ISUR 8

VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON UNDERWATER RESEARCH ABSTRACT BOOK

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: general session

Tyrrhenian Naval iconography during the First Iron Age: origin and evolution of the Etruscan ships.
Francesco Tiboni1

Lead ingots from the sea. New data on the exploitation of the Iberian mines through an epigraphic approach
Michele Stefanile2

The analysis of the epigraphic records from the towns along the Eastern coast of the Iberian Naval iconography of the Tyrrhenian First Iron Age represents the most important evidence on which we can base a realistic idea of how and when Etruscan shipbuilding tradition was born. The almost absolute lack of direct evidences of wooden wrecks, in fact, only partially filled by some wreck-sites of northern Tyrrhenian area, do not permit us to find precise correspondence between ancient literary sources and technical Etruscan solution. Neither the studies based on a transposition in the past of modern solutions, essentially based on presumed ethnographic vicinities, give us enough elements to interpret original Etruscan crafts. After a short analysis of different approaches, in this paper, the author presents a general revision of the first iconographic evidences of proto-Etruscan and Etruscan iconography, trying to isolate original features and characters. The study presents a possible evolutionary line based on formal and structural analysis of clay models and painted vase. All these evidences are then examined in the light of cultural and historical changes involving Tyrrhenian and Etruscan area during the First Iron Age. The author presents then an analysis of technical and cultural elements based on the information supplied by ancient authors as well as on technical data achieved through the archaeological study of wreck-sites. The cross study of the details obtained through the iconography, the sources and the wrecks, allows to trace a general evolutionary line from the birth of local Etruscan shipbuilding, to the entrance of Tyrrhenian area into Magno Greek cultural sphere of influence. Peninsula, in the Late Republican and Early Imperial Ages, allows to highlight an important component from Campania within the well-known flow of people that spread into the new provinces of Hispaniae after the Second Punic War to exploit the newly conquered resources. Inside this vast and complex phenomenon at the basis of the Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula, new data come from the marked lead ingots moulded in the minerary district of

Carthago Nova and found in most cases in the cargoes of shipwrecks sunk in the Western
Mediterranean: the analysis of the gentilitia attested on the already known ingots, together with the data from those of minor interest for the scholars or from those recently discovered, thanks to the comparison with the epigraphic corpora of the towns of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, permits to reconsider the scale of the Campanian component in the context of the Iberian mines exploitation, and to update our knowledge on the subject. At the same time, all this shows clearly, in the scenery of the ancient Campania, the importance of the Auruncan area of Teanum and Cales, in addition to the Gulf of Naples, and to ask new questions about the role of ports such as those of Minturnae, Sinuessa and

Volturnum, besides that of Puteoli, in the new maritime routes established between the
Campanian area and the Iberian West.

CCJ, UMR7299, Universit Aix- Marseille I

Universit degli Studi di Napoli LOrientale, Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo

The building techinques in the medieval ports The circulation of the Amphoras Lamboglia 2 in the South Adriatic An evolving synthesis from the underwater archaeological researches in the Albanian coast
Adrian Anastasi 3 The spread of pozzolan (pulvis puteolanus) in the first century BC led to the birth of great Although theses for the production and circulation of Amphora Lamboglia 2 on both shores of the Adriatic Sea that circulate in the academic world in the begining of 70s, they have touched tangentially, the economic relations that the South coast of Illyria had the other part of the Adriatic in this period. The finding of these amphoras in the Albanian coast during underwater archaeological research, as the cases of wrecks "Dyrrachium I", "Dyrrachium II", "Sazan I" etc., or as isolated material in protected areas of the shipping dock, shed light on reports of this coast to that of Puglia. The dynamics of sinking of those wrecks goes in favor of the thesis that the circulation of these amphoras in south-north direction of the eastern coast of the southern Adriatic, also does not exclude the possibility of imitation of these amphoras and the production in the ateliers of Dyrrachium and Lisus. . This synthesis of the results and should be considered in evolution and preliminary, pending confirmed by petrographic analysis of samples. ports in the most important cities of the Mediterranean area. The piers and the pilae that protected them were usually built in opus caementicium, by using the system of wooden arcae described by Vitruvius. In Middle Ages, the abandonment of opus caementicium, the lack of economic resources and the spread of northern-European building techniques led to the construction of wooden ports, with docks resting on poles. Several examples can be found at the northern-European rivers or lakes (Dorestad, London, Hedeby, Birka, Kaupang), where Medieval trades developed, but more rarely, even in Italy. However, the Roman techniques were not forgotten, but simplified by Medieval architects. The filling materials of Vitruvian arcae, for example, became pseudo-cementitious. Consequently, the perpetual hold of the wooden elements became necessary, while in Roman times the arcae were removed when the mortar solidified. Particularly widespread in Middle Ages were the waterfronts, wooden pilings less common in Antiquity. The poles were hammered with the capra, a machine reminded by Medieval sources but probably used for centuries. Elements of piers were usually tied by leather strips or ropes made of a resin extracted from linden, vegetable fibers or flexible branches of willow or oak. The ropes were tight by the knots usually used by sailors and strengthened by wooden wedges, called warrokes in English historical sources. Alessandro Luciano4

Institute of Archaeology. Department of Antiquity. Tirana, ALBANIA.

Universit degli Studi di Napoli Suor Orsola Benincasa

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Northern Italy

The Stella River as a University laboratory for an Archeologia delle acque

Massimo Capulli5 In Northeastern Italy, there was a network of rivers, man-made canals, and lagoons that connected the populations of the southern base of the Alps to the sea. The inland waterways of this area played an important role in the development of the region by providing the means for an efficient transportation system. The Stella River was the most important of these waterways. It is a resurgence river that, emerging from its underground course not far from the Alps, runs towards the Marano Lagoon, connecting a rich and long inhabited landscape to the sea. It is also crossed by the Via Annia, a Roman road built in the II century BC, and its economic importance is attested throughout its rich recorded history. For these reasons, the Stella river has been chosen as a privileged place to create a project of archeologia delle acque, called Anaxum as the roman name of the river. It is born from the partnership between the Department of History and Preservation of Cultural Heritage at the University of Udine and the Superintendence for the Archaeological Heritage of Friuli Venezia-Giulia, to reconstruct the history of the area, focusing on the relationship between man and landscape of the Stella River through the time. The research is based on existing documentation, non-invasive methods and targeted excavations. Important scientific institutions are involved in the project: Texas A&M University and INA, for the nautical aspects; University of Trieste and Padua, for the geophysical and geomorphological researches, Macquarie University of Sidney for the remote sensing. The heart of the project is an interdisciplinary research team that uses the Stella River as a university laboratory for the training of underwater, nautical and wetland archaeologists. At the same time, the field of Riverine Archaeology benefits from the development of innovative and integrated geophysical techniques, which will be applied in the future to the study of other waterways.

Underwater archaeology in the Venice Lagoon: new researches in San Leonardo in Fossa Mala
Alessandro Asta6, Rossella Cester7

In 2010 Venice Authority Port approved the project of re-excavating a part of the Malamocco-Marghera Canal, in the central Venice Lagoon, due to conditioning caused by the recent increase of the size and tonnage of the merchant ships and oil tankers. Along the Canal there are some archaeological sites, partially investigated in the last 40 years, so the Ministry for Culture Veneto Archaeological Office imposed to realize new underwater investigations, that permitted to gain some more information about these sites, among which is the important remains of the San Leonardo in Fossa Mala monastery.

Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali - Universit di Udine - Institute of Nautical

6 7

Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto Studio Associato Bettinardi - Cester

Archaeology

Alpha Project: interdisciplinary research for an Archaeological Map of Venice lagoon

Massimo Capulli8, Luigi Fozzati9, Alessandro Pellegrini10 Alpha project is a multi-disciplinary research oriented to study history and archaeology of the Venice Lagoon in order to realize an archeological map that can be useful even as a cultural resource and as a tool for territorial planning. This project has been realized by Andreia Studio Associato between 2004 and 2007, in collaboration with Servizio Informativo of Magistrato Alle Acque di Venezia and under scientific direction of NAUSICAA, that is the Dump and Underwater Archaeology Section of Northern Adriatic Coast Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Environmental Conservation. The research was conducted in the North of lagoon, between S. Erasmo Island and Santa Caterinas Swamp, where are the most ancient human settlements, the largest part of which are submerged nowadays. This work collected different kind of data: information produced by over twenty years of archaeological research, contained in literature review or stored in Soprintendenzas archives, and new data obtained by underwater investigations realized with surveys and excavation tests. All these data have been finally organized in a geodatabase for GIS applications.

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Central and Southern Italy

The Neronian harbour of Anzio (Roma): new archaeological research in 2013
Annalisa Zarattini11, Simon Luca Trigona During the building of a new protection dock in spring 2013, the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio carried out new survey activities on the structures of the roman harbour of Anzio. The research consisted of underwater surveys along the two roman docks and the creation of a new vector drawing of the first segment of the western dock, for 130 mt in length. The drawings have been realised with the combined use of aerial shots taken from a radio-controlled quadcopter and instrumental metric surveys, the traditional measurement approach used for graphical characterization of underwater elements. The graphical data obtained, together with the aerial-satellite shots and the cartographies available, have been inserted in the GIS environment. The archaeological news which came to light, mainly concerned the planning prospective of the harbour. In particular, the satellite shots highlighted the presence of an external 10 mt wide defensive wall, running up to the headboard of the western dock. Another interesting aspect involves the dock's building, based on concrete jetties in reinforced moulds, following a square modulus of five cubiti each side. The planning model of the roman engineers must have proceeded with juxtaposition of geometrical elements adapted to the technical requirements emerged during the construction of the jetties. Finally, the underwater survey along the entrance of the harbour has pointed out a wide area clear of concrete structures and characterized by scattered tiles, potteries (essentially amphoras) and metal elements.

Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali - Universit di Udine - Institute of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto

10 11

Andreia-Studio associato per larcheologia delle acque Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio

Nautical Archaeology
9

Reversing the perspective: Roman maritime villas from the sea

Michele Stefanile
12

New underwater archaeological discoveries in Posillipo (NA ): for a review of the archaeological map of Gunther
Paolo Caputo13, Filippo Avilia14, Rosario Santanastasio 15

The maritime villas, which were mainly built along the Thyrrenian coasts of Italy, starting from the Late Republican Age, have often been the subject of scientific works of major importance, mainly focused on their architectural features and on the historical events related to their owners, mostly very eminent men of the Roman lite. Despite this abundance of studies, recently converged in very remarkable works of synthesis, the history of the relationship of these villas with the sea is still largely to be written, and an accurate documentation of the structures originally built by the sea or directly in it -now totally or partially submerged- is still missing. These archaeological remains, often exposed to the erosion, and heavily damaged, are of considerable interest, and constitute in many cases the results of an impressive architectural effort, with the aim of adapting the shape of the coasts to the needs of the men, towards the ultimate victory of the land on the sea that the Roman villa maritima itself simbolizes. It is therefore necessary to invert our traditional perspective, studying the villas from the point of view of the sea, through the techniques of modern maritime archaeology, and to proceed to an update of the literature on the subject, focusing our efforts on a comprehensive approach that can overcome the limits imposed by the current shoreline.

In January 2013, on the occasion of harbor works in the area of Riva Fiorita , cove /Villa Volpicelli (Posillipo / NA) , were found submerged archaeological structures . These are likely to be connected to structures of a coastal accommodation related to one of Roman villas , which are located along the coast of Pausilypon hill in Roman period . The structures, in all probability, are to be identify with a rampart of defense against storm surges; other quadrangular structures nearby are probably related to a fishpond. No wonder the presence of this kind of structures on the site in question, as a preliminary analysis of satellite photos has brought to light the ancient submerged structures , which are also likely related to other maritime villas along the coastal line extended from Riva Fiorita Cave to Palazzo Donna Anna. Under the geological point of view, in fact , the phenomenon , already known for other parts of the Gulf of Naples, is attachable to subsidence, which characterizes the area. The discovery is a new element to the archaeological plan drawn up by Gunther in the early '900 and at the same time contradicts the hypothesis of the hypothesed coastal path assumed by the scholar (not identified either by direct observation or by the same satellite images ) and instead confirms the theory of 'the existence in Posillipo of a road "running on the top of the same hill, developed with diverticula transverse to the coast. These paths are still to be identified in some of the "Cupe (dark streets) of the same hill": it happens so in the case of Riva Fiorita, where the roman submerged stuctures are located in a small bay at the end of the street Ferdinando Russo, an ancient Cupa road certainly witnessed since the Middle Ages, but plotted with each probability on a oldest path . The current research is part of a larger work that the Soprintendenza will develope along the Phlegraean and the Neapolitan coast, based both on historical data, historical and recent aerial photographs , and finally on direct analysis in the occasion of maritime private and public works.

12 13

Universit degli Studi di Napoli LOrientale, Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli

14 15

O.T.S. underwater and naval archaeologist

Marenostrum - Archeoclub dItalia

Routes and landings on the coast of the Cilento: Licosa and surroundings from mythical suggestions to archaeological data
Salvatore Agizza16, Angela De Filippis17 The stretch of Cilento coast between Agropoli and the Cape of Licosa is an area rich in archaeological and mythical elements that offer many opportunities both to considerations relating to the most ancient sea routes connected to mythographical tradition of Sirens from Hellenistic period. Especially the research tries to reread the oldest sources relating to this portion of territory, the area of Licosa, is Licofrone, to Promontorium Enipeum. Along the coast in the archaic period are attested numerous and widespread traces found in different archaeological contexts in Agropoli, Tresino, Licosa some of which pose many question marks related to the localization of sacred areas or of lighthouse-shrines. From the Hellenistic age the framework offered by the archaeological data changes the feature and the vocation of coastal settlements, affected by the changes of new models proposed by the hinterland. The Roman conquest and the rise of harbour infrastructures, manufacturing and the increase residential characterize the coastal territory and the island itself in a much more obvious and deep, placing them in a common template in the Roman Mediterranean world, featured by the development of fish farming and infrastructure related to them . The research aims, using data from archaeological and geomorphological literature, to reconstruct the ancient landscape and the impact that human occupation had on it, across the sea, up from very ancient times.

MPA Gaiola Underwater Park (Naples, Italy): a study on sea level variation and landscape modification through geo-archaeological analysis
Maurizio Simeone18, Caterina De Vivo19, Paola Masucci20 The Gaiola Underwater Park is a Marine Protected Area situated along the coastline of the Posillipo Hill, in the Gulf of Naples. The site is located in the Phlegrean Fields that were densely inhabited during Roman Age. This area is strongly affected by a tectonic-volcanic phenomenon called bradyseism, which causes vertical crustal movements and relative sea level variation. For this reason, on the seabed of the MPAs lie the remains of a I century B.C. Roman villa (called Pausilypon), like fishponds, harbor and thermal area. At the beginning of the XX Century R.T. Gunther carried out the first systematic research on this ancient ruins. From 2005 the CSI Gaiola onlus in agreement with Management Authority of MPA (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli) is carrying out new studies in geoarchaeological field, to improve the knowledge about this area. Firstly the roman underwater structures have been mapped and the collected data have been processed with ArcGis software. The archaeological and geomorphological analysis show how the present landscape has been strongly modified during the centuries by human activities and volcanic phenomena, so a project aimed to the reconstruction of the ancient landscape was carried out. Specific underwater surveys were realized to estimate the relative sea level change since Roman times using archaeological markers, and to reconstruct the coastline of the Gaiola Underwater Park in pre-roman and roman period. The aim of the presentation is to show the results of this work.

16 17 18

Independent Researcher Independent Researcher Centro Studi Interdisciplinari Gaiola onlus

19 20

IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca Centro Studi Interdisciplinari Gaiola onlus

New survey of the Roman port of Punta Fuenti (Vietri sul Mare, SA, Italy): an interpretative hypothesis
Paolo Pecci This presentation is the result of the survey project that I carried out for my MA Dissertation Thesys at the archaeological site of Punta Fuenti, on the Amalfi Coast in Italy. The focal point of the site is a Roman port structure, a pila, placed in protection of a bay. The aim of the thesis was to understand the function of the pila and of the entire site, expanding the research previously carried out in the area. This has been achieved with a strategy that consisted of two phases: the bibliographical and archival research for historical, geographical and archaeological information on the site, and the operational phase of fieldwork consisting in a new survey of the area. The survey itself was divided into two phases, including both the geophysical prospecting and the scuba diving research. The aim was to broaden the focus to the entire area, already suspected of being a small Roman port. The use of this strategy has allowed to classify with certainty and precision the sites historical, geographical and archaeological

Monitoring of geomorphological changes and adaptations in the anthropic landscape of ancient and modern Phlegraean coast
Paolo Caputo21, Gabriele Gomez de Ayala22, Rosario Santanastasio 23 The monitoring and reconstruction of places of the coastal area of Campi Flegrei is due to an agreement between the Special Superintendence of Naples and Pompeii and the Association of Marenostrum Archeoclub of Italy (2009). Findings emerged from two aspects: by Torregaveta and in the Gulf of Pozzuoli, where they are considered to be areas of Poggio Beach, Strum Island and Punta Epitaph, which, over the past 2000 years, to human action, but also to phenomena the first, related to a reconstruction of geo- archeology sites and monitoring, resulting in a study of the evolution of the coastline considered in a morphodynamic way. For this activity we made use of surveys carried out in 2010/2012/2013, from which they emerged, among other things, extensive evidence of instability along coastal cliffs, the second literature references, surface relief and differents as well as the use of a monitoring system for a long time. In addition, you are done, recently, three-dimensional sonar surveys of the seabed adjacent to Punta Pennata ( Naumacos ) aimed at takes into account of naturalistic engineering and traditional, that ' involved . The area is located along the coast of the province of Naples, in particular understanding the morphology of the seabed ( bathymetry and density, texture and hardness of the seabed ) and a volumetric estimate of the collapses that occurred over time. It is then geo - archaeological rebuilt the coast, according to findings from articles of likely anthropogenic placed in a morphologically subject to erosion and difficult to interpret, however, also in relation to the context of belonging. Finally, the interpretation of the dynamics events has permit us to identify and develop an evolutionary reconstruction of places.

characteristics, and produce new elements to develop a new interpretative theory. Furthermore, fieldwalking activity on the slope overlooking the site brought to light new data, whose possible correlation with the underwater remains is the next step of investigation and study. The research work carried out sets itself as a starting point for further studies on the site and for its future restoration and valorisation, with an eye to the legal controversy that is causing delays and carelessness to the area.

21 22

Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli Naumacos s.r.l.

23

Marenostrum, Archeoclub dItalia

The AMP of Baia - Underwater Archaeological Park, between restoration, new monitoring technologies and interventions for the valorisation.
Paolo Caputo24, Filomena Lucci25, Gabriele Gomez de Ayala26

Underwater discoveries around Capri island

Vasco Fronzoni

Many promotional activities are carried out with the aim of raising awareness of the value of a marine protected area. Baia is characterized by several natural and archaeological evidence, therefore projects are multidisciplinary. Ciclayack project has allowed people to cross nature trails to admire archaeological remains, then paddling on submerged archaeological park and understand the relationship with the remains of land. A regular meeting "Venerd di Baia" takes place in the Castello di Baia, to share knowledge and promote the cultural and scientific activities that take place in Baia. The "Venerd di Baia 2014" will have as its theme the landscape in all its forms of expression: literature, architecture - urbanism and archeology, an invitation to reflect on the underwater landscape. One of the most important studies is the understanding of ancient architecture that has found its most sophisticated expression in Baia, even new construction techniques have been developing in Baia with the use of the pozzolana and lapillo. A decades of study of urban development and a constant survey of submerged structures, now make it possible to better understand the city of Baia, also, after years of study, observation, and careful investigation, we are introducing the Architecture of the Water. An interesting project of the Ministry of Environment, is building a networkof monitoring instruments for marine protected areas, the project will allow 24H surveillance and the identification of all the nautical activities that will be organized in protected areas. Capri island has always attracted the attention of the classical world, equally divided between Greek and Roman culture. History teaches us that for over three decades, Capri was the center and the capital of the ancient world, becoming the residence of Augustus and Tiberius. Positioned at the center of the Tyrrhenian Sea and located between the Gulf of Naples and Salerno, the island has been constantly destination of maritime trades and the subject of strategic interests. The witness and the history of those navigators who have crossed thousands of years around the island emerges from underwater findings made in the course of several years.

24 25

Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli Architect, MA. Ancient Architecture, Restoration and Consolidation Designer

26

Naumacos s.r.l.

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily

Underwater researches in Filicudi 2007-2013
Philippe Tisseyre27 As a result of research carried out by M. Bound and U. Spigo in the Aeolian Islands , in 1993-95, no other research submarine was scheduled to Filicudi. The only, but not completed, was the top search backdrop of the islands of Panarea and Salina, with spectacular results, partially published in 2009-2010 by the American foundation Aurora Trust, but the short passage to the research vessel at Filicudi was not published. The research Filicudi was therefore virtually stop the work of U. Spigo , converged in the book " 10 years of research at the Aeolian Museum ." It was a volume whose final part was devoted entirely to a discussion on the research carried out by G.Kapitan , M. Cavalier , D. Lopes , M. Bound , to verify the presence or absence of relics of the Secca of Capo Graziano , keeping in mind the critical lesson conducted by M. Cavalier on some of them, often cited but never officially found . During the years 2007-2013, the Superintendent of the Sea has verified the reports and findings made during the creation of the archaeological and natural path on the Secca of Capo Grazian , while for three consecutive years were carried out reconnaissance around the island : The work presented here brings together all of these data, merged into the GIS of Superintendence of the Sea.

San Vito Lo Capo underwater project: campaign 2013

Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera28, Marco Bonaiuto29, Sebastiano Tusa30 The San Vito lo Capo Underwater Project started in 2013 and its aim is to survey the seabed of the Gulf of San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy) in order to map his archaeological evidence. Since the early 80s the gulf area was investigated both surface and underwater. The IAS (Institute of Underwater Activities of Palermo) has focused attention on the areas with the highest concentration of artifacts. Investigations have brought to light the high archaeological potential of the area and allowed the discovery of some wrecks and materials dating from the fourth century BC and the sixteenth century AD. Under the supervision of the Soprintendenza del Mare, in the 2013 companies Giano snc and SeaDiver srl have undertaken a systematic surveys project in order to produce a map of the archaeological potential of the gulf and to connect the data available to areas not yet investigated. The project is divided into several annual campaigns. During the first season, through the use of the underwater tracking system RuNa, we documented 118 items belonging to a horizon of time from the seventh century BC to thirteenth century AD. In order to identify the nature of the contexts were performed statistical analysis of the distribution by crossing the variables of type, cronology, position and fragmentation. It was possible to identify some concentrations pertinent to an areas of harbor and other to probable wrecks including one of the first century BC and one of the seventh century AD.

27 28

Soprintendenza del Mare Giano SNC, Pisa

29 30

Giano SNC, Pisa Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

Accipe fastosum garum: the Porto Palo di Menfi (AG) shipwreck from excavation to museum
Mauro Curti31, Francesca Oliveri32, Sebastiano Tusa33

The Roman conquest of Pantelleria island

Leonardo Abelli
34

Found at about 250 meters from the small harbor of the fishing village of Porto Palo, on the coast of Agrigento, the Punic-Roman Porto Palo shipwreck has been the subject of several campaigns of archaeological investigations from 1997 to 2007 by the Sicilian Cultural Heritage Department for Underwater Archaeology. Although the rocky bottom, together with the shallow depth and exposure to waves, has not allowed the preservation of the wooden structures of the vessel, the cargo recovered pottery types are mainly represented by numerous amphorae belonging to the types

In 1997 the Universit degli Studi di Bologna, with the assistance of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali di Trapani, archaeologically surveyed the Island of Pantelleria (Sicily), in order to understand Punic and Roman settlements distribution. Part of the island was colonized only since the 3rd century BC, when Pantelleria became strategic for controlling the Sicilian Channel. In 2011 and 2013, systematic surveys and excavations were produced in Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante by Pantelleria Ricerche, in collaboration with Soprintendenza del Mare Regione Siciliana, allowing to identify a Punic anchorage located between the 50 and 90 meters depth marks. Lead anchors stocks, Punic amphorae, lead ingots and 3500 Punic bronze coins were among the artifacts recovered. Such evidences support the hypothesis that the anchorage may be related with the first Roman conquest of the island dated to the 255 BC. Also part of the project was the re-establishment of an underwater archaeological trail located in Cala Tramontana.

Dressel, 1A and 1C, and the types Maa C2.During the washing and sieving operations , the

amphorae have returned as contents crushed murex shells and fish remains; vertebrae and
fish scales testify the trade of the allec , a cheap product derived from the filtering of garum, the well-known and popular fish sauce, widespread in the ancient world. The presence of waterproofing matter on the interior walls of the amphorae testifies to the reuse of these transport containers: after a primary use for the wine trade the amphorae were "recycled" for the transportation of other food products. These data allow us to hypothesize that the ship sank in Porto Palo carried out coasting trade between Sicily and North Africa in a chronological period between the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 1st century. B.C.

31 32

Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

33 34

Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana ARES archeologia, Ravenna

A possible submerged pre-neolithic site in Pantelleria island

Maria Vittoria Agosto
35

Recent investigations along the coast between Marsala and Mazara (TP)
Francesca Oliveri36 The seabed of the coast between Mazara del Vallo and Marsala, the western part of Sicily facing nearby Africa have yielded evidence of frequent shipwrecks, occurred at different times, the most famous of which can be considered the Punic ship kept in the Baglio Anselmi Museum or the equally famous "Sister Ship" . The area is characterized by strong currents that cause considerable difficulties for navigation, so the that it is full of testimonies that could offer excellent opportunity for scientific research, as well as tourism development . In this perspective, the Soprintendenza del Mare has been gathering for years all the scattered data into a single georeferenced database, named SIT, which offers a constantly updated picture of the underwater cultural heritage of Sicily. This paper wants to present some finds of the recent past in the two contiguous areas of Capo Feto and Petrosino.

Although Pantelleria was known since the Neolithic as one of the source of obsidian across the western Mediterranean, there are no significant archaeological clues for that period. The first faint frequentations are dated to the Chalcolithic, whereas, the first settlement is dated to the Bronze Age. Many obsidian artifacts were instead found in the northern terraces of the island, sometimes together with imported flint artifacts. The several underwater archaeological surveys, carried out in the last decade around the island, offered the opportunity to study shipwrecks and submerged deposits. In particular, the discovery of hundreds of red flint artifacts, recovered at a depth between 18 and 22 m at Cala Tramontana, suggests that Pantelleria was reached by sea in a still more ancient time period. The preliminary study of the finds from Cala Tramontana reveals the presence of a debitage characterized by cores and flakes without any specific morphology. This low degree of standardization can be connected to the first effort of chipping and shaping out the flint, or the attempt to adapt to a raw material unknown. The first underwater geological and geophysical surveys, carried out in May 2013, have offered new perspective. The debitage of Cala Tramontana may be connected to a former paleo-beach, existed approximately between 7.7 and 10.4 ka, when the inner part of the bay was not yet submerged by the sea and thus suitable for small boat landing and exploitable for human purposes.

35

ARES archeologia, Ravenna

36

Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

Marine Biology
One year monitoring of sandbar shark from a special environmental protection area in Turkey
Hayat Filiz37, Anil Glahin38

Monitoring of the coastal ecological system and GIS implementation for an interdisciplinary approach to the preservation of the MPA Gaiola underwater park
M. Simeone, P. Masucci, P. Barani, P. Psodomakis, C. De Vivo, D. Giordano, M. Cannella, O. Saccone

Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827), individuals in the Boncuk Bay shark protection area were observed, counted and photographed via snorkelling using underwater visual census method. The study period was between 01 March 2013 and 28 January 2014. A total of 24 field studies and 120 free diving observations (FDOs) were made. FDOs have taken place 2 times per month between 0700 and 1200 hrs. The surface seawater temperatures were measured on an average as 21.36 4.63, with a minimum 15.61 C (March 2013) and a maximum 27.90 C (August 2013). Sandbar sharks were observed at temperatures over 20 C in the area with salinities 36.18 and 40.50 ppm. Most of the observations occurred in K4 area (34.8%), followed by K3 (25.9%), K2 (20.7%), K1 (9.6%), and K5 (8.9%). Sharks are active in the morning hours between 0700 and 0859 hrs (72.6%). We encountered sandbar sharks 39 times in 120 FDOs, and totally 135 individuals were counted. From 2010, it has been implemented a plan for the biological and environmental monitoring in MPA Gaiola Underwater Park, aimed at data acquisition on the evolution of the ecological system conditions, in order to verify the efficacy of the preservation activities. The biological relevance and the presence of underwater archaeological remains had been taken into consideration. The study activity was finalized to obtain a complete description of the valuable and the critical elements of the MPA; geo-morphological, biological and archaeological data had been analyzed together with data related to the illicit actions damaging the Park. Dive samplings have been realized through visual census, a low impact method particularly appropriate for MPA surveys. Survey data had been analized using ArcGIS software, a Geographic Information System useful to realize a Bionomic Map. This approach had allowed to identify high biological interest sub-areas in the MPA: Gaiola and Cavallara sub-areas. On both this sub-areas further analysis had permitted to acquire more information about the facies distribution in the Coraligene biocenosis (to protect in according to RAC/SPA of Tunisi), and the particular habitat characterized by the archaeological underwater remains.

37 38

Mula Stk Koman University (MSKU), Faculty of Fisheries, Mula, Trkiye Mula Stk Koman University (MSKU), Faculty of Fisheries, Mula, Trkiye

Special session: archaeological researches in Turkey

Antalya Underwater Archaeology research - 2013
Hakan niz
39

Archaic shipwreck at Kekova Adasi

Cengiz Zor41, Umut Can Kazanlioglu

Archaeological Underwater Research on the Coast of Antalya project that was launched from 2009 until 2013 with the contributions of Turkish Underwater Archaeology Foundation and several municipalities. During the research performed with the co-operation of Antalya, Side and Alanya Museums, shipwrecks from different periods, harbours, anchorages, mooring stones, lead stocks of wooden anchors, several kinds of iron anchors and stone fishing sinkers have been found. These remains are usually indicate to Bronze Age, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantion Periods and may indicate wide maritime activity between West and East Mediterranean coasts.

Running North-East to South-West, Kekova Adas (Kekova Island) is situated South of the modern towns of Ucagiz (ancient Teimiussa) and Kaleky (ancient Simena) in the area of Lycia, which is today part of the Antalya region of southern Turkey. Ceramics from Archaic periods were found in the Shipwreck. Just what agricultural product the jars carried is unclear, but evidence from the early Archaic period raises the possibility of their role in the transport of olive oil , fruit , vegitable , wine. The Shipwreck have not full body of ceramics. Contextual nds and general morphology indicate a date for 7th- to early-6th-century BC.

Alluvial filling in the harbour of Alanya

zgun Baibyk40 Alanya is a town on the South of Anatolia, which has a coast next to Mediterranean, which is connected to Antalya. The history of the town dates back to ancient times. After a long historical journey and load, Alanya has come to these days. It shares some of these traces of the history with us and it keeps the others to itself. Works made has showed that bottom structure on the wide perimeter of the Shipyard structure which is important for Alanya today and which is still standing, has hid historical richness. On the Works, it has been revealed that the sand covered the top of ceramic parts. Maybe, Alanya is already ready to share his mystery with us.

39 40

Seluk University, Konya, Turkey Adnan Menderes University, Ayden, Turkey

41

Seluk University, Konya, Turkey

Archaeological researches out of Italy

The harbour of Carthago Nova. Harbour archaeology, urbanistic and geoarchaeology. An approach from the maritime archaeology
Felipe Cerezo Andreo42

Al-Gharb port of trade

Alessia Amato
43

This study is aimed to define its own characteristics within the chronological sphere of the Muslim occupation on the Iberian Peninsula and particularly on the development which involves the Southern region of Portugal, bound between the low Tejo (Lisbon) and the

The ARQUETOPOS project of the University of Murcia, led by Professor Ramallo seeks to study the paleo-topography of the Mediterranean city. This is a multidisciplinary project in which are working geologists, geomorphologists, topographers, archaeologists and palynologists in order to restore the landscape evolution during the Holocene. Within this project we are conducting studies of maritime spatial analysis, harbour and underwater archeology as part of my work as a PhD thesis. Through this paper we present the method of work and the first results and hypothesis about the harbour of Carthago Nova.

Algarve.

The analysis of the relationship between this People and the sea with its

components precedes the period of the great conquest, which see the Christian Reign of Portugal engaged in an area beyond the Ocean from the end of XV Century onwards anyway engaged outside the Mediterranean basin and in the classical circuits that have had their exclusive attention until that time. During the Islamic period, VIII-XIII, one sees the vitality of the port cities, with the development of nautical activities, including naval construction in shipyards mentioned by Arab authors, such as Al-Razi, Al-Bakri, Ibne Mozaine and al-Idrisi. Various descriptions made by Arab historians and geographers with a common vision of these territories considered as a prolongation of the eastern Arab world reachable through North Africa and most likely via navigation along the coast. Besides nautical artifacts such as lead anchor stocks, evidence from Portuguese waters included Muslim imported and exported products also found in archaeological excavations on the seaboards and on land. Some of the cities are Lisbon on the Tagus river, Alccer do Sal on the Sado river, Silves on the Arade river, Tavira on the Ria Formosa and Mrtola, on the Guadiana river. Those provide important information regarding the capacity of overseas transport and regarding social, economic, and cultural factors relating to marine activity.

42

Universidad de Murcia

43

Universidade de Coimbra

Firearms, edged weapons and parts of uniforms on board HMS St. George
Georgios Karadimios
44

them and lead shot cases. Most of those artifacts belonged to the Royal Marines that were deployed on board. To conclude the variety of all these categories of artifacts consists of a group that, according to the Regulations of the British Admiralty, should not be expected on board. Apart from that the wreck of St.George itself offers many opportunities for further underwater research.

This paper will present the firearms, edged weapons and parts of the uniforms belonging, majorly, to the Royal Marines that were deployed on board HMS St.George. HMS St.George (second rate-Duke class) was designed by John William and was initially commissioned since then on the 8th of October of missions, like 1787. the The Battle vessels service record

includes

various

of Copenhagen in 1801

even though it didnt participated in the actual sequence of the event. From 1807, St.George was deployed with Admirals Saumarez Baltic fleet, protecting the British convoys in the area. On the 24th of December 1811 the vessel was wrecked in the West

Coast of Jutland having lost its rudder and severely damaged during the sail. St.George is located 2km south of Thorsminde and 1km from the coast. More specifically, it lies on a bottom composed of a mix of mud, sand and stone less than 10 meter of water. The first underwater investigations started at the end of the 19 th century when divers attempted to salvage 2 cannons together with two bells. During the decade of 1970 divers inspected the wreck which was covered by sand. The next decade a survey was carried out by the Skibhistorisk Laboratorium in cooperation with the Delfino diving club as to estimate the condition of the wreck. From 1983, when the first organized excavation was carried out, until 1997 many artifacts were recovered from the wreck. Among them were those that will be presented in this paper. Concerning the artifacts the first category included firearms. Two major types were studied which are muskets and pistols. The majority of them were recovered in an excellent condition of preservation. Moreover the interesting fact is that we have British, Prussian and one Danish musket on the artifacts. Additionally spare fittings from the muskets and the pistols were associated with the first category. Continuing with the second category in that edged weapons were enlisted including cutlasses, scabbards and complete weapons of that type. The third and last category complied with badges, leather belts, parts connected with

Forming and evolution of the Smerdyachee lake, Moscow region

S. Fazlullin45, A. Tarasov, P. Groznodumov

There is an unusual lake in Moscow region. Its formation caused many disputes. The meteoritic origin of this object, which occurred not earlier than 10000 years ago, is considered the most probable. Lake is located in 10 km to the north of Roshal city in the little-inhabited area of the Moscow region.Lake surrounded by the circle rim, which raised above it to 4-5 meters. Diameter of depression of the rim - 340-380 meters. Diameter of the lake - 250-280 meters. Depth of lake is approximately 30 meters. At the depths of 5-25 m the bottom of lake has a form of funnel with the steep slopes. In 1985 scientists supposed, that the lake had meteorite crater. Several scientific and amateurish expeditions investigated this In February 2014 Russian Geographical Society with the support of several scientific and specialized organizations (Institute of oceanology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow State University, Russian Underwater Activities Confederation) conducted research expedition. The lake was covered with ice (40 cm thickness). Expedition conducted the studies with diving method and collected several bottom mud samples, measured temperature, electrical conductivity and oxygen in the lake. We collected water samples in the deep part of the lake, from surface to bottom. Mini-rover was used for study the

44

University of Southern Denmark, MA

45

P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russia

characteristics of the lake. The structure of surrounded circle rim studied by geo-radar.The materials of expedition gave us possibility to do some assumptions on the evolution of the lake. Because of the impact of meteorite, deep funnel had formed. The upper waterconfining stratum of the water-bearing horizon destroyed. As a result, of this impact water containing hydrogen sulfide (hence and name, that it indicates bad smell) entered the lake. In the 20's of the last century in Roshal city chemical industries started. It required a large quantity of water from the water-bearing horizon. The level of the bedding of ground water became deeply. As a result this the aqueous nourishment and regime of the lake changed. Ecological studies of the 80th showed that there were many fish in the lake, and the visibility of water was 6-8 meters. Because of bankruptcy of chemical factory at the end of the 90's, the usage of underground water stopped. The level of the lake changed. The coastal forest tract flooded. From time to time, especially in the period of autumnal and spring reconstruction of hydrological structure, small animals and birds died because the hydrogen sulfide, which was in the water. Report contains the materials, which illustrate our scientific hypothesis.

Tourism and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

MPAs as cultural resources. The creation of local network for the awareness of Baia and Gaiola underwater park
Paolo Caputo, Giovanna Ayr, M. Trimarco

Over more than ten years since creation of Underwater Parks of Baia and Gaiola Marine Protected Areas, the Superintendency for Archaelogical Resources of Naples, as Authority Manager, has launched not only projects focused on its provisional functions of conservation but also research and documentation programs concerning the archaelogical and biological resources; educational programs aimed to awareness and knowledge in the fields of ecology, biology and underwater archaelogy; projects for increasing and enhancing the local economic activities, first of all the tourist activities (diving centres, restaurant ). The aim has been to consider the two MPAs such a place where local institution and citizens could have a lifelong learning approach and an exchange on the sustainable use of sea resources and underwater heritage. All activities carried out by Superintendency of Naples have involved different target of clusters and they aim to demonstrate that the human presence in the areas isnt forbidden but just regulated according to the different grade of safeguarding.

Archaeological diving tourism: a development opportunity in Campi Flegrei area

Cristina Canoro , Francesco Izzo , Kaireen Keller
46 47 48

New technologies for Underwater Archaeology

Remote sensing as a research tool in underwater archaeology: its value and likely applications in the Italian panorama
Massimiliano Secci 49

Archaeological tourism in Italy attracts many visitors each year, but archaeological diving tourism (ADT) is still a niche market. In recent years, it has been growing and unique sites like the Underwater Park of Baia (Davidde, 2002) are attracting even more people. A great richness of underwater archaeological sites is situated in Southern Italy and, paradoxically, it is here that there are greater political and economical limitations on sustainable tourism development (Melotti, 2006). Diving tourism represents an extraordinary development opportunity for the territory and, in particular, ADT could impact positively on the local communities. The aim of the paper is to investigate and evaluate the strategic positioning of the Underwater Park of Baia within the wider frame of the Campi Flegrei, highlighting best practices in promoting and valorising the site, as well as to profile visitors and understand their behaviour. For this purpose, we have used archival and web survey data as collected through structured interviews which have allowed us to identify the drivers of experiential tourism development and the strategic positioning of the Park within the archaeological area of Campi Flegrei. This study provides insights into comprehensive ADT dynamics and suggests implications for managers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and researchers to enhance the effectiveness of the collaboration between academics, diving managers, non-profit organizations, hospitality entities and cultural institutions; a cooperative network that enables an integrated and sustainable development strategy for the area whilst increasing the competitiveness of the Park as destination for the growing ADT.

The last five years, in Italy, have witnessed a growing flux of resources, both economic and human, towards the research in and experimentation of what are often wrongly labeled new technologies. The potentialities of remote sensing, thanks to ever advanced systems, place themselves within various aspects and sectors of underwater archaeology research. Site identification functional to the creation of updated underwater archaeological charts. The ability to monitor underwater cultural heritage preservation in a quick manner, satisfactory time and resource consuming wise. The ability, with the latest generation devices, to obtain individual underwater sites or resources mapping particularly accurate and easily transposable in 3D reconstructions or visualizations useful in terms of underwater cultural heritage enhancement and public access. The present paper aims to analyze the value and wherewithal of remote sensing in underwater archaeology as produced within the Italian research framework with a specific focus on the underwater cultural heritage management aspects.

46

Economy Department, Seconda Universit de gli studi di Napoli, Research Fellow in Economy Department, Seconda Universit degli studi di Napoli, Professor in Strategic Centro Sub Campi Flegrei, International Relations Manager

49

Research Fellow

Marketing Strategy
47

Dipartimento di Storia, Scienze dellUomo e della Formazione Universit degli Studi di Sassari

Management of Innovation
48

Instrument and methodologies for underwater 3d surveys

L. Repola, R. Memmolo, D. Signoretti
50

New technologies and tools for the documentation and restoration of submerged archaeological sites
Bruno F.51, Gallo A., Muzzupappa M., Barbieri L., De Filippo F., Angilica A., Petriaggi R. 52, Davidde B. , Ciabattoni M., Mancinelli R., Lucci F., Gomez de Ayala G. , Caputo P.
53 54 55

In the research started within the SINAPSIS project of the Universit degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa an underwater stereoscopic scanning aimed at surveying of submerged archaeological sites, integrable to standard systems for geomorphological detection of the coast, has been developed. The project involves the construction of hardware consisting of an aluminum frame supporting a pair of GoPro Hero Black Edition cameras and software for the production of point clouds and the initial processing of data. The software has features for stereoscopic vision system calibration, reduction of noise and the of distortion of underwater captured images, searching for corresponding points of stereoscopic images using stereo-matching algorithms (dense and sparse), for points cloud generating and filtering. Only after various calibration and survey tests carried out during the excavations envisaged in the project, the mastery of methods for an efficient acquisition of data has been achieved. The current development of the system has allowed generation of portions of digital models of real submerged scenes. A semi-automatic procedure for global registration of partial models is under development as a useful aid for the study and musealization of sites.

In the context of the CoMAS project (www.comasproject.eu) a partnership of private companies and public research centers is developing new materials and tools for the documentation, restoration and conservation of submerged archaeological artefacts. This paper describes some of the undergoing activities of the project related to the documentation and restoration phases. For the documentation step, an opto-acustical 3D reconstruction system is under development. It will be used to monitor the conditions of architectonical structures and to organize the subsequent operations of restoration and conservation. Some preliminary onsite experimentations of 3D dense stereo reconstruction have been conducted in the shallow archaeological site of Baia (Italy) focusing the attention on two portions of the socalled Villa con ingresso a Protiro and Villa dei Pisoni. The obtained 3D reconstruction has been used in a software application that allows for the visualization and the exploration of the models in order to study and simulate the possibility to adopt a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for maintaining the submerged structures. For the restoration phase we have designed and realized some electromechanical devices that support the cleaning operations that are intended to remove the living organisms (algae, sponges, molluscs, etc.). These organisms cause severe deteriorations of the artefacts and their removal is crucial for the subsequent phases of consolidation and protection. The experimentation of the new devices has been carefully documented by acquiring, through 3D reconstructions, some quantitative measurements of the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures.

50 51 52

Universit degli Studi di Napoli Suor Orsola Benincasa Universit della Calabria Former ISCR Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro

53 54 55

ISCR Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro Naumacos Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli

Geophysical survey of the near-shore sea bed off Villa del Pezzolo Roman ruins (Sorrento Peninsula, S. Italy). Preliminary results
Pietro Aucelli, Aldo Cinque, Francesco Giordano, Gaia Mattei This paper describes the results of a geophysical survey of the underwater extension (maritime annexes) of Villa del Pezzolo archaeological site (Marina di Equa, Sorrento Peninsula). As the ruins on-land show, this Roman seaside villa was destroyed by Vesuvius eruption in A.D. 79 and the following alluvial events adding meters of reworked pyroclastic on the Rivo dArco coastal plain and pushing the shoreline ahead (Cinque et al. 1997, Cinque e Robustelli 2009)). During the 2nd Century the villa was reconstructed on top of the mentioned alluvial body (building phase 2). The latter was subject to frontal dismantling by wave erosion and, by the 3rd Century, the resulting sea cliff reached very close to the villa, imposing new re - adaptations and reinforcements (building phase 3). In order to recover data about the possible underwater prosecution of Villa del Pezzolo ruins, a detailed geophysical investigation was carried out in the immediate offshore of the area (0.5 to 7 m water depth). It included the use of Side Scan Sonar (SSS), sub bottom Profiler (SBP) and Single Beam Echo Sounder (SEBES), plus diving inspection of some selected targets (Giordano et al 1995, Gordano 2010). The use of such non-invasive techniques provided substantial information on both the morpho-bathymetry and the stratigraphy of the submerged area at issue, permitting to better reconstruct the coastal change occurred here since the 1st century a. C.. Moreover, the obtained SSS mosaic and SBP profiles allowed to identify among others - some artificial elements to be interpreted as ruins of the harbour that served the Villa during the first and third stages of its history.

Integrated systems for positioning, communication and multimedia underwater operations: from Ru.Na to Nautilus
Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera56 In the years between 1998 and 2005, during an underwater archeology thesis discussed at the University of Pisa, was made the underwater Differential Positioning System device called Ru.Na. It aimed at tracking underwater diving, at the positioning and the survey of archaeological artifacts during systematic research of the seabed at low and medium depth (tested from 0 to 40 meter). The first application took place in 2005 during the exploration of the Relitto dello Scialandro and the measurements on the site of the Relitto del Faro in San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy). In following years it has been used successfully to map dispersions of archaeological materials during the survey of the seabed near the eastern side of Cape San Vito (Sito delle Macine and Sito Romano VII). The system up to the present remained at the prototype stage, it will see its implementation in a new device, an underwater tablet called Nautilus, which allow to inspect the diver position on the seabed, to communicate with the surface and to record data in form of photos and text during the dive.

56

Giano S.N.C. - Pisa

Teti: Integrated Technologies for the Sustainable Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
Davide Agostoni, Clry Bionaz, Roberta Finotti, Matteo Ravasi, Elena Redaelli, Alessandro Sala, Mattia Speziali Basing on the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, the project deals with the design of an integrated system of safety, security and musealization considering two main fields of intervention: the fruition of the underwater heritage and its conservation. The Underwater Archaeological Itinerary of Capo Graziano (Filicudi, Sicily) was used as a case study and represents a model that can be easily applied to any other site. The first issue is the fruition of the site, aiming not only to foster direct visits but also to let non-divers access to the area. In order to assure the safety of visitors, a system of hydrophones tracks the position of any present diver and the installation of optical fibers provides a visual indication of the path. Moreover, the indirect fruition is supported by an existing museum on dry land. The second theme is the conservation of the archaeological site and its findings, considering also the marine protected area safeguard. Some of the most effective techniques have been studied for the artifacts in situ conservation: cathodic protection for metal objects and solutions for the prevention of biofouling on plastic materials were developed. Security is addressed as well, thanks to the installation of an intrusion detection system based on the recording of the bubble noise emitted by scuba divers. The underwater museum is completely sustainable in terms of energy. It is equipped with a floating system of photovoltaic panels and a device for the exploitation of wave energy. During the first phase, the rudder and the stern chock have been documented and catalogued, through drawings to determine the arboreal species and the MCW. After this phase, the samples have been washed, brushed and plunged in a tank for the preparation to buffing . The concretions on the wood, of calcareous and siliceous nature, have been removed to a great extent through packings. Afterwards, the archeological finds have been submitted to a desalination treatment and, later, to a sterilization phase, accomplished in a discontinuous vacuum cell, useful to assure the demolition of the charge of pyogens, damaging to the wood, and to improve the impregnation phase. Subsequently, the parts have been predried through a vacuum process, compling with appropriate temperature, pressure and moisture parameters in vacuum cell. After this operation, it has been accomplished the impregnation phase, through the plunge of the finds in an aqueous solution of polysaccharides. In consequence of this treatment, the wood has been submitted to a thermal treatment, in damped air atmosphere, to take it to the drying process and dehydration for decompression. Completed the drying phase, the finds have been conditioned in air- conditioned chambers.

Innovative experiences about the restoration under water archeological wood

Giovanni Gallo57

57

Legni e Segni della Memoria spa, Salerno

Safety in Underwater Research

Safety rules for the development of a Cognitive Autonomous Underwater Buddy (CADDY)
S Murat Egi , Guy Thomas59, Massimo Pieri60, Danilo Cialoni61, Costantino Balestra62, Alessandro Marroni63 The commercial divers are often monitored by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) to increase safety and operational efficiency. However, recreational and scientific divers may also operate in harsh and weakly monitored environments in which the slightest unexpected disturbances, technical malfunctions, or lack of attention of a diver can result in catastrophic consequences. The ROV's cannot be used in these cases due to the increased mobility of the SCUBA divers. The aim of the CADDY project is to develop a multi component, highly cognitive underwater robotic system capable of learning, interpreting, and adapting to the divers behaviour and physical state to increase the safety and the efficiency of SCUBA diving. One must also be careful about the use of robots in the vicinity of the divers since they may impose additional safety measures. Such concerns are outlined for ROV's by safe code of practices of IMCA and ADC but not for AUV's. So, the CADDY project must include the development of safety rules to be used while diving with AUV's as well. This task will be active during four periods of the CADDY project. During the first period, the existing vehicles that will be adapted for the purposes of the CADDY project are evaluated regarding safety issues. This will mainly focus on the vehicles maneuve ring capabilities as an indicator of whether the vehicles are safe to be used for interaction with divers. The hazards of ancillary equipment such as scaling LASERs and acoustic modems or relocators are addressed as well.
58

Tentative modelling of the bubble filtration function of the lungs during decompression
JP Imbert64, SM Egi65, T. Ozyigit66, P Letellier67 Decompression modelling involves different phases of inert gas exchange and bubble growth. An attempt was made to identify underlying mechanisms to decompression sickness (DCS) and in particular the specific role of the lung in bubbles filtration. A database was built with 603 DCS reports recorded during commercial diving operations, covering air and heliox, surface supplied and bell diving. The symptoms were grouped according to the Comex 1974 Medical Book. An analysis of the database using Two Step Cluster Analysis and Ward's Method yielded three naturally grouping clusters of DCS; while our previous study with recreational diver Decompression Illness (DCI) database resulted in four clusters. The difference in commercial diver database and recreational database might be due to several facts such as: 1. Recreational database includes dysbaric illnesses related to gas expansion as well such as arterial gas embolism, lung barotrauma, emphysema etc 2. Recreational diving database cases rarely had treatment facility on site; which delays the treatment and onset additional symptoms. 3. Recreational cases are derived from multiple centers with different diagnosis practice. The study of the symptom onset delays at surface suggested that these 3 clusters involved two underlying mechanisms: one related to venous bubbles and another to arterial bubbles. The two mechanisms can combine to each other. They are also inter-related. The database permitted characterizing the transfer function of the lung that describes the way venous bubbles can become arterial. This model brings a new understanding on DCS occurrence in commercial diving.

58 59 60 61 62

DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Galatasaray University, Istanbul DAN Europe Research Division; Italy DAN Europe Research Division; Italy DAN Europe Research Division; Italy DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Haute Ecole Paul Henri-Spaak, Environmental,

64 65 66 67

Divetech, 1543 ch des vignasses, 06410 Biot, France DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Galatasaray University, Istanbul Galatasaray University, Computer Eng Department, Beikta, Istanbu Laboratoire Interfaces et Systmes Electrochimiques (LISE, UPR15), Universit Pierre et

Marie Curie, case 133, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS Cedex 05, France

Occupational& Ageing Physiology Laboratory

63

DAN Europe Research Division; Italy

Unusual Cnidaria Envenomations

zgr Deniz Tezcan
68

Poster Session

Cnidaria with more than 10,000 living species are the largest phylum of toxic animals. Cnidocyst toxins can induce a wide variety of local and systemic reactions. All cnidaria species are potential stingers for humans. Most of these cause local tissue reactions like erythema, necrosis, piloerection and localized lymphadenopathy. Long-term reactions are keloid, fat atrophy, hyperpigmentation, gangrene and vascular spasm. Rare types of intoxication are paralytic ileus, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, renal failure, peripheral vasospasm, parasympathetic dysautonomia, peripheral sensory neuropathies and localised hyperhidrosis. While scyphozoa and cubozoa are well known marine stingers, the stinging capacity of anthazoa and hydrozoa are less known. Our experience (.D. Tezcan, S. Sarp. 2013) is an example, showing that there are still marine intoxications waiting to be explored even in the Mediterranean. People using the sea for recreational or professional purposes should be alert about the diverse toxic effects of cnidaria. The archaeological investigations carried out since 2008 in the seabeds of Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante in Pantelleria, leaded to discovery the remains of underwater sites which refer to the frequentation of the bay in the first half of the III century B.C., in the period of the first Punic War. The pottery assemblage is concerning two different chronological contexts. The first one consists in the internal sites of the landing area of Cala Tramontana, dated to the first half of III cent. B.C., with principally punic Carthaginian transport amphorae, a few italic amphorae and pottery (blacktop red cooking ware, black glaze ware). The tunisian production of the main amphorae type found have been confirmed with archaeometrical analysis. The same amphorae association it is found in other shipwrecks of the west coast of the island: Cala Gadir, Punta Pozzolana and Kattibuale. The second context is in the deep water sites of Cala Tramontana dated to the first half of the II century B.C., with punic amphorae and some italic amphorae. The same amphorae associations are in the underwater sites of Cala Gadir and Porto of Pantelleria. I propose a brief quantitative and chronological analysis of the pottery of the sites, in relation to the archaeological context of the island and the routes of the Central Mediterranean.

The underwater sites of Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante in the island of Pantelleria: the amphorae and the pottery
Roberta Baldassari

68

American Hospital, Istanbul

Diving Observations for Lost Fishing Gear in the Gkova Special Abundance and Distribution of C. andromeda (Forsskl, 1775) [Scyphozoa, Cnidaria] by Scuba Diving in Mula, TURKEY
Nurin GLAHN, Ahmet Nuri TARKAN, Anl GLAHN, Halit FILIZ Gken BLGE Ghost fishing is deaths of aquatic organisms, caused from lost or derelict fishing gears that The study was performed monthly between September 2011 and October 2012 in Mula which is the province with the longest coastline of Turkey. Divings were carried out at 18 stations, in Gkova Bay (4), Gllk Bay (2), Marmaris Bay (5), Hisarn Bay (2), F ethiye Bay (3), Bodrum (1) and Data (1). Cassiopea andromeda which is the first lessepsian scyphozoan species reported from the Mediterranean, lives upside-down on the sandy and muddy bottom of the sea floor. Therefore, abundance and distribution of this species were determined by scuba divings. Quadrate method was used in divings. Individuals were counted in quadrats of 10m (5m x 2m) and countings were averaged and calculated to numbers of individuals per 100 m2. C. andromeda was observed between April and November when the water temperature was high (18,08C - 29,76C) in the area. Also, zooplankton abundance began to increase from May. Abundances of C. andromeda were maximum from May to October when zooplankton peaked. Maximum abundance of C.
2

Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), (Mula, Turkey)

Anl GLAHN, Gken BLGE and Halit FLZ

maintaining the functions without human control. Lost fishing gear and gear parts are the most hazardous types of marine debris pollution for marine life. The problem of lost fishing gear is getting worse due to the increased scale of global fishing operations and the introduction of highly durable fishing gear made of long-lasting synthetic materials. In this study, we determined the location of lost fishing gears and which type bottom structure cause the disappearance of the nets in Gkova SEPA. Diving surveys were conducted at 10 locations to locate and identify lost fishing gear. As a result of observations, we found lots of fishing gears which include gill nets, trammel nets, long lines and fish traps. Diving observations in 10 stations showed that fishing gear lost was occurred intensively on rocky areas. The amount of gear lost annually probably increases with increased fishing effort. Lost fishing gear and parts should be removed from the bottom of the sea. Retrieval projects should be coordinate in Gkova SEPA.

andromeda was 72 ind./100m in June at station Gllk 1. Mean abundances of the species
according to the stations changed between 0,86 ind./100m2 (Gllk 2) and 16,79 ind./100m2 (Marmaris 2). According to our observations, C. andromeda distributed seasonaly depending on water temperature and well established in coasts of Mula. The aim of the study was to determine distribution of C. andromeda using the method of scuba diving in Mula. This study was supported by Mula Stk Koman University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit with 12/14 project number.

Antifouling methods for submerged Archaeological sites International Fields School of Underwater Archaeology - San Vito lo Capo
Marco Bonaiuto, Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera Mauro F. La Russa, Silvestro A. Ruffolo, Andrea Macchia, Barbara Davidde, Sandra Ricci, Paolo Caputo, Alessandra Bonazza, Gino M. Crisci Marine fouling plays a fundamental role in the degradation of underwater archaeological The underwater archaeology field school took place in San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy); it is focused on mapping concentrations and distribution of archaeological material in a band of the Gulf where in previous years many important sites ranging from roman to medieval era were indentified. The course is designed not only to students and professionals in the field of archeology, but also to recreational divers . The training course is within the standards established by the National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE Worldwide) for the achievement of specialty "Archaeology Diver" and is divided into lectures, practical exercises in preparation for operations on archaeological sites, training dives and working dives. During this course, participants have the opportunity to collaborate actively in the San Vito lo Capo Underwater Project, a systematic survey of seabed in the Gulf, and gain experience in experimental systems of investigation and documentation: underwater positioning systems, three-dimensional scan through the use of camera, geographical information systems, database, sidescan sonar. Are also carried out exercises with traditional methods of surveying and documentation. sites. Limitation of fouling activity and its damages are one of the most critical issues for archaeologists and conservators. The common cleaning procedure, consisting in the manual removal of fouling, requires a continuous maintenance, while a proper inhibition of biological colonisation would provide a long-time protection against biofouling. On the other hand, the most used antifouling paints, especially for ship hulls, show considerable toxicity level. Since submerged archaeological sites are often included in environmental protected areas, more eco-friendly products must be used. A preliminary study was focused on the characterization of degraded archaeological materials, in order to deepen the understanding of degradation mechanisms. After this activity we are paying our attention on the protection issue. Setting up antifouling methods for materials, that have to be conserved in underwater environment, represents a scientific and technological challenge. We are exploring several solutions to be applied on object collected from the water, conserved and then, exposed in submerged archaeological sites. A more complex issue is represented by the elaboration of antifouling treatment directly in underwater environment.

The Role of Lighthouses in Antiquity

Giacomo Pullano This dissertation has the purpose of evaluating the role of ancient lighthouses during the Roman period. The study had the goal of comprehending such structures in a comprehensive way. Firstly, practical aspects have been evaluated; ancient navigation has been described in order to emphasize the importance of lighthouses for the orientation of ships. Furthermore, according to their position, such structures could have different meanings. From a technological standpoint, it has been noticed that these buildings were modelled on different shapes and constructed with different materials. However, from an examination of the representations of ancient lighthouses and of the archaeological remains, it emerged that they had common features. Finally, ancient lighthouses have been assessed from a symbolic perspective. They were connected to the political and religious worlds. During the Roman period their depictions were used on the one hand by rulers to project messages of propaganda; lighthouses were a symbol of safety/peace associated with the afterlife. Thanks to archaeological, iconographical and textual sources this research has pointed out that ancient lighthouses must be described from different standpoints in order to be totally understood. To understand the role of these buildings is a complex task and must take in to account the several meanings which they involve and convey. The study has underlined that lighthouses during Roman times had not only one but a variety of roles, all characterized by a strong communicative component. Thus, ancient lighthouses played a fundamental role in communicating practical, political, religious and commercial messages.

Abstract Book of the VIII International Symposium on Underwater Research Handling editors: Archaeology [Italy and Western Mediterranean]: Michele Stefanile Archaeology [Turkey]: Hakan niz Marine Biology: Bulent Gozcelioglu Safety in Underwater Research: S. Murat Egi Version 2.3 - Last edited 24.3.2014