CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

1.INTRODUCTION :National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC) was incorporated in 1975 by an Act of parliament, to supplement the efforts of the states for quicker and greater capacity addition in thermal power generation.In1997, the Department of Public Enterprises, Government of India granted Navratna (Nine Jewels) status with powers of operational autonomy to the board of NTPC with an objective to turn the public sector enterprise into a global giant. This has helped NTPC in speedy implementation of power projects, adoption of new technologies and formation of Joint Ventures in the core generation as well as service businesses. Recently, NTPC has been awarded the Maharatna status which has given it greater autonomy. In line with its vision and mission over the last thirty five years NTPC has grown to become the largest power utility in India with a commissioned generation capacity of 34,754 MW (as on July, 2011) with power stations spread over the length and breadth of the country, covering portfolios in coal based and combined cycle power plants. Besides, being Indias largest power generation utility, NTPC has also grown to become the number one independent power producer in Asia and second globally in 2009 (by Platts, a division of McGraw-Hill companies), 5th largest company in Asia and 317th Largest company in the world (FORBES ranking 2009) with Net Sales of Rs. 53721 crore during 2010-11 as against Rs.46169 crore during 2009-10, as increase of 16.36% as on 31.03.2011. NTPC has also the honor of becoming the 6th largest thermal power generator in the world and second most efficient in terms of capacity utilization amongst top 10 utilities in the world. In line with the changing business environment, NTPC has expanded its operations in the area of Hydro Power and covered substantial ground in the areas of Coal Mining, Oil & Gas Value Chain, Power Trading and Distribution. With these forward and backward integration plans, NTPC has been re-christened as NTPC Limited since 7th Nov, 2005. Today NTPC is more than a company. It is an institution, which has molded the economy of India setting many landmarks particularly in Power Plant Engineering, Operation 1

and Maintenance, Contract Management that other power organizations would strive to emulate. NTPC accepted the challenging task of taking over and running of the Ratnagiri Gas & Power Station (erstwhile Dabhol Power Plant). NTPC has drawn an ambitious programmed to become a 56000 plus MW Company by 2012 and 75000 plus MW Company by 2017.With a share of 17.75% in the total installed capacity in the country, NTPCs market share in the countrys power generation was 27.4% during FY 2010-11. Some information about NTPC is NTPC Limited is the largest power generating company of India. A public sector company, it was incorporated in the year 1975 to accelerate power development in the country as a wholly owned company of the Government of India. The installed capacity of NTPC is34,894 MW . 15 coal based (24,395 MW), 7 gas based (3,955 MW) 4 Joint Venture Projects (2,294 MW). NTPC's share on 31 Mar 2008 in the total installed capacity of the country was 19.1% and it contributed 28.50% of the total power generation of the country during 2008-09. Anta Gas Based Combined Cycle Power Project is not only the first Gas Power Plant of NTPC but is also the beginning of an era of state of art Combined Cycle Power Plants in the country.

1.1 NTPCs MISSION AND VISION:NTPCs vision and mission are driving force in all our endeavors to ultimately produce and deliver quality power in optimum cost and eco-friendly manner through concerted team efforts and effective systems. Being an PSU, Anta has derived its mission and vision aligning with that of the Corporate Mission and Vision.

Fig 1.1Map Showing All NTPC Plants VISION: A world class integrated power major, powering Indias growth, with increasing global presence. MISSION: Develop and provide reliable power, related products and services at competitive prices, integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and contribute to society.

1.2 NTPCs CORE VALUES:The Core Values (BCOMIT), as of NTPC epitomizes the organizational culture and is central to every activity of the company. The values create involvement of all sections of the employees. employees. The core values are widely communicated for the actualization among the

Business Ethics Customer Focus Organizational and Professional Pride Mutual Respect and Trust Innovation and Speed Total Quality for Excellence

1.3 ANTA GAS POWER STATION:Rapid industrialization and growth in agriculture/domestic consumption of power in the North India was putting lot of strain on the power grid. To overcome the gap between supply and demand, NTPC set up its first Gas Power Station at Anta. Presently NTPC, Anta is one of the seven Gas Stations of NTPC. ANTAs journey towards excellence had started since inception. Today ANTA is one of the best gas power plant in the country. It has achieved unique distinction of being the first power station of the country having Zero Forced Outage. ANTA is ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007, SA 8000:2001 and FIVE-S certified.

1.4 LOCATION AND ORIGIN:With the findings of natural gas in Western Offshore fields of Bombay High, Central Government decided to take this gas up to North India and accordingly lay the HBJ Pipeline starting from Hazira. Govt. of India directed to set up gas based combined cycle power plants along with HBJ pipeline. Initially 3 such projects were conceived at Anta, Kawas & Auraiya in States of Rajasthan, Gujarat & UP respectively. Anta project was set up to mitigate the power shortage in the Northern region which was estimated between 13-16% of the peak demand during the 7th plan period. Further, looking at the benefit of the low gestation, high efficiency, quick (Black) start and quick loading capability with mix-fuel flexibility and low pollution impact, Anta project was considered the most viable option to eminently fulfill the supply demand gap in Northern Region.

Fig 1.2 Location of NTPC, Anta

1.5 BREIF PROFILE OF NTPC ANTA:Station Combine Cycle Gas power station

Approved capacity

419.33MW

Installed capacity Gas source Water source

419.33MW HBJ Pipeline South Basin Gas field kota right main canal

Units commissioned

Unit-I 88.2 MW GT January 1989 Unit-II 88.2 MW GT January 1989 Unit -III 88.2 MW GT January 1989 Unit-IV 153.2 MW ST March 1990 UP, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh ,Rajasthan, Haryana , Punjab & Delhi

Beneficiary states

Approved Investment International Assistance

Rs. 418.97 Crore IBRB and Japan

Table 1.1 Profile of NTPC anta

1.5.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF NTPC ANTA

Fig1.3 Salient features of NTPC Anta

CHAPTER: 2(A) ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

2.A.1 ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE(NTPC)

Sole product of NTPC-Anta is electrical power generated by using gas or naphtha as a main fuel. The generated power is transmitted through six 220 KV Lines. Thus NTPCs role is limited up to Switchyard, beyond which PGCIL network feeds to respective DISCOMs. Its customer consists of state distribution companies in member states of northern grid viz. Rajasthan, UP, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, J&K and Chandigarh. The coordination for generation scheduling is done by Anta with the NRLDC (Northern Region Load Dispatch Centre) of Power Grid located at New Delhi. Anta not only fulfils the customer requirements of adequate and reliable power at competitive price but also works with the customer to maintain grid stability in the larger interest of the region. To maintain the grid stability, the supply and demand are to be consistently matched for which, the communication between the personnel manning the control room at Anta and the NRLDC is established on continuous basis.

Fig 2.A.1 Allocation of Antas Power to other states

2.A.2 ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY:NTPCs current 3-tier structure comprises Corporate Centre (CMD, Board of Directors and Corporate functions), Regional Head Quarters (five in numbers NCR, NR, SR, ER and WR) and Stations/Projects, Anta being one of the stations. Anta falls under NCR-HQ. The business unit head of ANTA is the GENERAL MANAGER (GM). The power generation is handled by Operations and Maintenance Department headed by AGM (O&M), reporting to GM. O&M consists of different sections viz. Operations, Mechanical Maintenance, Electrical Maintenance, C&I Maintenance, Chemistry, EEMG, MTP, each sub section is headed by a DGM/Senior Manager. The support function departments viz. F&A, HR, Contracts & Materials, Safety, TQM, IT etc, headed by DGM/Senior Managers, are directly reporting to the General Manager.

Fig2.A.2

Organization Chart of NTPC Anta

2.A.3 CORPORATE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:Anta is involved in many CSR activities like rural health check up camps, rural sports, school furnishing, vocational trainings etc. Anta employees and their family members are involved in various activities of CSR like voluntary services for education of villagers, help in emergency situations, eye camps, family planning camps etc. It been maintaining excellent CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility) by providing jobs to the land losers along with good compensation, providing employment for the locals on a contract basis, construction of roads, drainage systems, drinking water supply, hygienic conditions, hospitals, schools, etc all within ANTA town of the NTPC plant. It should evaluate plans for expansion in order to meet the Power needs of India as well as to create more employment.

2.A.4 OVERVIEW:Indias largest power company, NTPC was set up in 1975 to accelerate power development in India. NTPC is emerging as a diversified power major with presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. Apart from power generation, which is the mainstay of the company, NTPC has already ventured into consultancy, power trading, ash utilization and coal mining. NTPC ranked 337th in the 2012, Forbes Global 2000 ranking of the Worlds biggest companies. NTPC became a Maharatna company in May, 2010, one of the only four companies to be awarded this status. The total installed capacity of the company is 41,184 MW (including JVs) with 16 coal based and 7 gas based stations, located across the country. In addition under JVs, 7 stations are coal based & another station uses naphtha/LNG as fuel and 2 renewable energy projects. The company has set a target to have an installed power generating capacity of 1,28,000 MW by the year 2032. The capacity will have a diversified fuel mix comprising 56% coal, 16% Gas, 11% Nuclear and 17% Renewable Energy Sources(RES) including hydro. By 2032, non fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 28% of NTPCs portfolio.

NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company has 17.75% of the total national capacity, it contributes 27.40% of total power generation due to its focus on high efficiency.

Fig. 2.A.3 Growth of NTPC In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of 5.25% as fresh issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by Government of India. NTPC thus became a listed company in November 2004 with the Government holding 89.5% of the equity share capital. In February 2010, the Shareholding of Government of India was reduced from 89.5% to 84.5% through Further Public Offer. The rest is held by Institutional Investors and the Public.

10

Fig. 2.A.4 NTPCs total capacity

Fig 2.A.5 Night View of NTPC, Anta

11

2.A.5 NTPC HEADQUARTERS:NTPC Limited is divided into eight HQ.

Sr. No.

Headquarter

City

NCRHQ

Delhi

ER-I HQ

Patna

ER-II HQ

Bhubaneshwar

NRHQ

Lucknow

SR HQ

Hyderabad

WR-I HQ

Mumbai

WR-II HQ

Raipur

Hydro HQ

Delhi

Table 2.A.1 Headquarter of NTPC

12

2.A.6 NTPC PLANTS:2.A.6.1 THERMAL-COAL BASED:-

Sr. No.

Project

State

Inst.Capacity

Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station

Uttar Pradesh 2,000

NTPC Korba

Chhattisgarh

2,600

NTPC Ramagundam

Andhra Pradesh

2,600

Farakka Super Thermal Power Station

West Bengal

2,100

NTPC Vindhyachal

Madhya Pradesh

4,260

Rihand Thermal Power Station

Uttar Pradesh 2,500

Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station

Bihar

2,340

NTPC Dadri

Uttar Pradesh 1,820

NTPC Talcher Kaniha

Orissa

3,000

10

Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant

Uttar Pradesh 1,050

13

Sr. No.

Project

State

Inst.Capacity

11

Talcher Thermal Power Station

Orissa

460

12

Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant

Andhra Pradesh

2000

13

Tanda Thermal Power Plant

Uttar Pradesh 440

14

Badarpur Thermal Power Station

Delhi

705

15

Sipat Thermal Power Plant

Chhattisgarh

2980

16

NTPC Bongaigaon (commissioning 2013 onwards[5])

Assam

750 (3x250 MW)

17

NTPC Mouda (1 unit 500 MW is commissioned in April 2012[6])

Maharashtra

2320 (2x500 MW; 2x660 MW)

18

Rihand Thermal Power Station (erection phase)

Uttar Pradesh 1*500 MW

19

NTPC Barh (commissioning 2013 onwards[7])

Bihar

3300 (5x660 MW)

Total

31,995

Table 2.A.2 Thermal Coal Based Plants 14

2.A.6.2 GAS BASED:-

Sr. No.

Project

State

Installed Capacity in Megawatt

NTPC Anta

Rajasthan Kota

413

NTPC Auraiya

Uttar Pradesh

652

NTPC Kawas

Gujarat

645

NTPC Dadri

Uttar Pradesh

817

NTPC Jhanor

Gujarat

648

NTPC Kayamkulam

Kerala

350

NTPC Faridabad

Haryana

430

RGPPL Ratnagiri

MaharashtraRatnagiri

1967

Total Table 2.A.3 Gas Based Plants

6922

15

2.A.7 Environmental Concern:The institution has shown special concern and nearly 1.8 lacks trees have been planned in and around the plant and township to enhance not only greenery but also to improve environment continuous monitoring at various parameters of environment is being carried out by an environment management group especially continued for this purpose. The project has strength of 240 employees.

2.A.8 Major Achievements of NTPC: Largest thermal power generating company of India. Sixth largest thermal power generator in the world. Second most efficient utility in terms of capacity utilizations. One of the nine PSUs to be awarded the status of Navratna. Provides power at the cheapest average tariff in the country

2.A.9 FUTURE GOALS:The National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd is on an expansion spree to meet the power requirements of the country it has adopted a multi-pronged growth strategy to become a 50,000-mw plus company by 2012. NTPC envisages 75,000 mw plus installed capacity by 2017 which includes a significant addition of hydro capacity and forays into non-conventional and nuclear power generation. Dr. Arup Roy Choudhury, Chairman and managing director, NTPC, said that capacity addition through green field projects, expansion of existing stations, joint ventures and takeover of SEB stations were on the cards. Disclosing NTPCs future plans, Dr. Arup Roy Choudhury said that the nuclear agreement with the US would provide flexibility on the acquisition of technology for nuclear energy. A 2,000-mw nuclear power plant will come up in the middle of the 11th Five-Year Plan and another 2,000 mw at the end of the plan. The power major has also signed MoUs with the Arunachal Pradesh government for implementation of the 4,000-mw Etalin hydel power plant, the countrys largest hydro power project, and the 500-mw Attunli HEP project. NTPC also plans to go global.

16

The public sector company has signed a memorandum of agreement with the Government of Sri Lanka and Ceylon Electricity Board for setting up a 500-mw (2x250 mw) coal-based thermal power plant in the island nation. An MoU has also been signed with Kyushu Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan, for establishing an alliance for exchange of information and experts from different areas of the business. The company is also in the process of finalising an MoU with Nigeria for setting up power plants against allocation of LNG on long-term basis for NTPC plants in India. Despite the major shortfall in the power ministrys 10th plan capacity addition programme, NTPC has all reason to be pleased with its performance of a total addition of 7,155 mw power during the period. The companys Vindhyachal super thermal power plant has become the countrys largest thermal generation plant with a total installed capacity of 3,200 mw. Apart from the commissioned projects, NTPC has reported good progress in its ongoing projects. At present, NTPC has a total of 11,360 mw capacity under construction. Its foray into hydro power has also gathered momentum with the 800-mw Koldam, 600-mw Loharinag Pala and 520-mw Tapovan Vishnugad moving ahead at a good pace. To ensure fuel supply for its upcoming thermal projects, NTPC has entered into agreements with Coal India Ltd and Singareni Collieries Company Ltd for jointly undertaking the development, operation and maintenance of the coal blocks. The coal ministry has also recently approved NTPCs Pakri Barwadih coal mining project which will be the largest mining capacity plan in India with estimated reserves of 15 million tonnes per annum.

17

CHAPTER: 2(B) ROLTA INDIA LIMITED

2.B INTRODUCTION TO ROLTA:-

Rolta

headquartered

in

Mumbai,

India.

Established

in

1989,

the

company

provides CAD, CAM, geospatial information system (GIS) solutions, E Business and related services. Rolta employs around 5000 professionals and has a countrywide infrastructure and international subsidiaries across the globe. Rolta India Limited is ranked No. 12 in IT companies and overall ranked No. 365 in India in Fortune India 500 list in 2011. Forbes Global has ranked Rolta amongst the "Best 200 under a Billion" four times in six years while the company was included by Standard & Poor on their 2008 Global Challengers List, which identifies 300 mid-size companies worldwide with a total market capitalization between US$15 Billion. The company's subsidiaries include Rolta International Inc. (RUS), Rolta Middle East (RME), Rolta Saudi Arabia Limited (RSA), Rolta UK Limited (RUK) and Rolta Thames Limited (RTL) while the company owns a 50% stake in Shaw Rolta Limited as of 30 June 2009, and acquired One GIS, Inc. in April 2010. Rolta is also in partnership with Intergraph to market and support its software in India. The company has various branches in various parts of India (Mumbai and Gurgaon) and Canada. Services provided include geospatial engineering design such as plant design and mechanical design solutions and services, plant information management services and engineering design services for ship building and other applications, eSecurity services and solutions along with software development services such as high end games development and software testing. The company recently entered into a joint venture with French company Thales to establish Rolta Thales Ltd. Rolta is listed on the Indian National Stock Exchange (NSE) in the cash and futures and options segments, and forms part of CNX IT, Nifty Midcap 50 and CNX 500 indices. The company is also listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) 'A' group and forms part of the BSE Midcap, BSE 200, BSE 500, BSE IT and BSE TECk indices while its Global Depositary 18

Receipts (GDRs) are listed on the Main Board of the London Stock Exchange and its foreign currency convertible bonds on the Singapore Stock Exchange. In April 2010, the company reported a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17% between the 2009 and 2011 financial years.[11]Rolta has huge range of IT Products such as Oneview (Oil & gas, Power) Onepoint, so on. These has Unqiue IP for company. Recently Rolta India Ltd. said its wholly owned subsidiary Rolta International, inc. had won a $31 million contract from Memphis Light gas and Water (MLGW) to provide consulting, systems integration and software services to the largest three-service municipal utility in the US.

Indian telecommunication industry is one of the fastest growing industry in the world. It is estimated that India will have more than 1.2 billion mobile subscribers by 2013 exceeding even the total subscriber count in China. Telecommunication in India is synonymous to Mobility and the Mobile Industry in India is growing with a CAGR of over 10%. Your company has created good presence in the Mobility Sector namely within the spaces of Mobile Devices, Mobility Retail and Mobile Value Added Services. Within the space of Mobile Devices domestic brands have played a significant role to bring the power of communication within the hands of the consumers by focusing on Product and Cost Innovation - bringing rightly priced and correctly engineered devices to the Indian Consumer. Domestic

brands have been successful in capturing over 15 % of the market share. At the same time, the mobility industry has become very competitive in the last few years. Due to the absence of entry barrier in the mobile handset industry, most players coming into this industry are using price as their USP for gaining market share. On the other hand international giants like Nokia, Blackberry etc. have seen rapid erosion in their market share. The combination of all the above has led to significant reduction in profits for the mobile device players. At another level, the Indian consumers needs and expectations have graduated beyond acquiring hardware. It has become the lifeline of every consumer. Hence, there is an increasing demand for the device to enable an empowered lifestyle through data services and applications. It also includes a comfortable retail experience along with a qualitative and responsive after

19

sales care. And this trend is dominant in both rural and urban markets alike. The majority of data consumption comprise of services in utility, education, information and entertainment. With business operations spanning across India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, Spice is expanding its geographical presence from Ivory Coast to Indonesia. Spice currently has Sonam Kapoor as its brand Ambassador and moving forward, the company aims to achieve further brand acceptability among all target segments through a broader offering of mobile internet handsets that offer a rich digital experience on the move. Spice also features in Forbes 2010, among Asias 200 Best Billion Dollar Companies. Telecommunications-Mobiles segment represents the business of trading in mobile handsets and Information Technology business represents the business of manufacturing, trading, installation/erection and networking of computer hardware including maintenance and servicing thereof. Spice Mobility Ltd was incorporated on December 1986 with the name Modi Olivetti Ltd. The company was established to manufacture minicomputers and microprocessors based system in collaboration with Ing C Olivetti & C., S.p.A of Italy. In October 1989, the company came out with their maiden public issue to part-finance their project to manufacture and market mini computers / microprocessor-based systems at Rampur, Uttar Pradesh. In January 1, 1990, they commenced commercial production at their Rampur Plant. In April 23, 1999, the joint venture agreement with Ing C Olivetti & C., S.p.A. was terminated and the name of the company was changed from Modi Olivetti Ltd to MOL India Ltd with effect from August 23, 1999. In the year 2000, the name of the company was further changed from MOL India Ltd to Spice Net Ltd with effect from December 5, 2000. In March 24, 2004, the company acquired 50.11% shares in Graphtech India Ltd, an unlisted public limited company in the similar line of business. Thus, Graphtech India Ltd became a subsidiary company. During the year 2004-05, the company their business avenues and diversified their activities to include Mobile Handsets business. For that, they established industrial undertaking at Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Since, the name of the company was not reflecting the business activities being pursued by the company; they changed the name from Spice Net Ltd to Spice Ltd with effect from July 4, 2005. During the year 2005-06, the company divested their entire stake in their subsidiary Graphtech India Ltd. Thus, Graphtech India Ltd ceased to be a subsidiary

20

company. In the year 2007, the company changed their name from Spice Ltd to Spice Mobiles Ltd with effect from April 26, 2007 in order to reflect the core business activity pursued by the company (ie) Mobile Handsets business. The company decided to discontinue the Information Technology (IT) business. During the year 2008-09, the company introduced 3G handsets and plants to introduce more handsets once the operators start the service. They also launched innovative products for CDMA customers. They started their operations in Nepal. Also, as a part their global strategy, they will shortly be expanding to other markets like Bangladesh & Africa. The name of the company was changed from Spice Mobiles Ltd to Spice Mobility Ltd with effect from June 07, 2010. Also, the company decided to amalgamate Spice Televentures Pvt Ltd with the company with effect from January 01, 2010. The company is setting up a manufacturing facility for Mobile Handsets at the factory premises of the company situated at Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. The company plans to introduce new models in all the segments offering more contents and value through embedding local contents like Bollywood ring tones, games, true tones, wall papers. Also, they plan to partner with various companies located in Europe and Asia in order to foray into those markets.

2.B.1 VISION & STRATEGY

2.B.1.1 VISION:One step ahead of the needs of the mobile internet society. Our brand vision is a long term objective. It's what we seek to achieve and how we wish to be perceived by our audiences in the future. The only thing constant in the world is change.

21

Fig 2.B.1 Spice Mobile Phones

We will always be fuelled by the desire to make a difference, bring about a change for the better. We dream of continuously enriching the mobile society, enabling them to live life to its fullest and bringing their dreams alive. Develop and provide reliable services, related products and services at competitive prices, integrating multiple sources with innovative and ecofriendly technologies and contribute to society. A world class integrated major, services in Indias growth, with increasing global presence. In line with its vision and mission over the last fifteen years Spice has grown to become the largest service provider in India with a commissioned generation capacity of various services. 22

2.B.1.2 STRATEGY:SWITCH UP ! To motivate consumers to "Switch On" to the latest mobile internet technology via the hottest digital trends and cutting-edge handset designs, thus enabling them to "Move Up" to a more fulfilling digital experience that goes beyond basic connectivity -the brand positioning for 'S' is expressed as a combination of the 2 rallying cries, driving consumers to Switch Up! Switch forward to the next generation technology Two short, yet powerful words which tell the consumers that the Brand 'S' gives them more than just a handset; it opens a window to the digital world. Beyond connectivity, Brand S delivers the promise of "Advancing You" in more than one life-changing ways: Switch Up! to being GLOCAL wielding global resources to fulfill local needs and bring Indonesians in-step with the rest of the world. Switch Up! to powerful mobile internet technology that connects Indonesians from diverse origins - regardless of age, economic strata and lifestyle choices. Switch Up! to democratize mobile internet that brings more value than the numbers on the price tag. Switch Up! to ensure confidence and understanding among our customers through quality in service standards and products. Switch Up! to stay abreast of constant innovation in mobile technology worldwide as delivered through its content, hardware and software to its fullest and bringing their dreams alive.

2.B.2 COMPANY THEME:"We want to see the internet in the hands of every 8 year old from the Ivory Coast to Indonesia"

23

2.B.3 COMPANY VALUES

The four pillars which lay the foundation of our core values are: Fearless We are entrepreneurial and challenge conventions to inspire change, so that our customers can expect more and better. Imaginative We anticipate market needs to provide cutting-edge product and services, and constantly seek new ways to serve our constituents. Vibrant We are professional but we are also fun, spontaneous and outgoing. Thanks to our passion, dynamism and energy. Open We are not only accessible and responsive to our customers' commitments and suggestions but also understand their needs and help fulfill them.

2.B.4 PRODUCT PERFORMANCE OF COMPANY

S Mobility is predominantly focused on feature phones which were well received by the users, industry and research organizations. S Mobility in the past is credited with many first by launching numerous innovative products ranging from Dual SIM phonesacross GSM, CDMA, Tri band / Touch Screen PDA and smart devices on Android platform, etc. The Company has got very good reviews on its Android phone range like Stellar, MI-350n etc from top tech media houses. The company has been successful in launching series of Touch Phones with Analog TV which has been very well accepted by the consumer. Mobile phone market is

24

broadly classified into feature phones and smart phones. Feature phone markets are divided between large MNC players and Indian marketing companies. But Smart phone markets are highly concentrated in MNC players with negligible share for others like Spice. In spite of such challenges, we did attempt to break into Smart phone segment, investing heavily but we have not had significant success so far. On the retail front the companys product launch include all recent and successful launch of multi branded phones like Nokia, Samsung, Blackberry, HTC, etc. The Company also opened 16 outlets with new format which are termed as Version 2 stores offering rich experience for the consumers in terms of product display, attractive pricing and demo experience. On the VAS front the Company launched various new services during the year. The companys main product category mobile radio has been appreciated over the last 5 years in India and has Eight million subscribers generating 60 million minutes of usage. It also offers around 250,000 songs across multiple languages and multiple operators. New services like Live Aarti, live FM, 139, Music Mania, youtube channel called SPICE, constituted 27% of Domestic Revenue from new products.

2.B.4.1 Business Review & Outlook:Business Review At the consolidated level the company achieved a revenue of Rs. 27,422 million for the 15 months ended June 2012 as against Rs.20,165 million for the 12 months period ended March 2011. The loss after tax for the 15 months period is Rs 50 Million as against profit for the 12 months of Rs.1118 million. The reason for significant drop in margins are as follows: (a) Significant margin erosion in device business due to rupee depreciation over 20% during the last financial year. (b) Certain product failure at the high end of our range resulting in liquidation of stock. (c) Reduction in revenue share and margin on the VAS segment due to market situation. Business Outlook The Company will continue to focus on feature phones market for the own branded (Spice branded) devices. The Company has put in place various measures to overcome the difficult situation during the last financial year. The following are some of the strategies that will enable us to strengthen the companys competitive position and presence. 25

2.B.4.2 Products:- Focus would be to launch new innovative feature phones at competitive prices in India; - On the Smart phone the company would aim to work with multi national brand and bring products in their brand or joint brand leveraging on the product and technology experience of the multi national brands. - The Company is working to consolidate the supply chain and work with fewer vendors who offer state of the art innovative products at competitive prices - The Company is also looking to reduce the number of SKUs to ensure better inventory planning and logistics. - On the retail side the company would continue to focus on latest launched products from multi national brands and making it available at company network of stores including the Version 2 stores for better customer experience. - On the VAS front the Company would continue to focus on 2G services and also come out with 3G VAS offerings through operators and also directly to the consumers through the retail presence.

2.B.4.3 Sales and Distribution:As a part of the strategy embarked in the last financial year, the Company has now created Pan India network consisting over 40000 retail outlets reach through distributors and micro distributors. The company operates in 7 clusters in India headed by seasoned professionals who have been responsible for creating this distribution network. Spice Hotspot is presently operating 869 stores covering 172 cities/towns, metro, mini metros and class one cities. The Company will continue to focus on creating dominance in the top 10 cities in the near future by increasing reach and presence. On the VAS front the Company would continue to work with operators as the main strategy for reaching out to consumers.

26

Fig: 2.B.2 View of Noida Office of Spice

Company has a paid up capital of Rs.63.06 million and the turnover as on 31st December 2011 is Rs.3,596.52 million.

2.B.5 GIANT STRIDES

However, enriched by the technical backing of the joint venture partner, M/s. Spice Ltd. and its subsidiaries, also catalyzed by the Company's ever continuing quest for excellence and completeness, the accretion of the Company every passing day has been prodigious. The result Spice Group Ltd. is today magniloquent of a wide gamut of connectors like mobile phones, digital service, hotspot service, cinemas, Spice communication , Spice jet etc. 27

2.B.5.1 MARKET AND MARKETING NETWORK

With a central marketing office at Noida, UP, the Company has regional offices in all major cities with field personnel carrying forward the work put in by our Design/Production/ Quality team. The penetrating style of customer service of the field personnel ensures that Spice Group Ltd. meet not only the required specifications, but also the adaptability with reference to each specific application, failing which suitable options are immediately offered.

The Company also represents mobile phones in India since 2004 for marketing their multitudinous varieties of mobile and other products.

2.B.5.2 ACCOLADES
The Company is embellished by the many laurels it has won to its credit. This includes the US Congress honour in 2004 praising Dr. Modi's outstanding services and innovation in industry as also in social and spiritual fields. Golden Peacock Awards for innovative products and services in 2007. Global premier award of the world's first movie phone and people's phone at the World Mobile Congress in Barcelona during February 2008. Spice also features in Forbes 2010, among Asias 200 Best Billion Dollar Companies. The company has also won the 'Golden Peacock Innovation' award for Indias 1st 3D phone in this year. The company also honoured by the Indian government in 2009 for best services providing in mobility and telecommunication.

2.B.6 MARKETING SEGMENTS 2.B.6.1 COMMUNICATION

Spice Group Ltd. is the key supplier to customer various manufacturing, telecommunication services and equipments. Spice Group Ltd. has market leadership in the entire range of mobility and entertainment exclusively used for in new generation services. Spice Group Ltd. has the

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definite advantage that it can draw from small group to worldwide resources to add new range of products to service the converging markets of datacom and telecom that require rapid, innovative solutions to meet ever-changing demands.

2.B.6.2 SERVICES
Always attentive to the diversified needs of services provider and manufacturers. Spice Group Ltd. offers a range of competitive options for services including mobility, cinemas, hotspot digital instruments, entertainment products, airlines services and other accessories.

2.B.7 CODE OF CONDUCT

Ethical behavior is one of the Spice Groups most important and fundamental values underlying all of the Spice Groups business activities at all levels of the organization (Spice Group Ltd.). This Code of Business Conduct represents an essential and total commitment not only by the Company as a whole, but by each of us, to maintain the highest ethical standards at all times. It addresses relationships with our customers, our suppliers and our shareholders, as well as constituting a commitment towards ourselves. It is Spices commitment to treat each employee and conduct its business fairly, impartially, in an ethical manner and in full compliance with laws and regulations in all countries where it operates. Integrity underlies all company relationships including those with customers, suppliers, and communities and among us all. The highest standards of ethical business conduct are required of us in the performance of our duties and responsibilities. This Code of Business Conduct embodies the standards of ethical business conduct required of us and the principles set forth serve as guidance for each of us in making sound, ethical decisions in the best interests of Spice. It applies to all Spice entities and their employees (including interns and temporary staff, as well as contractors). Spice Managers are responsible for(i) Ensuring appropriate dissemination of this Code within their respective organizations so that each of us in Spice is aware of its importance and fully understands its content. (ii) Supporting and ensuring full and proper implementation of this Code.

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(iii)

Monitoring compliance. Any violation of this Code may be subject to disciplinary sanctions.

. 2.B.7.1 COMPLIANCE WITH LAW AND OBSERVANCE OF ETHICAL STANDARDS

a) Spice Group Ltd. requires all employees to comply with laws and regulations including trade control regulations, antitrust laws, employment and labor laws, safety regulations and environmental laws, as well as with all policies and procedures applicable within Spice Group Ltd. b) All employees are expected to exercise honesty, integrity, objectivity and diligence in the performance of their duties, and comply with the highest ethical standards.

c) No manager and no supervisor shall have the authority to require or approve any action that is contrary to any law, regulation or this Code, whichever is the most stringent. Spice Group Ltd.s corporate policy prohibits any retaliation against employees for reporting information or raising questions in good faith regarding possible violations of laws, regulations, this Code or Spice Group Ltd.s policies and procedures. 2.B.7.2 RELATIONSHIPS WITH CUSTOMERS AND SUPPLIERS a) Spice Group Ltd. Customers and suppliers are valuable business partners. Spice Groups decisions and actions will be made to enhance their satisfaction and durable relationships with customers. Spice Group will commit to provide customers with products and services which meet their expectations of quality, integrity and reliability. Spice Group and all employees must aim to continuously deliver the highest possible value in products and services to Spice Group customers. b) The quality of our relationships with Spice Groups suppliers is essential to Spice Groups success. Spice Group and all employees must look to work with suppliers and business partners who demonstrate strong business values, ethical principles and support Spice Groups commitment to quality.

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2.B.7.3 MUTUAL RESPECT - EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY - NON DISCRIMINATION a) All Spice Group entities are committed to build and maintain a productive, motivated workforce by treating all employees fairly and equitably. Spice Group encourages self development, and rewards employees on the bases of their contribution to Spice Group. Spice Group promotes a working environment where the full value of each individual may be realized in treating them with respect, trust and dignity.

b) All recruitment, training, compensation, promotion and other decisions on employmentrelated matters shall be made without regard to race, color, sex, age, religion, nationality, physical disability or other personal characteristics protected under law. Equal opportunity and fair treatment shall be accorded to all. c) Performance, merit, qualifications and other job-related criteria shall be the sole bases for the making of employment-related decisions affecting employees. d) Cultural diversity is an important asset; therefore all measures aimed at strengthening the plurality of cultures within Spice Group will be defended and favored. 2.B.7.4. PROTECTING GROUP ASSETS a) Spice Group recognizes that preserving, protecting and responsibly using company assets including intellectual property is essential to remain competitive and to serve the interests of its shareholders, therefore we must take all appropriate measures to protect these assets and to respect third parties proprietary information rights. b) Spice Group requires all to safeguard and not disclose any knowledge, decision or any information about Spice Group which may in any way prejudice the interests of Spice Group or any confidential information to any party outside Spice Group Spice Group, unless such disclosure is necessary to enable Spice Group to carry out its business properly and effectively and there is no reason to believe or suspect the information will be misused or improperly disseminated by the recipient; or where it is required by the law whereupon the Legal 31

Department shall be immediately notified prior to any disclosure where possible. c) The confidentiality obligations of Spice Groups employees are further subject to specific provisions in their respective employment contract. 2.B.7.5 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION a) Spice Group requires all employees to at all times comply with applicable health, safety and environmental laws and regulations. b) Continuing effort should be made to implement technology and manufacturing processes to minimize pollution and to conserve, recover and recycle raw materials. c) All appropriate measures shall be taken to prevent workplace accidents and illnesses so as to assure a safe and healthy working environment is provided for all. 2.B.7.6 COMPETITION AND ANTITRUST LAWS a) Spice Group is committed to free and fair competition. Spice Group will comply with all applicable competition and antitrust laws and laws prohibiting restraint of trade or unfair trade practices.

b) Without limiting the scope of the aforesaid applicable laws and regulations, Spice Group will not propose or enter into any arrangement, whether express or implied, with a competitor or competitors with a view of fixing prices or costs, terms and conditions of sale, production volume, market share, dividing customers or sale territories, or any competitive aspects with such competitor(s). 2.B.7.7 RELATIONSHIPS WITH CONSULTANTS AND AGENTS a) Secret commissions or discounts or other benefits in kind to employees of customers (or their family members or associates) are not permitted.

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b) In those situations where Spice Group products and services are sold through distributors or agents, fees paid will be at competitive rates and commensurate with services performed. c) Spice group requires that none of us shall be engaged as agent or otherwise who has a decision-making role in a contemplated purchase contract involving Spice Group. 2.B.7.8 PROPER ACCOUNTING FOR ALL TRANSACTIONS a) Compliance with accepted accounting rules and controls is expected at all times. b) The books of account, budget proposals, economic evaluation for projects and the like must be accurate, timely and complete. c) No undisclosed or unrecorded fund or asset of any Spice Group entity shall be established for any purpose. d) No false, artificial or misleading entries shall be made in the books and records of any Spice Group entity for any reason. . 2.B.7.9 PROPER USE OF CORPORATE FUNDS a) Spice Groups funds shall not be used to make direct or indirect undisclosed payments or loans to any supplier, customer or government official. b) No payment on behalf of any Spice Group entity shall be made or approved with the intention or understanding that any part of such payment is to be used for any purpose other than that which is accurately and completely described by the documents supporting the payment. 2.B.7.10 CONFLICTS OF INTEREST a) All employees will act in the best interests of Spice Group at all times. All situations where personal interest, whether direct or indirect, could conflict or appear to conflict with his/her job responsibilities and/or the interests of any Spice Group entity or Spice Group must be avoided. 33

Personal interest includes the personal or financial interest of any spouse, dependent, relative, business associate or personal friend of ours. b) It is not possible to list out exhaustively every situation where conflicts of interest may arise but it includes the following - Having a personal or financial interest in, or working or consulting for, a business or company which has, or may be entering into, transactions or dealings with Spice Group where we are in a position to influence decisions by Spice Group with respect to the business relationship with such a business or company - Obtaining a personal or financial gain or advantage (other than salary and other usual employment remuneration) from business transactions or dealings involving Spice Group. - Committing or omitting any act, without prior disclosure, which would give an undue advantage to an outside party in its dealings with Spice Group. c) A potential conflict of interest situation must be reported in writing to the next higher level of management. d) No political contributions or indirect support of political parties or candidates, except where permitted by law and approved by the President or Chairman of the Board of Spice Group, shall be made on behalf of any Spice Group entity. e) The above prohibition relates only to the use of corporate funds and is no way intended to discourage employees from making personal, non-reimbursed contributions to candidates or political parties of their choice. Token gifts, favors and business entertainment given to others at company expense or received by any of us are not authorized except if - They are consistent with company policies, accepted business practices and applicable laws. - They are of such limited value and in a form that will not be construed as improper or raise doubts as to the impartiality of the recipient.

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- Every person working for Spice Group has the responsibility to ask questions, seek guidance, report suspected violations and express concerns regarding this Code of Business Conduct. Anyone having questions relating to the interpretation or implementation of this Code of Business Conduct is encouraged to contact either the higher level of management or Spice Group Legal Department, as the person may deem appropriate. They are approved in accordance with the applicable Spice Group governing procedures

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CHAPTER: 3 TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

3. TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

ANTA is a combined cycle gas based power plant in which gas turbines operate on Brayton Cycle and steam turbine operates on Rankine Cycle. Anta has three Gas Turbines each of 88.71 MW and one Steam Turbine of 153.2 MW. Total capacity is 419.33 MW. The major power generating equipments are of Alstom make. Apart from the plant, ANTA has an idyllic township KiranKunj. The township is equipped with all modern facilities viz. school, hospital, recreation centre, swimming pool, play grounds, parks, shopping complex, banks, post office, BSNL Exchange etc.

3.1 POWER GENERATION PROCESS:The Gas/Naphtha from pipeline is taken and supplied to GT Combustion Chamber where it is burnt as fuel along with air drawn from atmosphere. This heat is then converted into

mechanical energy in the Gas Turbine. Gas turbine through a common shaft rotates a Generator, which produces electric power. Flue gas from the turbine exhaust is used to convert water into steam in the Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB). Water required for steam generation is circulated through the tubes in the boiler, where heat exchange takes place and water gets converted into steam. The steam generated from WHRBs is used to run a steam turbo generator and produce electric power. This power is supplied to customer through 220 KV lines.

3.2

OVERVIEW OF COMBINED CYCLE:-

Combined cycle power plant integrates two power conversion cycles with the principal objective of increasing overall plant efficiency.

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Bratyon cycle (for gas turbine) Rankine cycle (for steam turbine)

Let us have a look on How Combined Cycle works in a combined cycle power plant to increase the efficiency of power generation process. Gas turbine exhaust is at temperature of 500-550 Celsius. Steam generation Process for Rankine cycle requires a temperature of 500-550 Celsius to generate steam. Gas turbine exhaust heat can be recovered using a waste heat recovery boiler to generate steam in a water tube boiler so as to run a steam turbine on Rankine cycle. Efficiency of simple gas turbine cycle is 34%. The efficiency of Rankine cycle is 35%. The overall efficiency of power generation by combined cycle comes to 49%.

Fig3.1 Block diagram combine cycle power plant

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3.2.1 GAS TURBINE:Gas Turbine is a heat engine, working on the air standard Brayton cycle. The Process Includes:Compression: Compression of working medium (air) taken from atmosphere in a compressor. Combustion: Increase of working medium temperature by constant pressure ignition of fuel in combustion chamber. Expansion: Expansion of the product of combustion in a turbine. Rejection: Rejection of heat in the atmosphere.

Fig 3.2 Simple gas cycle

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Fig 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycles

3.2.2 STEAM TURBINE:Steam Turbine is a heat engine, working on Rankine cycle. The Process Includes: Pressurization: Pressurization of working medium (water) by Boiler feed water pump. Heating: Phase change of working medium (from water to steam) and superheating at constant pressure in Boiler. Expansion: Expansion of the steam in a turbine. Condensation: Condensation of the steam by cooling water.

3.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED CYCLE:The 419.33MW anta combined cycle power plant consists of three gas turbines generator sets of 88.71 MW each and one steam turbine generator set of 153.20 MW. The gas turbine are equipped with a dual fuel burner for gaseous fuel (natural) and liquid fuel (naphtha).the station

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can be operated in the open cycle mode via their exhaust gas bypass stacks or as modules together with their waste heat recovery boilers and STG in the combined cycle mode. The WHRBs is designed as dual pressure boilers with high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) sections and condensate preheating at the tail end. The condensate pumped from the condenser hot well is degasified in the DE aerator at constant pressure and stored in the feed water tank. From feed water tank, the boiler feed water is extracted by mean of separate boiler feed water pumps for the HP and LP system serving the 3 WHRBs in common HP and LP main steam lines the turbojet is composed of a single flow HP turbine and one double flow LP turbine. The Generator is directly coupled to the shaft of LP cylinder. The exhaust steam of the STG is condensed in a surface condenser cooled by fresh water of the right main Kota canal in the once through cycle. During the shut-down of canal, the condenser is cooled via a wet cooling tower in the closed cycle alternatively. For start up and shut down as well as trip of STG one common HP and LP steam bypass station for all 3 modules are provided leading the steam directly into the condenser. Additional steam charged air presenters are installed in front of the GT-compressor inlet to preheat the intake air for the gas turbine, improving the heat rate during part load operation.

Fig 3.4 View of WHRB

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3.4

OVERVIEW OF GAS TURBINE:Air intake system Compressor Combustion chamber Turbine Generator Gas Fuel system Naphtha Fuel System Gas turbine plant operation

A gas turbine plant in its most simple form consists of following main part.

3.4.1

AIR INTAKE SYSTEM:-

Air enters the suction of compressor after passing through fine filters. There are 945 filters arranged in three levels. These are self cleaning type filters. Compressed air from the instrument air compressors passes through diaphragm valves and into the blowpipes. A pressure pulse is given to the filter elements in the reverse direction (inside to outside) this impulse of air flow cleans the filters.

Make Material of filter media

: :

FARR Resin Impregnated Media consisting of synthetic And Cellulose fibers.

Total no. of filter cartridges : Initiation of pulse cleaning :

945 6.4 m bar 4.6 m bar 7 bar 30 sec. 0.1sec.

Stop of pulse cleaning cycle : Compressed air pulse clean :

Time interval b\w two pulses : Time of a pulse :

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Fig 3.5 Air Intake Filters

3.4.2

COMPRESSOR

It is 18 stages with additional inlet guide blade, axial flow, reaction compressor. The blade of the 18 rotor and 19 fixed rows are made of high tensile ferric chrome steel. The compressor casing is horizontally split at axis, and is made of spherical graphite cast iron. This material possesses high tensile strength and good expansion quality. Upper and lower halves of the compressor casing are provided with robust flanges and are held together by expansion studs with socket head. The compressor casing has three circular ducts at 4th, 7th, 10th row of fixed blades. These ducts are closed to the outside by four bleed valves. Bleed valves are kept open up to 2700rpm, so that certain amount of compressor air can be blown off. These bleed valves reduces the external power input required running compressor during start up.

3.4.3

COMBUSTION CHAMBER:-

In combustion chamber, the air compressed and supplied by compressor is brought to the required process temperature by combustion of liquid/gas fuel. The single combustion chamber is fitted with only one dual fuel burner and mounted vertically on the compressor/turbine assembly. The combustion chamber is all welded steel plate fabricated. The main parts are jacket with cover, lower upper combustion chamber bodies, finned segment body, burner and inner casing. Combustion chamber jacket, which houses the components, is made of heat resistant, low alloy ferrite steel. The air from the compressor enter the combustion chamber from below and flow upward through the annular space between combustion chamber jacket and inner section of the 42

lower combustion chamber body. Approximately 30% air flow enter the combustion chamber through eight mixing nozzles provided at the lower body as secondary and approximately30% air flow enter the combustion chamber through upper body via finned segment row (there are 5row) , the remaining40%flow as primary air for combustion, into the swirl insert and enter the combustion space with turbulence. After the fuel has ignited these gases are thoroughly mixed with secondary air from mixing nozzles and brought to the permissible turbine inlet temp.

3.4.4

TURBINE:-

Turbine is five stage reaction chamber. Due to high temperature of incoming gases, the first and second row of rotor and fixed balding are air cooled with air from compressor discharge. Cooling air passes along several holes made in blades and finally blowing out through numbers of slits in the trailing /leading edge of the blade. This method of cooling ensures that blades are thoroughly cooled, thereby avoiding cracks induced by thermal stresses. These cooled blades are fixed rotor blades which are made of cast and nickel based alloy. The turbine and compressor casing are bolted together at radial flange with expansion bolts, turbine casing is made of heat resisting ferrite steel in order to with stand thermal stresses.

3.4.5 GAS FUEL SYSTEM:Gas comes from GRS at around 18 bars. Manual isolation valve is to be opened by operator. Motorized stop relief valve will be opened by GT program when required. In the gas control block there is an emergency stop valve (ESV). This opens with the help of power oil pressure against spring force. Whenever turbine trips, the oil is drained (depressurized) and spring force closes the valve, cutting off gas supply to combustion chamber. After the ESV is the gas CV, the opening of this valve controls the amount of fuel going to the combustion chamber.

3.4.6 NAPHTHA FUEL SYSTEM:Naphtha comes from naphtha station via the forwarding pumps at around 15bar. Manual isolation valve outside GT hall is to be opened by the operator. Manual isolation valves before main fuel oil pump and also to be opened. Motorized valve will be opened by GT program 43

when FG liquid fuel is selected. Naphtha then passes through duplex filter to the main fuel oil pump, which raises the press to aproox.80 bar. There is release valve which opens when firing speed is reached (600rpm). There is an emergency stop valve similar to one in the gas scheme. Finally there is the control valve directly coupled with the Naphtha nozzle. A minimum opening of the nozzle is already pre-set. Once stable flame is formed, the nozzle opening increases with the control valve opening.

3.4.7 GAS TURBINE PLANT OPERATION:The compressor sucks in air from the atmosphere through the filters called air intake filters. The compresses air at approx. 11 bar passes into the combustion chamber where it is used as primary air for combustion and secondary air for cooling of very hot parts. The gas turbine generates the necessary power to drive the axial-flow compressor and the generator. Start-up of the GT is drives with the help of starting equipment which runs the generator as a motor with speed increasing from 0to 600rpm. At this speed a pilot flame is ignited in the combustion chamber, fuel (gas/naphtha) enters and combustion takes place. The speed increases further both with the help of generator motoring and the combustion of fuel up to about 2000 rpm. At this speed starting equipment is switched off and only the generator is made ready for synchronization with the grid. After synchronizations, the turbine load increases up to base load with more and more fuel entering the combustion chamber. The hot gases after combustion enter the gas turbine at about 1005 degree centigrade (at base load). The higher pressure and temperature gas pass through the turbine rotating it and generator, this produces the electrical power. The exhaust gas coming out of the GT is at about 500 degree centigrade, this can be utilized to produce steam in WHRB.

3.5 OVERVIEW OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY BOILER:Wagner-biro supplied boilers for anta combined cycle power plant known as waste heat recovery boilers (WHRB), which are of non fired, dual pressure, forced circulation type. The boiler has two different water/steam cycles known as high pressure system and low pressure system. Each system has its own boiler drum and circulating pumps, and is feed by HP&LP 44

feed water pumps from a common feed water tank. The HP&LP steam from the three boiler from four common headers HP live steam line, HP bypass line, LP live steam line and LP bypass line, the bypass line dump steam in the condenser through the HP and LP bypass system. The HP steam drives the HP steam turbine through stop valves and control valves. The LP steam after passing through stop valves and control valves mixes with the HP turbine exhaust and drivers the gas turbine. This dual system of operating utilizes the waste heavy from the gas turbine with maximum efficiency. From LP turbine steam enters the condenser where it get condensed to water with the help of cooling water .condenser is shell and tube, water flow through the tubes and steam flow out side. The condensate get collected in hot well, from hot well it enters the feed water tank through condensate. Each of the WHRB is feed with waste heat flue gas from the respective gas turbine (GT). The gas turbines are fired either with gas or naphtha. The energy from waste heat flue gas is transferred to water/steam by means of heating surfaces of super heaters, evaporators, economizers and condensate preheater. The steam-water system consists of a high (HP) and low(LP) pressure system and in addition there is a condenser preheated in order to obtain a higher efficiency. 3.5.1 LP BOILER PART:Economizer: The LP feed water, which flows from the 3X50% LP feed water pumps through the common feed water line to the WHRBs in parallel, enters a WHRB at economizer gate valve. In the economizer the feed water is heated up by the flue gas. After the economizer the feed water enters the LP boiler drum through feed regulating station (FRS), where the feed water control valve ensures the correct supply of feed water to the boiler. Boiler Drum Evaporator: The feed water in the LP boiler drum is pumped through the evaporator by means of 2x100% LP circulation pumps. In the evaporator the water is partially steamed by the flue gas passing at the outside of the evaporator tubes. The steam and water mixture again enters the drum, where steam is separated and this steam flows to the LP super heaters and the water is circulated again.

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LP Super Heater: The steam leaving at the top of the LP-drum flows through the flue gas heated super heater, where it reaches the end temperature of about 206 Centigrade.

3.5.2

HP BOILER PART:-

The principal design of the HP- boiler part is the same as for the LP- part. The basic difference is of operating pressure. Economizer: The HP fed water, which flows from the 3x50% HP feed water pumps through the common the feed water line to the HP parts of 3 WHRB in parallel, enters a WHRB at the gate valve of economizer. This gate valve is equipped with a parallel bypass valve as in LP-economizer. Boiler Drum Evaporator: The feed water in the HP- boiler drum is pumped through the evaporator by means of 2 x 100% HP circulation pumps in the evaporator water is partially steamed as in LP part, this partially steamed water enters in HP drum where steam is separated, and water is circulated again. Theses steam is super heated in HP super heater. The HP circulation pumps ensure the correct water flow through evaporator for which differential pressure switches are provided. HP Super Heater: The HP super heater consists of two parts with a spray attemperator between them. This configuration allows the temperature control of the super heated steam. The spray water which is the cooling medium is branched from the feed water line at the HP economizer inlet via a control valve to the attemperator if the temperature of super heater increases beyond the predetermined temperature. Condensate Preheater: The main condensate is pumped by 3x50% condensate extraction pumps (CEP) to the feed water tank. Before entering the feed water tank the condensate is passed through the condensate preheaters which are situated at the tail end of the WHRB and heated by the flue gas to achieve the highest cycle efficiency. Blow down Tank: One blow down tank is provided for each WHRB to collect drains e.g. CBD, IBD and drum over flow water from hp and LP system of the WHRB. The water level in this tank is maintained through an over flow pipe, which leads water to hot drain collecting system. The steam flows via a silencer to the atmosphere.

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3.6 OVERVIEW OF STEAM TURBINE:The steam turbine plant consists of a single shaft condensing turbo set with HP & LP live steam admission and with HP & LP bypass steam system. The steam generating plant consists of three waste heat recovery boilers (drum type) with common live steam lines. Exhaust gases of one appropriate gas turbine heat each boiler.

Fig 3.6 Steam Turbine Floor

Normally, the whole steam generated in boilers flows through the turbo set. Part of steam can be bled via extraction lines to preheat the intake air for gas turbines. After expansion in turbine, the remaining steam is condensed in the condenser. From there on, the condensate is fed through the gland steam condenser to a common feed water tank. The common HP & LP feed water pumps supply the feed water to the three waste heat recovery boilers.

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The steam turbo set is composed of a single flow HP turbine and one double flow LP turbine arranged one after the other with tandem compounding. The HP turbine has 25 stages and LP turbine has 2 x 6 stages of reaction balding. The generator is directly coupled to the shaft of the LP turbine. The cross over piping between the HP & LP brings the expanded steam of HP Turbine to the reaction balding in the LP turbine, where it expands down to the condenser pressure.

3.6.1

HP TURBINE:-

The high-pressure turbine is a single shell casing design. It consists of the turbine casing, the fixed blade carriers, the dummy piston and the HP rotor.

3.6.2 LP TURBINE:The LP turbine is a double flow design .It consists of the welded turbine casing, the fixed blade carriers and the LP rotor. The LP casing is a welded fabrication from steel plate and is flanged together along the horizontal plane at turbine axis height and LP rotor is a welded design mate of plain steel.

Division of steam flow: On ships where space is a consideration, the LP turbine is designed to be a dual flow turbine. Steam enters the centre of the turbine from the crossover pipe and flows across the reaction blading in two opposite directions. This configuration reduces axial thrust on the turbine and allows for a smaller turbine installation. On ships where space is not a concern, a single flow turbine is used. Direction of steam flow: Just like on the HP turbine, steam flows parallel to the turbine rotor. Exhausting condition: Unlike the HP turbine, the LP turbine exhausts into the main condenser. Because the LP turbine exhausts into its own dedicated condenser, it is considered a condensing turbine.

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CHAPTER: 4 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION:It is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production or manufacturing area. An instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity such as flow, temperature, level, distance, angle, or pressure. Instruments may be as simple as direct reading thermometers or may be complex multi-variable process analyzers. Instruments are often part of a control system in refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes. Instruments attached to a control system may provide signals used to

operate solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit, or relays. These devices control a desired output variable, and provide either remote or automated control capabilities. These are often referred to as final control elements when controlled remotely or by a control system. A Transmitter is a device that produces an output signal, often in the form of a 4 20 mA electrical current signal, although many other options using

voltage, frequency, pressure, or Ethernet are possible. This signal can be used for informational purposes, or it can be sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system, Lab View or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values and used to control other devices and processes in the system. Control instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

4.2 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT:Pressure (symbol: P or p) is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.

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Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure. Pressure is measured in any unit of force divided by any unit of area. The SI unit of pressure is (the newton per square meter), which is called the pascal (Pa) after the seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal. A pressure of 1 Pa is small; it approximately equals the pressure exerted by a dollar bill resting flat on a table. Everyday pressures are often stated in kilopascals (1 kPa = 1000 Pa).

4.2.1 BOURDEN TUBES:-

Fig. 4.1 Bourden Tube

4.2.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE:when an elastic transducer ( bourdon tube in this case ) is subjected to a pressure, it defects. This deflection is proportional to the applied pressure when calibrated.

4.2.1.2 CONSTRUCTION:An elastic transducer, that is bourdon tube which is fixed and open at one end to receive the pressure which is to be measured. The other end of the bourdon tube is free and closed. The cross-section of the bourdon tube is elliptical. The bourdon tube is in a bent form to look like a

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circular arc. To the free end of the bourdon tube is attached an adjustable link, which is in turn connected to a sector and pinion as shown in diagram. To the shaft of the pinion is connected a pointer which sweeps over a pressure calibrated scale.

4.2.1.3 OPERATION OF BOURDEN TUBE:The pressure to be measured is connected to the fixed open end of the bourdon tube. The applied pressure acts on the inner walls of the bourdon tube. Due to the applied pressure, the bourdon tube tends to change in cross section from elliptical to circular. This tends to straighten the bourdon tube causing a displacement of the free end of the bourdon tube. This displacement of the free closed end of the bourdon tube is proportional to the applied pressure. As the free end of the bourdon tube is connected to a link section pinion arrangement, the displacement is amplified and converted to a rotary motion of the pinion. As the pinion rotates, it makes the pointer to assume a new position on a pressure calibrated scale to indicate the applied pressure directly. As the pressure in the case containing the bourdon tube is usually atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge pressure.

4.2.1.4 APPLICATIONS OF BOURDON TUBE :They are used to measure medium of very high pressures.

4.2.1.5 ADVANTAGES OF BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE:These Bourdon tube pressure gauges give accurate results.

Bourdon tube cost low. Bourdon tube are simple in construction. They can be modified to give electrical outputs. They are safe even for high pressure measurement. Accuracy is high especially at high pressures.

4.2.1.6 LIMITATIONS:

They respond slowly to changes in pressure.

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They are subjected to hysteresis. They are sensitive to shocks and vibration. It cannot be used for precision measurement.

4.2.2 BELLOWS:A bellows gauge contains an elastic element that is a convoluted unit that expands and contracts axially with changes in pressure. The pressure to be measured can be applied to the outside or inside of the bellows. However, in practice, most bellows measuring devices have the pressure applied to the outside of the bellows(fig. 11-7). Like Bourdon-tube elements, the elastic elements in bellows gauges are made of brass, phosphor bronze, stainless steel, beryllium-copper, or other metal that is suitable for the intended purpose of the gauge. Most bellows gauges are spring-loaded; that is, aspiring opposes the bellows, thus preventing full expansion of the bellows. Limiting the expansion of the bellows in this way protects the bellows and prolongs its life. In a spring-loaded bellows element, the deflection is the result of the force acting on the bellow sand the opposing force of the spring. Although some bellows instruments can be designed for measuring pressures up to 800 psig, their primary application aboard ship is in the measurement of low pressures or small pressure differentials.

4.2.3 DIAPHRAGMS:Diaphragm gauges are very sensitive and give reliable indication of small differences in pressure. Diaphragm gauges are generally used to measure air pressure in the space between the inner and outer boiler casings. The indicating mechanism of a diaphragm gauge. This mechanism consists of a tough, pliable, neoprene rubber membrane connected to a metal spring that is attached by a simple linkage system to the gauge pointer. One side of the diaphragm is exposed to the pressure being measured, while the other side is exposed to the atmosphere. When pressure is applied to the diaphragm, it moves and, through a linkage system, moves the pointer to a higher reading on the dial.

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4.2.4 PRESSURE TRANSMITTER:Pressure Transmitters, a sub-group of pressure transducers, feature additional reset and calibration options. With some sensor types it is possible, for example, to re-set the measuring span over large ranges. This calibration option is usually referred to by such terms as scale down, span reset or turn down. For instance, a transmitter with a measuring range of 0 to 400 psi and a range reset 1/10 can be calibrate to a measuring range of 0 - 40 psi while still giving a full output signal (4 - 20 mA, for example). It is also possible to shift the zero point over a wide range and to calibrate the damping of the output signal between 0 and 32 seconds. Smart transmitters such as Hart, which also have logging capabilities, can be calibrated, tested and reset via the control desk or hand terminals. Transmitters are often used in process applications where they can be combined with various chemical seals.

4.2.5 FLOW METERS:A flow meter is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas.

4.2.5.1 SELECTION:The basis of good flow meter selection is a clear understanding of the requirements of the particular application. Therefore, time should be invested in fully evaluating the nature of the process fluid and of the overall installation.

4.2.5.2 FLOW MEASUREMENT ORIENTATION:When choosing flow meters, one should consider such intangible factors as familiarity of plant personnel, their experience with calibration and maintenance, spare parts availability, and mean time between failure history, etc., at the particular plant site. It is also recommended that the cost of the installation be computed only after taking these steps. One of the most common flow measurement mistakes is the reversal of this sequence: instead of selecting a sensor which

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will perform properly, an attempt is made to justify the use of a device because it is less expensive. Those "inexpensive" purchases can be the most costly installations. The basis of good flow meter selection is a clear understanding of the requirements of the particular application. Therefore, time should be invested in fully evaluating the nature of the process fluid and of the overall installation. The first step in flow sensor selection is to determine if the flow rate information should be continuous or totalized, and whether this information is needed locally or remotely. If remotely, should the transmission be analog, digital, or shared? And, if shared, what is the required (minimum) data-update frequency? Once these questions are answered, an evaluation of the properties and flow characteristics of the process fluid, and of the piping that will accommodate the flow meter, should take place. In order to approach this task in a systematic manner, forms have been developed, requiring that the following types of data be filled in for each application. Fluid and flow characteristics: In this section of the table, the name of the fluid is given and its pressure, temperature, allowable pressure drop, density (or specific gravity), conductivity, viscosity (Newtonian or not?) and vapor pressure at maximum operating temperature are listed, together with an indication of how these properties might vary or interact. In addition, all safety or toxicity information should be provided, together with detailed data on the fluid's composition, presence of bubbles, solids (abrasive or soft, size of particles, fibers), tendency to coat, and light transmission qualities (opaque, translucent or transparent). Expected minimum and maximum pressure and temperature values should be given in addition to the normal operating values when selecting flow meters. Whether flow can reverse, whether it does not always fill the pipe, whether slug flow can develop (air-solids-liquid), whether aeration or pulsation is likely, whether sudden temperature changes can occur, or whether special precautions are needed during cleaning and maintenance, these facts, too, should be stated. Concerning the piping and the area where the flow meters are to be located, consider: For the piping, its direction (avoid downward flow in liquid applications), size, material, schedule, flange-pressure rating, accessibility, up or downstream turns, valves, regulators, and available straight-pipe run lengths.

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The specifying engineer must know if vibration or magnetic fields are present or possible in the area, if electric or pneumatic power is available, if the area is classified for explosion hazards, or if there are other special requirements such as compliance with sanitary or clean-in-place (CIP) regulations. The next step is to determine the required meter range by identifying minimum and maximum flows (mass or volumetric) that will be measured. After that, the required flow measurement accuracy is determined. Typically accuracy is specified in percentage of actual reading (AR), in percentage of calibrated span (CS), or in percentage of full scale (FS) units. The accuracy requirements should be separately stated at minimum, normal, and maximum flow rates. Unless you know these requirements, your flow meter's performance may not be acceptable over its full range. In applications where products are sold or purchased on the basis of a meter reading, absolute accuracy is critical. In other applications, repeatability may be more important than absolute accuracy. Therefore, it is advisable to establish separately the accuracy and repeatability requirements of each application and to state both in the specifications. When a flow meter's accuracy is stated in % CS or % FS units, its absolute error will rise as the measured flow rate drops. If meter error is stated in % AR, the error in absolute terms stays the same at high or low flows. Because full scale (FS) is always a larger quantity than the calibrated span (CS), a sensor with a % FS performance will always have a larger error than one with the same % CS specification. Therefore, in order to compare all bids fairly, it is advisable to convert all quoted error statements into the same % AR units. In well-prepared flow meter specifications, all accuracy statements are converted into uniform % AR units and these % AR requirements are specified separately for minimum, normal, and maximum flows. All flow meters specifications and bids should clearly state both the accuracy and the repeatability of the meter at minimum, normal, and maximum flows. If acceptable metering performance can be obtained from two different flow meter categories and one has no moving parts, select the one without moving parts. Moving parts are a potential source of problems, not only for the obvious reasons of wear, lubrication, and sensitivity to coating, but also because moving parts require clearance spaces that sometimes introduce "slippage" into the flow being measured. Even with well maintained and calibrated meters, this unmeasured flow varies with changes in fluid viscosity and temperature. Changes 55

in temperature also change the internal dimensions of the meter and require compensation. Furthermore, if one can obtain the same performance from both a full flow meter and a point sensor, it is generally advisable to use the flow meter. Because point sensors do not look at the full flow, they read accurately only if they are inserted to a depth where the flow velocity is the average of the velocity profile across the pipe. Even if this point is carefully determined at the time of calibration, it is not likely to remain unaltered, since velocity profiles change with flow rate, viscosity, temperature, and other factors. Before specifying a flow meter, it is also advisable to determine whether the flow information will be more useful if presented in mass or volumetric units. When measuring the flow of compressible materials, volumetric flow is not very meaningful unless density (and sometimes also viscosity) is constant. When the velocity (volumetric flow) of incompressible liquids is measured, the presence of suspended bubbles will cause error; therefore, air and gas must be removed before the fluid reaches the meter. In other velocity sensors, pipe liners can cause problems (ultrasonic), or the meter may stop functioning if the Reynolds number is too low (in vortex shedding meters, RD > 20,000 is required). In view of these considerations, mass flow meters, which are insensitive to density, pressure and viscosity variations and are not affected by changes in the Reynolds number, should be kept in mind. Also underutilized in the chemical industry are the various flumes that can measure flow in partially full pipes and can pass large floating or settle able solids.

4.2.6 ROTAMETER:The first variable area meter with rotating float was invented by Karl Kueppers in Aachen in 1908. This is described in the German patent 215225. Felix Meyer found the first industrial company "Deutsche Rotawerke GmbH" in Aachen recognizing the fundamental importance of this invention. They improved this invention with new shapes of the float and of the glass tube. Kueppers invented the special shape for the inside of the glass tube that realized a symmetrical flow scale.The brand name Rotameter was registered by the British company GEC Rotameter Co, in Crawley, and still exists, having been passed down through the acquisition chain: KDG Instruments, Solartron Mobrey, and Emerson Process Management (Brooks Instrument). Rota with their "Rotamesser" are now owned by Yokogawa Electric Corp.

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4.2.6.1 IMPLENENTATION:A rotameter consists of a tapered tube, typically made of glass with a 'float', actually a shaped weight, inside that is pushed up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by gravity. Drag force for a given fluid and float cross section is a function of flow speed squared only, see drag equation. A higher volumetric flow rate through a given area increases flow speed and drag force, so the float will be pushed upwards. However, as the inside of the rotameter is cone shaped (widens), the area around the float through which the medium flows increases, the flow speed and drag force decrease until there is mechanical equilibrium with the float's weight. Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and ellipsoids being the most common. The float may be diagonally grooved and partially colored so that it rotates axially as the fluid passes. This shows if the float is stuck since it will only rotate if it is free. Readings are usually taken at the top of the widest part of the float; the center for an ellipsoid, or the top for a cylinder. Some manufacturers use a different standard. The "float" must not float in the fluid: it has to have a higher density than the fluid, otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow. 4.2.6.2 ADVANTAGES:

A rotameter requires no external power or fuel, it uses only the inherent properties of the fluid, along with gravity, to measure flow rate.

A rotameter is also a relatively simple device that can be mass manufactured out of cheap materials, allowing for its widespread use.

Since the area of the flow passage increases as the float moves up the tube, the scale is approximately linear.

4.2.6.3 DISADVANTAGES:Due to its use of gravity, a rotameter must always be vertically oriented and right way up, with the fluid flowing upward.

Due to its reliance on the ability of the fluid or gas to displace the float, graduations on a given rotameter will only be accurate for a given substance at a given temperature. The

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main property of importance is the density of the fluid; however, viscosity may also be significant. Floats are ideally designed to be insensitive to viscosity; however, this is seldom verifiable from manufacturers' specifications. Either separate rotameters for different densities and viscosities may be used, or multiple scales on the same rotameter can be used.

Due to the direct flow indication the resolution is relatively poor compared to other measurement principles. Readout uncertainty gets worse near the bottom of the scale. Oscillations of the float and parallax may further increase the uncertainty of the measurement.

Rotameters are not easily adapted for reading by machine; although magnetic floats that drive a follower outside the tube are available.

Usually rotameters aren't made in very large sizes (more than 6 inches/150 mm), but bypass designs are sometimes used on very large pipes.

Clear glass is used which is highly resistant to thermal shock and chemical action.

4.2.7 ORIFICEMETER:4.2.7.1 CONSTRUCTION:An orificemeter provides a simpler and cheaper arrangement for the measurement of fow through a pipe. An orificemeter is essentially a thin circular plate with a sharp edged concentric circular hole in it. 4.2.7.2 WORKING:

The orifice plate, being fixed at a section of the pipe, creates an obstruction to the flow by providing an opening in the form of an orifice to the flow passage.

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Fig 4.2 Flow through an Orificemeter

The area A0 of the orifice is much smaller than the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The flow from an upstream section, where it is uniform, adjusts itself in such a way that it contracts until a section downstream the orifice plate is reached, where the vena contracta is formed, and then expands to fill the passage of the pipe.

One of the pressure tapings is usually provided at a distance of one diameter upstream the orifice plate where the flow is almost uniform and the other at a distance of half a diameter downstream the orifice plate.

4.2.8 VENTURI METER :4.2.8.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE:When a venture meter is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is to be measured, a pressure drop occurs between the entrance and throat of the venturimeter. This pressure drop is measured using a differential pressure sensor and when calibrated this pressure drop becomes a measure of flow rate.

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4.2.8.2 CONSTRUCTION OF VENTURI METER:The following are the main parts and areas of venture meter:

Fig.4.3 Venturimeter The entry of the venture is cylindrical in shape to match the size of the pipe through which fluid flows. This enables the venture to be fitted to the pipe. After the entry, there is a converging conical section with an included angle of 19 to 23. Following the converging section, there is a cylindrical section with minimum area called as the throat. After the throat, there is a diverging conical section with an included angle of 5 to 15. Openings are provided at the entry and throat (at sections 1 and 2 in the diagram) of the venture meter for attaching a differential pressure sensor (u-tube manometer, differential pressure gauge, etc) as shown in diagram. 4.2.8.3 OPERATION OF VENTURI METER:The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry section of the venturi meter with a pressure P1.As the fluid from the entry section of venturi meter flows into the converging section, its pressure keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it enters the throat. That is, in the throat, the fluid pressure P2 will be minimum.

The differential pressure sensor attached between the entry and throat section of the venturi meter records the pressure difference which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid 60

through the pipe when calibrated. The diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle of the diverging section, greater is the recovery. 4.2.8.4 APPLICATIONS: It is used where high pressure recovery is required. Can be used for measuring flow rates of water, gases, suspended solids, slurries and dirty liquids. Can be used to measure high flow rates in pipes having diameters in a few meters.

4.2.8.5 ADVANTAGES:

Less changes of getting clogged with sediments Coefficient of discharge is high. Its behavior can be predicted perfectly. Can be installed vertically, horizontally or inclined.

4.2.8.6 LIMITATIONS:

They are large in size and hence where space is limited, they cannot be used. Expensive initial cost, installation and maintenance. Require long laying length. Cannot be used in pipes below 7.5cm diameter.

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CHAPTER: 5 POWER EVACUATION FROM NTPC ANTA

5. POWER EVACUATION FROM NTPC ANTA:-

Fig 5.1 Switchyard

Anta Gas Power Project constructed by NTPC is located in Baran district of Rajasthan. The power generated is being sold to the beneficiary states of Northern Region. In order to evacuate power from this 4 GPP, it has been decided to construct 220 KV AC transmission system based on the discussions with CEA. The transmission system indicated in the Feasibility report is given as follows.

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220KV D/C Anta-Bhilwara line 230 Km. 220KV D/C Anta-Dausa line 300 Km.

Extension of 220 KV s/s of RSEB at Bhilwara and Dausa.

5.1 SWITCHYARD:220 KV Switchyard is the place at which switching operation of power distribution is formed. All modern generating station uses a unit system of generation transformer connection. This unit is connected through circuit breaker and isolated to the high frequency voltage bus. The output of generator is connected through high voltage side and low voltage side is connected to the bus.

5.1.1

BUS BARS:-

The bus bar arrangement is of single sectionalized bus bar. In this type of bus bars is divided into two section connected by bus coupler. These buses are made of 2 ASCR conductor 250 mm. It has 6 feeders. There is more us which is known as auxiliary bus bas.

5.1.2

BUS COUPLER:-

Bus coupler is used to couple two busses together. Bus coupler consists of a circuit breaker and the isolator which are situated at both side of circuit breaker.

5.1.3

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:-

The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with line carrying the current to be measured. The primary winding consists of very few turn and therefore there is no appropriate voltage drop across it. The secondary winding has larger number of turns. Ammeter terminal is connected terminal. Thus a current transformer under SC condition the secondary rating current is 5A.

5.1.4 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:Potential transformer is used to operate the voltmeter the potential coil of volt meter and relays from high voltage lines. The primary winding is connected across the line/joining carrying the 63

voltage to be measures. The secondary winding is so designed that the voltage of 100V to 120 V is delivered to instrument load the normal secondary winding rating is 110V.

5.1.5 ISOLATING SWITCH:Whenever the maintenance and repair work is carried out on equipment in a switchyard, it is disconnected from a supply by the isolator.

Fig 5.2 NTPC Antas 220 KV Switchyard Single Line Diagram

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CHAPTER: 6 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION:As we all know that industrial training is very important in the life of an engineering student. In industrial training a student gets to experience the practical scenario going on in the industries. I was lucky to have my training from NTPC ANTA GAS POWER STATION, ANTA DISTT. BARAN that gave me an all round knowledge that an electrical engineer should know. During my training at NTPC ANTA, I learned about power generation, power distribution. I visit the power plant 3 times which i learnt about the generation of power. During the visit of generators, switchyard, cooling tower, control room, I learned about the generation of electricity from gas. It was really knowledge enhancing because I learned how to utilize waste material and produce electricity thus reducing the waste material. There should be more Involvement of management at all levels with effective creation of policies, vision, Mission, values, goals and support, communicated and implemented throughout the Organization. It been maintaining excellent CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility) by providing jobs to the land losers along with good compensation, providing employment for the locals on a contract basis, construction of roads, drainage systems, drinking water supply, hygienic conditions, hospitals, schools, etc all within ANTA town of the NTPC plant. It should evaluate plans for expansion in order to meet the Power needs of India as well as to create more employment. It is the first combine cycle power plant of India. NTPC ANTA has followed the principles of production and operation management quite well and also maintained good relationship within its Micro as well as Macro environments.

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REFERENCE
http://ntpc.co.in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTPC_Anta http://www.slideshare.net http://seminarprojects.com

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