBkm
L
o
= (.899)(.9x
-3
)
L
= . 9252447dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:

o
= .9x
-3
+
6.09
(7.89595)
2
+0.227
+
4.81
(7.89595-57)
2
+1.50
(.899)
2
x
-3

o
= .8x
-3
uBkm
L
o
= (.8)(.8x
-3
)
L
= . 77379dB
RETURN Frequency:

o
= .9x
-3
+
6.09
(8.17762)
2
+0.227
+
4.81
(8.17762-57)
2
+1.50
(8.)
2
x
-3

o
= .89x
-3
uBkm
L
o
= (.8)(.89x
-3
)
L
= . 71241788dB

B. Water Vapor Loss
For water vapor, specific attenuation is given by (according to ITU-R Rec. P-676):
w
= _. +

(f -.)
2
+.
+
9
(f - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(f -.8)
2
+
_ f
2
p
-4

L
w
= B
w

90

Where:

w
- Watei vapoi specific attenuation in uBkm
f -Fiequency in uBz
B -Bistance in km
L
w
- Watei vapoi Loss in uB
- Watei vapoi Bensity in gm
3

= gm
3
(Naximum Watei vapoi Bensity)

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
w
= _. +

(. -.)
2
+ .
+
9
(. - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(. -.8)
2
+
_ (.)
2
()
-4

w
= .88x
-3
uBkm
L
w
= (.89)(.88x
-3
)
L
w
= . 13451574dB

RETURN Frequency:
91

w
= _. +

(8.9 -.)
2
+ .
+
9
(8.9 - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(8.9 -.8)
2
+
_ (8.9)
2
()
-4

w
= .8x
-3
uBkm
L
w
= (.89)(.8x
-3
)
L
w
= . 1453724dB
b. For LINK 2
GO frequency:
w
= _. +

(.8 -.)
2
+ .
+
9
(.8 - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(.8 -.8)
2
+
_ (.8)
2
()
-4

w
= .988x
-3
uBkm
L
w
= (.899)(.988x
-3
)
L
w
= . 82933485dB
RETURN Frequency:
w
= _. +

(8.8 -.)
2
+ .
+
9
(8.8 - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(8.8 -.8)
2
+
_ (8.8)
2
()
-4

w
= .988x
-3
uBkm
L
w
= (.899)(.988x
-3
)
L
w
= . 8958983dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
92

w
= _. +

(.899 -.)
2
+ .
+
9
(.899 - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(.899 -.8)
2
+
_ (.899)
2
()
-4

w
= .89x
-3
uBkm
L
w
= (.8)(.89x
-3
)
L
w
= . 4822799dB
RETURN Frequency:
w
= _. +

(8. -.)
2
+ .
+
9
(8. - 8.)
2
+
+
.
(8. -.8)
2
+
_ (8.)
2
()
-4

w
= .8x
-3
uBkm
L
w
= (.8)(.8x
-3
)
L
w
= . 9995227dB

C. Rain Loss
The following properties are inherent to rain attenuation:
It increases exponentially with rain intensity
It becomes significantly larger as the distance travelled increases
Horizontal polarization causes greater rain attenuation than vertical
polarization
Rain outage increases dramatically with frequency and path length

A. Effective Rain Path Length
B
c
=
B
+
B
e
-0.015 R
0.01

93

Where:
B
c
-Effective iain Path Length in km
B -Bistance between sites in km
R
0.01
- Rate of iain fall that is exceeueu .% of the time in mmhi

a. For LINK 1:
B
c
=
.89
+
.89
e
-0.015 (95)

D
e
=6.151944474 km
b. For LINK 2:
B
c
=
.899
+
.899
e
-0.015 (95)

D
e
= 5. 2371123

c. For LINK 3:
B
c
=
.8
+
.8
e
-0.015 (95)

D
e
= 4. 7295153

B. Rain Loss
Specific Attenuation due to rainfall is given by (according to ITU-R
recommendation P.838)
r
= kR
0.01
u

Where:

r
- Specific attenuation uue to iainfall in uBkm
94

R
0.01
- Rate of iainfall exceeueu .% of the time in mmhi
Rate of rainfall values are defined for 15 rain zones and different time percentages and
they are given in ITU-R Recommendation P.837. Figure 16 shows the rain zone map divided
in 15 rain zones. It can be seen from the figure 5.3 that the Philippines is divided into two
rain zones (N and P). In this design, the rain zone to be considered is rain zone N (Rain zone
for Luzon and Visayas). The values of the rate of rainfall that is exceeded for specific
percentage of time in 15 different rain zones are enumerated in table 5.10. The value of the
rate of rainfall to be considered for the computation is the rate that is exceeded 0.01% of
the time in the rain zone N which has a value of 95mm/hr base on the table.

95

Figure 5.3: Rain zone map based on Recommendation ITU-R PN. 837-1.

96

Table 5.10: Values of the rate of rainfall at different rain zones and at different percentage
of time provided by the ITU-R.
Percentage
of time(%)
A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q
1.0 <0.1 0.5 0.7 2.1 0.6 1.7 3 2 8 15 2 4 5 12 14
0.3 0.8 2 2.8 4.5 2.4 4.5 7 4 13 42 7 11 15 34 49
0.1 2 3 5 8 6 8 12 10 20 12 15 22 35 65 72
0.03 5 6 9 13 12 15 20 18 28 23 33 40 65 105 96
0.01 8 12 15 19 22 28 30 32 35 42 60 63 95 145 115
0.003 14 21 26 29 41 54 45 55 45 70 105 95 140 200 142
0.001 22 32 42 42 70 78 65 83 55 100 150 120 180 250 170

The values of k and are given on table 5.9. The values of k and depend on frequency
and polarization. In this design, the polarization to be used must be vertical polarization to
minimize the loss due to rainfall. From the table 5.9, the values of k and to be used for the
computations for the attenuation due to rainfall are 0.00395 and 1.310 respectively .The
values of k and depend on the frequency band and polarization used.

97

Table 5.11: Values of k and to be used in the computation of specific rain loss

Rain Loss is given by:
L
r=
r
B
c

Where:
L
r
- Rain loss in uB

r
- Specific attenuation uue to Rainfall in uBkm
B
c
-Effective iain path length in km
a. For LINK 1:
r
= (.99)x(9)
1.3129

r
= .89 uBkm
L
r
= (.89)(.9 )
Frequency
GHz
Horizontal polarization Vertical polarization
K K
1 0.0000387 0.9122
0.0000352
0.8801
2
0.0001543
0.9629
0.0001388
0.923
4
0.0006479
1.1212
0.0005807
1.0749
6
0.001813
1.3068
0.001603
1.2662
7
0.002915
1.3334
0.002560
1.3086
8
0.004567
1.3275 0.003996 1.3129
10
0.01006
1.2747
0.008853
1.2636
12
0.01882
1.2168
0.01680
1.1994
15
0.03689
1.1549
0.03362
1.1275
20
0.07504
1.0995
0.06898
1.0663
25
0.1237
1.0604
0.1125
1.0308
30
0.1864
1.0202
0.1673
0.9974
35
0.2632
0.9789
0.2341
0.963
40 0.3504 0.9394
0.3104
0.9293
98

L
r
= 9. 7937352 dB
b. For LINK 2:
r
= (.99)x(9)
1.3129

r
= .89 uBkm
L
r
= (.89 )(. )
L
r
= 8. 2552939 dB
c. For LINK 3:
r
= (.99)x(9)
1.3129

r
= .89 uBkm
L
r
= (.89 )(.9 )
L
r
= 7. 422484575dB
Table 5.12: Summary of Atmospheric Loss Calculations
Atmospheric
losses
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
Oxygen Absorption
loss
.uB .uB .99uB .9uB .8uB .uB
Water Vapor
Loss
.uB .uB .89uB .89uB .8uB .99uB
Rain Loss 9.9 uB 9.9 uB 8. uB 8. uB .uB . uB
TOTAL 9.995dB 10.007dB 8.4404dB 8.4476dB 7.5581dB 7.5637dB

v. Reliability Calculations (Free-space Propagation)
0 = a x b x . x
-6
x f x B
3
x
-
CFM
10

R = ( -0)x%
99

Where:
0 - unavailability
B -Bistance in miles
f -Fiequency in uhz
CFN-Composite Faue Naigin in uB
R -Peicentage of Reliability
a - teiiain factoi
a = ; foi veiy smooth teiiain, incluuing ovei watei
a = ; foi aveiage teiiain, with some ioughness
a = .; for mountainous, very rough, or very dry areas
The terrain factor to be used in the computation for Links 1 and 3 will be
1 and 0.25 for Link 2.
b - climate factoi
b = .; foi gulf coast oi similai hot, humiu aieas
b = .; foi noimal inteiioi tempeiate oi noithein aieas
b = .; foi mountainous oi veiy uiy aieas
The climate factor to be used for the computation for Links 1 and 3 will
be 0.25 and 0.125 for Link 2.

a. For LINK 1
GO frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x (.) x (.)
3
x
-
45.111182
10

100

= 4. 2912595381
-7

R = ( -.998x
-7
)x%
= 99. 9999579%
RETURN Frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x (8.9) x (.)
3
x
-
44.76686297
10

= 4. 81359841
-7

R = ( -.898x
-7
)x%
= 99. 9999518%
b. For LINK 2
GO frequency:
0 = . x . x . x
-6
x (.8) x (8.)
3
x
-
44.8607311
10

= 1. 2775351
-8

R = ( -.x
-8
)x%
= 99. 99999872%
RETURN Frequency:
0 = . x . x . x
-6
x (8.8)x (8.)
3
x
-
44.5549238
10

= 1. 419479411
-8

R = ( -.99x
-8
)x%
= 99. 99999858%
101

c. For LINK 3
GO frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x (.899) x (.89)
3
x
-
35.07168972
10

= 4. 45711181
-7

R = ( -.8x
-7
)x%
= 99. 99995543%
RETURN Frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x 8.x (.89)
3
x
-
34.7708382
10

= 4. 9472199211
-7

R = ( -.999x
-7
)x%
= 99. 9999553%

Table 5.13: Reliability Calculations Summary
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
99.99999% 99.99998% 99.999998% 99.9999988% 99.9999% 99.9999%

102

vi. Reliability Due to Atmospheric Losses
A. Fade Margin due to Atmospheric Losses
FN
AL
= CFN-TAL
Where:
FN
AL
- Faue Naigin uue to Atmospheiic losses in uB
CFN -Composite Faue Naigin in uB
TAL -Total Atmospheiic Loss in uB
a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
FN
AL
= .9uB -9.999uB
FM
AL
= 35. 11594955dB
RETURN Frequency:
FN
AL
= .89uB -.9uB
FM
AL
= 34. 75974dB
b. For LINK 2
GO Frequency:
FN
AL
= .8uB -8.9uB
FM
AL
= 3. 4235717dB
For the RETURN Frequency
103

FN
AL
= .98uB -8.9uB
FM
AL
= 3. 1728253dB
c. For LINK 3
GO Frequency:
FN
AL
= .89uB -.8uB
FM
AL
= 27. 5131597dB
For the RETURN Frequency
FN
AL
= .88uB -.9uB
FM
AL
= 27. 27111dB
B. Reliability Due to Atmospheric Losses Calculations
For the reliability due to Atmospheric Losses Calculations, the same formula as
in section F of this chapter will be used with the value of CFM in the formula given
in section F be change to the value of the computed fade margin due to path loss.

a. For LINK 1
GO Frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x (.) x (.)
3
x
-
35.11594955
10

= 4. 28551311
-

R = ( -.8x
-6
)x%
104

= 99. 99957134%
RETURN Frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x (8.9) x (.)
3
x
-
34.75976004
10

= 4. 8214488871
-

R = ( -.8888x
-6
)x%
= 99. 9995178%
b. For LINK 2
GO frequency:
0
= . x . x . x
-6
x (.8) x (8.)
3
x
-
36.42035717
10

= 8. 9175888891
-8

R = ( -8.988889x
-8
)x%
= 99. 9999918%
RETURN Frequency:
0 = . x . x . x
-6
x (8.8)x (8.)
3
x
-
36.10728253
10

= 9. 928598431
-8

R = ( -9.9898x
-8
)x%
= 99. 999997%
c. For LINK 3
GO frequency:
105

0 = x . x . x
-6
x (.899) x (.89)
3
x
-
27.5131597
10

= 2. 54159111
-

R = ( -.9x
-6
)x%
= 99. 99974598%
RETURN Frequency:
0 = x . x . x
-6
x 8.x (.89)
3
x
-
27.20711661
10

= 2. 823142421
-

R = ( -.8x
-6
)x%
= 99. 9997179%

Table 5.14: Reliability Due to Atmospheric Losses Summary
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
GO
Frequency
RETURN
Frequency
99.999% 99.9998% 99.999998% 99.99999% 99.99998% 99.9999%

106

CHAPTER VI

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS

A. Microwave Radio Unit Descriptions and Specifications

Table 6.0: Microwave Radio Unit Description and Specification for LINK 1
SITE LAOAG BURGOS
Brand SAF CFQ SAF CFQ
Product Name CFQ-IDU (63E1, 1+0) CFQ-IDU (63E1, 1+0)
CFQ-ODU 8GHz CFQ-ODU 8GHz
Frequency Band 8GHz Band 8GHz Band
Modulation Scheme 32QAM 32QAM
Capacity 63E1 63E1
Transmitter Output Power 29dBm 29dBm
Minimum receiver Threshold -77dBm -77dBm
Flange Type UBR84 UBR84
Polarization Vertical Vertical
Mounting Option to antenna Surface Mounted Surface Mounted

SITE BURGOS BANGUI
107

Capacity 63E1 63E1

SITE BANGUI PAGUDPUD
Capacity 63E1 63E1

108

B. Antenna Descriptions and Specifications

Table 6.3: Antenna Description and Specification for LINK 1
SITE LAOAG BURGOS
Brand Andrew Andrew
Product Code HP8-71W-R2A HP8-71W-R2A
Antenna Type High
Performance Parabolic Shielded
Antenna, single polarized
High
Diameter 2.4 meters 2.4 meters
Operating Frequency 7.125GHz 8.500GHz 7.125GHz 8.500GHz
Gain (Minimum) 42.3dBi 42.3dBi
Beamwidth 1.1 1.1
Antenna Input UBR84 UBR84
VSWR 1.06 1.06

SITE BURGOS BANGUI
Brand Andrew Andrew
Antenna Type High
High
Performance Parabolic
Shielded Antenna, single
polarized
109

Beamwidth 1.1 1.1
VSWR 1.06 1.06

SITE BANGUI PAGUDPUD
Brand Andrew Andrew
Antenna Type High
High
Performance Parabolic
Shielded Antenna, single
polarized
Beamwidth 1.1 1.1
VSWR 1.06 1.06

110

C. Tower Descriptions and Specifications

Table 6.6: Summary of Tower Descriptions and Specifications
SITE LAOAG BURGOS BANGUI PAGUDPUD
Brand Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew
Product Code ASELM64-68M ASELM64-68M ASELM64-68M ASELM54M
Tower Type Self-support Self-support Self-support Self-support
Ladder Type Protected internal
climbing ladder
Protected internal
climbing ladder
Protected internal
climbing ladder
Protected internal
climbing ladder
Material Type High tensile
galvanized steel
High tensile
galvanized steel
High tensile
galvanized steel
High tensile
galvanized steel
Tower Height 64.0 meters 64.0 meters 64.0 meters 54.0 meters
Tower
Footprint Area
13.890 m 13.890 m 13.890 m 9.204 m
Tower Mass 13722.50 kg 13722.50 kg 13722.50 kg 9211.20 kg

111

Link 1

Figure 6.0: Photographical representation of the towers with antennas for Site A and Site B

Laoag Site
64.00 m
3.00 m
13.89 m
2
59.2378153 m
64.00 m
59.2378153m
3.00 m
Burgos Site
13.89 m
2
112

Link 2

Figure 6.1: Photographical representation of the towers with antennas for Repeater1 and
Site C

Burgos Site Bangui Site
64.00 m
2.40 m 2.40 m
55.23660475m
64.00 m
13.89 m
2
13.89 m
2
55.23660475m
113

Link 3

Figure 6.2: Photographical representation of the towers with antennas for Site C and Site D

Bangui Site Pagudpud Site
2.40 m
33.79821825m
54.00 m
9.204 m
2
33.79821825 m
64.00 m
2.40 m
13.89 m
2
114

D. Radio Room Layout

Figure 6.3: Photographical representation of Radio Room

BTS 2G BTS 2G
Rectifier
PORT HOLES
W
A
C
U
GBB
M
D
P
KRONE
DDF Tx
MDP Main distribution Panel
GBB Grounding Bus Bar
WACU Window Type Air-conditioning Unit
Tx - Transmission
115

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

In a microwave link design, the line-of-sight between the sites is one of the factors to be
first considered. The signal path must be cleared from any obstructions for the sites to see
each other. Due to the physical characteristics of the earth, high terrains and the earths
curvature prevent the sites to achieve line of sight. However by using towers of practical
height, antennas are being place to these towers to offset the physical characteristics of the
earth and thereby achieving a line-of-sight. When the required heights of the towers to
achieve a line-of-sight are already becoming impractical, a repeater station must be
considered.
A link between the city of Laoag and town of Pagudpud was the main target of this
microwave link design. From the result of the path survey, a direct link between Laoag and
Pagudpud requires impractical antenna heights. Proposed repeaters are being considered
to be in Burgos and Bangui because line-of-sight propagation from Laoag to Burgos, Burgos
to Bangui and from Bangui to Pagudpud is determined to be possible. Also, the repeaters
are chosen to be in Burgos and Bangui to maintain the reliability of the performance radio
units and to extend the voice, data and video services to Burgos and Bangui.
The GO and RETURN frequencies for LINK 1, LINK 2 and LINK 3 were specified using the
8GHz Band. The reliability of the system was computed in the link budget. Gains, losses,
atmospheric effects and other factors that could affect the propagated signals were
considered. The numerical values used for computations were all worst case values. The
computed values of the percentage of reliability for the whole system are all above 99.999%
which is the minimum target. Putting up of this system is achievable and gives an assurance
that it will have a good performance in providing services to subscribers.

116

CHAPTER VIII

RECOMMENDATIONS

To achieve a better performance in putting up this system, it is recommended to use
microwave radio units with higher transmitter output power and lower minimum receiver
threshold than the microwave radio units being used in this design. The design can also be
done without using waveguide and attaching the outdoor unit on the back of the antenna
directly. This would eliminate waveguide losses, thus, making the design more reliable.
If the demand for voice, data and video services will increase, the service area of the
system may be increase by offering the services to the neighboring towns by putting up
additional links.
As the demand increases, a higher reliability should be achieved. By using diversity
schemes, the reliability of the system can be increased.

117

CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATE

Table 9.0: The table provides a rough estimate for the total cost of putting up the system.
The labor cost considered is 10% of the total equipment cost.
Materials Quantity Unit Price
(Php)
Total Price
(Php)
54 m self-support Tower 1 1,064,000 1,064,000
64 m self-support Tower 3 1,260,000 3,780,000
Microwave Radio Unit (IDU and ODU) 6 154,560 927360
2.4m Parabolic Shielded Antenna 4 83,024 332,096
3.0m Parabolic Shielded Antenna 2 83,024 498144
Waveguides 6
Connectors 12
Equipment Housing 4 126,000 504,000
Baseband Equipments 4 437,094 1,748,376
Airconditioning unit 4 23,100 92,400
Power supply 4 126,000 504,000
Generator set 4 336,000 1,344,000
Other powering equipments 4 200,000 800,000
Concrete fencing 4 25,200 100,800
Others 4 300,000 1,200,000
Labor 1,289,517
TOTAL 14,184,693

118

CHAPTER X
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Moreno, L., Point-to-Point Radio Link Engineering, Torino, Italy
Ho C. M., Wang C., Angkasa K., and Gritton k., Estimation of Microwave
Power Margin Losses Due to Earths Atmosphere and Weather in the
Frequency Range of 3-30GHz,California: January 20,2004
A consultative Document,Spectrum Plans for Accommodation of Point-to-
Point Radiocommunications System, Sept 2010
Jimenez J. F., Fundamentals of Radio Link Engineering,1999
Lehpamer H., Transmission System Design Handbook for Wireless Networks,
USA: Artech House Inc., 2002
Rule, M. T., Microwave Fundamentals
Rec. ITU-R PN.837-1, Characteristics Of Precipitation For Propagation
Modelling
Rec. ITU-R P.838-2, Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction
methods
Ben Evans,P.E.,Planning a Microwave Link: Its not just Line of Sight
Ho, C.M., Wang, C., Angkasa K., Gritton K., Estimation of Microwave Power
Margin Losses Due to Earths Atmosphere and Weather in the Frequency
Range of 330 GHz

ITU-R, Radio-frequency channel arrangements for fixed wireless systems
operating in the 8 GHz (7 725 to 8 500 MHz) band

119

Internet Sites:
www.commscope.com
earth.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com

CHAPTER XI
APPENDICES

Microwave Design Linking Laoag and Pagudpud

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Microwave Design Linking Laoag and Pagudpud

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1

Elevation: 21.6408 meters above sea level

Elevation: 330.708 meters above sea level

Elevation: 8.2296 meters above sea level

Potrebbero piacerti anche