Area wise electrical load

Rule of thumb (ref: CIBSE)

Lighting
Small Power
Air Conditioning
Passenger lifts
Small computer room
Bespoke call centre

10 - 12 Watts /Sq.m
15 - 45 Watts /Sq.m
60 Watts /Sq.m
10 Watts /Sq.m
200 - 400 Watts /Sq.m
500 - 1500 Watts /Sq.m

Health and Technical Memorandum

Typical electrical diversity factors for healthcare premises (ref: HTM 06-01, Chapter 3, Table 2)
Description
AHU fans
Building services pump
Lifts
Chiller
General low power
Information systems
Medical equipment
General lighting
Specialist lighting
Task lighting
Medical lighting

PF
Power density (W/Sq.m)
15 - 25
1-3
5-8
25 - 35
9 - 25
3-6
6 - 16
9 - 15
0.9 - 1.5
1-2
0-1

Building diversity
0.70 - 0.90
0.70 - 0.90
0.23 - 1.35
0.90 - 0.95
0.49 - 0.60
0.80
0.35 - 0.49
0.49 - 0.63
0.35 - 0.63
0.45 - 0.54
0.42 - 0.54

0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Notes:
Connected
Off-peak
load diversity diversity
0.70 - 0.90
0.68
0.70 - 0.90
0.68
0.30 - 0.50
0.60
0.90 - 0.95
0.80
0.70 - 0.85
0.65
1.00
0.65
0.50 - 0.70
0.20
0.70 - 0.90
0.80
0.50 - 0.90
0.50
0.75 - 0.90
0.40
0.70 - 0.90
0.70

Substation diversity
1.00
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.70
0.80
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.60

Growth
factor
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

Power density: The power density relates to the relevant internal floor area of the healthcare premises.
Power factor (PF): Power factor is assumed to be the corrected power factor at each substaion.
Building diversity: The building diversity reflects that not all substations within the healthcare premises will
have the same operating profile. The building diversity is the product of the connected load and substation
diversity. The building diversity is the actual demand seen at the point of common coupling with the PES.
Substation diversity: Substation diversity reflects that not all areas, of any one substation, will have the same
operating profile, for example clinics and 24-hour areas. The substation diversity is multiplied by the connected
load diversity to produce the building diversity.
Connected load diversity: Connected load diversity reflects that any electrical system (fixed medical
equipment etc) will not be operating at full demand or used to maximum capacity at all times of the day.
Off-peak diversity: Off-peak diversity reflects that not all equipment will be used (to the same profile)
at night as in the day (for example 12-hour clinics etc). The off-peak diversity is not used in these calculations,
but will be an element used in the energy calculations.
Growth factor: Growth factor is an allowance for the natural expansion in electrical equipment used, and
potential remodelling of the hospital. Growth factor is applied to switchgear, cable sizes, and transformer sizes etc.
The function of the growth factor is to ensure that the electrical network will not need premature replacement.

Conduit
Conduit Factors
Conduit Diameter (mm)
16
20
25
32

Cable Factors
Single core PVC insulated cables in straight runs
of conduit not exceeding 3m in length
Type of Conductor
Solid

Capacity Factor
290
460
800
1400

Size

Factor
22
27
39
31
43
58
88
146

1.0
1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.0
10.0

Standard

Cable Factors
Single core PVC insulated cables in straight runs of conduit
exceeding 3m in length OR in runs of any length incorporating bends or sets
Type of Conductor
Size
Factor
Solid or Stranded1.0
16
1.5
22
2.5
30
4.0
43
6.0
58
10.0
105

Conduit Capacity Factors (Exceeding 3M in length)

16

20

25

32

16

Straight
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

290
290
290
290
290
179
177
174

460
460
460
460
460
290
286
282

800
800
800
800
800
521
514
507

1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
911
900
889

188
182
177
171
167
162
158
154

Conduit Diameter (MM)

20
25
32
One bend
308
543
947
294
528
923
286
514
900
278
500
878
270
487
857
263
475
837
256
463
818
250
452
800

16
177
167
158
150
143
136
130
125

20
25
Two bends
286
514
270
487
256
463
244
442
233
422
222
404
213
388
204
376

32
900
857
818
783
750
720
692
667

16
158
143
130
120
111
103
97
91

20
25
Three bends
256
463
233
422
213
388
196
358
182
333
169
311
159
295
149
275

32
818
750
692
643
600
563
529
500

16
130
111
97
86

20
25
Four bends
213
388
182
333
159
292
141
260

32
692
600
529
474

5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0

171
167
162
158
154
150

278
270
263
256
250
244

500
487
475
463
452
442

878
857
837
818
800
783

Trunking

150
143
136
130
125
120

244
233
222
213
204
196

442
422
404
388
373
385

783
750
720
692
667
643

120
111
103
97
91
86

196
182
169
159
149
141

358
333
311
292
275
260

643
600
563
529
500
474

86

141

260

474

Size
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500

1C
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12.5
13.5
15
17
19
21
22.5
25
28
30
34
38

2c PVC
9.6
10.4
11.5
12.6
14.4
17.5
19.5
20.5
24.0
27.0
28.5
33.0
34.0
37.0
42.5
45.5
51.5

2c XLPE
11.5
12.5
13.5
15.9
18
20.6
24.3
27.9
25.3
28.1
31.9
35.1
38.2
43.3
48.3
52.6
58.0

Tray
Cable Term

Type of conductor
Solid/1 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm
Solid/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/4 Sq.mm
Stranded/6 Sq.mm
Stranded/10 Sq.mm
Stranded/16 Sq.mm
Stranded/25 Sq.mm
Stranded/35 Sq.mm
Stranded/50 Sq.mm
Category 5
Category 5e
Category 6
Category 7

RG-6/U
RG-6/UQ
RG-7
RG-8/U
RG-8X
RG-9/U
RG-11/U
RG-56/U
RG-58/U
RG-59/U
RG-59A/U
RG-60/U
RG-62/U
RG-62A
RG-142
RG-174/U
RG-178/U
RG-179/U
RG-180B/U
RG-188A/U
RG-213/U
RG-214/U
RG-218
RG-223/U
RG-316/U
RG-400/U
RG-402/U
RG-405/U

Trunking Terms

Factor
6.4
7.1
10.2
7.4
8.1
11.4
15.2
22.9
36.3
50.3
75.4
95
133

12.63
13.58
16.64
29.83
20.38
24.81
28.62
45.94
16.11
49.57
47.74
26.48
10.83
16.11
16.11
50.51
16.11
16.11
10.61
2.82
1.4
2.71
5.86
2.79
45.94
50.51
209.57
12.63
2.93
10.61
5.55
2.1

Trunking Size
50 x 50
75 x 50
75 x 75
100 x 50
100 x 75
100 x 100
150 x 50
150 x 75
150 x 100
150 x 150
225 x 75
225 x 100
225 x 150
225 x 225
300 x 100
300 x 150
300 x 300

Capacity
1037
1555
2371
2091
3189
4252
3091
4742
6394
9697
7114
9298
14652
21766
12788
19447
38000

XLPE/SWA/PVC
6mm
10mm
16mm
25mm
35mm
4 Core
6mm
10mm
16mm
25mm
35mm
50mm
70mm
95mm
120mm
150mm
185mm
240mm
300mm
Single Core 6491B (LSF)
10mm
16mm
25mm
35mm
50mm
70mm
MICC/PVC Heavy Duty
2 core
1.5mm (2H1.5)
2.5mm (2H2.5)
4mm (2H4)
6mm (2H6)
10mm (2H10)
4 core
2.5mm (4H2.5)
4mm (4H4)
6mm (4H6)
10mm (4H10)
16mm (4h16)
25mm (4h25)
2 Core

Aluminium

Cable Trays (mm)

15.9
18
20
24.3
27.9
18.7
21.1
22.9
29.1
32.1
32
37.7
41.7
47.1
51.4
56.6
63
68.8

50
75
100
150
225
300
450
600
750
900
1200
1500

6.8
8
9.8
11
13
15

50
75mm
100mm
150mm
225mm
300mm
450mm
600mm
750mm
900mm
2-600mm
2-750mm
2-900mm

2C
12.5
13.5
15
16
17.5
18
20
21.5
24.5
28
33
35
37
40.5
45
50
56
62.5

3C
12.5
14
15.5
17
19
21
22
25
27
32
34
38
42
46
52
56.5
64
72

3.5C
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
23.5
26
30
32.5
36.5
40.5
44
50
55
61
68
75

4C
15
16.5
18
19.5
20
22
24
27
31
35
38
42
45.5
51
57.5
66.5
71.5
79.5

3c PVC
11.5
12.5
13.5
15.0
16.5
17.5
22.5
23.0
27.0
32.0
33.0
36.0
41.0
46.0
50.0
55.5
63.5

3c XLPE
11.5
12.5
13.5
15.0
0.0
21.8
26.9
29.6
28.4
32.0
36.7
40.0
45.1
49.3
54.5
59.5
65.8

4c PVC
12.5
14.0
15.5
17.0
19.0
21.5
24.0
26.5
32.5
33.5
38.5
41.5
45.0
50.5
58.0
64.0
72.0

4c XLPE
13.5
14.5
17.0
18.5
20.5
23.6
29.1
32.1
31.3
36.8
40.6
45.8
49.9
54.9
61.0
66.5
75.4

Copper

9.6
10.4
11.5
12.6
14.4
11.8
13.1
14.4
16.5
19.6
22.9

Size
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
240
300
400

1c PVC
3.9
4.2
4.8
5.4
6.8
8.0
9.8
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
19.0
21.0
23.5
28.0
30.0
34.0

Voltage drop
1

Max. Voltage Drop Allowed (V)

V = Operating Voltage * % of Voltage Drop Allowed

Load Current (A)

A = Total Watts / 1.732 * Operating Voltage * Power Factor

Actual Voltage Drop (V)

1 Run Cable (V) = Voltage Drop/A/M * Load Current * Cable Length / 1000
2 Run Cable (V) = (Voltage Drop/A/M (Load Current / 2) Cable Length / 1000)

Max. Voltage Drop Allowed at Starting (V)

Area of
Condr.
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95

VD/A/M

Ground

Air

Duct

MCCB

16.400
10.200
6.800
4.000
2.500
1.650
1.150
0.870
0.600
0.450

34
47
57
82
115
150
180
215
265
315

25
34
43
60
99
131
162
197
251
304

17.5
23
29
39
94
125
150
175
215
260

10
16
20
32
40
50
63
80
100
125

Area of
Condr.
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
10
16
25
35
50

V = Operating Voltage * & of Voltage Drop Allowed at Starting

5

Actual Voltage Drop at Starting (V)

1 Run Cable (V) = Max. Voltage Drop Allowed * Motor Starting Current * Cable Length / 1000
2 Run Cable (V) = (Max. Voltage Drop Allowed (Motor Starting Current / 2) Cable Length / 1000)

Derated Current (A)

A = load Current / 0.92 * 0.95 * 0.985 *0.84 * 0.8
IF(ISERROR(AVERAGE(A1:A4)),"No Numbers",AVERAGE(A1:A4))

120
150
185
240
300
400
500
630
800
1000

0.370
0.300
0.260
0.210
0.185
0.165

360
405
460
530
590
667
770
840
888
942

0.180
0.170
0.170
0.160

353
406
463
546
628
728
918
1027
1119
1214

300
335
380
440
495
570
620
670
692
735

Derating Factor Calculation for Cables

Bus bar
Ct. @
35oC

a)
Cables directly buried in ground
Soil resitivity facor = 1.14
Ground temparature factor = 0.86
Depth of laying factor( for 0.6 mtr ) = 0.98
Group factor for Multicore cables = 0.84( 3 ckts)/ 0.77(6 ckts)
Overall Derating factor =1.14* 0.86 * 0.98 * 0.84 = 0.81( 3 ckts)
Overall Derating factor =1.14* 0.86 * 0.98 * 0.77= 0.74( 3 ckts)

800
1000
1200
1350
1600
2000

2500
3000
3200
4000
5000

b) Cables in ducts
Soil resitivity facor = 1.06
Ground temparature factor = 0.86
Depth of laying factor( for 0.6 mtr ) = 0.99
Group factor for Multicore cables = 0.93( 3 ckts)/ 0.9 (6 ckts)
Overall Derating factor =1.06 * 0.86 * 0.99 * 0.93 = 0.84 (3 ckts)
Overall Derating factor =1.06 * 0.86 * 0.99 * 0.9 = 0.81 (6 ckts)

VD/M
VD/A/M( (SQARE D)
mV)
Cu @ 0.8
P.F
0.108
0.086
0.094
0.094
0.083
0.069
0.085
0.063
0.085
0.053
0.092
0.046
0.033
0.082
0.029
0.087
0.025
0.081
0.020
0.081
0.015
0.075

160
200
225
250
300
350
400
630
800
1000
1600

70
95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500
630
630

2000
3200
4000
5000

630
630
630
630

* Single Core Cables

Incomer Breaker Ratings

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

=< 7 kw
7.1 to 11kw
11. 1 to 14 kw
14.1 to 17.5 kw
17.6 to 22 kw
22.1 to 28 kw
28.1 to 35 kw

Base

Watt

40 A
63 A
80 A
100 A
125 A
160 A
200 A

c) For Cables in Air

Ambient temparature factor @40oC (inside building) = 0.91
Spacing factor (BS 7671 table 4B1) (4 ckts)= 0.88
Overall Derating factor = 0.91*0.88 = 0.8

Busbar
Aluminium
Resistance
Reactance
R (mohm/m)X1 (mohm/m)

Formulae
V = 3.L.I(R.Cos + X1.Sin ) 10 [V]
Where as,
V = Voltage Drop (V)
= Load Distribution Constant
L
= Line Length (m)
I
= Line Current (A)
R
= Resistance (m/m)
X1
= Inductive Reactance (m/m)
Cos = Load Factor
Note: a constant is on amperic value

100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
1250
1750
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000

0.36570
0.36570
0.26850
0.26850
0.15170
0.09840
0.06563
0.04733
0.03575
0.02987
0.02304
0.01886
0.01192
0.00785

Copper
Resistance Reactance
R (mohm/m)
X1 (mohm/m)

0.11751
0.11751
0.08212
0.08212
0.07542
0.02016
0.01568
0.01126
0.00976
0.00797
0.00675
0.00502
0.00232
0.00124

100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
1250
1750
2000
2500
3250
4500
5500

0.21061
0.20180
0.17537
0.15757
0.09662
0.06964
0.05075
0.03789
0.03024
0.02515
0.01895
0.01512
0.01008
0.00838

0.10711
0.10531
0.09991
0.09331
0.08548
0.02540
0.01938
0.01484
0.01186
0.00980
0.00757
0.00605
0.00415
0.00343

Lighting
Formulae
Lumens O/P = Lux(Req.) x Area / M.F x U.F

Lamps

Type

Where as,
M.F = Maintenance Factor
U.F = Utilisation Factor
R.I = Area x (Length x Breadth) / Height x (Length + Breadth)

IncandescentBulb shaped

Base

E27

2G10

2G11

Compact

Watt

lm
60
75
100
150
200
18
24
36
18
24
36
40

Lamps
730
965
1380
2200
3150
1100
1700
2800
1200
1800
2900
3500

Type

Induction
Linear (70W)
RX7s
Linear (150W)
Linear

Discharge

Fc2

G8,5 (35W)
G8,5 (70W)
G12 (35W)
Bulb shaped G12 (70W)

lm
100
150
72
147
250
400
1000
1950
39
72
39
72

8000
12000
6500
13500
24200
36000
90000
200000
3300
6700
3300
66600

Light source Lm/W

Tungsten incandescent
15light bulb
Halogen lamp
20
Fluorescent lamp
60
LED lamp
113
Metal halide lamp 87
High pressure sodium
117
vapour lamp
Low pressure sodium150
vapour lamp
Mercury vapour lamp50

Discharge

2G11

Bulb shaped
55
80
10
16
21
28
38
5
7
9
11
10
13
18
26
32
42
57
70
4
6
8
13
14
21
28
35
24
39
49
54
80
10
14
15
16
30
36
38
58
10
20
40
65
6
8
11
13
7
18
36
58
22
32
40
22
40
55

2D
Compact

G23

G24/GX24

Linear (T5)

G5

Linear (T5) FH
Fluorescent

G5

Linear (T5) FQ

G5

Linear (T8)

G13

Linear (T12)

G13

Linear (T2)

W4,3

Integrated ballast
GX53
"U" shaped

2G13

Circular

G10q

Circular (T5)

2GX13

4800
6000
650
1050
1350
2050
3050
250
400
600
900
600
900
1200
1800
2400
3200
4300
5200
140
270
385
830
1350
2100
2900
3650
2000
3500
4900
5000
7000
650
750
950
1250
2400
3350
3300
5200
1000
1150
2800
4800
330
540
750
930
30
950
2700
4500
1350
2050
2900
1800
3200
4200

G12 (150W)
GX12-1 (50W)
GX12-1 (100W)
Bulb shaped

G9

Main voltage
Linear

R7s

GY6,35
Extra low voltage halogen
Bulb shaped

G4

150
53
97
25
40
60
75
60
100
150
200
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
20
35
50
75
90
5
10
20

14500
2300
4900
260
490
820
1100
840
1600
2500
3200
5000
9500
16500
22000
36000
44000
320
900
1260
1450
1800
60
140
320

Feeder Fault Current

Introduction

Notes

This program calculates the available fault current at any point along the length of a feeder.

1.

The source of the feeder is usually the secondary side of a transformer, and the available fault current
at this point may be calculated using the transformer fault current calculator.

2.

The fault current in a feeder is usually calculated at the downstream end of the feeder, in order to
determine the maximum fault current at the panel or other equipment being served by the feeder.
In this case, the total length of the feeder should be entered.

Information regarding the available fault current at the source of the feeder must be available.
All data is entered, and results displayed, on the input & output Sheet. Only the input and output sheet
needs to be printed.

Theory
The available fault current in a feeder is a maximum at the source of the feeder, and is reduced linearly
along it's length due to the impedace of the feeder. By knowing the available fault current at the source,

Wire
Size
2.5
4

Resistance, R
per 1000m.
10.1706
6.56168

Reactance, X
per 1000m.
0.239501
0.223097

and the impedance of the feeder per unit length, it is possible to determine theavailable fault current at any
point along its length. Since this method accounts for the vector sum of the resistance and reactance
components of the total conductor impedance, it is a more accurate method than typically used for this type
of calculation. The formula is:
F = V / sqrt(P) / ((L x R / 1000) ^ 2 + (L x X / 1000 + V / (A x sqrt(P))) ^ 2) ^ 0.5 + 4 x M + 5 x N

3.937008

0.206693

2.559055

0.213255

16

1.607612

0.209974

25
35
50

1.01706
0.656168
0.524934

0.19685
0.187008
0.187008

70
95

0.328084
0.259186

0.177165
0.170604

120

0.206693

0.167323

= Available fault current at source (A)

= Circuit voltage (use line voltage if three-phase and phase voltage if single-phase) (V)
= Number of phases (1 or 3)

150
185
240

0.147638
0.127953
0.095144

0.167323
0.164042
0.15748

= Distance from source of feeder to point of interest (m.)

= Resistance of feeder per 1000 m. ()

300
400

0.082021
0.068898

0.15748
0.15748

= Reactance of feeder per 1000 m. ()

= Available fault current at the source of the feeder (A)
= Total fault current contribution of induction motors (A)

500

0.059055

0.150919

Where:
F
V
P
L
R
X
A
M
N

6
10

= Total fault current contribution of synchronous motors (A)

Short-circuit current, Isc = I (100 / %X) = Base kVA x (100 / %X)

where
V= normal phase voltage in volts
I= full-load current in amperes at base kVA
%X = Percentage reactance of the system on base kVA upto the fault point
%X = (I X / V) x 100

Capacitor Bank
Capacitor Value, Breaker & Cable sizes

Formulae
kVAR = P x ( tan1 - tan2)
Where as,
P - Power in watts
tan1 =
tan2 =

tan(cos-1 p.f)
tan(cos-1 p.f)

kVAR
50
75
100
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500

Amps
125
200
250
500
500
630
630
800
800
800
1000
1000
1000
1250
1250
1250
1250

Sqmm
4C x 50
4C x 95
4C x 150
2R. 4C x 150
2R. 4C x 150
2R.4C x 185
2R.4C x 185
2R.4C x 240
2R.4C x 240
2R.4C x 240
3R.4C x 185
3R.4C x 185
3R.4C x 185
3R.4C x 300
3R.4C x 300
3R.4C x 300
3R.4C x 300

Earthing
Earth Resistance of Single Rod or Pipe electrode is calculated as per BS 7430, NEC 7430
R=/23.14xL (loge (8xL/d)-1)

Type of ground

Ground resistivity for various kinds of soil and concrete

Ground resistivity *m+

Where =Resistivity of Soil ( Meter),

L=Length of Electrode (Meter),
D=Diameter of Electrode (Meter)
The Earth Resistance of Single Rod or Pipe electrode is calculated as per IS 3040:
R=100x/23.14xL (loge(4xL/d))
Where =Resistivity of Soil ( Meter),
L=Length of Electrode (cm),
D=Diameter of Electrode (cm)

Range of values

Average value

Boggy ground
Adobe clay
Silt ans sand-clay ground, humus
Sand and sandy ground
Peat

2 - 50
2 - 200
20 - 260
50 - 3,000
> 1,200

30
40
100
200 (moist)
200

Gravel (moist)
Stony and rocky ground
Concrete: 1 part cement + 3 parts sand
1 part cement + 5 parts gravel

50 - 3,000
100 - 8,000
50 - 300
100 - 8,000

1,000 (moist)
2,000
150
400

Fault level at LT side of DG

Fault current ( If )

General Equipments, Heater

UPS,Invertor,Ballast,VFD

Amperes when kVA is known

Converting kVA to Kw
Converting kW to kVA

1/ X Eq
IMVA/ ((Sqrt.3) x 0.415)
U0
U0/ If

Soil Resistivity
Duration of Earth Fault
t
i = (7.57*103)/Sqrt(r t)
Max. permissible current density
A = (If / i )
Required Earth Electrode area for the above Fault current
Diameter of Pipe
Length in contact with soil
Earth Electrode area
Reqd No of Electrodes

Diesel Generator
Linear Load :
Non-Linear Load :

IMVA

Line to Earth Voltage

ZS

Guide to units:
HP =Horsepower
kW =Kilo Watts

Ea
A/Ea

D
L
PDL

Converting kW to HP
kVA Required to run motors

kVA =Kilo Volt Amps

I =Ampere or Current
V =Volts
PF =Power Factor

Lightning Protection
Rolling sphere method
Protection angle method
Mesh method
Ae=LW+6H(L+W)+9H2
Ng=0,04.Td1.25
Nd=Ng.Ae.C1.10-6
C=C2.C3.C4.C5
Nc=5,5.10-3/C
If Nd Nc...Optional Protection
If Nd>Nc...Protection Required
E=1-(Nc/Nd)

Protection level
Level I + ADD
Level I
Level II
Level III
Level IV
NA

Protection effeciency
E > 0,98
0,95 <E 0,98
0,90 <E 0,95
0,80 < E 0,90
0,80 < E 0,90

Time parameter

10/350

Maximum impulse current

>200
200
150
100
100
<100

Table 1: Minimum Class I Air Terminal Dimensions.

Terminal type
Copper
Air terminal solid
9.5mm dia
Air terminal tubular
15.9mm dia

Rp
H(m)
2
4
5
6
8
10
20
30
60

Aluminium
12.7mm dia
15.9 mm dia

Table 1 - Protection Radius of Lightning Conductors (According to NFC 17 102)

(L=30m)
(L=45m)
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
15
18
20
25
28
32
36
31
30
36
41
51
57
64
72
63
37
45
51
63
71
81
89
79
38
46
52
63
71
81
90
79
39
47
54
64
72
82
91
79
40
49
56
64
72
83
92
79
44
55
63
65
74
86
97
80
45
58
69
65
75
89
101
80
45
60
75
65
75
90
105
80

I
13
25
32
32
33
34
35
35
35

Table 2: Minimum Class II Air Terminal Dimensions.

Air terminal solid
12.7mm dia
15.9mm dia

Solar
Global formula :

E = A * r * H * PR

Losses details (depend of site, technology, and sizing of the system)

E = Energy (kWh)
A = Total solar panel Area (m)
r = solar panel yield (%)
H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)*
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value = 0.75)

kWh/an
m
kWh/m.an

Total power of the system

kWp

Inverter losses (6% to 15 %)

Temprature losses (5% to 15%)
DC cables losses (1 to 3 %)
AC cables losses (1 to 3 %)
Shadings 0 % to 40% (depends of site)
Losses weak irradiation 3% yo 7%
Losses due to dust, snow... (2%)
Other Losses

Mech.
Fan
Formulae
P = (Air flow x Static pressure) / (t x x 75)

Pump
Formulae
P = (Q x H x ) / ( 367 x )

Where as,
P - Power
t - Time in seconds
- Effeciency

Where as,
Q - Discharge
H - Head in meters
- Density

Air cooled chiller - 1 KW/TR

Water cooled centrifugal chiller - 0.65 KW/TR
Water cooled screw chiller - 0.75 KW/TR
Split AC, Ductable split, Package unit - 1.2 KW/TR
Ventilation (inlet fan) = (Vent. Cfm x 1.2 x 0.745) / (6356 x 0.6)
Kitchen (supply) = (Vent. Cfm x 1.5 x 0.745) / (6356 x 0.6)
Kitchen (exhaust) = (Vent. Cfm x 4 x 0.745) / (6356 x 0.6)

Cable
Ambient Condition

Factor

Cable Location

Temp

Building Internal
Plant/Machine Rooms

40 C
55 C

XLPE

PVC

0.94
0.82

0.91
0.7

33
4

43
6

59
10

80
16

106
25

128
35

155
50

197
70

242
95

280
120

325
150

370
185

438
240

10
4

16
2.5

25
1.65

35
1.15

50
0.87

70
0.6

95
0.45

120
0.37

150
0.3

185
0.26

240
0.21

300
0.185

400
0.165

2
0.8

3
0.7

4
0.65

5
0.6

6
0.57

8
0.52

10
0.48

12
0.45

14
0.43

16
0.41

18
0.39

20
0.38

XLPE/CU/4C
Current Carry.Capacity
Conductor Area in mm2

Voltage drop for milliamps per meter

Conductor Area in mm2
Vm

Grouping Condition
No of Cables
Correction Factor

499
300

(L=60m)
II
III
31
39
69
78
86
97
87
97
87
98
88
99
89
102
90
104
90
105

IV
43
85
107
107
108
109
113
116
120

By PRADEESH VIJAYAN DEEE, B.Tech (Elect.), M.Tech (Power)

Area Cals

Light

Health

Isc If

Conduit

KVAR

Trunking

LT Earth

Tray

D.Gen

V Cable

Lightning

V Bus

Solar

OEC 14 - Part 1

OHMCOMS ENGINEERING COMPUTES

OEC 14 Part 1 - ELECTRICAL

OEC 14 Part 2 - MECHANICAL
OEC 14 Part 1 Design by PRADEESH VIJAYAN
v.prathi@yahoo.com

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate AREAWISE electrical loads

Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5

Project type
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Industrial
Industrial

Area detail
Apartment
Office
Retail
Amenities
Workshop

TOTAL
WATTS PER SQUARE METRE
WATTS PER SQUARE FEET

Area in
(Sq.m)

Area in
(Sq.ft)

100
100
100
100
100

1076
1076
1076
1076
1076

500

5382

38.01
409.18

W/Sq.m
10
12
10
10
10

5.5

Lighting
P.F
D.F
D.L (KVA) W/Sq.m
0.8
0.65
0.52
20
0.8
0.72
0.6912
20
0.8
0.65
0.52
20
0.8
0.65
0.52
20
0.8
0.65
0.52
20

2.77

7.9

Power
Air conditioning
Miscelleneous
P.F
D.F D.L (KVA) W/Sq.m P.F
D.F D.L (KVA) W/Sq.m P.F
D.F D.L (KVA)
0.99 0.4
0.79
15
0.99 0.8
1.19
16
0.99 0.8
1.27
0.99 0.4
0.79
15
0.99 0.8
1.19
16
0.99 0.8
1.27
0.99 0.4
0.79
15
0.99 0.8
1.19
16
0.99 0.8
1.27
0.99 0.4
0.79
15
0.99 0.8
1.19
16
0.99 0.8
1.27
0.99 0.4
0.79
15
0.99 0.8
1.19
16
0.99 0.8
1.27

3.96

11.9

5.94

12.7

6.34

Sub load in
(KVA)
3.77
3.94
3.77
3.77
3.77

19.01

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Typical range of power densities and diversity factors for HEALTHCARE premises (ref: HTM)
Description
AHU fans
Building services pump
Lifts
Chiller
General low power
Information systems
Medical equipment
General lighting
Specialist lighting
Task lighting
Medical lighting

Power density
(W/Sq.m)
23
3
5
35
25
6
16
15
1.5
2
1

Total area in Sq.m

Total area in Sq.ft
Watts per Sq.m
Watts per Sq.ft
Total demand load in Kilo Volt Ampere

PF
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Building
diversity
0.90
0.90
1.35
0.95
0.60
0.80
0.49
0.63
0.63
0.54
0.54
6000.00
64583.46
115.15
10.70
690.90

Substation
diversity
1.00
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.70
0.80
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.60

Connected load Off-peak

diversity
diversity
0.90
0.68
0.90
0.68
0.50
0.60
0.95
0.80
0.85
0.65
1.00
0.65
0.70
0.20
0.90
0.80
0.90
0.50
0.90
0.40
0.90
0.70

Growth
factor
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate size & term factors of CONDUITS

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Conduit Ref:

Type
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard

Size Qty
4
4
4
4
4

1
1
1
1
1

Length Cable Factor

(M)
(mm)
3
2
2
2
2

43
58
58
58
58

Type
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard

Cable Details
Length Cable Factor
(M)
(mm)

Size Qty
4
4
4
4
4

1
1
1
1
1

2.5
2.5
2
2.5
2.5

58
58
58
58
58

Type
Standard
Solid
Standard
Standard
Standard

Size Qty
4
4
4
4
4

1
1
1
1
1

Length Cable Factor

(M)
(mm)
2
2
2
2
2

58
39
58
58
58

Total Required
Factor (mm)

Conduit
Dia. (mm)

Length
(M)

No. of
Bends

Conduit Capacity
Factor (mm)

Result

159
155
174
174
174

16
16
32
32
32

3.5
3.5
1
1
1

2
2
1
1
1

136
136
947
947
947

CHECK
CHECK
OK
OK
OK

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate size and term factors of TRUNKING

Cable Details
Sr. No. Trunking Ref:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Type/Size
Solid/2.5 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm
Solid/1.5 Sq.mm

Cable
Qty Factor
(mm)
1
10.2
5
7.1
5
7.1
5
7.1
5
7.1
5
7.1
5
7.1

Type/Size
Solid/1 Sq.mm
Solid/1 Sq.mm
Solid/1 Sq.mm
Solid/1 Sq.mm
RG-60/U
Solid/1 Sq.mm
Solid/1 Sq.mm

Cable
Qty Factor
(mm)
1
6.4
6
6.4
6
6.4
6
6.4
6 50.51
6
6.4
6
6.4

Type/Size
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Category 6
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
RG-60/U

Cable
Qty Factor
(mm)
30
8.1
3 16.64
3
8.1
3
8.1
3
8.1
4
8.1
500 50.51

Type/Size
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/1.5 Sq.mm

Cable
Qty Factor
(mm)
1
8.1
56
8.1
6
8.1
6
8.1
6
8.1
6
8.1
6
8.1

Type/Size
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm
Stranded/2.5 Sq.mm

Total
Select
Cable Required Trunking
Factor
Width
Qty Factor
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
1
11.4
279.1
50 x 50
7
11.4 657.23356 50 x 50
7
11.4
226.6
50 x 50
7
11.4
226.6
50 x 50
7
11.4 491.23072 50 x 50
7
11.4
234.7
50 x 50
600 11.4 32215.06 300 x 300

Trunking
Capacity
Factor
(mm)
1037
1037
1037
1037
1037
1037
38000

Space for
Future (%)

Result

73.09
36.62
78.15
78.15
52.63
77.37
15.22

OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK

Project:
Date:
Revision:

CABLE TRAY Calculation

Item

Cable From

Connected To

1
2
3
4
5

SELECT TRAY SIZE (mm)

Conductor type Cable type

Copper
Copper
Aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium

450

PVC
XLPE
PVC
PVC
PVC

Number of Number Cable size in Overall Dia.

cores
of cables (Sq.mm)
(mm)
4
6
1.5
12.5
2
3
25
24.3
3
1
6
17
3.5
1
25
23.5
1
1
6
9

TOTAL

86

AVAILABLE SPACE FOR FUTURE (%)

25

Size of ECC in
(Sq.mm)
1.5
16
6
16
6

Overall Dia. of
ECC in (mm)
3.9
8
9
11
9

41
RESULT

Conductor
Arrangement
Trefoil
Spaced, flat
Spaced, flat
Spaced, flat
Spaced, flat

Required
Width (mm)
94
146
34
47
18

339
OK

Number of Runs
Number of Cores
Cable Size mm2 or Busduct
Rating
Select "C" for Cable or "B"
for Busduct
Select (XLPE, PVC for Cable
& CU / AL for Busduct)
Operating Voltage (V)
Length ( Mt)
TCL in KW
MD in KW
MD in KVA
Power Factor
ACB/ MCCB Rating
Voltage Drop/A/M (mV)
% Voltage Drop Allowed (%)
Max. Voltage Drop allowed
(V)
Load Current A
Act. Voltage Drop (v)
Act. % Voltage Drop (%)
Installation Type. G/A/D
Cable/ Busduct
Derating Factor
Voltage drop within limit?
Cable or Busduct
Current Rating (A)
Load Current (A)
MCCB Rating (A)
Cable Derated Current (A)
MCCB rating within load
current?

Cable size can be reduced?

Cable
Ref.
Single/ Three Phase

Project:
Date:
Revision:

VOLTAGE DROP Calculations

1
MP-PRT-001
ACB3Ph
7
1
35
C
XLPE
400
35
40
45
56
0.80
40
1.150
0.3
1.20
81
0.47
0.12
A
0.80
OK
1134
81
40
907
CHECK
CHECK

2
MP-PRT-001
ACB3Ph
7
1
25
C
XLPE
400
35
40
45
56
0.80
160
1.650
0.3
1.20
81
0.67
0.17
A
0.80
OK
917
81
160
734
OK
CHECK

Cable From
Connected To

TOTAL LOAD
80
90 112.5
162.4

Project:
Date:
Revision:

BUS BAR Voltage Drop Calculation

Outlet Ref.

Description

OPERATING
VOLTAGE

LINE
LENGTH POWER
Load Factor
CURRENT (
(m)
( kW )
Cos :
A)

Sin :

Diversity

BUSBAR
CONDUCTOR

BUSBAR
RATING

RESISTANCE REACTANCE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE

(mohm / m)
(mohm / m)
DROP (Vd) DROP %E

25TH FLOOR

415

3.50

70

86.56

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.027

0.01

24TH FLOOR

415

3.50

55

154.58

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.047

0.01

23TH FLOOR

415

3.50

60

228.78

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.070

0.02

22TH FLOOR

415

3.50

75

321.52

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.099

0.02

21TH FLOOR

415

3.50

75

414.27

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.127

0.03

20TH FLOOR

415

3.50

70

500.83

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.154

0.04

19TH FLOOR

415

3.50

75

593.58

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.182

0.04

18TH FLOOR

415

3.50

70

680.14

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

0.209

0.05

17TH FLOOR

415

104.00

70

766.71

0.90

0.44

0.80

Copper

1250

0.03789

0.03789

6.991

1.68

132.00

620

7.91

1.90

TOTAL
ALLOWED VOLTAGE DROP IN %

3.5

VOLTAGE DROP % E

1.90

RESULT

Selected bus bar is OK

Project:
Date:
Revision:

LIGHTING Calculation
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Description

Length (m)
5
5
5
5
5

Area
Width (m)
4
4
4
4
4

Height (m)
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8

Area in (Sq.m)
20
20
20
20
20

TOTAL

Req. Lux
200
200
200
200
200

Lumens
Required
7143
7143
7143
7143
7143

35714

Light
Light source
LED lamp
High pressure sodium vapour lamp
LED lamp
LED lamp
LED lamp

Watts
20
50
20
20
20

Lumens pu
2260
5850
2260
2260
2260

No. of Light
fittings
3.2
1.2
3.2
3.2
3.2

14

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate LT FEEDER FAULT CURRENT

Feeder
Ref:
1
2

Fault point

Supply

SMP1

3Ph
3Ph

Feeder Voltage Source Rating

(A)
(KVA)
415
1500
415
1000

Power Factor
(P.F)
0.8
0.85

Source Fault Feeder Rating

(A)
(A)
52171.74
100
32735.21
200

Length
(Mt)
20
50

Wire Size
(Sq.mm)
150
150

No. of
Runs
1
1

Induction Motors
FLA (A)
10

Synchronous
Motors FLA (A)
10

Resistance X
(/km)
0.147638
0.147638

Reactance Z
(/km)
0.167323
0.167323

Fault Current
(A)
28377.04
13821.19

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate kVAR rating, cable size and protection of CAPACITOR BANK

Sr.No

Maximum
Load (Kw)
900
500
500

Description

TOTAL

Existing P.F.
(Lag) cos 1
0.84
0.75
0.75

Desired P.F.
(Lag) cos 2
0.97
0.90
0.96

tan 1

tan 2

0.65
0.88
0.88

0.25
0.48
0.29

1900

KVAR CUM SAVING CALCULATOR FOR HT ELECTRICITY CONSUMERS

INPUT SECTION
Maximum load (KW)
Existing Power Factor (Lag) cos 1
Desired Power Factor (Lag) cos 2
Operating Voltage

800
0.75
0.95
1000

OUTPUT SECTION
MD at existing P.F. (kVA)
MD at improved P.F. (kVA)
Saving in MD (kVA)
KVAr at existing P.F. (kVAr)
KVAr at improved P.F. (kVAr)
KVAr required (kVAr)
Load Current at existing P.F. (Amps)
Load Current at improved P.F. (Amps)
Reduction in Load Current (Amps)

1067
842
225
706
263
443
616
486
130

MD at existing P.F.
(kVA)
1071
667
667

MD at improved P.F. Saving in MD

(kVA)
(kVA)
928
144
556
111
521
146

Required
kVAR
356
199
295

Selected
kVAR
350
200
200

Breaker (A)
1000
500
500

Cable size
(Sq.mm)
3R.4C x 185
2R. 4C x 150
2R. 4C x 150

Project:
Date:
Revision:

LT EARTHING Calculation
Equipment

Sr. Fault level on

SSO
No. Source
(MVA)
1
2
3
4
5

350
350
350
350

Ref:

Type
Transformer
Transformer
D.UPS
Transformer
D.Generator

Reactance

X T/DG
5
5
5
5
10

(%)

Capacity

X T/DG

Lumped
Induction
motor

(KVA)

SM (KVA)

750
750
750
750
1000

556
556
556
556
200

pu per MVA

X SO X T/DG
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029
0.0029

0.0667
0.0667
0.0667
0.0667
0.1

XM

X Eq.

0.4496
0.4496
0.4496
0.4496
1.25

0.0602
0.0602
0.0602
0.0602
0.1

Duration
Fault
Fault Line to
Soil
of earth
Impedance
level at
resistivity
current Earth
fault
LT Side
ZS ()

(-m)
IF (KA) UO (V)
(MVA)
t (sec)

16.611
16.611
16.611
16.611
10

23.109
23.109
23.109
23.109
13.912

240
240
240
240
240

0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0104
0.0173

10
10
10
10
10

1
1
1
1
1

Max.
permissible
current
density
(A/Sq.mm)

Req. Earth
Electrode
area
(Sq.mm)

2393.84
2393.84
2393.84
2393.84
2393.84

9.6535
9.6535
9.6535
9.6535
5.8116

Earth electrode
Type

Dia. (m)

Length
(m)

Area Ea
(Sq.m)

GI Pipe
GI Pipe
GI Pipe
GI Pipe
GI Pipe

0.1000
0.1000
0.1000
0.1000
0.1000

3
3
3
3
3

0.942
0.942
0.942
0.942
0.942

Req. No. of
Electrodes

11
11
11
11
7

51

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate size, effeciency and fuel consumption of Diesel GENERATOR

Sr.No

Equipment

FUTURE LOAD EXPANSION

ALTERNATOR DETAILS

Load Type

Supply

Non-Linear
Linear
Motor

3Ph
3Ph
3Ph

Calculate D.G Set Efficiency & Unit Rate of Power

D.G Size ( Kva )
D.G P.F
D.G Running Hours
Diesel Consumption (Liter)
KWH Reading of Meter
M.F of KWH Meter
Diesel Rate /Liter (Local currency)
EFFICIENCY OF D.G
KWH/Liter (Unit Per Liter)
UNIT RATE OF POWER (LOCAL CURRENCY)

400
400
400

230
230
230

Load
Qty
1
1
1

AVERAGE INTERMITTENT USE OF EQUIP.

20%
Voltage (P-N)

Voltage Voltage
(P-P)
(P-N)

230

1000
1
20
1000
10000
1
40
50%
10
4.0

Efficiency

90%

Load

Kw/Hp

50
50
50

Kw
Kw
Kw

0.9

Starting P.F Running P.F

0.9
0.9
0.9

0.9
0.9
0.8

Motor
Starter

1
1
1

Y-D

TOTAL

Engine Overload Capacity (~ 130% To 150%)

Calculate Approximate Fuel Consumption

D.G Size (Kva)
100
D.G P.F
0.8
D.G Operation
Full Load
REQUIRED DIESEL
Liter/Hour
23.11

Diversity
Factor

150%

Engine KW

Starting Condition

Running Condition

Starting
Amp
128
80
271

Starting
Kva
89
56
222

Starting
Kw
80
50
200

Full Load
Kva
89
56
63

Full Load
Kw
80
50
50

Full Load
Amp
80
80
90

479

367

330

207

180

251

REQUIRED GENERATOR RATING

396

243

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate risk assesment and protection level of LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

Dimensions of Structure
Maximum Length (m)
Maximum Width (m)
Maximum Height (m)
Distance between Lightning rod & farthest point to protect (m)
C1 - Environment Coefficient
Surrounded by smaller structures
C2 - Structural Coefficient
Structure / Roof - Metallic / Metallic
C3 - Structural Coefficient
Non flammable
C4 - Structure Occupancy
Occupied
C5 - Lightning Consequences
Service continuity required without consequences
Td - Annual average thunder days
Annual average thunder days (World map)

10
10
10
10
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
5
40

Results
Equivalent Collection Area of Structure (Ae)
Lighting density (Ng)
Potential events per year (Nd)
Accepted lightning frequency (Nc)
Protection reqd.
Protection effeciency (E)
Protection Level
Maximum impulse current (kA)

4128.57
4.0238
0.0083
0.0044
Reqd.
0.48
Level IV
100

Project:
Date:
Revision:

Calculate Battery & Solar PV energy output of photovoltaic system

Item

Location

1
2
3
4
5

Load type
Lighting
Power
Mech
A/C

Load/unit
(W)

3000

Qty
5
2
1

Total
Load
(KW)

3
Module
Watt-peak
(Wp)
250

Area (m)

Yield (%)

1.6

15.625

Qty

Total panel
area (m)

24

38.4

Usage /day (hrs)

3.5
3.5
2

Voltage Ampere
(V)
(A)
220
220
220

13.64

Efficiency
( % )
90
90
84

Derating factor
(D.F)
0.75
0.75
0.64

13.64

Annual
Losses
irradiance Invertor Temp. Cables Shades
Dust,
Irradiation
(KWH/m.an)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
snow (%)
(%)
1250
8
8
2
5
2
4

Battery
Amp. Hr
(Ah)

25.37

Backup
duration (hrs)
3
3
1.5

25.37

Battery
(Ah)

38.05

38.05

Performance
ratio

Energy
(KWh/an)

Total system
Power (KWp)

Result

0.74

5560.12

OK

ELECTRICAL LOAD OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING CONVERSIONS

CHILLER UNIT
Type
Air cooled

Tonnage of Refrigerant (TR)

5

UoM
cubic feet per minute (cfm)

Volumetric flow
21500

Type
Package unit

Tonnage of Refrigerant (TR)

2

Type
Kitchen (exhaust)

Unit of Measurement
cubic meters per second (m/s)

UoM
liter per second (l/s)

Volumetric flow
650

POWER
KW / TR
1.3

Total (KW)
6.5

hp
kW

ENERGY
5
3.7284995

AIR HANDLING UNIT

hp . hr
Cal

VOLUME
Static pressure in mm Req. load (KW)
60
13.53

AC UNIT
Total (KW)
2.4

Btu / lb . F
joule / kg . C

Volumetric flow
1000

Total (KW)

1655.72

MMscf / hr
lb-mol / hr

Head in Meters
0.1

Req. load (KW)

0.94

centipoise
lb / ft . sec

FAN

5
20934

MOLAR FLOWRATE

PUMP

1
2640.839259

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
4
0.002687876

ft2
mm2

DENSITY
gr / cm3
kg / m3

1
0.453592404
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

centistoke
m2 / sec

Btu / lb
joule / kg

14
1300642.56

psi
in H2O

5
0.000005

Btu / hr . ft2
watt / m2

1
3.154591

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Btu / hr . ft2 . F
watt / m2 . C

2
4652
PRESSURE

HEAT FLUX
3
3000

MASS FLOWRATE
lb / sec
kg / sec

SPECIFIC ENERGY
1
35839.91221

AREA

6
9.656066008

mile
km

SPECIFIC HEAT
KW / TR
1.2

Long Ton
oz

LENGTH

2
403.9479937

yard 3
gal (US)

MASS

1
641615.532

1
5.678264

6
166.24554

VOLUMETRIC FLOWRATE
ft 3 / sec
bbl / day

6
92331

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Btu / hr . ft . F
watt / m . C

1
1.730735