Determining the Species Association of Philippine Dandelion and Buffalo Grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum )

A Special Problem in

Ecology
In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirements for the Degree Bachelor in Secondary ducation !a"or in Biological Science Araullo #ni$ersity

By%

!aria laine F& Ramos 'een April (& De )eon

March 20 !

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Chapter I. Introduction Background Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Significance of the Study Scope and Delimitations Re ie! of "iterature and Studies Research Plan #aterials $%uipment #ethod &esting Statistical Analysis Results and Discussion Conclusions Recommendations

Chapter II.

Chapter III. Chapter I'. Chapter '.

Bibliography ( References Ackno!ledgement $)hibit

ABSTRACT

&his study aims to determine the association bet!een Buffalo *rass + Anthoxanthum odoratum , and Philippine

Dandelion. &he t!o species !ere obser ed at Palayan City -ational High School. &he researcher measure ./ %uadrat

!ere they obser ed the occurrence of the t!o species0 each has a measurement of 1)1 meter !ith the used of measuring tape. All data obtained !ere recorded. 2ith the use of statistical tools0 the researchers arri ed !ith the of 3. that is 4.4/ !hich does not e)ceed the alue

alue or any

le el of significance then concluded that there !ere no significant association bet!een Buffalo *rass +

Anthoxanthum odoratum , and

Philippine Dandelion.

INTRODUCTION: Background of the study 5rganisms may sho! relationship on the ground and they may occur together because both prefer the same habitat0 the condition of the !eather and the source of their food. &he occurrence of species may either naturalistic or

parasitic and host0 !hile other species that do not occur together maybe competitors. &oday people are not a!are that grasses ha e specific association to each other and if other species are affected by their occurrence. Buffalo Philippine *rass Dandelion + Anthoxanthum are the t!o odoratum species , that and the

researcher desired to kno! the relationship regarding it6s occurrence. &he researcher decided to use Buffalo *rass !hich can be found any!here0 it is a short7li ed grass !ith a s!eet scent and the Philippine Dandelion !hich has a flo!er !hich is iolet in color. ery little

State ent of the !ro"#e : &he research proposal aims to pro e the possibility of association of Buffalo *rass and Philippine Dandelion.

Specifically0 this study sought to find the ans!er to the %uestion8 Ha8 &here is significant association bet!een the t!o

species in terms of its occurrence in each %uadrat. Ha8 &here is no significant association bet!een the t!o

species in terms of its occurrence in each %uadrat.

S$gn$f$cance of the study: &he aim of this study is to pro e the relationship bet!een t!o species0 the Buffalo *rass and &he Philippine Dandelion. Specifically this study !ill be significant and helpful to the follo!ing8 Researcher: de elopment. impro e their &his It can ser e !ill in as a basis their for further and

study

enhance

skills

kno!ledge

conducting

e)periments

!hich

they can use for personal and e en for other purposes. Students: &his may ser e as a !akeup call and eye opener to encourage them to undertake further e)periment and de elopment.

Sco%e and De#$ $tat$on of the Study: &his Dandelion study !as using conducted Buffalo to *rass and if Philippine is a

identify

there

relationship regarding the occurrence of the t!o species.

&he

researchers

conducted

the

e)perimentation

and

obser ation from 9anuary .:0 .41; to #arch .40 .41;.

Re#ated Stud$es: According to S&$PH$- H. R53B<R*H A-D P$&$R CH$SS5-0 #any organisms o er display a !ide patchiness range of in their distribution Patchy

patterns

spatial

scales.

distribution patterns can be caused by processes such as gro!th0 migration0 reproduction0 and mortality0 !hich

result in neighboring areas being more likely to contain a species than distant areas0 a phenomenon kno!n as positi e spatial autocorrelation. the 2hen species are patchily randomness

distributed0

!ithin7species

spatial

assumptions of the standard statistical tests for detecting species associations are seriously tests under such circumstances can iolated. <sing these lead to incorrect

re=ection of the null hypothesis. &o address this problem !e introduce a ne! test for detecting species associations> the random patterns test. &his test takes into account

spatial autocorrelation by including the characteristics of the spatial pattern of each species into the null model. A randomi?ation distribution procedure of the !as used to generate &he random the null

test

statistic.

patterns

test is illustrated !ith data collected from an herbaceous

understory community of a Eucalyptus forest near Canberra0 Australia. According to Bengt *unnar 9onsson0 9on #oel +Patterns in species of associations scale, in plant communities8 on the

importance

Present

discussions

competiti e

interactions and the occurrence of predictable patterns in species composition @ including assembly rules @ are likely to benefit from appropriate analyses of the spatial

structure in plant communities. 2e suggest such an analysis !hen !e specifically !ant to detect scale regions !here fine7scale local processes may affect the spatial pattern of species composition. 2e combine indirect ordination in the form of Detrended in the Correspondence form of Analysis +DCA, and

geostatistics

ariography.

&he

species

abundance data in the sampled %uadrats are summari?ed as positions on the a)es in the ordination. $ach a)is is used as a regionali?ed spatial dependence ariable in the of the ariography to obtain the &he spatial pattern

%uadrats.

found !ill suggest the rele ant scale region in !hich to perform an analysis of species associations. A significant spatial dependence +the Arange6 in geostatistical =argon, !ill define the si?e of a sampling plot that !ill minimi?e both the problem of being too small and thus ha ing the risk of o ersampling of e.g. clonal indi iduals and of

being too large !hich !ill risk including indi iduals that do not interact. 2e also suggest that plots are spaced at least a Arange6 apart to insure spatial and statistical independence. Comparisons of species compositions in such plots !ill re eal on any a positi e scale or negati e these associations reflect

bet!een

species

!here

should

species7species interactions.

RESEARC& !LAN a' (ater$a#s and (ethods &he researchers conducted this study at Brgy. Atate0 Palayan Stones0 %uadrats. "' )enera# !rocedures Brom the researchers icinity of Brgy. Atate0 Palayan City the ./ %uadrats measuring 1)1 meter City. Plastic &he different and materials tape !ere used in are

Stra!0

measure

making

lay7out

randomly. &hey take note of the occurrence of each species !ithin each %uadrat0 then they computed the percent +C, fre%uency of each species. &hey chose Buffalo *rass as

species A and Philippine Dandelion as species B. &hey get the follo!ing !here data both of the t!o species by8 +a,0 number number of of

%uadrats

occurred

together

%uadrats !here B is the only species present + ",0 number of

%uadrats

!here

is

the

only

species

present

+c,0

and

number of %uadrats !here both did not occur +d, using8 S%ec$es A S%ec$es !resent B A"sent !resent A"sent a c " d

C* Stat$st$ca# Ana#ys$s a, in computing for 3. 3.

b, Compare 3 !ith the distribution table +one degree of freedom,. A le el of significance of /.40 1.40 or 4./ is usually used. If8 &he calculated alue e)ceeds the table alue( or any

of these le els of significance0 then the t!o species !ere associated. adDbc7 then the association is positi e adEbc7 then the association is negati e Critical freedom, 1. .144F..G1 .. .4/4FH.I; H. .4l4F:.:H ;. .44FG.II alue of the 3. distribution +one degree of

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION &his part presents0 analysis and interprets data gathered in an organi?ed manner regarding species occurrence.

Ta"#e +*+ ,uadrat Data Sheet of S%ec$es Assc$at$on ,uadrats 1 . H ; / : G I J 14 11 1. 1H 1; 1/ 1: 1G 1I 1J .4 .1 .. .H .; ./ Buffa#o )rass !h$#$%%$ne Dande#$on Re%resentat$on a c a a a a c c c c a c a c a a a c a a " c a " a

&his table sho!s the occurrence of species +Philippine Dandelion and Buffalo *rass, in e ery %uadrat. Computation8 3.F

F 3.F4.4/ computed alue

CONCLUSION

As based on the results of the computed that is 4.4/ !hich does not e)ceed the

alue of 3.

alue or any le el

of significance. It is therefore concluded that there is no significant association !ith each other. &hat if Philippine *rass gro! fast0 it is also possible to the Philippine Dandelion because their occurrence does not really affect each other.

RECO((ENDATION

Similar researches can be conducted on other species to determine their association !ith each other.

AC-NO.LED)E(ENT It is the researcher6s honor to ackno!ledge the persons !ho =oined their hands and e)erted their efforts in making this study successful one. &o their research teacher0 Donabel *ermino0 for her full super ision and guidance =ust to make this research study a successful one. &he researchers !ould also like to e)press their deepest gratitude to #adam Paula A. Panggalangan0 school principal of Palayan City -ational High School for letting the researchers to ery

perform the obser ation in the said school and 9oel *allarde0 Science teacher for letting the researcher borro!ed a copy of an in estigatory pro=ect as guide. &o their belo ed and e er supporti e parents for pro iding them moral and financial supports0 !hose undying lo e and sacrifices ser e as an inspiration in all their undertakings. #ost of all0 to the creator of hea en and earth !ho united the researchers and ga e them enough strength0 courage and !isdom to finish this study. &o *od be the glory.

B$"#$ogra%hy

#acDonald *.$.0 and B.A. Sellers0 .44:. Buffalo *rass +Anthoxanthum management odoratum) +".,Beauy., IBAS(<B biology0 document ecology and

in

Blorida.

SS7A*R7/..

A ailableonline. Bengt *unnar 9onsson0 9on #oel +Patterns in species associations in plant communities, .44;. Biology0 $cology0 and #anagement.

E"hi#it Species