Name: Merchan Villorente Time: 10:30 11:30

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY MIDTERM EXAMINATION ECOLOGY Directions: This comprehensive test in Ecology is good for 60 minutes only. Reading with comprehension to all the questions/statements is a strategy that is extremely important for choosing the best letter that corresponds to your answer. This test applies the right minus one third wrong scheme of scoring. Strictly no guessing of answer! Write all your answers in the test booklet. (45 pts.)
1. The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is called a. economy. b. modeling. c. recycling. d. ecology. 2. All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an) a. biome. b. population. c. community. d. ecosystem. 3. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? a. Communities make up species, which make up populations. b. Populations make up species, which make up communities. c. Species make up communities, which make up populations. d. Species make up populations, which make up communities. 4. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems? a. carbohydrates b. sunlight c. water d. carbon For item number 5, refer to this illustration of food chain.

5. The algae at the beginning of the food chain in the illustration are a. consumers. b. decomposers. c. producers. d. heterotrophs. 6. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an) a. heterotroph. b. consumer. c. detritivore. d. autotroph. 7. Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live? a. chemosynthetic bacteria b. algae c. trees d. photosynthetic bacteria

8. An organism that cannot make its own food is called a(an) a. heterotroph. b. chemotroph. c. autotroph. d. producer. 9. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called a. decomposers. b. omnivores. c. autotrophs. d. producers. 10. What is an organism that feeds only on plants called? a. carnivore b. herbivore c. omnivore d .detritivore 11. What is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers? a. food web b. an ecosystem c. food chain d. a population 12. What animals eat both producers and consumers? a. herbivores b. omnivores c. chemotrophs d. autotrophs 13. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organisms life processes, and the rest is a. used in reproduction. b. stored as body tissue. c. stored as fat. d. eliminated as heat. 14. The repeated movement of water between Earths surface and the atmosphere is called a. the water cycle. b. the condensation cycle. c. precipitation. d. evaporation. 15. Which of the following is NOT recycled in the biosphere? a. water b. nitrogen c. carbon d. energy 16. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT a. photosynthesis. b. transpiration. c. burning of fossil fuels. d. decomposition of plants and animals. 17. Organisms need nutrients in order to a. utilize hydrogen and oxygen. b. carry out essential life functions. c. recycle chemical compounds. d. carry out nitrogen fixation. 18. The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because a. energy flows in one direction and nutrients recycle. b. energy is limited in the biosphere and nutrients are always available. c. nutrients flow in one direction and energy recycles. d. energy forms chemical compounds and nutrients are lost as heat.

19. The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region is the regions a. weather. b. latitude. c. ecosystem. d. climate. 20. All of the following factors contribute to Earths climate EXCEPT a. latitude. b. biomes and ecosystems. c. transport of heat. d. shape and elevation of land mass. 21. The greenhouse effect is a. the result of an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. b. a natural phenomenon that maintains Earths temperature range. c. the result of the differences in the angle of the suns rays. d. an unnatural phenomenon that causes heat energy to be radiated back into the atmosphere. 22. Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT a. plant life. b. soil type. c. rainfall. d. temperature. 23. Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem? a. average temperature of the ecosystem b. type of soil in the ecosystem c. number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem d. concentration of oxygen in the ecosystem 24. During a long period when there is no rainfall, a mountain lion may temporarily leave its usual hunting territory to drink from a farm pond. This behavior is probably due to a. its need to find different foods to eat. b. the change in an abiotic factor in its environment. c. its need to find a new habitat. d. the change in a biotic factor in its environment. 25. An organisms niche is a. the way the organism uses the range of physical and biological conditions in which it lives. b. all the physical and biological factors in the organisms environment. c. the range of temperatures that the organism needs to survive. d. a full description of the place an organism lives. 26. Several species of warblers can live in the same spruce tree ONLY because they a. have different habitats within the tree. b. eat different foods within the tree. c. occupy different niches within the tree. d. can find different temperatures within the tree. 27. An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called a. competition. b. sybiosis. c. mutualism. d. predation. 28. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time a. because of the interactions that shape the ecosystem. b. unless the species require different abiotic factors. c. because of the competitive exclusion principle. d. unless the species require different biotic factors. 29. A symbiosis in which both species benefit is a. commensalism. b. mutualism. c. predation. d. parasitism.

30. The symbiotic relationship between a flower and the insect that feeds on its nectar is an example of a. mutualism because the flower provides the insect with food, and the insect pollinates the flower. b. parasitism because the insect lives off the nectar from the flower. c. commensalism because the insect does not harm the flower and the flower does not benefit from the relationship. d. predation because the insect feeds on the flower. 31. The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called a. population growth. b. ecological succession. c. climax community. d. climate change. 32. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession? a. Primary succession is slow and secondary succession is rapid. b. Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces. c. Primary succession modifies the environment and secondary succession does not. d. Secondary succession begins with lichens and primary succession begins with trees. 33. Which two biomes have the least amount of precipitation? a. tropical rain forest and temperate grassland b. tropical savanna and tropical dry forest c. tundra and desert d. boreal forest and temperate woodland and shrubland 34. A biome is identified by its particular set of abiotic factors and its a. average precipitation and temperature. b. characteristic ecological community. c. distance from the equator. d. specific geographical location. 35. One of the main characteristics of a population is its a. change over time. b. geographic distribution. c. dynamics. d. habitat. 36. Which are two ways a population can decrease in size? a. immigration and emigration b. increased death rate and immigration c. decreased birthrate and emigration d. emigration and increased birthrate 37. When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate, it is called a. logistic growth. b. growth density. c. exponential growth. d. multiple growth. 38. As resources in a population become less available, population growth a. declines rapidly. b. increases slowly. c. reaches carrying capacity. d. enters a phase of exponential growth. 39. In a logistic growth curve, exponential growth is the phase in which the population a. reaches carrying capacity. b. grows quickly and few animals are dying. c. growth begins to slow down. d. growth stops. 40. A biotic or an abiotic resource in the environment that causes population size to decrease is a a. carrying capacity. b. limiting nutrient. c. limiting factor. d. growth factor.

41. All of the following are limiting factors EXCEPT a. immigration. b. competition. c. predation. d. human disturbances. 42. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the a. death rate may rise. b. birthrate may rise. c. death rate must fall. d. birthrate must fall. 43. Each of the following is a density-dependent limiting factor EXCEPT a. competition. b. predation. c. crowding. d. disease. 44. Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor? a. earthquake b. disease c. emigration d. parasitism 45.A disease resulting in the deaths of one-third of a dense population of bats in a cave would be a a. density-dependent limiting factor. b. result of exponential growth. c. density-independent limiting factor. d. nutrient-limiting factor.

Essay: Answer briefly the following questions into 3-5 sentences only.
(2pts each for letters in items 1and 2) 1. What Fixed Action Patterns are possibly seen in your a. home? - In our home, we usually fixed pattern action such as, crying baby, sounds of the animals inside the house, conversation between the family itself, and etc. b. church?- in church we usually observe the religious music, the homily, the reaction of the listeners, some practices, and etc. c. community? In community, we observe the noise coming from different vehicles, from your aggregates, neighbors, and etc. 2. Differentiate between a. Organismal and Behavioral Ecology. - Organismal ecology focuses on individuals and species on how does a species or organism function in this environment? And, how does the environment influence that species or organism? While Behavioral ecology, is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. b. Imprinting and Learning. - Imprinting is a rapid learning that occurs during a brief receptive period, typically in early life, and that establishes a long-lasting behavioral response to a specific individual, object, or category of stimuli, as attachment to a parent or preference for a type of habitat. While Learning, is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. c. Proximate and Ultimate Causes. - Ultimate and proximate causes have to do with biology and the sciences. For every question, there is a proximal cause, how did something happen, and an ultimate cause, why did something happen. In another view, proximal causes have to do with everyday issues and ultimate causes have to do with evolution.

3. How does Principle of allocation confront the risk of adaptations? (13pts) -The principle that if an organism allocates energy to one function, such as growth or reproduction, it reduces the amount of energy available to other functions, such as defense. An organism must survive in order to reproduce. Failure to invest adequately in whatever it takes to survive therefore can result in a failure to be reproductively successful. On the other hand, an organism that invests excessively in survival can end up having few resources available to devote to reproduction. The most fit organisms typically are those that best balance these conflicting demands and the risk of adaptation is present in this time.