UNIT 1 Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson 1.1 Reading Comprehension!

Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, bio fuel, medicinal and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. he study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. he history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. !owever, all farming generally relies on techni"ues to e#pand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated species. $or plants, this usually re"uires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dry land farming. %ivestock are raised in a combination of grassland&based and landless systems, in an industry that covers almost one&third of the world's ice& and water&free area. (n the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large&scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture, including perm culture and organic agriculture Discussion! ). ranslate the reading te#t above with your own words* +. What is the main idea of the paragraph* ,. Rewrite some sentences of simple present and simple past from the te#t* 1. !arts of "peech A part of speech e#plains how a word is used. (n traditional English grammar, there are eight parts of speech. -nowing about each part of speech will help you use words correctly when speaking and writing. .our communication skills will be enhanced. !ere are the eight parts of speech and their most common meanings/ Noun/ A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. E#amples/ 0person1 2 3ichael 4ordan was a great basketball player. 0place1 2 ( left my notebook at school. 0thing1 2 ( en5oy reading a good book.

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A noun that names only one person, place, or thing is a singular noun. A noun that names more than one person, place, or thing is a plural noun. $or e#ample, automobile is a singular noun, while automobiles are a plural noun. !ronoun/ A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. 6ronouns act 5ust like nouns. E#amples/ 7ob gave me the best 8ow that cute puppy is puppy in the litter. mine. Ad#ecti$e/ An ad5ective is a word that describes a noun. (t can tell what kind or how many. E#amples/ 0what kind1 hat was a wonderful movie. 0how many1 9nly several people attended the town meeting. %erb/ A verb is a word that shows action. A present tense verb shows action that is happening now. A past tense verb shows action that has already happened. A future tense verb shows action that will happen. E#amples/ 0present tense1 6lease move the chair away from the wall. 0past tense1 ( walked home from school yesterday. 0future tense1 We are going on vacation in the middle of 4uly. Ad$erb/ An adverb is a word that describes a verb. (t can tell how or when. E#amples/ 0how1 ( try to eat my food 0when1 ( like 4amie because he slowly. never lies. Con#unction/ A con5unction is a word that connects words in a sentence. E#amples/ :usan and Anna are very close ( will go to the park if you friends. come too. !reposition/ A preposition is a word that links and relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. E#amples/ ( haven;t gone to the gym since om said that he was against uesday. 7ill;s idea. Inter#ection/ An inter5ection is a word that e#presses emotion. (t is usually an e#clamation that is followed by an e#clamation point 0*1. :ometimes, an inter5ection is followed by a comma 0,1. E#amples/ Wow* hat movie was scary. 9ops, ( didn;t mean to do that. -nowing these eight parts of speech will improve your writing and speaking. http/<<www.how&to&study.com<parts&of&speech.html

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&'ercise 1 ( Identify parts of speech (n this e#ercise, try to identify the grammar part of the word that is in =A6( A% %E ER:. E#ample/ 7arbara %9>E: her English class. &&& $erb ). he boy is !A66.. +. ( am taking too many =%A::E: this semester* ,. We W(%% =93E to the party tomorrow night. ?. WE need to finish our homework. @. 3AR. got an A in English class. A. :9%(B water is called Cice.C D. he children =A3E to play. E. hey are very good BA8=ER:* F. he Wild Gappers BA8=E every day. )H. Wild Gapper dancers are BEA$. )). hat 799- is very good. )+. he flowers are 7EAI ($I% ),. ( A3 : IB.(8J very hard. )?. he birds $%. very high. )@. here is a $%. in my soup* )A. A piano is heavy, but a feather is %(J! . )D. (t is dark in here. We need to turn on the %(J! . )E. 939RR9W, ( will wake up early for class.

http/<<depts.gallaudet.edu<englishworks<e#ercises<main<grammar &'ercise & =lassify the words from the reading te#t into parts of speech<word classes.

1.) "imple !resent * %erb +be, We need to use the 6resent :imple 0also called the simple present tense1 a lot in English, so it's really important to understand it well. 3any students have problems with the form 0or how to make it1. here are two forms of present simple, i.e. first, with main verb 0infinitive1, and secondly, with verb KbeL. 0a1 ( study every day. 0b1 Ann usually eats lunch at the cafeteria. 0c1 7abies cry. 0d1 he earth revolves around the sun. 0e1 A s"uare has four e"ual sides. 0f1 he world is round. he sky is blue. he simple present e#presses daily habits or usual activities, as in 0a1 and 0b1. he simple present e#presses general statements of fact, as in 0c1, 0d1, 0e1, and 0f1. (n sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that e#ist always, usually, or habitually in the past, present, and future.

here are also few verbs which are irregular in the present simple/ -ha$e- becomes -has -do- becomes -does -go- becomes -goes-

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(f you would like to make a ./h0 1uestion, you 5ust put the "uestion word at the front/ 2h 3uestions

Where do ( play M What do you play M Why does he play M

Who does she play M When do we play 4 !ow do they play M

&'ercise 1 ( Correct spelling 5 s/ es6 6ut the verb into the present simple. 7e sure you spell it correctly* E#ample/ 3y mother 0say1 NNNNNN that love is more important than money. O says ). :he 0play1 NNNNNN tennis every A. %ucy 0wash1 NNNNNN her hair every :unday. day. +. !e 0buy1 NNNNNN a cup of coffee D. 4ohn never 0cry1 NNNNNN. every morning. E. ( hope 4ulie 0pass1 NNNNNN the ,. 4ulie 0study1 NNNNNN English at e#am. school. F. !e usually 0stay1 NNNNNN at a hotel ?. %uke 0try1 NNNNNN hard to be polite. in @. :he 0en5oy1 NNNNNN going :urabaya. swimming. )H. :he 0teach1 NNNNNN economics at the university. Ad$erbs of Definite and Indefinite 7re1uency =ommon Adverbs of Befinite $re"uency Every day wice a week 9nce a month Every other year

Adverbs of definite fre"uency occur at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. adverb of definite fre"uency Every day 6ronoun I I verb study study prepositional phrase for the &nglish class for the &nglish class. adverb of definite fre"uency twice a week.

=ommon Adverbs of (ndefinite $re"uency always usually often :ometimes occasionally seldom rarely never 8ote/ $rom )HHP of the time 0KalwaysL1 to HP 0KneverL1 of the time.

Adverbs of indefinite fre"uency occur in the middle of the sentence. hey occur/ ). after the au#iliary verbQ +. before any main verb e#cept beQ or ,. after be if it is the main verb. pronoun After the au#iliary 7efore main verb They They au#iliary can adverb and verb always study usually start preposition until nine. at se$en. Page 4

After be 0main verb1

They

are never

late.

&'ercise ( 8umbled /ords Write sentences from these words. 6ut verb in the right form 0 come9comes, etc1. E#ample/ always<early<:ari<arrive O :ari always arrives early. ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. football<(<play<often work<Ayu<hard<always dinner<we<have<sometimes<at D.,H television<7enny<watch<never like<chocolate<children<usually open<banks<at E.HH<usually his hair<washes<twice a week<6eter goes<home<:ue<once a year O O O O O O O O ( RRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRR

8ow, look at these e#amples with the main verb be. 8otice that there is no au#iliary/ main "ub#ect main $erb $erb ( am (ndonesian. : .ou, we, they are (ndonesian. !e, she, it is (ndonesian. ( am not old. ( .ou, we, they are not old. !e, she, it is not old. Am ( lateM 4 Are you, we, they lateM Is he, she, it lateM !ositi$e "hort 7orm (-m we-re you-re they-re

he-s she-s

it-s

(f you'd like to make a ./h0 1uestion, you 5ust put the "uestion word at the front/ 2h 3uestions Who are youM !ow are theyM What is itM What time is the concertM When are weM !ow long is the stickM Where am (M !ow good are the booksM Why is heM &'ercise ); !ositi$e and negati$e .be0 6ut in am < is < are. E#ample/ :he is a teacher. (;m not cold. ). ( NNNNNN thirsty. +. .ou NNNNNN beautiful. ,. We NNNNNN hungry. ?. hey NNNNNN (ndonesian. &'ercise <; .yes9no0 (./h0 1uestions Page 5

3ake a "uestion with Sbe; and Swh; 0"uestion words1 E#ample/ 4ohn < in the gardenM O (s 4ohn in the gardenM ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. ( < earlyM .ou < tiredM We < lateM !e < $renchM :he < a teacherM (t < good for usM !arry and %ucy < from %ondonM E. F. )H. )). )+. ),. )?. What < thisM When < the concertM Where < my dictionariesM !ow < you M Why < he < lateM What time < it nowM !ow old < she M

1.< Acti$e "pea=ing> ?i$ing and As=ing @pinion here are many ways to give your opinions when speaking English. he e#act English e#pression you use depends on how strong your opinion is. Aey phrases ( thinkQ ( feelQ ( reckon 0informal1 ( guess 0American1 (n my view<opinion ApparentlyQ so to speakQ more or lessQ sort of 0informal1Q kind of 0informal1 ?i$ing your opinion neutrally ( thinkR ( feel thatR

WellQ reallyQ that is to sayQ at leastQ ( supposeQ or ratherQ actuallyQ ( mean

As ( see itR As far as ('m concernedR

I thin=9feel9rec=on9guess and in my $ie/9opinion are used to make opinions and statements sound less dogmatic. ( think she is lying. (n my view<opinion, it ( really feel she is making a mistake. would be better to call the police. ( reckon<guess she 5ust doesn;t love him. Apparently can be used to say that the speaker has got his<her information from somebody else 0and perhaps does not guarantee that it is true1. !ave you heardM Apparently Alice is pregnant again. "o to spea=B more or lessB at least and sort9=ind of are used to show that one is not speaking very e#actly, or to soften something which might upset other people. 2ell and really can also be used to soften. ( sort of think we ought to Bo you like itM; SWell, yes, it is all leave now. right. ( kind of think we are going to Jhosts don;t e#ist. At least, ( have lose. never seen one. :he is kind of strange. I am afraid 5that6 often means ( am sorry to tell you 0that1. (t is used to introduce apologetic refusals and bad news. Page 6

( am afraid ( forgot to post the letters. I suppose is used to en"uire politely, or suggest unwilling agreement. ( suppose you are very busy at =an you lend me some moneyM the momentM ( suppose so.

( am afraid ( can;t help you.

@r rather and I mean can be used to correct oneself. ( am seeing him in 3ay 2 or rather early 4une. %et;s meet ne#t 3onday 2 ( mean uesday. We do not usually give our own opinions with according to. (n my opinion, she is sick. 089 According to me, R1 ?i$ing a strong opinion ('m absolutely convinced thatR ('m sure thatR ( can assure you that R

( strongly believe thatR ( have no doubt thatR he fact is R 0formal1

&nglish e'pressions for as=ing someone-s opinion What do you thinkM !ow do you see the situationM What's your viewM Bo you have any ideaM &'ample> 4im / What do you think about our study programM :ue / ( think it;s very interesting. 7y taking this program, ( can improve my knowledge, learn many new things, and get new friends as well. (t;s 5ust e#citing* !owever, what;s your viewM 4im / ( can assure that this is what ( want. (;m always interested in the study of life, and that what 7iology is* &'ercise ( Dialogue in pairs 3ake a group consisting of +&, students. ry to practice using the above e#pressions for giving and asking opinions, so that your speech sounds more varied* http/<<www.perfectyourenglish.com<speaking<giving&opinions.htm http/<<www.english&at&home.com<speaking<giving&your&opinions< 8ote/ he symbol C is given to sections that have sound file0s1 in the =B. 1.D !ronouns 5personalB ad#ecti$e and possessi$e6 6ronouns are used in place of nouns. hey enable speakers to refer to something or someone without having to repeat its name. E#ample/ Er. 8ones lives in -entucky. Fe fre"uently travels to 3emphis to see his /ife. "he is a lawyer and only sees him on weekends. he sub5ect and ob5ect pronouns in English are as follows/ "ub#ect ( .ou !e @b#ect 3e .ou !im Page 7

:he (t We hey

!er (t Is hem

Ise subject pronouns when the pronoun refers to the doer of the action or the main topic 0sub5ect1 of the sentence. Fenry hit a baseball over the fence. She called !enry;s It went right through Ers. Crabby0s parents and told them what happened. window. 8ow, he only plays She was furious. baseball at the park. Ise object pronouns when the pronoun refers to the receiver of the action or is the ob5ect of a prepositional phrase. Es. Gindon met her husband in a gold !e asked her to marry him mine. the ne#t day. he first time she saw him, she was in love. 3any friends 5oined them in the wedding celebration. !ossessi$es 6ossessives take many forms in English. Pronouns in the possessive case can be used as ad5ectives to modify nouns or stand alone as sub5ects, ob5ects or complements. $or e#ample, My book is on the table. Mine is on the table. ( put mine in the refrigerator. he red one is mine. :ee the summary table below. !ronouns as "UH8&CT" ( .ou !e :he (t We hey !ronouns as @H8&CT" me you him her (t Is them !ossessi$e AD8&CTI%&" my your his her it our their !ossessi$e !R@N@UN" 5sub#ectB ob#ect * complement6 3ine .ours !is !ers (ts 9urs heirs 0used to modify a noun1 0used as a sub5ect1 0used as an ob5ect1 0used as a complement1

he possessive is formed by adding .s to singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s. :uch possessives can be used as modifiers, or they can stand alone. (t is Johns bicycle. Jacks is the white one. hose are the childrens (;m going to Joes. toys. With plural nouns ending in s, only an apostrophe 0S1 is used to form the possessive. he girls bicycles are in the repair shop. Page 8

All the students books were stolen. http/<<free&english&study.com<grammar<pronouns.htmlQ http/<<owl.english.purdue.edu<handouts<grammar<gNproncase.html

&'ercise 1 !ersonal pronoun =omplete the sentences. Ise I9me9you9he9him9she9her9they9them9/e9us etc. E#ample/ ( don;t know his friends. Bo you know themM ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. ( don;t know those girls. Bo you know RR....M ( don;t know that man. Bo you know RRR...M ( don;t know Bavid;s wife. Bo you know RRM We want to see them but RRR. don;t want to see RRRR . :he wants to see him but RRR.. doesn;t want to see RRRR . hey want to see me but RRR. don;t want to see RRRR . Where are the ticketsM ( can;t find RR.., Where is JeorgeM :he wants to talk to RR 3y brother has a new 5ob. 7ut RR doesn;t like RRR very much. :he wants the key. =an you give RR. to RR.

&'ercise ( !ossessi$e ad#ecti$es 6ut in my9our9your9his9her9their9its. E#ample/ Boes your father like his hobbyM ). (;m going to wash RRR hands. +. We;re going to discus RRR plan. ,. 4ulia lives with RRR parents. ?. ( saw %iz and 6hilip with RRR son, 7ill. @. Bo you like RRR study programM A. his is a beautiful tree. RRR leaves are a beautiful color. D. ( want to phone Ann. Bo you know RRR phone numbersM E. 4ohn has a brother and a sister. RRR brother is )@ and RRR sister is )+. F. (t;s very cold today. 6ut on RRR coat when you go out. )H. SBo you know that man;M S.es, but ( don;t know RRR name. &'ercise ) !ossessi$e ad#ecti$es9pronouns =hoose the right word E#ample/ ( didn;t have a bike, so :ue lent me her9hers. ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. (t;s their9theirs problem, not our9ours. his is a nice camera. (s it you9yoursM hat;s not my9mine umbrella. Ey9Eine is black. Whose books are theseM Iou9Iours or my9mineM =atherine is going out with her9hers friends this evening. 3y<3ine room is bigger than her9hers. hey;ve got two children but ( don;t know their9theirs names. =an we use your washing machineM @ur9@urs is broken.

&'ercise < "ubstitute pronouns for the underlined /ords. E#ample / his cake is delicious 0 (t is delicious1 ). Where did you get those applesM +. 4im and 7etty are going to the play with us. ,. 3y watch needs repairing Page 9

?. @. A. D. E. F. )H.

!ave you met 4ohn;s sisterM he bridge;s face was radiant at the wedding. 3y nephew is in high school. he children have gone to bed. Bid you en5oy 7etty;s letterM 3rs. 4ohnson is a good friend of mine. 3athematics is easy for me.

&'ercise D (2riting practice 3ake a short essay in English about your study program. ell your audience what makes you interested in taking the program. (t will consist of two to four paragraphs. .ou must use a computer to type your essay, and select English as a default language, as well as activating spelling and grammar, thesaurus and synonyms features. &'ercise J (Comparati$e and "uperlati$e forms One syllable adjectives! "hree or more syllables! Cold colder coldest Popular more popular !ig bigger biggest "nteresting more interesting most "wo syllable adjectives! interesting !oring more boring most boring Irregular adjectives! #ood$ bad$ far$ much%many 2riting> Tal=ing about !eople ). Who is the most boring person< most interesting person< most intelligent person you knowM +. Why is he<she boring<interesting<intelligentM ,. Write about four people you know. E#ample/ &he most boring person " know is my younger brother. 'e (ust watches television all the time)

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UNIT *e change$ whether we like it or not ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson .1 Reading Comprehension

3odern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. :elective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production. Jenetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture, although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts. :ignificant degradation of land and water resources, including the depletion of a"uifers, has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood. he ma5or agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. :pecific foods include cereals 0grains1, vegetables, fruits, oils, meats and spices. $ibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and fla#. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. 9ther useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins, dyes, drugs, perfumes, bio fuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants. 9ver one third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the services sector, although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries.

3uestions! ). ranslate the reading te#t above with your own words* +. What is the main idea of the te#t* ,. Rewrite some sentences of present perfect sentences from the te#t*

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. ?rammar Re$ie/> The "imple !ast a. b. 3ary walked downtown yesterday. ( slept for eight hours last night. he simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began and ended in the past 0e.g. yesterday, last night, two days ago, in +,,-1. 3ost simple past verbs are formed by adding ed to a verb, as in 0a1, 0c1, and 0d1. :ome verbs have irregular past forms, as in 0b1, 0e1, and 0f1. T V worked yesterday. ate breakfast. V did not 0didn#t1 work yesterday. did not 0didn#t1 eat breakfast. V work yesterdayM eat breakfastM V did. didn#t.

c. d. e. f.

7ob stayed home yesterday morning. 9ur plane arrived on time. ( ate breakfast this morning. :ue took a ta#i to the airport. U U

: A E3E8 8EJA (>ET

(&.ou&:he&!e&(t&We& hey (&.ou&:he&!e&(t&We& hey (&.ou&:he&!e&(t&We& hey (&.ou&:he&!e&(t&We& hey

WIE: (98T :!9R A8:WER

Bid .es , 8o,

U U

o make a 'wh' "uestion, of course, put the "uestion word at the beginning of the sentence/ -2h- 3uestions Where did ( goM When did it rainM What did you playM Where did we eatM Why did she listenM !ow did they travelM !ere are some important irregular verbs/ begin break bring build buy catch come do drink eat began bro=e brought built bought caught came did dran= ate fall find fly forget get give go have hear know fell found fle/ forgot got ga$e /ent had heard =ne/ leave lose make meet pay put read ring say see left lost made met paid put read rang said sa/ sell sit sleep speak stand take tell think win write sold sit slept spo=e stood too= told thought /on /rote

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:ee Appendi# + for a list of irregular verbs

&'ercise 1 ( Irregular $erbs =hoose the correct words and change them to the past forms to fill in the gaps. Ise the verbs once only. begin find lose cut go meet hold read drink drive keep shut eat leave take E#ample/ :ue drank a cup of coffee before class this morning. ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. ( NNNNNN an interesting article in the newspaper yesterday. 3arty walked to school. :andy NNNNNN the bus. We NNNNNN a delicious dinner at a 6adang restaurant last night. When it NNNNNN to rain yesterday afternoon, ( NNNNNN all of the window in the boarding house. :am hurt his finger when he was fi#ing his dinner last night. !e accidentally NNNNNN it with a sharp knife. 4essica didn;t throw her old shoes away. :he NNNNNN them because they were comfortable. Bave NNNNNN his apartment in a hurry this morning because he was late for school. 4ack NNNNNN his pocketknife at the park yesterday. his morning he NNNNNN back to the park to look for it. $inally he NNNNNN it in the grass. !e was glad to have it back. 6eter was nervous when he NNNNNN his baby in his arms for the first time. ( NNNNNN 4ennifer;s parents when they visited her. :he introduced me to them.

&'ercise ( Ei'ed 7orms 3ake the past simple negative or "uestion/ ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. )). )+. ),. )?. )@. )A. )D. )E. )F. +H. 0( < not < go out last night1 0you < not < come to the meeting1 0she < not < love chocolate as a child1 0%ucy < not < meet her friends last week1 0you < not < do your homework1 0it < not < rain yesterday1 0we < meet in )FFDM1 0the film < start on timeM1 0( < leave my bag in the ta#iM1 0they < stay in last nightM1 04ulie < watch a film on :aturdayM1 0%ucy < pass the e#amM1 0who < you < meet at the partyM1 0how < she < come to work this morningM1 0where < ( < leave my glassesM1 0when < he < get home last nightM1 0who < they < talk to earlierM1 0how < she < finish so "uicklyM1 0why < you < arrive so lateM1 0when < you < start your 5obM1 Page 13

The !ast "imple /ith -be(t's similar to the present simple because it has different rules for the verb 'be', which becomes 'was' or 'were'. !ere's how to make the positive with Sbe;/ ( /as cold (t /as sunny .ou /ere tired We /ere on holiday !e /as in the garden hey /ere hungry :he /as late o make the negative with 'be', 5ust add 'not'/ Negati$e /ith -beNegati$e "hort 7orm ( was not sleepy ( wasn-t sleepy .ou were not on the bus .ou weren-t on the bus !e was not at school !e wasn-t at school (t was not cold (t wasn-t cold We were not at work We weren-t at work hey were not tired hey weren-t tired o make a "uestion, 5ust like the present simple, we change the position of 'was < were' and the sub5ect. !ere are the past simple 'yes < no' "uestions with 'be'/ -Ies 9 No- 3uestions /ith -He 2as I sleepyM 2as it hotM 2ere you lateM 2ere /e hungryM 2as he at the cinemaM 2ere they at workM 2as she kindM And the 'wh' "uestions with 'be' 0the "uestion word 5ust goes at the beginning, everything else is the same1/ -2h- 3uestions /ith -be Why /as I sleepyM !ow /as itM Where /ere youM Why /ere /e hungryM When /as he at the cinemaM When /ere they at workM &'ercise ) ( "imple past /ith .be0 3ake the past simple 0use positive, negative or "uestion1/ ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. 0( < be < at the cinema last night.1 0the children < be < naughtyM1 0we < be < in a cafe when you called.1 0( < be < lateM1 0she < be < a teacher when she was young.1 0where < we < beM1 0you < be < okayM1 0we < be < too tiredM1 0how < the party < beM1 0they < be < late for the interview.1 Azar, 7etty :chrampfer. )FF,. .undamentals of /nglish #rammar0 p. )E&+@ 3urphy, Raymond. +HH). /ssential #rammar in 1se 23nd /d.4. p. ,H&,) http/<<www.eslgo.com<classes<beginner<bedroom.html .) Acti$e 2riting> 2hat is "ub#ect4 :ub5ect is the part of a sentence that indicates what acts upon the verb. (t is always a noun, pronoun, or noun clause. $or e#ample, Ce#plaining grammarC is the sub5ect of Page 14

the sentence CE#plaining grammar is one of my favorite activitiesC. (n English, sub5ect must agree in person and number with the main verb of the sentence. Types of sub#ect ). "ingle /ords +. Article : Noun ,. Ad#ecti$e5s6 : Noun ?. Noun : relati$e clause @. ?erunds A. Infiniti$es D. Noun clauses /5amples Bogs, water, 4effery, (, you, we, they, it & A dog is a carnivore. he teacher, a cat, some ice & "he teacher has a large number of vocabularies. A big, black spider & $ big% black spider suddenly appeared. he man who lives there & The man who lives there is my uncle. :kiing & Skiing is challenging. o sing & "o sing in front of public makes her nervous. Whatever you doQ whoever she is & &hatever you do is your business. & 2hoe$er they are is not important.

http/<<www.eslgold.com<grammar<sub5ectsNob5ectsNtypes.html &'ercise 1 ( Identifying sub#ect (dentify the sub5ect in each sentence. ). 7ooks are fun. a. 7ooks b. are c. fun ( am sleeping. a. ( b. ( am c. ( am sleeping. d. sleeping he beautiful trees grew. a. he b. beautiful c. grew. d. he beautiful trees hat computer is broken. a. hat b. is broken c. hat computer d. broken he colorful flowers were blooming. a. the colorful b. the colorful flowers c. were blooming d. were here is a black cat )H. he big balls are red. a. he big balls b. are c. are red $inish your homework by tomorrow morning* a. $inish b. your homework c. 0.ou1 d. by tomorrow morning :ay 89 to drugs* a. 0.ou1 b. say c. 89 a. to drugs* Running is fun. a. Running b. is c. fun d. Running is All last night, the boy cried. a. All last night b. night c. the boy d. cried here are five "uestions left. Page 15

+.

)).

,.

)+.

?.

),.

@.

)?.

A.

)@.

D.

E.

somewhere. a. here b. black c. a black cat d. somewhere Why are you tiredM a. Why b. are you c. you d. you tiredM What time is itM a. What time b. time is c. is d. itM =ome here* a. 0.ou1 b. =ome c. =ome here* d. here*

a. here b. are c. five d. five "uestions he girl ate the delicious cake. a. he girl b. ate c. the delicious d. the delicious cake )D. he children played on the computer. a. he b. he children c. played d. on the computer )E Bo these e#ercises* . a. Bo b. these c. e#ercises* e. no sub5ect )A.

F.

http/<<depts.gallaudet.edu<englishworks<e#ercises<main<grammar.html &'ercise ( De$eloping sentences Write )@ 0fifteen1 sentences that consist of sub5ects with the following forms/ single word, article X noun, and ad5ective X noun. 3ake sure that each construction comprises five sentences.

&ating an apple a day =eeps the doctor a/ay!

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UNIT ) &he ones who want to achieve and win championships motivate themselves. ~ 3ike Bitka ).1 Acti$e "pea=ing> &'pressing feelings C he followings are some e#pressions we can use to e#press happiness, boredom or disappointment. %isten and repeat. &'pressing happiness 0formal1/ 9h, (;m so happy. ( can;t say how pleased ( am. ( had a splendid time there. (t;s the most marvelous place (;ve ever seen. (t;s an outstanding adventure. (t;s a sensational trip. Jreat* 0informal1Q E#citing*Q $antastic*Q errific*Q :mashing 0 !ritish /nglish1 !ey, that;s terrific<great. &'pressing boredom 2formal4/ ( think it was a boring holiday. (t sounds boring. &'pressing boredom 2informal4/ (t;s totally<awfully boring. !ow boring* !ow une#citing* &'pressing disappointment 0formal1/ hat;s very disappointing. ( must say (;m really disappointed. (t;s a great disappointment.

(;m rather bored. ( don;t think the trip was interesting. (;m fed up with it. 8ot interesting.

&'pressing disappointment 0informal1/ 9h, no* hat;s too bad. hat;s a real shame<pity. (t;s a real shame.

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&'ercise ).1 ( Describe the follo/ing pictures. 6ractice e#pressing the following feelings or situations. ). +.

,.

disappointed happy ?. 5oyous A.

@.

cheerful

great adventure

bored

). %ocabulary Re$ie/> 2ould you li=e K4 I0d li=e K. 2ould you li=e K4 L 6o you want )M We use 2ould you li=e K4 to offer things/

A/ Would you like some coffeeM 7/ 8o, thank you. A/ Would you like a chocolateM 7/ .es, please.

A/ What would you like, tea or coffeeM 7/ ea, please.

We use 2ould you li=e K4 to invite somebody/ Would you like to go for a walkM

A/ Would you like to have dinner with us on :undayM 7/ .es, (;d love to. 0Y ( would love to have dinner with you.1 What would you like to do this eveningM

I0d li=e K is a polite way to say S" want;. I0d like L I /ould like/ 2ould you li=e RM and Do you li=e RM 2ould you li=e RM < I0d li=e R Would you like some teaM Y Bo you want some teaM Do you li=e RM < I li=e R Bo you like teaM Y Bo you think tea is niceM Page 18

A/ Would you like to go to the cinema tonightM 0Y Bo you want to go to the cinema tonightM1 7/ .es, (;d love to.

A/ Bo you like teaM 7/ .es, ( do. A/ Would you like some nowM 7/ 8o, thank you. 8ot now. A/ Bo you like to going to the cinemaM 0in general1 7/ .es, ( go to the cinema a lot. ( like oranges. 0in general1 What do you like to do ne#t weekendM

(;d like an orange, please. 0Y =an ( have an orangeM1 What would you like to do ne#t weekendM

&'ercise 1 ( 2hat do you say4 What do you say to :ue in these situationsM Ise 2ould you li=e to K4 ). .ou want to go to the cinema tonight. 6erhaps :ue will go with you. 0go1 .ou say/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. +. .ou want to play badminton tomorrow. 6erhaps :ue will play too. 0play1 .ou say/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ,. .ou;ve got some holiday photographs. 6erhaps :ue hasn;t seen them yet. 0see1 .ou say/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ?. .ou have an e#tra ticket for a concert ne#t week. 6erhaps :ue will go. 0go1 .ou say/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. @. (t;s raining. :ue hasn;t got an umbrella but you have one. 0borrow1 .ou say/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. &'ercise ( 2hich is right4 E#ample/ SBo you like < 2ould you li=e a chocolateM; S.es, please; ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. SBo you like < Would you like bananasM; S.es, ( love them; SBo you like < Would you like an ice creamM; S8o, thank you.; SWhat do you like < would you like to drinkM; A glass of water, please.; SBo you like < Would you like to go out for a walkM; S8ot now. 6erhaps later.; ( like < (;d like tomatoes but ( don;t eat them very often. What time do you like < would you like to have dinner this eveningM SBo you like < Would you like something to eatM; S8o, thanks. (;m not hungry. SBo you like < Would you like your new 5obM; S.es, (;m en5oying it.; (;m tired. ( like < (;d like to go to sleep now. SBo you like < Would you like reading in the libraryM; S.es, ( do.; 3urphy, Raymond. )FDD. /ssential #rammars in 1se. p. DE&DF ).) ?rammar Re$ie/> !repositions of place 5in9on 9at 9to6 6repositions are used in many different ways in English & perhaps that's why a lot of people have problems with them. !ow can we use these little words correctlyM 6lace prepositions are prepositions that are used to describe the place or position of all types of nouns. (t is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun. When we refer to place prepositions, we usually refer to CinC, ConC and CatC.

Page 19

in

in

on

on

at

(f something is contained inside a bo# or a wide flat area, we usually use Sin;/ in the newspaper in %ondon in a house in England in a cup in a book in a drawer in a pub in a bottle in a field in a bag in the sea in bed in my stomach in a car in a river

(f something is on a line or a horizontal or vertical surface, we use S on;/ on the table on a chair on the wall on a bag on the floor on the river on the fridge on a t&shirt on my face on the ceiling on a plate on a bottle on the page on a bike on the sofa on his foot

Page 20

(f something is at a point, 0it could be a building1 we use S at;/ at the airport at the traffic lights at the door at the table at the back at the bus stop at the cinema at university at at the top at the bottom at the hospital at the pub

at the front at school at the window at the piano

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!ere are some more common ones that don;t really fit/ at home on > on the bus at work on the radio on a train

on a plane

3urphy, Raymond. )FDD. /ssential #rammars in 1se. p. +HA&+HD http/<<www.english&the&easy&way.com<6repositions<(nN9nNAtN6lace.htmQ http/<<www.perfect&english&grammar.com<prepositions.html &'ercise 1 ( 2here is9are K4 Answer the "uestions based the pictures and. Ise in 9 on 9 at X the words in brackets.

). +. ,. ?. @. A.

Where is heM "n the kitchen. Where are the shoesM RRRRR. Where is the penM RRRRRR.. Where is the clockM RRRRRR Where is the manM RRRRRR. Where are the horsesM RRRRR

D. E. F. )H. )). )+.

Where are they standingM RRR. Where is she swimmingM RRR.. Where is the man standingM RR. Where is the spiderM RRRRR.. Where is he sittingM RRRRR.. Where are her handsM RRRRR

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&'ercise ( ?aps fill;in $ill in < on < at in the blank spaces. ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. )). )+. ),. )?. )@. Where;s 4ulieM :he;s NNNNNN school. here is a spider NNNNNN the bath. 6lease put those apples NNNNNN the bowl. $rank is NNNNNN holiday for three weeks. here are two pockets NNNNNN this bag. ( read the story NNNNNN the newspaper. he cat is sitting NNNNNN the chair. ('ll meet you NNNNNN the cinema. 4ohn is NNNNNN the garden. here's nothing NNNNNN > tonight. ( stayed NNNNNN home all weekend. When ( called %ucy, she was NNNNNN the bus. here was a spider NNNNNN the ceiling. Infortunately, 3rs 7rown is NNNNNN hospital. Bon't sit NNNNNN the table, sit NNNNNN a chair.

?rammar Re$ie/> !repositions of time 5in9on9at6 AT a specific time at +/HH at lunchtime at ?/HH A3 @N days and dates on my birthday on the first day of the school year on ))<)H<FH IN period of time2years, months, seasons in a few days in a couple of months in the summer

(369R A8 / (n English we say in the morning &because it is considered a period of time, in the afternoon, or in the e$ening 7I we say 7at night'

at

times/ at E pm, at midnight, at A/,H holiday periods/ at =hristmas, at Easter at night at the weekend at lunchtime, at dinnertime, at breakfast time days/ on 3onday, on my birthday, on =hristmas Bay days X morning < afternoon < evening < night/ on uesday morning dates/ on the +Hth of 4une years/ in )FF+, in +HHA months/ in Becember, in 4une decades/ in the si#ties, in the )DFHs centuries/ in the )Fth century seasons/ in winter, in summer in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening ne#t week, year, month etc last night, year etc this morning, month etc every day, night, years etc today, tomorrow, yesterday

on

in

no prep

Page 23

&'ercise 1 ( ?aps fill;in 516 6ut in the correct preposition 0at, in, on, or no preposition1/ ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. %ucy is arriving NNNN $ebruary the ),th NNNN E o'clock NNNN the morning. he weather is often terrible in %ondon NNNNN 4anuary. (t;s better to get a ta#i if you are out alone NNNNN night. :he got married NNNNN :eptember. hey usually go to the south of $rance NNNNN the summer. =olumbus sailed to the Americas NNNNN the )Ath century. he 7eatles were popular NNNNN the )FAHs. ( graduated from university NNNNN +HH). !is birthday is NNNNN 4une. ( usually go to my parents; house NNNNN (dul $itri. We eat together NNNNN (dul $itri Bay.

&'ercise ( ?aps fill;in 5 6 6ut in the correct preposition 0at, in, on, or no preposition1/ ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. )H. )). )+. ),. )?. )@. )A. )D. )E. )F. +H. here was a loud noise which woke us up NNNN midnight. Bo you usually eat chocolate eggs NNNN EasterM What are you doing NNNN the weekendM NNNN last week, ( worked until Fpm NNNN every night. 3y father always reads the paper NNNN breakfast time. :he plays tennis NNNN $ridays. he trees here are really beautiful NNNN the spring. (;ll see you NNNN uesday afternoon, then. :hakespeare died NNNN )A)A. :he studies NNNN every day. 4ohn is going to buy the presents NNNN today. (n my hometown the shops open early NNNN the morning. :he met her husband NNNN )FFE. he party is NNNN ne#t :aturday. We are meeting NNNN $riday morning. ( often get sleepy NNNN the afternoon. !is daughter was born NNNN the +?th of August. 3obile phones became popular NNNN the nineties. he meeting will take place NNNN this afternoon. %uckily the weather was perfect NNNN her wedding day.
www.perfect&english&grammar.com

).< ?rammar Re$ie/> The !resent !erfect Tense

: A E3E8 / '$(E/'$S : !A"T !ARTICI!G& 0a1 ( have finished my work. 0b1 he students have finished =hapter ). 0c1 4ulie has eaten lunch. 0d1 0e1 0f1 I#ve<)ou#ve<&e#ve<"hey#ve eaten lunch. She#s<'e#s eaten lunch. It#s been cold for the last three days. he basic form of the present perfect/ have or has : the past participle. Ise have with "$ you$ we$ they$ or a plural noun 0e.g. students1. Ise has with she, he, it, or a singular noun 0e.g. 4im1. With pronouns, have is contracted to apostrophe X ve 0Sve1 and has to apostrophe X s

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0Ss1. 8EJA (>E/ '$(E/'$S : *O" : !A"T !ARTICI!G& 0g1 ( have not +haven#t, finished my work. 0h1 Ann has not +hasn#t, eaten lunch. WIE: (98/ '$(E/'$S : "UH8&CT : !A"T !ARTICI!G& 0i1 !ave you finished your workM 051 !as 4im eaten lunchM 0k1 !ow long have you lived hereM 0l1 0m1 A/ !ave you seen that movieM 7/ .es, ( have. 9R/ 8o, ( haven;t. A/ !as 8adia eaten lunchM 7/ .es, she has. 9R/ 8o, she hasn;t. have X not Y havent has X not Y hasnt

(n a "uestion, the helping verb 0have or has1 precedes the sub5ect.

he helping verb is used in a short answer to a Syes<no; "uestion. he helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun.

&'ercise 1 ( Ei'ed forms 3ake the present perfect & choose positive, negative or "uestion. ). 0( < go < to the library today1 +. 0it < rain all dayM1 ,. 0who < we < forgot to inviteM1 ?. 0we < not < hear that song already1 @. 0she < steal all the chocolate*1 A. 0( < e#plain it wellM1 D. 0how < we < finish alreadyM1 E. 0he < study English1 F. 0( < know him for three months1 )H. 0where < you < study ArabicM1 )). 0what countries < they < visit in EuropeM1 )+. 0he < hurt his leg1 ),. 0she < leave her phone in a ta#i1 )?. 0we < not < lose our tickets1 )@. 0she < call her motherM1 &'ercise ( !ast simpleB or present perfect4 =hoose the past simple or the present perfect/ ). %ast night ( NNNNNN 0lose1 my keys 2 ( had to call my flatmate to let me in. +. ( NNNNNN 0lose1 my keys 2 can you help me look for themM ,. ( NNNNNN 0visit1 4akarta three times. ?. %ast year ( NNNNNN 0visit1 4akarta. @. ( NNNNNN 0know1 my great grandmother for a few years & she died when ( was eight. A. ( NNNNNN 0know1 4ulie for three years 2 we still meet once a month. D. %ast month ( NNNNNN 0go1 to :urabaya. E. (;m sorry, 4ohn isn;t here now. !e NNNNNN 0go1 to the shops. F. We NNNNNN 0finish1 this room last week. )H. ( NNNNNN 0finish1 my e#ams finally 2 (;m so happy* )). .esterday, ( NNNNNN 0go1 to the library, the post office and the supermarket. )+. ( NNNNNN 0go1 to the supermarket three times this week* ),. :he NNNNNN 0live1 in Jlenmore since )FF?. )?. :he NNNNNN 0live1 in Jlenmore when she was a child. Page 25

)@. ( NNNNNN 0drink1 three cups of coffee this morning. )A. ( NNNNNN 0drink1 seven cups of coffee yesterday.
3urphy, Raymond. +HH). /ssential #rammar in 1se 23nd /d.4. p. ,E Azar, 7etty :chrampfer. )FF,. .undamentals of /nglish #rammar0 p. )AH&)A+

&'ercise ; 2riting> What have you done so far in improving your English abilityM !ave you practiced your English intensivelyM !ave you ever taken the English courses<trainingM 0Write down your task in a paragraph at least )H sentences1. ).D !assi$e %oice he passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action. he 6assive is formed/ !assi$e "ub#ect : To He : !ast !articiple &he house was built in +,8,. (t is often used in business when the ob5ect of the action is more important than those who perform the action. 7or &'ample> *e have produced over 3- different models in the past two years. Changes to> 9ver 3- different models have been produced in the past two years. (f the agent is important 0the person, company or thing that does the action1 , use CbyC 7or &'ample> &im *ilson wrote :&he .light to !runnswick: in +,8;. Changes to>:&he .light to !runnswick: was written in +,8; by &im *ilson. 9nly verbs that take an ob5ect can be used in the passive voice. !assi$e %oice "tructure Acti$e hey make $ords in =ologne. :usan is cooking dinner. 4ames 4oyce wrote CBublinersC. hey were painting the house when ( arrived. hey have produced over +H models in the past two years. hey are going to build a new factory in 6ortland. ( will finish it tomorrow. !assi$e 7ords are made in Cologne. Dinner is being coo=ed by "usan Time Reference 6resent :imple 6resent =ontinuous

MDublinersM /as /ritten by 6ast :imple 8ames 8oyces. The house /as being painted 6ast =ontinuous /hen I arri$ed. @$er N models ha$e been 6resent 6erfect produced in the past t/o years. A ne/ factory is going to be built $uture (ntention in !ortland. with Joing to It /ill be finished tomorro/. $uture :imple

&'ercise 1 ; Choose the best ans/er. 1. "omeone /on the lottery. A. 7. =. he lottery had been won by someone. he lottery was won by someone. he lottery is won by someone.

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. The police as=ed Nic=. A. 8ick is asked by the police. 7. 8ick was asked by the police. =. 8ick had been asked by the police. ). Dr. Aust paid for the piOOa. A. 7. =. he pizza was paid for by Br. Aust. he pizza has been paid for by Br. Aust. he pizza is paid for by Br. Aust.

<. Hrian /ill meet you at the airport. A. .ou will be met by 7rian at the airport. 7. .ou would be met by 7rian at the airport. =. .ou will have met 7rian at the airport. D. Rachel respects GindaPs opinion. A. %indaZs opinion will be respected by Rachel . 7. %indaZs opinion was respected by Rachel. =. %indaZs opinion is respected by Rachel. J. Amanda upset me by /hat she said. A. ( was upset by what Amanda said. 7. ( would be upset by what Amanda said. =. ( am upset by what Amanda said. Q. Hob is going to inform Hrian later. A. 7rian would be informed by 7ob later. 7. 7rian is going to be informed by 7ob later. =. 7rian was going to be informed by 7ob later. R. The Ga/rence police arrested 1 students last night. A. 7. =. welve students were going to be arrested last night. welve students were arrested last night. welve students should have been arrested last night.

S. Nic= might $isit you ne't /ee=. A. .ou might be visited by 8ick ne#t week. 7. .ou may be visited by 8ick ne#t week. =. .ou must be visited by 8ick ne#t week. 1N. "uperman could ha$e sa$ed her. A. :he could have been saved by :uperman. 7. :he may have been saved by :uperman. =. :he will be saved by :uperman. &'ercise ( Re/rite the follo/ing sentences into passi$e $oice. ). 4ulia rescued three cats. +. he students handed in the reports.

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,. 3aria crashed into the blue car. ?. Ale# learned the poem. @. :teven has forgotten the book. A. he mechanic has not repaired the B>B recorder D. hey play handball. E. :ue puts the rucksack on the floor. F. he girls had lost the match. )H. he teacher is not going to open the window. ).J Conditional "entences =onditional sentences are used to e#press that the action in the main clause 0without if1 can only take place if a certain condition 0in the clause with if1 is fulfilled. here are , types conditional type ), +, and ,. =onditional :entences are also known as Conditional Clauses or "f Clauses. Conditional "entences Type 1 refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic 2 so we think it is likely to happen. $orm/ if < =imple Present$ will .uture E#ample/ (f ( find her address, ( will send her an invitation. ( want to send an invitation to a friend. ( 5ust have to find her address. ( am "uite sure, however, that ( will find it. E#ample/ (f 4ohn has the money, he will buy a $errari. ( know 4ohn very well and ( know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves $erraris. :o ( think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a $errari. Conditional "entences Type refer to situations in the present.

An action could happen if the present situation were different. We don't really e#pect the situation to change, however. We 5ust imagine > what would happen if . . .? $orm0 if < =imple Past$ Conditional " 2@ would < "nfinitive4 E#ample/ (f ( found her address, ( would send her an invitation. ( would like to send an invitation to a friend. ( have looked everywhere for her address, but ( cannot find it. :o now ( think it is rather unlikely that ( will eventually find her address. E#ample/ (f 4ohn had the money, he would buy a $errari.

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( know 4ohn very well and ( know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves $errari. !e would like to own a $errari 0in his dreams1. 7ut ( think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future. Conditional "entences Type ) refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. hings were different then, however. We 5ust imagine, K what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.L $orm/ if < Past Perfect$ Conditional "" 2@ would < have < Past Participle4 E#ample / (f ( had found her address, ( would have sent her an invitation :ometime in the past, ( wanted to send an invitation to a friend. ( didn't find her address, however. :o in the end ( didn't send her an invitation. E#ample / (f he had had the money, he would have bought a $errari. ( knew 4ohn very well and ( know that he never had much money, but he loved $erraris. !e would have loved to own a $errari, but he never had the money to buy one. &'ercise 1;Choose the best ans/er 1. If farmers in de$eloping countries /ere gi$en a decent price for their produce ... they would be able to build a better future for their family, community and country. they will be able to build a better future for their family, community and country. . If Helgium /on the &uropean "occer Championship in the year NNN ... the world will be amazed. the world would be amazed.

). Consumers /ould be much better off if ... accurate product information would be printed on the packaging. accurate product information were printed on the packaging. <. The children /ould be in a much better shape if they ... would take my bike to go to school. took my bike to go to school. D. If I had a lot of money I ... bought myself a $errari Page 29

would buy myself a $errari J. Felen /ould be $ery upset if ... she knows about 4ohn's past. she knew about 4ohn's past.

Q. If only I had =no/n about your difficult situation I will help you. would have helped you. R. 2e /ouldn-t ha$e gone ban=rupt if ... we had conducted better market research. we conduced better market research. S. If you hadn-t gi$en your appro$al ... this would never have happened. this would never happen. 1N. ?eraldine /ould ne$er ha$e left 8im if ... he were more reasonable and understanding. he had been more reasonable and understanding. 11. 7rance /ould ne$er ha$e /on the /orld cup if ... the final stage were played in 7razil. the final stage had been played in 7razil. 1 . If /e had had a better mar=eting strategy /e ... would easily have con"uered the Jerman market. will easily con"uer the Jerman market. ).Q "pea=ing !ractices The follo/ing are the !ossible 3uestions from the Inter$ie/er of the I&GT" "pea=ing Test > ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. (ntroduce yourself. Bescribe your hometown. What is special about itM =ompare your hometown with another town. Bescribe your country;s education system. What is your attitude toward this systemM Bo you think it;s effectiveM Bescribe the organization you work for. Where is itM What does it doM What is your 5ob functionM Bescribe the process of taking a 5ob in your country. =ompare the role of men and women in your country. What is 7rain drainM What are the causes and effects of itM Biscuss why you would like to visit a particular country. When are you going to visit it and whyM Page 30

)H. Biscuss the factors affecting people to have more or less children in your country. )). Bescribe a traditional dish in your country. What are the ingredientsM )+. Bescribe the traditional Architecture of your country. (s there something special about itM ),. =ompare traditional houses with modern houses in your country. )?. Biscuss why you like a special kind of book, music, sports, or film. )@. Jive reasons why the divorce rate has or has not increased in your country. )A. Bescribe a traditional instrument in your country. )D. Bescribe the ethnic mi# in your country. )E. Bescribe a traditional garment in your country. )F. What is your favorite colourM WhyM What is the relationship between the colour of clothes and the personality of peopleM What is the relationship with moodM +H. Bescribe a historical place in your country. Where is itM What is special about itM +). alk about mass media. 8ewspapers and their attractions for you. ++. Bescribe a traditional <children;s<international<card game. +,. Why do people play gamesM +?. What is your greatest wish< one of your wishesM +@. What don;t you know about your futureM +A. Why do people collect thingsM Bo you collect anythingM +D. Bescribe an invention before or after computer. :hould the governments support inventorsM Why do inventors inventM +E. What is fashionM Bo you follow fashionM Why do people follow fashionM !ow do people in your country follow fashionM +F. What is the process of obtaining a driving license<passport<etc. in your countryM ,H. Bescribe one of your photos. Where, when and with whom did you take itM ,). 8ame a book, film, or a piece of music that you like most and say why. ,+. Bescribe ( or a databank system. ,,. Why always women cook and men do not in your countryM Which is a better cook, a man or a womanM ,?. =ompare your time with your parents;. What is the same and what has changed since thenM ,@. !ow has traveling changed since )HH years agoM ,A. Bescribe your best holiday, party, event in your life. When was it, where and whyM ,D. alk about the best present you have ever had in your life. When, why and who gave it to youM ,E. (n what occasions do people give presents in your countryM ,F. !ow do you choose a gift for your friendsM ?H. What do people do in ? seasons in your countryM ?). What do governments do in case of disastersM What should they doM ?+. alk about the most populated area in your country. Where is itM What is its populationM Why is it so populatedM ?,. Bescribe a competition you have entered. What was your standM ??. What is the role of public artworksM ?@. Bescribe a city you have visited and impressed you so much. Why was it so impressiveM ?A. What is capital punishmentM (s it necessary to control crimeM ?D. What do you think will be the world;s greatest problem in )HH years timeM ?E. What do you think pastime and hobbies will be in )HH years timeM ?F. What do you know about the wildlife in your countryM Who is responsible for its preservationM Page 31

@H. What do you know about Jlobal WarmingM What is Jreenhouse EffectM @). :hopping/ who does the shopping in your homeM Bo you go shoppingM What have you found difficult in shoppingM @+. :chool pressure on children. (s there any in your countryM What can be done if there isM @,. What was the most interesting 0impressing1 period of time in your lifeM Bescribe it. @?. What do you think about children's school ageM Advantages or disadvantagesM @@. What time are children considered to be adults in your countryM UNIT < /nergy and persistence conAuer all things. ~ 7en5amin $ranklin <.1 Reading Comprehension Rice production in Indonesia is an important part of the national economy. (ndonesia is the third&largest producer of rice in the world. Rice was the staple food in the (ndonesian diet, accounting for more than half of the calories in the average diet, and the source of livelihood for about +H million households, or about )HH million people, in the late )FEHs. Rice cultivation covered a total of around )H million hectares throughout the archipelago, primarily on sawah. he supply and control of water is crucial to the productivity of rice land, especially when planted with high&yield seed varieties. (n )FED irrigated sawah covered @E percent of the total cultivated area, rain fed sawah accounted for +H percent, and ladang, or dry land cultivation, together with swamp or tidal cultivation covered the remaining ++ percent of rice cropland. he bas&relief in Eth century 7orobudur depicting farmer plowing the field pulled by buffalo

Ising water buffalo to plough rice fields in 4avaQ Rice is a staple for all classes in contemporaryQ (ndonesia is the world's third largest paddy rice producer and its cultivation has transformed much of (ndonesia;s landscape.

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Rice is a staple for all classes in contemporary (ndonesia, and it holds the central place in (ndonesian culture and (ndonesian cuisine/ it shapes the landscapeQ is sold at marketsQ and is served in most meals both as a savory and a sweet food. he importance of rice in (ndonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of Bewi :ri, the rice goddess of ancient 4ava and 7ali. raditionally the agricultural cycles linked to rice cultivations were celebrated through rituals, such as :undanese =eren &aun rice harvest festival. (n 7ali the traditional subak irrigation management was created to ensure the water supplies for rice paddies, managed by priest and created around Cwater templesC. Rice is most often eaten as plain rice with 5ust a few protein and vegetable dishes as side dishes. (t is also served, however, as nasi uduk 0rice cooked in coconut milk1, nasi kuning 0rice cooked with coconut milk and turmeric1, ketupat 0rice steamed in woven packets of coconut fronds1, lontong 0rice steamed in banana leaves1, intip or rengginang 0rice crackers1, desserts, vermicelli, noodles, arak beras 0rice wine1, and nasi goreng 0fried rice1. Nasi goreng is omnipresent in (ndonesia and considered as national dish. 3uestions! ). ranslate the reading te#t with your own words* +. What is the main idea of the paragraph* ,. $ind out some passive sentences from the te#t* <. Acti$e 2riting> Con#unctions and Connecting 2ords =on5unctions 5oin two parts of a sentence and help to show the connection between the two parts of the sentence. H. Hasic Con#unctions conjunction and but because so when before, after although, though, even though function tells you more makes a contrast answers the "uestion whyB tells you the result answers the "uestion whenB answers the "uestion what happened firstB tells you something surprising e-ample We went home and went straight to bed. hey are rich but they aren;t happy. We went home because we were tired. We went home early, so we missed the end of the concert. We went home when 4ane wanted to. We went home before the concert ended. We went home after 3a# 4ones had sung his first song. We went home although < though we did not really want to. Page 33

if

makes a condition

We will go home if we are tired.

C. @ther Connecting 2ords he words in this table are useful for making connections between words and phrases. word only even like than also, too, as well function says something is not very big or very much says something is surprising or unusual makes a comparison used after a comparative ad5ective or adverb says something e#tra e-ample !e sleeps only three hours every night. Even their )H&year&old son works in the shop. :he looks like her dad. :he works harder than he does. !e works in the shop and she does also < too < as well.

&'ercise 1 ( 2ord choice =hoose one of the underlined words to complete the sentence. ). :am liked school because < although < if he had many friends there. +. :am left school so < but < and he 5oined the navy. ,. !e hadn;t travelled much but < before < after he 5oined the navy. ?. :am was seasick when < if < so he left the navy. @. !e got a 5ob in a bank because < although < and he had no "ualifications. A. !e will stay at the bank when < if < though he likes it there. &'ercise ( Combining sentences Write down ten 0)H1 sentences from the table. use each of the con5unctions once. after although and because before but if so though when :he loves him. :he doesn;t love him. :he loved him. :he didn;t love him. hey had two sons. !e moves to %ondon. !e moved to %ondon. !e was a pop star. hey decided to set up a business together.

3ary agreed to marry 6aul

3arry will marry 6aul

&'ercise ) ( ?aps fill;in $ill in the gaps with words from the table in 7. ( love swimming and my brother loves swimming 0)1 NNNNNN. Almost all my family loves swimming. 0+1 NNNNNN my grandmother swims every day. :he swims 0,1 NNNNNN a fish. 0?1 NNNNNN my father doesn;t like it very much. ( can swim better 0@1 NNNNNN my father. &'ercise < ( "entence building =omplete these sentences for yourself. ). ( am learning English because NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Page 34

+. ,. ?. @. A. D.

(;ll learn more English if NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ( am learning English and NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ( am learning English although NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ( started learning English when NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ( can speak some English, so NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN (;ll learn more English but NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3ac=arthy, 3ichael and $elicity 9;Bell. )FFF. Cocabulary in 1se 2elementary4. =ambridge/ =ambridge Iniversity 6ress

<.) Ainds of "entences E#perienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. oo many simple sentences, for e#ample, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand. "IE!G& "&NT&NC& A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a sub5ect and a verb, and it e#presses a complete thought. (n the following simple sentences, sub5ects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.

A. :ome students like to study in the mornings. 7. 4uan and Arturo play football every afternoon. =. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. he three e#amples above are all simple sentences. 8ote that sentence 7 contains a compound sub5ect, and sentence = contains a compound verb. :imple sentences, therefore, contain a sub5ect and verb and e#press a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound sub5ects or verbs. C@E!@UND "&NT&NC& A compound sentence contains two independent clauses 5oined by a coordinator. he coordinators are as follows/ for$ and$ nor$ but$ or$ yet$ so. 0!elpful hint/ he first letter of each of the coordinators spells .AN!9D=.1 E#cept for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. (n the following compound sentences, sub5ects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.

A. ( tried to speak :panish, and my friend tried to speak English. 7. Ale5andro played football, so 3aria went shopping. =. Ale5andro played football, for 3aria went shopping. he above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are 5oined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. 8ote how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. :entences 7 and =, for e#ample, are identical e#cept for the coordinators. (n Page 35

sentence 7, which action occurred firstM 9bviously, CAle5andro played footballC first, and as a conse"uence, C3aria went shopping. (n sentence =, C3aria went shoppingC first. (n sentence =, CAle5andro played footballC because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because C3aria went shopping.C !ow can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clausesM What implications would the use of CyetC or CbutC have on the meaning of the sentenceM C@E!G&T "&NT&NC& A comple# sentence has an independent clause 5oined by one or more dependent clauses. A comple# sentence always has a subordinator such as because$ since$ after$ although$ or when or a relative pronoun such as that$ who$ or which. (n the following comple# sentences, sub5ects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas 0when re"uired1 are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 7. he teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. =. he students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. B. After they finished studying, 4uan and 3aria went to the movies. E. 4uan and 3aria went to the movies after they finished studying. When a comple# sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and B, a comma is re"uired at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences 7, =, and E, no comma is re"uired. (f a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences 7, =, and E, it is wrong. 8ote that sentences B and E are the same e#cept sentence B begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma. he comma after the dependent clause in sentence B is re"uired, and e#perienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. (n sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. C@E!G&T "&NT&NC&" 9 AD8&CTI%& CGAU"&" $inally, sentences containing ad5ective clauses 0or dependent clauses1 are also comple# because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. he sub5ects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.

A. 7. =. B.

he woman who0m1 my mom talked to sells cosmetics. he book that 4onathan read is on the shelf. he house which AbrahA3 %incoln was born in is still standing. he town where ( grew up is in the Inited :tates.

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Ad5ective =lauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing ad5ective clauses are comple#. &'ercise& Write down )H simple sentences, )H compound sentences, as well as )H comple# sentences. <.< !arallel "tructure When a structure consists of two or more parts, those parts should be parallel 0similar in form1. &'ample> " like s=iing and s=ating. (n the above e#ample, the two ob5ects of the verb like are skiing and skating. 8otice how they are parallel 0or similar1 in form. (t would sound very awkward to say " like s=iing and to s=ate or " like to s=i and s=ating. hese structures sound awkward because they are not parallel. (t is common for students to make errors in parallel structure with items in a series. &'amples> 0a1 #erry and his wife have lived in 7ranceB ItalyB and in "/itOerland. his series is not parallel. here are two ways to correct the error/ #erry and his wife have lived in 7ranceB ItalyB and "/itOerland. 0A series of three nouns sharing the preposition in1 #erry and his wife have lived in 7ranceB in ItalyB and in "/itOerland. 0A series of three prepositional phrases1 0b1 " love to danceB to readB and /atch mo$ies. Again, the series is not parallelQ there are two ways to correct the error/ " love to danceB readB and /atch mo$ies. 0A series of three verbs sharing the word to1 " love to danceB to readB and to /atch mo$ies. 0A series of three infinitives1 0c1 =ue has trouble doing algebraB physicsB and understanding grammar. Again, there are two ways to correct this non&parallel structure/ =ue has trouble doing algebraB learning physicsB and understanding grammar. 0A series of ing word groups1 =ue has trouble with algebraB physicsB and grammar. 0A series of nouns sharing the preposition with1 (t is important also to use parallel structure with correlati$e con#unctions. =orrelative con5unctions are t/o;part con5unctions/ both . . . and . . . Page 37

either . . . or . . . neither . . . nor . . . not only . . . but also whether . . . or &'amples> ( like both skiing and skating. 0 wo ing words1 We will travel either by car or by bus. 0 wo prepositional phrases1 3any people in the world can neither read nor write. 0 wo main verbs sharing the helper can1 he boys have not only cut the grass but also weeded the garden. 0 wo main verbs sharing the helper have1 ( can;t decide /hether to read a book or to watch television. 0 wo infinitive word groups1 &'ercise 1; =orrect any errors in parallel structure in the following sentences. wo of the sentences are correct. ). +. ,. ?. @. A. D. E. F. Bavid has neither done the dishes nor has he made his bed. 2'int0 make sure you have the same kind of structure after nor as you have after neither.4 4anet hopes to finish college, get a 5ob, and to find her own apartment. o learn proper grammar and writing effectively are my goals. ( plan to travel this summer either in Europe or =entral America. he suspect has sold his house, packed his belongings, and has left town. Jreg can't decide whether to enroll in :ocial :ervices or to choose Jeneral Arts. !e is both tired from 5et lag, and he is irritated by the long line&ups. 3r. Ames will write the report, proofread it, and mail it before tomorrow. hat student is studying English, psychology, and is taking two computer courses as well.

)H. 8ot only are we paying for our daughter's wedding but also for the honeymoon. &'ercise ; =orrect any errors in parallel structure in the following sentences. wo sentences are correct. ). +. ,. ?. @. Reading trashy novels, the soaps, and eating 5unk food are -aren's only vices. 3att is either studying in the library, or he is working in the computer lab. ( know how to brainstorm, write a good thesis statement, and ( can organize my ideas well, too. Amanda has trouble with study skills, memory techni"ues, and managing her time. his weekend, 4ason will both research his essay topic on the (nternet, and he will Page 38

also write the first draft of his essay. A. D. E. F. )H. he disk in the sky revolved rapidly, emitted a humming sound, and then it began to descend slowly towards the surface of the earth. !oping to thumb a ride and cross the border, the escaped prisoner cautiously approached the highway. Although we en5oyed the article on =even Dears in &ibet, we have neither seen the movie nor read the book. he members of the tour group boarded the bus wearily, endured a two&hour drive to the resort, and then they discovered that they had no reservations. he rebels not only attacked the village, but they also took several hostages.

<.D 2riting !art 1; 2riting !aragraphs Writing a paragraph is not a natural skill, but learned skill. Anyone can learn* :imply follow the structure below. 2FAT I" A !ARA?RA!F4 A paragraph usually contains a general idea in one sentence, and ? & @ supporting sentences which e#pand this idea by giving e#planation, details and<or e#amples to support the main idea. %ength can vary. 9n the page, the paragraph is a solid block of writing 0like this*1 o start a new paragraph, you should leave a whole line and start at the beginning of the line after. .ou can indent & if handwriting 0start about + cm from the left1, but this is not necessary if you have left a line.

2FI U"& !ARA?RA!F"4 6aragraphs are used to separate main ideas. A new paragraph signals to the reader that a new idea is about to be discussed. he break between paragraphs gives the reader time to take in each idea. F@2 I" A !ARA?RA!F "TRUCTUR&D4 here is no one correct structure. !owever, a useful structure is/ 1. Topic "entence his is the first sentence and it e#presses the main idea. . "upporting "entences Betails that e#pand your main idea. ). Concluding "entence a rounding off, possibly by summarizing what has been said or drawing a logical conclusion from it. 0Note that in a piece of writing which is longer than one paragraphed you should lea$e your conclusion to the $ery end!1

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F@2 D@ I@U 2RIT& A !ARA?RA!F4 !lanning is essential. Even in situations where time is limited, you should plan by briefly noting your points. A plan can look like this/

When you are planning, 4ot down 5ust enough to remind you of your points. Number your points so that when you write you know what order you are going to write them in. 2RITIN?...

"ample of the finished paragraph> here are three levels of government in Australia. he =ommonwealth looks after areas of national importance such as postal services, foreign affairs, and collecting and distributing ta#es. (t also supervises the armed forces. he :tate Jovernments' responsibilities include hospitals, schools and the state police forces. %ocal concerns, such as suburban streets and garbage services, are looked after by %ocal Jovernment. :o, in general, the responsibilities of each level of government are appropriate to the geographical area it serves.

&'ercise 1 ; Re/rite and underline the Topic9"ub#ect and Controlling Idea 5CI6 for the topic sentences belo/. ). Jold is prized for two important characteristics. +. Although wealthy, she is not an arrogant girl. ). :pectacular beaches make 6uerto Rico as a tourist paradise. +. 6articipation in class discussion in English is a problem for foreign students ,. Educating the public can slow the spread of A(B:. &'ercise ; "elect among these topic sentences for /riting a good paragraph. ). :ports are great to watch as well as to play. +. 3any things make learning English difficult. ,. he !onda 4azz is an e#cellent automobile. ?. 3alang is an ideal place to live. !art ; 2riting &ssays Page 40

1. F@2 D@ I INT&R!R&T TF& T@!IC4 o write an effective essay you must follo/ the directions you find in the assignment . A perfectly written essay that doesn't answer the "uestion< task will lose marks. Essays show how well you understand a topic and allow you to share your thought and opinions 0supported by e#perts1. hink clearly about your task. 2hat information do I need4 (nformation on the main topic and the specific areas of the topic. 2hat do I do /ith that information4 he essay topic is directed by an action /ord. he action word tells you what must be done with the topic in the essay. Bo you know your action wordsM Biscuss, analyze, evaluate, compare are the e#amples of action words. . F@2 D@ I !GAN TF& &""AI AND @R?ANI"& EI ID&A"4 .ou have gathered your information and begun to organize it during your note taking. 8ow you need to sort the material again & brainstorm, make connections between ideas by mind mapping, or by a list of headings. 8e#t, you order the material into a logical se"uence for how you want to present the ideas. 7irst> 2hat is your ans/er to the 1uestion4 What is the answer to your "uestionM

What points do you need to make to support or give evidence to prove your answerM What is the best order to arrange these pointsM Are they relevant to the topicM hese points become your paragraphs in the body of your essay. Remember you are arguing your point of view, showing you are aware of their views, but maintaining your stance. hese "uestions can be answered by using/ Eind Eap

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(magine that you are in the kitchen debating your assignment with one or more people. What stand do you take and what points do you make to support itM Role play other points of view. =hallenge your own* ape your debate if you wish* ). Fo/ to 2rite an &ssay here are many ways to write an essay. !owever, the standard essay form follows the same basic patterns as discussed in this 'how to'. Fere-s Fo/> ). :elect the topic of your essay. +. =hoose the central idea, or thesis, of your essay. $or e#ample/ (nformation technology has revolutionized the way we work. ,. 9utline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs. ?. he introductory paragraph begins with an interesting sentence. $or e#ample/ !ome workers have grown from )@H,HHH to over )+ million in the past @ years thanks to the wonders of the computer. @. After this first sentence, add your thesis statement from above. A. Ise one sentence to introduce every body paragraph to follow. $or e#ample/ he (nternet has made this possible by e#tending the office into the home. D. $inish the introductory paragraph with a short summary or goal statement. $or e#ample/ echnological innovation has thus made the traditional workplace obsolete. E. (n each of the body paragraphs 0usually two or three1 the ideas first presented in the introductory paragraph are developed. F. Bevelop your body paragraphs by giving detailed information and e#amples. $or e#ample/ When the (nternet was first introduced it was used primarily by scientists, now it is common in every classroom. )H. 7ody paragraphs should develop the central idea and finish with a summary of that idea. here should be at least two e#amples or facts in each body paragraph to support the central idea. )). he summary paragraph summarizes your essay and is often a reverse of the introductory paragraph. )+. 7egin the summary paragraph by "uickly restating the principal ideas of your body paragraphs. $or e#ample/ he (nternet in the home, benefits and ease of use of modern computer systems... Page 42

he penultimate sentence should restate your basic thesis of the essay. $or e#ample/ We have now passed from the industrial revolution to the information revolution. )?. .our final statement can be a future prediction based on what you have shown in the essay. $or e#ample/ he ne#t step/ he complete disappearance of the workplace. Tips> ). Ise strong verbs and avoid modals to state your opinion. (t is better to write/ he workplace has evolved than he workplace seems to have evolved +. Bo not apologize for what you are saying. An essay is about your opinion. ,. Bo not translate from your mother tongue. (t will "uickly get you into trouble* 2hat Iou Need> =omputer or ypewriter Bictionary <. Use this "ample Hasic &ssay as a Eodel he essay below demonstrates the principles of writing a basic essay. he different parts of the essay have been labeled. he thesis statement is in bold, the topic sentences are in italics, and each main point is underlined. When you write your own essay, of course, you will not need to mark these parts of the essay unless your teacher has asked you to do so. hey are marked here 5ust so that you can more easily identify them. CA dog is man's best friend.C hat common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend whose companionship people en5oy. $or many people, a cat is their best friend. Despite /hat dog lo$ers may belie$eB cats ma=e e'cellent house pets as they are good companionsB they are ci$iliOed members of the householdB and they are easy to care for. "n the first place$ people en(oy the companionship of cats. 3any cats are affectionate. hey will snuggle up and ask to be petted, or scratched under the chin. Who can resist a purring catM (f they're not feeling affectionate, cats are generally "uite playful. hey love to chase balls and feathers, or 5ust about anything dangling from a string. hey especially en5oy playing when their owners are participating in the game. =ontrary to popular opinion, cats can be trained. Ising rewards and punishments, 5ust like with a dog, a cat can be trained to avoid unwanted behavior or perform tricks. =ats will even fetch* "n the second place$ cats are civiliEed members of the household. Inlike dogs, cats do not bark or make other loud noises. 3ost cats don't even meow very often. hey generally lead a "uiet e#istence. =ats also don't often have Caccidents.C 3other cats train their kittens to use the litter bo#, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. Even stray cats usually understand the concept when shown the bo# and will use it regularly. =ats do have claws, and owners must make provision for this. A tall scratching post in a favorite cat area of the house will often keep the cat content to leave the furniture alone. As a last resort, of course, cats can be declawed. Fastly$ one of the most attractive features of cats as house pets is their ease of care. =ats do not have to be walked. hey get plenty of e#ercise in the house as they play, and they do their business in the litter bo#. =leaning a litter bo# is a "uick, painless procedure. =ats also take care of their own grooming. 7athing a cat is almost never necessary because under ordinary circumstances cats clean themselves. =ats are more particular about personal cleanliness than people are. (n addition, cats can be left home alone for a few hours without fear. Inlike Page 43

),.

some pets, most cats will not destroy the furnishings when left alone. hey are content to go about their usual activities until their owners return. =ats are low maintenance, civilized companions. 6eople who have small living "uarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats. !owever, many people who have plenty of space and time still opt to have a cat because they love the cat personality. (n many ways, cats are the ideal house pet.

&'ercise/ =hoose one of the following topics to write down your essay writing. Argument &ssay Topics opics in the following list may appear in your actual test. .ou should become familiar with this list before you take the computer&based 9E$% test. Remember that when you take the test you will not have a choice of topics. .ou must write only on the topic that is assigned to you. ). 6eople attend college or university for many different reasons 0for e#ample, new e#periences, career preparation, increased knowledge1. Why do you think people attend college or universityM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. +. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM 6arents are the best teachers. Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. ,. 8owadays, food has become easier to prepare. !as this change improved the way people liveM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. ?. (t has been said, K8ot everything that is learned is contained in books.L =ompare and contrast knowledge gained from e#perience with knowledge gained from books. (n your opinion, which source is more importantM WhyM @. A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Biscuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Bo you support or oppose the factoryM E#plain your position. A. (f you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you changeM Ise reasons and specific e#amples to support your answer. D. !ow do movies or television influence people;s behaviorM Ise reasons and specific e#amples to support your answer. E. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM elevision has destroyed communication among friends and family. Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your opinion. F. :ome people prefer to live in a small town. 9thers prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live inM Ise specific reasons and details to support your answer. )H. KWhen people succeed, it is because of hard work. %uck has nothing to do with success.L Bo you agree or disagree with the "uotation aboveM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to e#plain your Page 44

position. )). Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM Iniversities should give the same amount of money to their students; sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your opinion. )+. 3any people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museumsM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. ),. :ome people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. 9ther people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you preferM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. )?. :ome people believe that university students should be re"uired to attend classes. 9thers believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree withM Ise specific reasons and details to e#plain your answer. )@. 8eighbors are the people who live near us. (n your opinion, what are the "ualities of a good neighborM Ise specific details and e#amples in your answer. )A. (t has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built in your neighborhood. Bo you support or oppose this planM WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to support your answer. )D. :ome people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. 9thers think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you preferM Ise specific reasons to develop your essay. )E. What are some important "ualities of a good supervisor 0boss1M Ise specific details and e#amples to e#plain why these "ualities are important. )F. :hould governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation 0buses, trains, subways1M WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to develop your essay. +H. (t is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Bo you agree or disagreeM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to develop your essay. +). (n general, people are living longer now. Biscuss the causes of this phenomenon. Ise specific reasons and details to develop your essay. ++. We all work or will work in our 5obs with many different kinds of people. (n your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a co&worker 0someone you work closely with1M Ise reasons and specific e#amples to e#plain why these characteristics are important. +,. (n some countries, teenagers have 5obs while they are still students. Bo you think this is a good ideaM :upport your opinion by using specific reasons and details. +?. A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or cityM WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to develop your essay. +@. (t has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood. Bo you support or oppose this planM WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to support your answer. +A. (t has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood. Bo you support or oppose this planM Page 45

WhyM Ise specific reasons and details to support your answer. +D. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM 6eople should sometimes do things that they do not en5oy doing. Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. +E. Bo you agree or disagree with the following statementM elevision, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Ise specific reasons and details to e#plain your opinion. +F. :ome people believe that the Earth is being harmed 0damaged1 by human activity. 9thers feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinionM Ise specific reasons and e#amples to support your answer. ,H. (t has recently been announced that a new high school may be built in your community. Bo you support or oppose this planM WhyM Ise specific reasons and details in your answer. =uccess is not final$ failure is not fatal0 it is the courage to continue that counts. ~Winston =hurchill 0)ED?&)FA@1, former 6rime 3inister of the I0)F?H&)F?@, )F@)& )F@@1, and a 8obel 6rize&winning writer

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