Dee 1 Anthony Martin Tommy Aquino-Dee Ms. Katrine Mendoza Independent Research Essay March !

"1# The history o$ computers. The ne% in$ormation techno&o'y... Internet and e-mai&... ha(e practica&&y e&iminated the physica& costs o$ communications. )eter Druc*er said this+ and it sho%s ho% much %e ha(e 'one throu'h in the &ast thirty years. ,ust #" years a'o+ in the mid1-."/s+ i$ you %anted to send a picture to someone o(erseas+ you had to spend a do&&ar in stampin'+ and it too* that mai& %ee*s to 'et to its destination+ may0e e(en months. Today+ you can do that same thin' %ith e-mai&in'+ and it %ou&d ta*e a mere $i(e seconds to send it. This 'oes to sho% ho% computers and the internet ha(e impro(ed our &i(es in the &ast #" years+ and some o$ the thin's that didn/t e1ist thirty years a'o+ such as the internet+ %e ta*e $or 'ranted today. 2o%+ I %ant to sho% you ho% $ar %e/(e come in computers $rom its ori'ins a&& the %ay up to today.

The concept o$ computin' dates 0ac* to %hen %e %ere usin' a0acuses to count and ca&cu&ate+ as ear&y as !#"" 34. In 1 #!+ 3&aise )asca& in(ented the mechanica& ca&cu&ator+ %hich can 0e considered the precursor to the computers today. Then+ in the 1-th century+ punched card systems 0e'an to sur$ace+ and then %as e1p&oited to ma*e data out o$ it. 5uch uses $or that %as $or automatic mechanica& pianos+ %hich read the ho&es in the paper and interpreted it as notes. Then+ in 1-#.+ E2IA4+ the $irst 'enera&purpose computer+ %as turned on+ and remained in ser(ice $or ei'ht years. That o&d

Dee ! computer used (acuum tu0es+ %ere (ery &oud+ and %ere 0i' enou'h to require a %ho&e room or t%o. 6n 5eptem0er 17th 1-8 + I3M 0ui&t the $irst computer %ith the $irst hard dri(e+ %ith a %hoppin' 8" p&atters+ each !# inches in diameter+ and it on&y he&d a %hoppin' 7 9 me'a0ytes. :ast $or%ard to 1-.1+ %here Inte&+ a ne% company+ 0ui&ds the $irst microprocessor+ the Inte& #""#+ %ith on&y $our 0its. It contains the equi(a&ent o$ !+7"" transistors and %as a $our-0it processor+ %hich meant that it cou&d on&y process $our 0its o$ data per c&oc* cyc&e. It cou&d do around "+""" instructions per second+

runnin' at a ma1imum c&oc* speed o$ .#" *;z. A year &ater+ in 1-.!+ a ne% pro'rammin' standard+ 4+ %as made+ %hich then pa(ed the %ay $or 0i&&ions o$ pro'rams. The same year+ the Inte& <""<+ %hich %as an ei'ht-0it processor+ %hich dou0&ed the e$$iciency $rom the #""#. Then+ computers started to e(o&(e into %hat they mi'ht &oo* &i*e today. In the mid-1-."s+ Don =ancaster in(ented the T> Type%riter+ %hich %as a precursor to today/s monitor and *ey0oards %e ha(e today. Durin' that time+ on Apri& 1st+ 1-. + accordin' to Den(er )ost+ App&e 4omputer %as $ounded 0y 5te(e ?oznia*+ 5te(e ,o0s+ and Rona&d ?ayne. They %ent on to create the App&e II in 1-..+ %hich %as the $irst popu&ar persona& computer+ %hich started at 1+7"" @5 do&&ars. :ina&&y+ in 1-.<+ a ne% pro'rammin' architecture+ ca&&ed 1< + %as 0orn+ %ith the Inte& <"< 1 -0it processor. This architecture is to 0ecome the standard $or a&& )4s to come $or the ne1t 78 years and 0eyond $or pro'rammin'. 2o%+ on to the 1-<"s+ %hen home computin' rea&&y too* o$$. Around this time+ computers %ere 0i' and 0u&*y+ and the 'raphics %ere primiti(e. 6n Au'ust 1!th+ 1-<1+ I3M announced their I3M )ersona& 4omputer+ %hich ran on their Dis* 6peratin' 5ystem+ %hich %as coded 0y Microso$t+ and %as 0etter *no%n as M5-D65. :or the ne1t

Dee 7 1# years+ M5-D65 %ou&d 0ecome the standard operatin' system $or a&& I3M )4s. The ne1t year+ in /<!+ the 4ompact Disc+ %hich %as a re(o&ution to the music industry+ 0ecause it pro(ided crisp di'ita& audio+ %as re&eased to the pu0&ic. That same year+ the 4ommodore #+ se&&in' at A8--+ %hich %as one o$ the 0est home computers o$ the time+ 0e'an se&&in'. 2o%+ 0ecause o$ I3M/s dominance in the ear&y <"/s+ App&e *ne% they had to stop the monopo&y. As a resu&t+ in 1-<#+ the ori'ina& Macintosh %as re&eased+ %ith 1!< *i&o0ytes o$ RAM+ a 7!-0it processor $rom Motoro&a+ and used 7 B inch $&oppy discs $or stora'e+ and cost !+#-- do&&ars+ %hich %as ha&$ o$ %hat their competitor+ I3M+ %as se&&in' their computers. Then+ on 2o(em0er !"th+ 1-<8+ Microso$t re&eased the $irst (ersion o$ their soon-to-0e-popu&ar operatin' system+ ?indo%s. It ran on top o$ M5D65+ and %as a mu&titude o$ pro'rams+ a&& in one %rapped up 0und&e. That same year+ the 4D-R6M standard+ de(e&oped 0y 5ony and )hi&ips+ a&&o%ed a %hoppin' ."" me'a0ytes to 0e stored on one sin'&e disc+ %hich is a hu'e step up $rom the mere *i&o0ytes o$ the $&oppy dis*. It didn/t catch on $or a %hi&e thou'h+ as no one needed that much+ at &east $or no%. C,ames RedD 6n to the ne1t decade+ the 1--"/s+ %hich %as the year computers rea&&y too* o$$. 5tartin' o$$ the decade %as the re&ease o$ ?indo%s 7."+ %hich a&&o%ed true mu&titas*in' on a 7< or hi'her. This is %hat made ?indo%s ta*e o$$ and 0ecome a threat to App&e. Then+ on Au'ust th+ 1--1+ it %as the 0e'innin' o$ a re(o&ution that %ou&d ma*e many others possi0&e+ one that has chan'ed the %or&d+ and one that %ou&d 0rin' $orth a ne% a'e in human history. That re(o&ution is ca&&edET;E I2TERETFF Tim 3ererns-=ee and peop&e at 4ER2 pu0&ished the (ery $irst %e0 pa'e on a ser(er in :rance. In the -"/s+ the internet %as accessed (ia dia&-up+ %hich 'a(e a ma1imum speed o$ 8 *i&o0its per

Dee # second. Then+ in 1--7+ the 'ame that chan'ed a&& (ideo 'ames+ ca&&ed Doom+ commercia&ized the )4 as a 'amin' p&at$orm. 5uch 'ames require $ast processors and po%er$u& machines+ and so in the same year+ the Inte& )entium came a&on'+ %ith c&oc* speeds o$ up to M;z. A&so in /-7+ the M)7 $i&e $ormat+ %hich is the most %ide&y used

audio $i&e $ormat+ %as created and standardized. In /-#+ 2etscape 2a(i'ator+ %hich %as the $irst popu&ar Internet 0ro%ser+ %as insta&&ed (ia 4D+ and you had to pay $or it+ un&i*e today+ %hen you can Gust do%n&oad it. 6ne year &ater+ on Au'ust !#th+ 1--8+ Microso$t %ou&d chan'e the computer industry+ %ith their ne1t incarnation o$ ?indo%s+ %hich %as ?indo%s -8. :or the $irst time+ you cou&d insta&& the operatin' system %ithout insta&&in' D65 $irst+ and it popu&arized the $ami&iar point-and-c&ic* des*top user inter$ace you are pro0a0&y readin' this on. It %as a&so the $irst ?indo%s system to 0e a0&e to 0e insta&&ed (ia 4D-R6M+ or+ you cou&d Gust insta&& $rom 17 $&oppy discs. There %as a&so an e1pansion pac* $or ?indo%s -8+ %hich inc&uded the $irst (ersion o$ Internet E1p&orer. 6(er the ne1t $e% years+ Microso$t too* ad(anta'e o$ its monopo&y %ith ?indo%s 0y 0und&in' IE %ith the system+ a trend that continues unti& today. This caused an anti-trust &a%suit 0y the @5 'o(ernment that &asted a $e% years. Then+ in 1--<+ computer desi'n %as re(o&utionized once a'ain. The pre(ious year+ 1--.+ 5te(e ,o0s+ a$ter a 1!-year hiatus+ returned to a dyin' App&e+ and re(i(ed it+ %ith a p&an. 6ne part o$ that p&an is to comp&ete&y re(o&utionize the des*top computer+ and he then he&ped create the a&&-in-one computer desi'n+ %ith the iMac. It came in a 3ondi 3&ue co&our+ and incorporated a&& the parts o$ a computerH processor+ RAM+ hard dri(e+ monitor+ into one uni$ied case+ and %ith no to%er. Then on ,une !8th+ ?indo%s -< %as re&eased+ %ith a more sta0&e

Dee 8 system+ support $or &ar'er hard dri(es+ and the ne% @ni(ersa& 5eria& 3us standard+ 0etter *no%n as @53. 2o%+ %e are on to a ne% mi&&ennium+ the !"""s. This %as the decade monitors 'ot $&at+ and &aptops too* o$$. Durin' this decade+ 0road0and internet came into %idespread use+ and speeds 0ro*e the me'a0it 0arrier. :irst+ in the year !"""+ 4)@ c&oc* speeds reached 1 Ihz+ %hich means there are one 0i&&ion c&oc* cyc&es per second+ %hich is one nanosecond each. Then+ !""1+ %hich %as one o$ the 0i''est years in computers+ 0rou'ht us theseJ :irst+ App&e re&eased the $irst redesi'n o$ their operatin' system+ %hich %as Mac 65 K. It 0rou'ht us a stream&ined inter$ace+ and $aster per$ormance+ o$ course. 2e1t+ a&so $rom App&e+ %as the i)od. It a&&o%ed us to ho&d a thousand di'ita& son's+ in a de(ice that is easy to use+ and cou&d $it in your poc*et. Third+ Microso$t 0rou'ht us+ %hat I 0e&ie(e+ %as the 65 o$ the $o&&o%in' decadeE ?indo%s K). It simp&i$ied the 5tart menu+ 0rou'ht a more co&our$u& inter$ace+ and 0oasted a &ot o$ ne% $eatures+ &i*e 0etter access to the internet %ith IE + %hich 0y then+ %as a near-monopo&y in the 0ro%ser mar*et+ easy 4D 0urnin'+ Auto-updatin'+ 4&earType+ %hich %as to he&p reada0i&ity issues on ne% =4D monitors+ and more. =ast&y+ Microso$t $e&t the need to compete %ith 5ony+ %ho %as monopo&izin' the (ideo 'ame mar*et+ and &urin' de(e&opers a%ay $rom the )4 p&at$orm. As a resu&t+ Microso$t dressed up )4s to &oo* &i*e conso&es+ remo(ed ?indo%s+ and re&eased it as the K0o1. It %as a 0u&* o$ a conso&e+ and it %as the most po%er$u& o$ the conso&es o$ the time. 6ne o$ its *i&&er &aunch tit&es %as ;a&oJ 4om0at E(o&(ed+ %hich %as a hu'e success+ and %as enou'h to dri(e the K0o1 into second p&ace+ 0ehind the )&ay5tation !+ %hich so&d $our times more units 0y !"" . It a&so popu&arized the on&ine 'amin' concept+ %ith K0o1

Dee =i(e+ %hich on&y %or*ed %ith a 0road0and connection+ to ensure hi'h-qua&ity ser(ices. :ast $or%ard 7 years+ and Mozi&&a :ire$o1 0ecame a competitor to Internet E1p&orer+ e$$ecti(e&y 0rea*in' the monopo&y it had+ and con(ertin' peop&e (ery $ast+ as it %as more re&ia0&e than the $ormer. That same year+ :ace0oo*+ %hich Mar* Luc*er0er' in(ented to *eep in touch %ith his co&&e'e $riends+ %as re&eased on the internet+ a&thou'h it %ou&d not ta*e o$$ unti& !"".-<. The ne1t year+ came a re(o&ution that %ou&d spar* another reason to use the internet. It %as ca&&ed MouTu0e+ and it 0rou'ht the concept o$ on&ine (ideos to the %or&d. That site quic*&y 'ained popu&arity+ and %hen Ioo'&e 0ou'ht the site out+ it 0ecame e(en more popu&ar+ and 0ecame the standard $or a&& (ideo pu0&ishin' $or the years to come. Then+ in !"" + T%itter &aunched+ %hich &et you sum up your thou'hts in a hundred and $orty characters. 2e1t+ the $irst dua&-core computer chip+ ca&&ed the Inte& 4ore ! Duo+ %as in(ented. A&so+ in 2o(em0er+ came a&on' the supercomputer-&i*e )&ay5tation 7+ %hich %as the most po%er$u& 'ames conso&e at the time+ and had 3&u-ray capa0i&ities. Around this time+ in the &atter part o$ the decade+ more emphasis %as put on ;i'h De$inition Te&e(ision+ %hich too* te&e(ision+ and made it sharper and c&earer+ and more reminiscent o$ rea& &i$e. Then+ in !"".+ App&e sho%ed o$$ the $irst popu&ar touch-contro&&ed smartphone+ ca&&ed the i)hone. It %ou&d 'o on to spar* the mo0i&e re(o&ution+ %hich continues unti& today. A&so in that year+ the $irst sin'&e 1 tera0yte hard dri(e %as created. :ina&&y+ in !""-+ Microso$t re&eased ?indo%s .+ %hich is no% the standard $or )4 operatin' systems.

Dee . :ina&&y+ %e arri(e at the present decade+ the !"1"s. This decade has a hu'e emphasis on porta0i&ity+ as there %ere phones+ &aptops+ and ta0&ets here. ;ere+ %e are mo(in' a%ay $rom hard dri(es+ and 'oin' to sma&&er and &ess noisy $&ash memory. In !"1"+ App&e introduced the i)ad+ %hich spar*ed yet another re(o&ution+ %hich %as the ta0&et+ %hich %ent on to rep&ace the cheap net0oo*. In !"11+ >oice reco'nition 0ecame popu&ar+ %ith the i)hone #5 and 5iri+ %hich cou&d reco'nize %hat you %ere sayin'. 3y this time+ quad-core chips %ere 0ecomin' %idespread+ and the disc dri(e %as 'oin' a%ay $rom most ne% &aptops. Then+ in !"1!+ ?indo%s < %as re&eased+ and 0ecause o$ a hu'e chan'e+ most&y 0ecause o$ the remo(a& o$ the 5tart 0utton+ there %as a hu'e 0ac*&ash a'ainst the di$$icu&ty o$ the 65+ compared to others. It %as simp&y peop&e 0ein' scared o$ chan'e. A&so+ startin' in !"1!+ &ar'e-screen phones 0ecame the norm $or ne% phones $rom then on+ than*s to 5amsun' and the Ia&a1y. 2o%+ %e mo(e on to !"17+ %here the ne% #K T> standard is startin'+ %hich o$$ers # times the reso&ution o$ your current ;DT>. Then+ ?indo%s <.1 came and shran* the &earnin' cur(e in ?indo%s <+ and e(en 0rou'ht 0ac* the 5tart 0utton. :ina&&y+ %e 'ot our ne1t-'eneration conso&es+ the )&ay5tation # and the K0o1 6ne+ %hich %ere 1" times more po%er$u& than their predecessors. 2o% that %e are in the present day+ &et/s hope that !"1# and 0eyond 0rin's us e(en more re(o&utions in techno&o'y. 2o%+ I %ant you to ta*e a &oo* at the %or&d today. 5ee+ ho% %e are a&& connected+ and e(erythin' is on a phone+ computer+ and ta0&et these days. It Gust 'oes to sho% you that thin's ha(e dramatica&&y chan'ed in the &ast #" years+ and ho% %e are in a ne% in$ormation a'e. )ersona& computers and their descendants+ the &aptop+ ta0&et+ and smartphone+ are uni$yin' a&& o$ our content+ pictures+ mo(ies+ documents+ 'ames+ and

Dee < e(en our dear memories+ a&& into one p&ace. That entertainment hu0+ is no%here to 0e physica&&y $ound+ and no%+ in !"1#+ %e use it a&& the time. It/s ca&&ed the c&oud+ and it synchronizes our hu0 automatica&&y. To c&ose my thesis statement+ I %ou&d &i*e to remind you that computers ha(e chan'ed e(ery aspect o$ our &i$e+ $rom communicatin'+ to entertainment+ to producti(ity. 2o%+ a &oo* to the $uture. I+ persona&&y+ predict that some time $rom no%+ there %i&& 0e no media to stream data to. E(erythin' %ou&d 0e in the c&oud+ streamed+ &i*e MouTu0e+ so there %ou&d 0e instant access to e(erythin'. 6n&y the (ideo %ou&d 0e streamed+ and a&& the data and computin' %ou&d 0e done at the host/s ser(ers. That is a&ready happenin' no% %ith (ideos+ music+ and no%+ (ideo 'ames+ %ith the upcomin' )&ay5tation 2o% ser(ice. Than* you $or readin' this paper+ and ha(e a connected day.

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Inte&/s :irst Microprocessor Inte&+ AccessedJ :e0ruary 8+ !"1#. httpJNN%%%.inte&.comNcontentN%%%NusNenNhistoryNmuseum-story-o$-inte&-#""#.htm& App&e II - 1-.. The 60so&ete Techno&o'y ?e0site+ AccessedJ :e0ruary 8+ !"1#. httpJNNo&dcomputers.netNapp&eii.htm& OThe =ost 1-<# >ideoJ youn' 5te(e ,o0s introduces the Macintosh

macessentia&s. YouTube. !""-. ?e0. :e0ruary 8+ !"1#. 4hapman+ 4ameron+ The ;istory o$ the Internet in a 2utshe&&+ 5i1 Re(isions+ 2o( 18+ !""-+ AccessedJ :e0ruary 8+ !"1#. Mc=e&&an+ 4har&es+ The ;istory o$ ?indo%sJ A time&ine LDnet+ :e0ruary 7+ !"1#. AccessedJ :e0ruary 8+ !"1#. ;ami&ton+ Kir*+ Mour Iuide to the 2e1t-Ien 4onso&es+ Kota*u+ 2o(em0er !7 !"17. AccessedJ :e0ruary 8+ !"1#. ?i&&iams+ Todd. The Evolution of Technology & Its Impact on the Development of Social Businesses. !"1!. )hoto'raph. :or0es?e0. 1Mar !"1#. PhttpJNN0&o's-

ima'es.$or0es.comNsapN$i&esN!"1!N"1NIn$o'raphic-E(o&ution-o$-Techno&o'y!.Gp'Q.

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