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PCC SOFTWARE
Software for creation of pipe classes and mechanical calculation of piping components. Read more ...
VES SOFTWARE
Software for the design and mechanical calculation of pressure vessels and heat exchangers. Read More ...
FLG SOFTWARE
The presentation shows the calculation of a standard piping flange in the VES application. Read more ...
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1. General
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1. General
The pipeway conveys all main process lines connecting distant pieces of equipment, relief and blowdown headers, all lines leaving and entering the plant, utility lines supplying steam, air, cooling water and inert gas to the plant. Electrical and instrument cable trays are usually routed in the pipeway. Pipeways are classified by their relative elevation to grade.
PCC
PCC introduction PCC Software PCC User Manual ASME B31.3 software EN 13480 software EN 1594 software PCC fact list
1.1 Piperack
Overhead piping supported on steel or concrete bents.
1.2 Pipetrack
Above ground piping supported on concrete sleepers at grade level. (Off site areas where equipment is well spaced out)
VES
Quick reference guide Design and Calculation Heat Exchanger Flange Calculation
Location of cooling water lines underground or above ground Trenched piping, if any.
3.2 Development
With the receipt of engineering flow diagrams and utility flow diagrams, a more complete and accurate assessment of rack space is possible. Utility headers generally run the whole length of the piperack, so should be taken into account
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when estimating additional space required. To assist Process Department in sizing utility headers in the pipeway a line routing on a repro of the plot plan, showing order of take-offs is required.
4. Line Identication
Certain types of piping require special consideration:
5. Piperack Width
The width of piperack is influenced by : The number of lines Electrical/instrument cable trays. Space for future lines. The width of a piperack may be calculated using the following method : First estimate number of lines as described. Add up the number of lines up to 18 diameter in the most dense section of the piperack. The total width in meters (W) will be : W = ( f x N x S ) + A meters Where f, safety factor = 1.5, if the lines have been laid out as described in initial evaluation.
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Where f, safety factor = 1.2, if the lines have been laid out as described under development. N = number of lines below 18 diameter S = average estimated spacing between lines in millimeters. Usually - S = 300 mm Usually - S = 230 mm ( if lines in piperack are smaller than 10 ) A = additional width required meters for : Lines larger than 18. Future lines. Instrument and electrical cable trays. Any slot for pump discharge lines 500 mm - 1 meter. The total width is thus obtained. If W is bigger than 9M usually two piperack levels will be required. Note : At the beginning of a job, `W` should usually include 30 - 40% of clear space for future lines. The width of the piperack may be increased or determined by the space requirement, and/or access to equipment arranged under the piperack. Below figure shows typical piperacks bents with tabulated dimensions. Total available piperack width of each type of support is included. This table can be used for selection. The most commonly used piperack supports are types 2, 3, 4 and 5.
6. Piperack Elevation
Piperack elevation is determined by the highest requirement of the following : Headroom over main road
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Headroom for access to equipment under the piperack Headroom under lines interconnecting the piperack and equipment located outside. The size of steel or concrete beam supporting overhead piping must be taken into consideration. Headroom requirements for each job are detailed in Company specification no. C100 and coordination procedure.
If possible, a centrally placed section of the piperack is reserved for future lines. This section should run the whole length of the piperack. Should this be impracticable, a series of smaller sections, running the whole length of the piperack, are to be provided. (see below figure).
8. Piping Economy in Piperack and its Inuence on Plant Layout 8.1 Piperack Layout
Plant layout determines the main piperack piping runs. The shape of piperack is the result of plant arrangements, site conditions, Clients requirements and overall plant economy. See below figures. Piping economy depends primarily on the length of lines routed in the piperack. Below figures shows critical dimensions which influence overall cost. These dimensions depend on overall plant layout and should be carefully considered when the plot is arranged. Dimension A, (see below figures) is the total length of piperack and is governed by the number and size of equipment, structures and buildings arranged along both sides of the piperack. On average, 3 meters of piperack length are required per item of process equipment, good lay-out can reduce piperack length. (Thereby costs). Equipment in pairs, stacked exchangers supported from towers, two vessels combined into one, closely located towers with common platforms, process equipment located - under piperack - are examples which help shorten piperack length. In a well arranged plant, average length of piperack per item of process equipment can be reduced to 2.1 meters to 2.4 meters. Careful selection of dimensions B and C, below figure will minimize interconnection equipment on opposite sides of
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piperack. C is normally no more than 1.8 meters to 3 meters. Dimensions D and E, (see below figure), minimize. Overgenerous dimensioning here will increase vertical pipe lengths. Maximize use of available platforms for access to valves. Where air fins are located above the piperack, use associated air fin maintenance platforms, modifying their extent if necessary. This method will be cheaper than adding special platforms in the piperack.
On steam, air and condensate headers, take-offs to be from top of headers. RV headers high or low elevation. Before finalizing elevation of RV header consider elevation of all RV discharges and elevation of knock-out drum at flare. Bends, if used : (check with job specification). Where lines change elevation bends may be used providing difference in elevation is adequate and specification permits Header take-offs in piperacks, use elbows Special piping: Catalyst lines 5D (minimum). Vibrating piping 5D. Small bore usually below 2 (Client preferred). Pipe setting : to be avoided in large bore lines. Small bore lines to be set only where absolutely necessary. Pipe Stress Department will advise which piping systems require formal stress analysis. Supports : avoid long unsupported overhangs. Steelwork clearances : check steelwork clearances for addition of fireproofing (lower elevation of piperack), brackets, gussets and thermal expansion of lines. Concrete support clearances: check for local thickening of concrete columns due to method of fabrication adopted (i.e. corbels). Valves: check clearances and accessibility. Make full of extending platforms for operation (i.e. air fin maintenance platforms). Chain wheels: preferably do not use. However, if necessary, check chain clearances. Spading and valving at battery limit : check for accessibility if necessary, provide access platform.
10. Pipetracks
This type of pipeway is generally associated with offsite areas where equipment is well spaced out, and land space is not a premium.
Support Section). For recommended pipe support spans, use Company standard. On an average minimum span = 3 meters maximum span = 6 meters depending on line size and substance carried in pipes, (i.e. gas or liquid). All lines must be supported. At changes of direction due to long overhangs, for narrow pipetracks a diagonal corner sleeper is recommended. On wide pipetracks, use alternative method of two short sleepers located near corner. See below figures.
10.8 Valves
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Where possible, these should be grouped at the edge of an access platform for ease of operation. Drain valves where possible should be brought to outside of pipetrack for ease of operation. The same applies to steam trap assemblies.
at each intersection. This generally consists of two concrete walls 1 M - 1.25 M apart, with the space in between filled with sand. Where highly flammable gasses are carried, the whole trench, after installation of piping, is back filled with sand. Piping will advise Civil Department of requirements.
TYPE
PIPERACK
CANTILEVER
NUMBER
No.
WIDTH A
WIDTH B
OF ELEV.
1 2
3000 6000 TO 7300 8500 TO 9750 6100 TO 7300 8500 TO 9750 6100 TO 7300 8500 TO 9750
1500
1 1
8500 TO 9750
11600 TO 12800
1500
13700 TO 16150
900 OR 1200
18600 TO 21000
900 OR 1200
11000 TO 12800
900 OR 1500
1.5
14650 TO 15850
900 OR 1500
1.5
EXPANSION LOOPS
Piping Design
Advanced Piping Design book from Gulf Publishing Company for which Red-Bag provided the co-author.
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