Hydrostatic Transmissions for Heavy Vehicles

George Niculescu Transmissions hydrostatiques pour les autovhicules lourds
1

Hydrostatic Transmissions for heavy autovehicules


2

Thanks:
During the work of this license, men Nicolae Vasiliu and Bogdan Mihalescu were near
me with advice and opinions. It is a new work for me, I have chosen HYDROSTATIC
TRANSMISSION FOR AUTOVEHICULES HEAVY because that is something new for me, with
the patience of Mr. Vasiliu i succeeded in understanding and mastering the subject, subject
which in my opinion represents a subject of the future. We must mention here also my
family which has been close to me during the faculty and the last session of examinations
and obviously during the work of license.


3

Chapter 1
General information:
1. Introduction:
The field of use: the main transmission of a autovehicul heavy.
In a hydraulic transmission, a pump converts the mechanical energy given by the car
traction into hydraulic energy. It is creeps into mechanical energy using a hydraulic motor
which switched on the utilage has work.
The structure of the transmissions tires is similar: a compressor switched on by a car of
traction which allimente gas with an air motor which turned on the tooling to work.
There is also has been limiting of pneumatic actuation trained in gasoline by generatoires
of gas engines and tires, as in the case of dirigement for snowshoes.
The setttings mechanical energy given by this type of transmissions may be
rule continuessement in large limits and with relatively simple means. The flexibility is a key
benefit of hydraulic transmissions and tires compared to the mechanical transmissions, in
the reassuring a wide use, even below their operating principle involves randaments
relatively weak.
By report of the type of cars used hydraulic, transmissions hidrauliques can be:
-Hydrostatic (volumetric)
-Hydrodynamic or Hydrosoniques
If the hydraulic cars (the pump & engine) which constituted the fundamental elements of
the hydraulic transmission, are of the positive displacement type,then the transmission is

4

called HYDROSTATIC VOLUMETRIC or because the mechanical energy given by the machine
of force is used by a positive displacement pump virtually just for the increase of the energy
of transmission fluid pressure; the latter is after ca transformed into mechanical energy by a
hydraulic motor by volume.

Fig. 1.4 . The schema of a hydrostatic transmission:

The term hydrostatic is unfit (the transmission of energy is done by the circulation of a
liquid which has the assistance of several gears adjustment items and key protection
speeds orders of cents m/s) but it is widely used in practice.
In the case of use of a centrifugal pump and has a hydraulic pump, the transmission is
called hydrodynamic, because during the transformations the energy variation of the
kinetic energy of the liquid is comparable with that of the pressure energy.
HRT - hydrostatic transmission; BCRP - control block adjustment and
protection; PV - volumetric pump; MV - engine by volume; SLP - pressure
control valve; ML - work machine; EM - electromoteur.


5

Fig 1.5 schematic of a transmission hydrodinamique
PCF - centrifugal pump
TCP - centripetal turbine
BR - adjustment block THD - transmission hydrodinamique

Fig 1.6 Schema of a sonic transmission:
1 - Pump 2 sonic - sonic Engine
THE inventateur of sonic transmissions is the Romanian engineer Gogu
Constantinescu, who has applied his invention in the military field. The most important
application of his invention represents the injection pump for the Diesel engine, lost solutin
was present.
The transmissions "pneumostatiques"use of pneumatic machines and volumetric those
"pneumodinamiques" - turbomachinery tires,in existing solutions also mixed (volumetric
compressor-turbine pneumatic.

6

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF T RANSMISSIONS Hydraulic and Pneumatic
The hydraulic transmissions and tires is distinguished from the point of view theory
has been limiting plcs, systems of actuation,has been limiting control and setting
automat.
These syshtemes of actuation and hydrostatic control and pneumostatique are has
been limiting has open circuit,therefore,the input variable which decides the de Rgim of
operation of the interlock is not influenced by the effect of its action. has caused
disruption inerentes the greatness of output cannot be this descipline univoc with the
input variable. OF habits they transmit of the major powers, their randament is an
important parameter, used necessarily compared to other types of transmissions.
Has been limiting the hydrostatic control and pneumostatiques transmit in general of
small powers, and their engines operate on the "death squad" consists of command
other transmissions much more powerful.
The has been limiting of adjusting automat hydrosatitques and pneumostatiques are has
been limiting to circuit closed, therefore they contain a link reaction which allows the
comparison continued or intermittent in the input variable by report has the greatness of
output. The difference of them represents the error is constitutes the control signal of
the amplifier of the systhem which allimente the ellement of execution with the aim of
fix itself the herreur aparue. It is like ca that the precission of these has been limiting is
high. In de Rgim stationar, the relationship between the input variable that of output is
virtually one relationship.
The usuals parameters are:
-The position
-The angular speed (liniare)
-The time of the shaft (the power of the rod) of the hydrostatic motor/pneumostatique
-The power dissipated by the transmission

7

1.3 THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSIONS AND
TIRES
The hydraulic transmissions and tires have some specific caractheristiques which make
the difference compared to other types of transmissions, as ca is explained their spread
and also their restrictions in the use. The places of transmissions hidrauliques and tires in
the framework of the transmissions can be established after several citerres practical in
nature.
1.3.1 Benefits
1) The possibility of amplassement of hydraulic motors volume in a position are done in
relation to the cars of force constitutes a major advantage of hydraulic transmission
compared to mechanical transmissions by simplifying the considerable projection of
cars to work.
2) The control elements of hydraulic transmissions whenthe to operators of forces or
moments reduced and can be amplasees in spaces suitable ,giving the accord
because for a certain level of ergonomics.
3) The torque available by the motors rotating electrical is proportional with the
intensity of the electric current, being limited by the warming of the insulation and
by the saturation of the magnetic circuit.
The torque given by the hydraulic motors rotary volumetric and
_____PROPORTIONAL with the pressure difference existing between the fittings
energy, being limited only by the resistance of the materials used (effort allowable
materials used)
4) The heat generated by the internal losses and which limit the performance of each
car is taken by the liquid of transmission is transferred to the environment by a heat
exchanger. The volumetric machines usually have specific powers superrieures has
1kW/kg).
5) The liquids are used in the hydraulic transmission typical also provide the rol of
lubricant, ensuring also a superior reliability.
6) The motors rotary volumetric can work on a large game of revolutions ( RPM ). The
minimum value established depends on in relation to the type of mechanism used for

8

the realization of the rooms and precission of execution. has caused losses given
existing very small the randament of volumetric engines has the high values and the
caractheristique mechanical (M-n) has a Pant reduced which gives these engines a
high rigidity static (the fall of RPM by report to rezistents moments and very small).
Regarding the plcs has been limiting adjustment of position,this quality ensures a
precission special and a reduced sensitivity to disturbances.
7) The motors rotating electrical realize a proportional link between the voltage ( U )
and the rotations per minut ( RPM ) and the relation between the time activ and the
moment of inertia of componantes mobile has a reduced value.
The motors rotary volumetric give Po a stripe on the right between the flow and the
Angular speed and the ratio between the time activ and the inertia of the moving
parts and very large,of here resulted in the capacity of these engines to stop, start or
change direction, very fast.
In large the hydraulic transmission provide a large amplification in power (dpv useful
power/control power) and a good frequency response, has sufficient merit for
applications usual practices.
8) The engine volumetric hydraulic liniares permits to achieve considerable forces, for a
template vraiemont reduces/small, because of the great pressure of work.
The leaks of volumetric engines are very grandchildren than,
it is as ca that their randament by volume is close to the unit, the minimal
speed established is very reduced and the rigidity static very large.Fig 1.8 . The
schematic diagram of a hydraulic systhem linked with a systhemTo hydraulic
actuation: MF - machine of force; SCH - systhem of hydraulic control; CHSERE -
hydraulic cylinder has simple effect and elastic regression; SRP - adjusting valve
(limitation) of the pressure; SAH - syshtem of hydraulic actuation; ML - work machine


9

The adjustment of the parameters of fonctionales volumetric engines is relatively simple fact in utilisand pumps
or adjustable resistors adjustable hydraulic.
The hydraulic transmissions can be conducted with programs plcs

9) or computers
industriales has the assistance of amplifiers eh (eh contollers with a large
amplification factor in power) . This advantage is widely valorifie in present in the
field of machine tools, robots industrials was sold, in the aerospace technical energy
in.The development has been limiting control se am optimum by electronic means,
and the execution of commands by hydraulic track (nervs electronic+hydraulic
muscles). The storage of hydraulic power am simple,
in pneumatic accumulators.The volumetric engines rotativs have
as adversaries the electric motors, especially in the case of tooling mobile or the
template and the mass of componantes must be at a minimum. The engines
volumetric liniares are used in all the applications or are involved in large forces.
Pneumatic Motors volume are compact,
10) this advantage is valorifie in special in the case of portable tools. The possibility of
using this type of engines in factories is favored because of the existence of the
compressed air.The adjustment of speed and torque of the pneumatic motors
volume can be achieved simply without having a lot of worries.
11) These engines can work automatic has the help of some logical elements.Ecological
being juxtaposed,

nonpolluantes, pneumatic motors volumetric if use in facilities "green" has specific
industry allimentaire, chemical, mining, oil and energy.The use on a large scale of

10

hydraulic transmissions and tires gives the possibility of standardization and
unification of
12) their elements. The manufacture of large series in the specialized enterprises can
significantly reduce the cost by ensuring at the same time a high
quality.1.3.2 DSAVANTAGES

The hydraulic transmissions are expensive because they involve out of pumps and
motors volumetric, elements of control, adjustment and protection, storage
elements, filtration and transport of liquid. The majority
1) of these componantes implies a precission running very high (specific to the
mechanical fine), materials and technologies nonconventionelles" to ensure the
precission the randament and the safety fonctionale imposed.The power losses which
aparraisent in concurrent use of energy transformation of hydraulic machines
volumetric, and also the elements of po, adjusting and protection, have
2) a amprente semnificative on the randament global machines of work equipped by
hydraulic transmissions.The hydraulic transmission are poluantes in cases where
there are leaks, there is also the danger of losing all the liquid due to the leak of
sealing of a single element.The broillard causes formed in case of leakage of
3) high pressure by cracks and very flammable has cause of componantes volatile
hydrocarbons which constitute the basis of
4) the majority of liquids used in hydraulic transmissions.The danger of self-inflamation
of the liquid or loss of its lubricating quality limit the temperature of suited of
hydraulic transmissions. This disadvantage can be eliminated by using liquids of high
temperature or more liquid requests non-inflamables.
5) The contamination of the fluid in the transmission determines the main cause of the
premature wear of hydraulic transmissions. In cases where the particles of
contamination are abrasive,
6) the randament of the transmission decreases dramatically because of the increased
clearances. The bouchement of control orifices of the adjustment items
provide reported control false which can cause serious accidents.In cases where the

11

air between in a hydraulic systhem it generates oscillations which has serious
consequences
7) on the randament hydraulic installation.The maintenance and service of hydraulic
transmissions need a special qualification, superrieure to other
8) types of transmissions.The complexity of the methods of analysis and synthesis of
hydraulic transmissions do not allow the development of a projection accessible
without having a superior preparation.The main disadvantage of PNEUMATIC
transmission is represented by the randament reduces.
9) The choice optim of a transmission for the concrete conditions passives in principle a
problem of nature techno-economic which requires high knowledge of all
10) possible caractheristiques.
1.3.3 The hydrostatic transmissions and the news:

In the systhems of conventional transmission, the speed of the rotor is controlled by
a converter of frequency and by a transformer. The solution of ChapDrive controls the
speed of rotation of the rotor with a hydraulic pump and an engine, before the generator,
in utilsand of programmig solenoid valves by a computer, which changed to pump, motor,
or both during the nanoseconds and move the shaft of the turbine.
The marriage hydraulic pump and motor can work on an infinite range of rates, and
that is what allows the transmission ChapDrive for having the ability to withstand the
continuous changes in the relation of transmission.

12

The difference between the rotation of the rotor and generator / minute, which for a
turbine of 3MW for example can vary from 1:300 for databases wind speeds , to 1:100 in
conditions of storm. This concept removes the transformer therefore the production of
electrical energy flows directly into the network.
Any is the variation of the wind, the speed of the generator and its output, remain constant,
while the fluctuations in torque and the extreme loads will be reduced.
This manierre the systhem worked with a variable transmission ratio of a manierre that it
reduces the loads and optimized energy capture, the systhem to control a variable speed, in
assurand the stability and effectiveness of the systhem and a better network stability.
Darius Snieckus, BristolPublished: Monday, April 30 2012
Voila here a technical drawing, a diagram outcome of a patent of invention, which uses a
hydrostatic transmission for a heolienne:
Chapter 2
THE LIQUIDS USED IN THE HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSIONS
The liquids used in the
energy circuits and for the control of hydraulic transmissions ciclique suffer
significant variations in pressure velocity and temperature, it come in contact
with various materials and may be exposed to field electro-magnetic, radiation
nucleares, etc.
The difficult conditions of use require the liquids fonctionales some quality such as
those of:

- Lubrication Viscosity therefore acceptable in any conditions of operation of the systhem

13


14

- Physical proprieties and stable chemical
-Compatibilities with the materials of the systhem
-Compressibility, volatility, trend of foam, density
-Thermal expansion coefficient
-Price and toxicity
Reduced
-Antioxidant qualities and dielectric
-Storage and Handling simpleAt present there is a wide range of liquids fonctionales,
belonging of the chemical point of view to several classes, but none has all the quality
necessares for a certain transmission. Therefore the choice of a liquid director-generalor
in general a compromise which ensures the essential requests but imposed restrictions
regarding the structure of the system and conditions of use. The data some note
concerning the choice of a fluid are:
-The range of temperatures of use and storage, normal
and accidentals-The range of pressures and depressions for which the fluid is subjected
in de Rgim normal and accidental
-The requests of certain materials or items componantes the systhem
-Requests for safety
-The conditions
economicIf several liquids satisfaient comparable these requests, the final choice is
determined by the satisfaction of other criteria.
2.2
Basic PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS FONCTIONALES

15

2.2.1
THE VISCOSITYThe viscosity is the property
of the fluids to oppose the deformations which do not constitute variations of their
volume, by the emergence of the efforts tangentiales. The force required to move a layer
of area A with the speed by report has a layer adiacente has a distance DN is proportional
with the area has with the gradient of the speed after the normal direction of
ecoullement,/DN (speed of deformation) and the dynamic viscosity of the fluid .

The SI unit of viscosity dynamic is Poiseuille 1Pl= 1kg m-1s-1
and
the CGS unit - poise: 1Po=1 g cm-1s-1. Recent studies concerning the term "viscosity
dn
du
A F q = of dilation"

result, it can cause loss of energy when it is opposed to the fluids volume
variations without deformation.
In practice we used the
kinematic viscosity defined by the ratio
between the dynamic viscosity and density of the liquid:

(2.2 )The SI unit of this magnitude is 1m2s-1 and in CGS is called stokes:1
Cst=10-2 St = 1 mm2s-1It also uses the units of measurement techniques which are not
corelees with the physical definition but with the measuring devices or with the
embarked upon to use such as: grades Engler(EUROPA) ; seconds Redwood(UK) ; seconds
Saybold(USA) and units Barbey(France). The conversion thereof
into centistokes is indicated in the graph:In calculations aproximatives we can use the
relationship

16

q
= v of transformation:
(2.3 )Fig 2.1 . The diagram
of conversion of units of measurement technique of the viscosity in centistokesThe
viscosity is a caractheristique essentiale of liquids fonctionales because it ensures the
flotation of the rafters, limit
the losses of liquid among the sealing elements and generates forces which dampen the
oscillations of fonctionales parameters, at the same time it causes energy losses in the
spaces among the moving parts relative and ducts, influence the characteristics of the
control orifices, etc.The viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature and increases but
not much, with the pressure. Has the high temperatures the internal leakage of the
hydraulic machine volume and distribution items decreased in a manner the prohibitory
randament of transmissions and the fall of the capacity of the bearing lubricating
pelicules can cause the sticking of the different mechanisms.

| | | | E 10 4 , 7 s m
o 6 1 2
v ~ v

The variation of the viscosity

of a coat with mineral pressureThe variation of the viscosity of the liquid AMG - 10


17

with the temperature The excessive viscosity occure has low temperatures and
generates large load losses who had created the difficulties
of suction(cavitation) at the pumps, reduces the speed of the motors and the randament
of hydraulic transmissions. These phenomena explain the major interest for liquids to
what the viscosity varies a little with the temperature. For the assessment of this
quality they have been proposed several indices of viscosity. The simplest of them is the
negative of the Pant geometric average of the curve of variation of the viscosity with
temperature, represented in programmig

log(log v) - T on a diagram of type ASTM (American Society
for
testing material standards on petroleum products and lubrificants) FIG 2.4 .The useful part
of this curve is v(T)

18

is in this system of coordinates reliable performer a straight line for the majority of liquids, permetand the
simple identification of a liquid optim from this point of view. FIG 2.4 The diagram
ASTM for liquids hydroliques commonplace.The most common method of measuring the viscosity

of a fluid by report has the temperature is the viscosity index DEAN-DAVIS, which is
defined with the relationship: (2.4 )There are two ranges of liquids as standard,
those nafteniques and parafiniques or it is considered two liquids that has 210 F = 100 C
have the same viscosity as the fluid considered in figure 2.5 .
It is noted with N p if

19

the oil viscosity naftenique, paraffinic and analisee has 100 F = 38 C. The standard oils
parafiniques have the index
of viscosity 100 and those nafteniques - 0 . The liquid is best from the point of view of
the viscosity
( ) | | % 100 I
N
v v =
v
by report has the temperature if the viscosity
index

is greater. A few liquids hidrostatiques moderns have Iv > 100, therefore they are
superior by report has the just becasue of mineral oils.The variation of the viscosity with
temperature T[K] has the pressure atmosferique can be aproximee has using the
relationship:
(2.5 ) Or is a constant specific to each liquid, and T0 - a temperature are done
for what it recognizes the viscosity of the liquid (T0). The typical value of is 0.015 K-
1 .In the interval of temperature

20

30 150 oC for mineral oils we can use the relationship: (2.6 )
( ) ( )
( )
0
T T
0
e T T

q = q Where n depends on the viscosity

50 of the oil has a temperature of t = 50 oC of after the curve:Fig 2.5 The diagram of
definition to the viscosity indexFig 2.5
The variation of the viscosity index of mineral oils by has 50
0C
The behavior of a liquid has
low temperatures is caractherise by the temperature at which during the cooling it appear of
cristales(freezing point) and by the temperature at which the liquid begins to flow after a
warming consecutive to the freezing ( flow point ) . ( )
n
50
t
50
t
|
.
|
\
|
v = v
The liquids are unusable has of
temperaturesv
much larger than those of
temperature characteristics, virtually we can say q'a
liquid cannot be used for viscositees which exceed 2000 CSE.The influence of pressure by
report has the viscosity may be regarded stripe on the right for pressures < 500 bar:
The value of the
coefficient Kv

depends on the viscosity of the liquid. If 50 <15 cSt, K= 0.002 and for a viscosity


21

50 >15 cSt, KV= 0.003 .In case of large pressures on the growth of the viscosity with pressure is
exponential. For example between 1 and 2000bar the viscosity
of mineral oils believes 50 has 100 times and that of
the synthetic oils of 15 has 25 times.

Concerning the pressure of 20,000 has 30.000bar mineral oils are solidified. The variation
of viscosity with temperature and pressure will lead to the continuous modification of
parameters fonctionals of hydraulic transmissions.
2.2.2 The QUALITES LUBRICANTSThe viscosity determines in large the quality of
lubricating liquid has the relative speeds large surfaces adiacentes, but does not
constitute the element decissiv has the low speeds and large loads when there is the
danger of sticking of the bearings. To prevent or to the reduction of the wear of the
bearings are used friction materials and introduced in the
lubricating liquid additives, to improve the quality
( ) ( )( )
v
+ v = v K p 1 p p
at
of lubrication. The fatty acids, esters and
other organic components with a long catene contains the clor,
lead, and sulf stanium which aderent to metallic surfaces by preventing their contact. A
aditiv usual is the tricresilfosfat. The local temperatures high generated by the
microgripages, a few components halogenats is combined with the metals by forming
halogenats with a point of cast iron which reduces reflowed surfaces in relative
movement. These additives do not have the same eficacyte for for all liquids and have a
chemical stability reduced.
The quality of lubricating fluids are at using the devices that simulate the types of
bearings or with volumetric pumps. The loss of weight of the parts against unsolicited
advertising has the wear constitutes an index on the quality of lubricating liquid tested.In
our country the tested se font with a
ball of 12.25 mm which is pushed with a
certain constant force and setting in motion relative has 3 other balls identical bet
under a ver full of lubricant. The torque required was the rotation of the upper ball is
proportional with the coefficient of friction and the reduction of the diameters of the
lower ball is reversed proportional with the properties of lubricating fluid.2.2.3

22

THE DENSITY AND THE COMPRESSIBILIT=m/V * kg/m3 ]In normal conditions the
density of mineral oils is from 830 up to 940 kg/m3 . The density of synthetic fluids
depends on their chemical composition.
For the liquid silicones = 930 ..1030 kg/m3
and for the hidrocarbures clorinate =1538 kg/m3 .
The density of liquids influence the weight of the hydraulic transmission, an important
parameter of mobile facilities. In de Rgim stationary pipe support the losses of loads by
of ports ( essential in the case of distribution items and adjusting ) are reversed
proportional valves are used with density. The variation of the density with the pressure
in transitional de Rgim product of mechanical oscillations which may be non-
depreciated.The density
of the liquid is in function of the pressure and temperature. Synthetic fluids dilate more
with the increase in the heat.
The variation of the density with the temperature must be considered
when calculating the volume of tanks. If they are open the increase in temperature can
cause the deversation of liquid. In the case of a closed tank full with the liquid the
difference between the coefficient of thermal expansion of the liquid and the tank
r create the suprapression who can detruir the tank:p=(-r)t or =coefficient of
expansion of the liquid
In the calculations practices the variation of the density of pure liquids with the pressure
can be neglected. For an overpressure of 200 bar the density of liquids fonctionales
believes with 1 .2 %.
The compressibility of the reduced liquid allows a prompt response of the instalation,
giving the hydraulic transmissions a high rigidity, at the same time it can

generate pressure shocks important in syshtemes distribution of hydraulic machines,
volumetric reduissent the volume flow rate of the pumps of high pressure and dimminiue

23

the randament of hydraulic transmission, because of the energy consomee to compress
the liquid in the pumps we pert the released of the liquid in the engines, after the
mechanical work util.In normal conditions the module of elasticity of the just becasue of
mineral oils is between 17,000 and 18,000 bar. The liquid synthetic fonctionales are in
general more elastic, for example, to the silicons in the same conditions the module of
elasticity = 10.000bar. liquids fonctionales has basis of H20 have an elasticity
appropriately from that of water of = 20.000bar.The modul of elasticity is influenced by
the pressure, temperature and the air present in the instalation. In the range of pressures
0 .500 bar reliable performer increases with the pressure: (p)=(pat)+p * K
The value of the coefficient K depends on the liquid used and the temperature, for
mineral oils may be considered K=12.
During the increase of the temperature, the modul of elasticity decreases. For example
between 40 C and 200 C decreases in the case of mineral oils of 9000 has 10000 bar
and in the case of oils silicones it decays to 4200 bar.The air present in the facilities
decreased considerably the modul of elasticity of hydrostatic liquids.
2.2.4 The inflamabiliteThe main disadvantage of liquids fonctionales has basis of
hydrocarbons is represented by a fire protective measures shall be appropriate, pattern
which determines the continuous improvement of synthetic fluids. The fires caused by
the fumes of the open reservoirs or by the contact of the liquid with the hot surfaces of
the facilities (molten metals smelleders, the pots for engine exhaust, brake disks). The
measureas as an aid of posibilitees liquid use by report has this point of view is made
using trios temperatures characteristics.
The point of inflamabilite.
The liquid being prechaufe in a crucible, a flame "pilot" approach is periodically of its
surface free, the point of inflamabilite is represented by the temperature or has the what
it cover shutters appear a small flame. This temperature has the value for the mineral
oils, approximately 100

24

0C and 200 0C for the synthetic oils as the esters and the silicats. Concerning the
synthetic liquid non-inflamables this characteristic is not defined, but toward 100 0C they
are beginning to release toxic vapors.The temperature of brulement.
It is the temperature of the liquid has the what these vapuers continuet burning
smell after the abduction of the flame "pilot". Between this temperature is the point of
inflamabilite there is a difference of approximately 40 0C.
The temperature of autoinflamation.

It is established using a surface well heated on the what we
dropped a dripping of liquid which is spontaneously inflamme.
This temperature depends on the conditions of fold advantage, it
is approximately 250 0C for mineral oils and 400 0C for the esters
and silicats. Reliable Performer there is no liquids non-
inflamables, there is only liquids that can eliminate the risk of fire
or explosion in the usual conditions, liquid resistant has lights. not
to be confused with the liquids of high temperature which retain
their quality but are more flammable.2.2.5
Compatibility with the materials of the systhemThe main materials assigned by the
liquids fonctionales are the elastomers used in the manufacture of sealing elements
and fittings elastic.Mineral oils have replaced the vegetable oils such as liquid
fonctionales just after the elaboration of elastomers of synthesis, because they disolve
the cauchiuc natural. liquids non-inflamables of hydraulic transmissions of
aeronaves
modern have been used


25

only after the manufacture of butiles and etilpropilenes. Concerning liquids of high
pressure there is not yet a elastomer ideal.
The sealing materials must be exclusive in relation to the fluid used

in the installation, the change of this fluid intake with him also the change of all
jountes sealing.At present there is not a universal systhem simulation of the
compatibility of elastomers with liquids. The seals of the liquids has basis of petrol are
tested using the aniline, the latter director-generalor reliable performer a mixture of
hydrocarbons that have as a consequence the growth in volume of elastomers. Each
torque liquid-sealing must be tested using a standard elastomer, with the gravimetric
measurement of the quantity of liquid absorbed.
We studied the relationship between the liquid and each type
of seal, in conditions of workpiece operation as:
precomprimation, movements relating, cycle of overpressure,
temperature cycles; following the accelerated wear
in real temp.The liquids fonctionales are compatible with the majority of the metallic
materials used in the construction of hydrostatic machines: steel, aluminum, magnesium,
copper, brass,
bronz, de argint and metal carbides synthesized.Some synthetic fluids affect layers
methaliques in zinc, cadmium and copper. liquids water based may become electrolits
between various metallic parts and can cause a strong corrosion.All liquids fonctionales
must be submitted to the acidity test, who provided the information used on their
aggressiveness chemical.
2.2.6 Other properties
Water air and the metallic particles promote the oxidation of liquids, elastomers and
metals of the hydrostatic transmissions.
The cantite of water admitted to practice in the liquids fonctionales does not exceed
100 p. p.m. in the facilities provided with open tanks the contact of the liquid with water
and condensation of water. Even if it are more complicated the watertight tanks

26

presurises pneumatic or mechanical are used if the safety represents a critical factor. It is
for ca that the Azot
replaces the air in the majority of acumulateurs impulse tools who work at pressures
which are superior has 63 bar. These measures like the increase of the maximum
temperature allowed in a instalation and the increase of the life of the fluid used, by
decreasing at the same time
the risk of fire. For example the petroleum liquids can be used in aviation until 135 0C
against 90 0C in a systhem open.
The sealed circuits with many precautions are mandatory when liquids are used for
high temperature has database silicats, which in the presence of water form of
precipitats and cristales extremely dangerous for the hydraulic circuits.The property
of liquids to keep their quality physical and chemical in the
presence of water is called "hydrolytic stability" and determines
in large the duration of storage and use.The improvement of the
resistance in relation to the oxidants is obtained using the
additives which have a large afinite
for oxygen, but does not influence the properties of the liquid that either the original
state or the state oxygen.
After the consumption of aditivs (blockers of oxidation) started to be produced of
acids) which affects the elements of the hydraulic systhem.The evaporation of the
gas and the excessive agitation of liquids in the presence of the air have as result the
appearance of foam. This increases the compressibility of liquids, promote their oxidation
and corrosion of metals. The stability of the foam depends on the viscosity of the liquid,
the surface tension and the factors metal pollutants. The tendency to foam and
determined
by the

measure of the volume of the foam generated by a quantity

27

constant air. The hydraulic transmissions in circuit are not affected by this
phenomen. The open systems require precautions constructive
and the aditivation liquids fonctionales with anti-foams.During operation it is difficult
to avoid the contact of the operators with the liquids fonctionales and especially the
inhalation of their vapors. Therefore it is necessary that the fluids are not toxic in certain
concentrations. Their influence on the nasal mucosa and especially on the eyes requires
the use of screens protection and ventilation especially in case of the booths to retry the
hydraulic "death squad" consists.The pressure of saturated vapor of liquids fonctionals
must be reduced to prevent the occurrence of cavitation, especially in the case of liquids
which are working at high temperatures.The specific heat and the coefficient of
conductivity thermal must be the greatest possible to avoid large temperature
gradients.It is util that the liquids fonctionals have dielectric properties ,which permits
the use of rotary related expertize, liniares and angular with links non-isolated,
simplifying the construction of electro Contollers.The color and odour using has the
identification of liquids fonctionals.The cost is an important factor in the choice of liquids
fonctionals, especially in the case of facilities industriales complex. synthetic fluids are
more expensive by reports to those mineral. liquids fluorosis are one hundred times
more expensive than petroleum liquids.
The elastic racords cauchiuc in hard or Teflon with inserts of stainless steel have a
module of elasticity reduces, between 700 and 3500 bar which is in general indicated by
the producers. The use of this type of racords is valid in the hydraulic circuits for
automatic power supply distributors and their link with
the tank. The electrohydraulic servo valves are updates of habit on the hydraulic
motors volume fractions, it is as ca that it minimizes the volume of the liquid exposed
to pressure variations and the elasticity of the racords.The presence of air in
the liquid, even in small quantities, drastically reduces the modul of elasticity of the
systhem.The modul of elasticity efectif cannot be determine exactly that by track
experimental. The atmospheric pressure, the volume of air which is not disolue can
represent even 20%

28

of the total volumetric. Once the pressure increases, the just becasue of the air is
disolue in the liquid and no longer assigned its rigidity.When one has to do with a
hydraulic transmission which has been in rapaus for several years, a situation which
allows the air to penetrating them in the installation, the performance of the systhem
are random until the evacuation of the air by the pumps. In this conditions the start up
of the pumps is not at all silent and there is also the danger of cavitation.The main
cause for the trapped air is represented by the projection and incorrect execution of
canales complex carried out by drilling or shooting. All hydraulic transmissions must be
planned with the buchons or taps of pourjage. The major facilities are emptied before be
used.
The fonctionales liquids are in general aditivees with antifoam agents who increased
their capacity of evacuation of air without realizing of emulsions.
2.3 . Types of liquids fonctionals
2.3 .1Liquids has vegetable basedThese fluids are composed of the castor oil diluted,
for him to increase its fluidity, in a solvent with a freezing point down and moin volatile
as possible. For example the liquid brake used in our cars is 50 % -50% of the castor oil
and alcohol(diacetone).
They are compatible with the cauchiucs naturals, which support the databases
temperatures, this type of liquid are still used in domains of specific, even if they are
corrosive, volatile because of the Solent, flammable, instabiles in time and also instabiles
by report to temperature variations.
2.3.2 The liquids has mineral baseBecause of their lubricating calitees, stability
and chemical cost related
reduces these liquids are used in the hydraulic has been limiting who work in the field
of temperature -54 0C and 135 0C. concerning the hydraulic transmissions industriales or
those of aeronautics, exposed to a fire, the liquid has mineral base are usually
replaced with synthetic liquid flammable as the esters fosfats or esters silicats.

29

The range of oils is very wide, the producers offerent of liquids from each group
visquese of liquids fonctionals industrials was sold.Carasteristques groups of visquosite of
liquids fonctionales industrials was sold:

GroupCalificatif
Viscosity
has 50 0CGrades EnglerViscosity
has 50 0C
Centistokes1Extrafluides2
11
2
Very smooth 2 - 3 11 - 203
Fluids

3 - 4
20 - 294Semifluides
4 - 5
29 - 37 5 Semivisqueses 5
37 The hydraulic
installations of
aeronaves frequently
use the hydraulic
liquid standard,
which can be defined
according to the
French standard AIR
3520/A: mineral oil
with point of runoff
reduced (< -60 0C
) with a point of
inflamabilite
more top of 93
0C, with a hint of
acidity reduces (< 0.1
tricresilfolsfat for
the improvement of
-MIL H 5606 in USA -AMG 10 in Russia

30

mg hidroxid
potassium/g ),
additive with 20%
enhancers of
viscosity index
(example: polimer
metacrilic) , with 0.4
0.6 per cent
quality lubricating),
with 2% antioxidant
and 100 p. p. m dye
(red). This liquid is
called in France AIR
3520/A and it has as
equivalent:
-DTD 585 in UK -H 10 in Romania It is very stable, not
toxic, compatible
with most of the
synthetic elastomers,
it has a viscosity
index
very good, but it is
inflamable.
2.3.3 Liquids non-
inflamables has basis
of water
Because of a few
deficits, as a limited
field of temperature,
viscosity

and other lubricating properties promote very reduced, corosivite, water is
used usually for the action of the tooling "warm", large consumers of liquid, such as the
hydraulic presses. The improvement of properties of water can be obtained by its mixture
with oils or poliglicols.The oil emulsions in water
contains between 1 and 10% mineral oil which increases the
quality of lubricating water and limit the aggressiveness
chemical. ternational emulsions have a good viscosity
index and are compatible with the elastomers and usual paints used on the tooling.
The emulsions of water in the oil
in a concentration of 50 - 60% in
providing an index of high viscosity ( 140 ) and compatibility with elastomers and paintings
currents, as even the lubricating properties remain modests, they are used usually in
hydraulic installations

31

of mining tools has the high pressures around 400 bar.
Solutions of glycols in water contains water

approximately 35 - 65% have lubricating quality good and an index of high viscosity
150, but they are incompatible with the liquids tankers, zinc, cadmium additions and
existing paints (except those viniliques). ternational solutions are used especially in the
navy. The water vapors play the rol of extinteur, but the presence of water limit much the
field of temperature. has more than 60 0C water if evaporise cca and ca as the quality of
the flame-retardant liquid decreases.
2.3.4 Synthetic Liquids The esters of organic acids
represent liquids of high temperature but it are not resistentes at lights. They have
the point of inflamabilite between 160 0C and
200 0C, but they have a low randament has temperatures databases and are
incompatible with certain elastomers. Initial they were used as synthetic lubricants for
engines
thermal has present they are used on supersonic aircraft civilian.The components
organic halogens (flourats or clorurats) are non-flammable but they have a very high price,
high density, index of visquosite reduces and bear lasted long enough the additives, it is for
ca that in this they are used fairly rar.

The silicons are liquids non-imflamables of high temperature ( can work up a 315 0C
), their index of visquosite is high but they have the lubricating properties low, they are
pushing intensity,
they are insensitive to the aditivs and they are expensive. In addition they have a
module of elasticity reduced and have a special comportament in the bearings, they are of
fluids non-newtonienes.Esters fosfats
have very good lubricating quality, viscosity index
very large (
approximately 240 ), point of inflamabilite high( 260 0C ), but they have a density
relatively large (

32

approximately 1.08 ), are sensitive
to the cisaiellement and toxic. THE instabilities in the elastomers
companion bills as the boutils 70 - 80 0C and etilenpropilenes until 1000C , restrict their
operating temperature was 100 0C. These liquids may be regarded inflamables but not also
the liquids of high temperature, are used on civil aircraft and civilian navirs, also in eliminate
many shortcomings depriving senior citizens hydraulic installation industriales exposed
to the danger of the lights (for example ,those mining). A typical example of ester
fosfat uses is the liquid SKYDROL 500 A, used on the Boeing aircraft.
The silicats (ortosilicatesters and polixiloxans) can be used between - 40 0C and 150
0C. their major disadvantage is represented by their sensibilities has air and water, in their
presence they produce precipitats and crystals especially has hot. This sensitivity
imposes severe precautions concerning the design, replisage and maintenance of syshtemes.
They are liquids of high temeperatures but they are not non-inflamables even if they have a
good level of security for the fires. In this category am part the liquid ORONITE 8515 was
used in the hydraulic installation of the passenger aircraft Concorde.The liquids
of high temperature
are necessary for aircraft and hypersonic raquetes, who have
a warming significant dynamic.
are studied in this purpose the liquid metals already tested in the primary circuits of reactors
nucleares, the mercur sodium, potassium, has been prevented from Lead and bismuth
etc. Chapter 3 The design of a hydrostatic transmission of a tooling mobile
I am speaking here of the main steps of designing a hydrostatic transmission of a
tooling mobil. The main goal is the correlation of requests practices versus the production
requests.3.1.1 Data Caractheristiques
The field of use:
The main transmission of a tooling mobil (
motocar, auto-crane , excavator )Photo1 Excavator type SPYDER
The field of adjusting the speed of the tooling in regime stationary pipe support: +
/- ( 0.125 ... 1.0 ) vmax The type of machines available volumetric:With the
axial pistons , with block inclined.


33

Photo1.3.1
The block of cylinders with the failover drive of the pump Parker
Photo1.3.2

The pump F220 without carcass with the pivots of failoverThe type of the
transmission command:
1) Eh , of distance.
The type of the pump motor:Diesel, equipped with rotary injection pump, with
regulator of turing universal.


34

The poid Maxime
2) of the tooling: mu
( in function of the type and magnitude of the tooling )The rail maxim
3) that the tooling must fit with the minimum speed stabile:
max=30 grades .


35

The speed maxim in the rail maxim: Vmax

( max ) = 4.5 km/h
4) The nominal pressure of the system:
Pn=320 bar
5) The speed maxim
of the tooling:
6) Vmax= 30km/hThe dynamic radius of the drive wheels:Rd= 0.3 m
7) The carryforward of transmission of planetary gearboxes of the rims of the drive
wheels: i=6The restructuring of time maxim of Diesel engine: nd(MDmax) = 1800
rpm
3.1.2 Objectives
8) caractheristiques:The design of a hydrostatic transmission can be achieved
gradual, from the beginning as the choice of a systhem complete a catalog of
specialty, a basis of data schedules , andmakeanyamendments the complete
calculation, hydraulic, thermal, organologique of all componantes, in accordance
to the following diagram:Step 1 vacationers schedules:The development of the
9) hydraulic diagram of the transmission.
The sizing of the main componantes of the transmission.

36

10) The hydraulic calculation, thermal and organologique dispositive of the control of
the main pump.The preparation of the documentation of execution of the main
pump.
The preparation of the documentation for the implementation of the dispositive
of command of the main pump.
11) Step 3 The design of the block of refrichissement and protection:
The establishment of principles of hydraulic componantes.
12) The establishment of a constructive solution.
13) The calculation of the pressure valves

The mathematical model.The verification of dynamic performance with digital
simulation.
The calculation of the distributor of refrechissement.The calculation of the valves
of sense.
The preparation of the documentation of execution of the block of
refrechissement and protection .
1) Concerning these steps, we studied the steps necessary for the typical phases
of industrial design.3.2
2) THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
3) HYDRAULIC DIAGRAM OF A HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION

The tooling for the what the hydraulic transmission is established, it is mobil, therefore it is
necessary to use a diagram of La Conexion for the pump and the motor ( engines

37

1) hydraulic ) in a closed circuit. The racords of machines must be as short as
possible with rigid tubes or
2) hoses,
3) compared to conditions specific cutscenes has the application.
4) The tooling being used

on short distances
1) and with large loads, it is recommended to only Ouse not the differential
mechanical and the outilisation of 2 hydraulic motors, amplasses in the rims
of the wheels. The solution with 4 wheel drive is specific to vehicles in the
field.
2) Photo
3) 2.1 forest Poisoning Category
Photo2.2 hydraulic motor with pistons radials, amplase in the rims of the
wheels.
Because of the fact that the hydraulic motors are fast it is necessary the
outilisation of reducers of rotation between the motors and the rims.
4) Because of the small space it is recommended to use the planetary gearboxes
with a speed.
5) The transmission ratio usual of these gearheads is i=6 , this solution is specific
to this type of extreme load applications.
6) HAS powers of small(45-65horses) it is recommended

to use a single pump in the transmission. Concerning the major powers, it can
enter into calculation variant a pompedouble ( in the same carcass) or with 2
up to 4 pumps independent antrenees by the heat engine using a distribution
box.


38

The hydrostatic transmissions with reglaj, primar (adjustable pump) operate with
randaments acceptable in the field:Vstabil= (0.25 ..1.0 )Vmax
1) As the lower limit of the domain of adjusting the speed of the tooling,
the value 0.125 * Vmax therefore the use of the setting as mixed is
imposed. adjustable pump motors and adjustable.
2) The volumetric machines being a block inclined, requires the use of a
pump adjustable bidirectional with 2 motors has setting unidirectional (i.e.
, frontal (TRIMOT).The optime command of the capacity

of the pump is secventielle (fig/Resolution 29.2 )During starting, the capacity

39

of the motors is mentenue constant has the value maxim and the capacity
3) of the pump increases gradually from 0 has the value maxim.
4) If it is necessary the spouse later on the speed of
the utillage the pump is a positive reference has loaded maxim
5) and it gradually reduces the ability of the engine.During the braking, any
maneuvers are performed in reverse order.
6) The hydraulic control of the motor must be put in market only after the
realization of the stroke of the adjusting device of the capacity

of the pump. This algorithm for adjusting the transmission
allows the realization of randaments pupils has databases speeds of the
tooling. The use of the closed circuit
7) involves the cooling of oil, its filtration,
8) protection against cavitation and protection against overpressure.The
compensation of the leakage of the main circuit requires an auxiliary
pump independent of the main pump.

40

The hydraulic control requires a different pump driven by the Diesel
engines.The two pumps auxiliaries must be protejees against
overpressure.The control pressure of the capacity
of the pump and motors can be performed
with normal valves closed, normal open or drosers. It is recommended
that the solution has valve open normal double, which does not require the
use of a hydraulic distributor directional. is each valve has a direction of
movement of the tooling.The capacity
9) of the engine is slide amount just for the sense of rolling in before. The
control pressure of the capacity of engines with a frontal adjustment is the
same as for the pump, but it is activated just after the arrival has the
capacity Maxime of the pump.
10)
11) Fig 29.1 The structure of a hydrostatic transmission with adjustment as
mixedFig. 29.2 . The variation of capacity of machines by report has the
relative speed of the tooling.
12) Fig.29.3 The caractherisitique the torque of the Diesel engine [auto-
forum.com]The diesel engine is equipped with an injection pump provided
to a regulator of turing universal. The characteristic of the moment by
report has its restructuring director-generalor reliable performer several
straight parallel with a Pant very large. It is possible to coreller exactly
the accelerator with the injection pump regulator.Usuallement, the
restructuring of the heat engine is kept constant at the value of the
corresponding time maxim for achieve the starting as soon as possible of
the poisoning category.
13) Taking into account these conditions it follows the hydrostatic
transmission hydraulic schematic in Figure 29.4 with the ratings:PR - Main
Pump adjustable with axial pistonsMD - Diesel EnginePD - Double PumpP1
- section for the power supply of the systhem of commandP2 - section for

41

the power supply of the systhem of leak compensation of the main
circuitF1 - suction filter with valve of detour
14) SLP1 - valve which limits the pressure of power supply of the control
deviceSLP2 - valve which limits the pressure to leak compensationNSSDS -
normal valve open electro-hydraulicCHDERE -

hydraulic cylinder double acting and

spring return of the control device of the main pump

42

BICP - block of refrechissement,
15)
compensation and protection against overpressure of the main circuit

SS1 .SS4 - valves of meaning
SLP3, SLP4 - valves which limits the pressure in the main circuit
DHCH 3/3 - hydraulic distributor hydraulic operated with three votes and three positions
SLIP - valve that limits the lower pressure of compensation

43

RU - Cooling Oil
MHVRF - hydraulic motor by volume with frontal adjustment
RT - Swing Reducer planetary
CHDED - hydraulic cylinder has double effect, differential
Fig. 29.4 . The transmission hydraulic schematic
In this diagram you can see the schematic mechanical-hydraulic transmission from a heavy
poisoning category. In the left part of the drawing was the controls and in the right part we
observed the transmission.
In the center there is the diesel engine MD which is linked directly to a main pump PR for the
transmission which allimente two hydraulic motors in paralel on the axis of the
vehicle, and (two pumps are usedon)has a pump P1 of command and has a pump P2 of
refrechissement of oil. The pumps P1 and P2 aspire the oil from the tank through a filter F1
which is also provided with an anti-cavitation valve, in cases where the filter is clogged,
bypass. The pump P2 refrechie the oil of any the installantion, it is necessary to remove the
oil which started to heat up during operation. The control pump P1 is provided with a
pressure limiting valve. Once the fluid output of the pump P1 it between in a circuit with
two
valves normal open has for the market-rear and B to go to the front. The two valves normal
open
are linked to the control device of the main pump
CHDERE. The two
valves to normal pressure
are provided with The springs of position which ensures their initial position after it
executes a command front - rear. If it chooses the reverse of the poisoning category the
distributor has changed position the hydraulic cylinder control CHDERE moves to ca right, in
antrenant the main pump

44

of the transmission by a mechanism. Same thing to go forward, the distributor B changes
position influence the position of the CHDERE , the former has his turn influence the main
pump to the transmission.
Transmission side, it is a question of two circuits, circuit has low pressure, the circuit of
refrechissement and the high pressure circuit of the transmission circuit. After the main
pump on as the valves of meaning SS1 and SS2 which ensures the safety of two circuits of
the transmission of high and low pressure, the valves SLP represent the valves of limitation
of the pressure in the block of refrechissement of compensation and protection against
overpressure circuit
main.
An important part of the transmission is the distributor in command pressure which ensures
the drenage of oil from the low pressure circuit, the former is linked to the oil tank cooled by
a valve that limits

45

the upper pressure.
Regarding the last part of the schema on votes the

46

two engines with volumetric adjustment MHVRF frontal with the CHDED which represents
in fact the distribuiteurs related to hydraulic pistons has dual differential effect. The
phenomenon is the following. At the time of acceleration, the part command using the
normal valve open B command the main pump PR ( its meaning ) and the latter allimente the
hydraulic motors related to wheels. If it remains with the throttle control still , the pressure
will increase in the control block and the fluid near distributor B va allimenter directly
distributor P which will actioner on cylinder CHDED who is bound by a systhem lever of the
hydrostatic motor, the CHDED changes the angle of basculation of engines, and as ca the
vehicle gained speed.3.3 SIZING OF THE MAIN COMPONANTES OF THE
TRANSMISSION3.3.1 Sizing of hydraulic motorsThe hydraulic motors must ensure the
propulsion of the tooling in rail maxim. Fig 29.5 scheme for calculation of the force.Fig 29.6
scheme for calculation of the time of tractionIn this case the law enforcement agencies
caractheristiques who intervene in the dynamics of the tooling are:Fg
- the force of weightFt - the traction forceTFF
- the componante tangential to the force of weight of the tooling supportThe time required
of a wheel is: Mr = Ft

rd / 2 (fig. 29.6 ).If we do ignore the load resistanceto the aerodynamics and the load
resistanceto the driving when the traction force necessary in this case will be:
(29.1 ) The two hydraulic motors desvoltent a tractive force:
(29.2 )


47

The time provided not a hydraulic motor is:

(29.3 )
Or:
(29.4 )Represents the theoretical time maxim given by the engine under the pressure
drop Maxime, and
represents the mechanical randament coresponding has this de Rgim of operation. It
admits .
By introducing in the relations: (29.3 ) and (29.4 ) in the relationship (29.2 ) one obtains:
(29.5 )
Relations (29.1 ) and (29.5 ) it follows: (29.6 )The relationship of dimmensionement
hydraulic motors is: (The calculation of the capacity Maxime necessary) (29.7)
In the appendix 1 we chose the engines that corresponds to the condition of capacity
Maxime and pressure drop maxim.
max max g max t
sin mg sin F F | = | = Observation:

48

in the catalogs there are shown three caractheristiques pressures for the volumetric engines:
d
max m
max t
r
i M
2 F = The pressure maxim of operation
The nominal pressure
( )
max mm max tm max m
P M M q = The pressure maxim of intermittent
operation
The pressure Maxime continues corresponds usually with the randament total
t
=
2
P V
M
max max m
max tm

Maxime () ( )
max mm
P q of the car and to a duration of operation at least equal with the life of
the more perisable part of the installation. The ideal solution represents a life unique for all
componantes important: engine, hydraulic transmission, steering, suspension, technological
instalation. ( ) q
mm
P
max
, = 0 95For the picture of the calculations we consider a motocar
factory having mass m= 2200kg
The force required to mount a Pant:
( )
max mm
d
max max m
max t
P
2 r
P V i 2
F q
t
=
By report at the time of the wheel:
( )
max m max mm
d
max
max
V P
r
iP
sin mg q
t
= |
The capacity necessary to the engine:
Now having this value, look in the appendix the hydraulic motor which we agrees:
( )
max max max
max d
necesar max m
P p i
sin mg r
V
q A
| t
= Appendix 1
Table nr. 2
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINES WITH FRONT ADJUSTING TIP F6Tip U.P. HAS

49

a) F616
b) F620
c) F625
F632Capacity (cm3/rot] Vgmax ,=250
max t
q
Vgmin
,
=70

31.1

63
18.2
125
36
72.1 The
pressure of
duration pd
[bar] 200 The
nominal
pressure
pn[bar]

50

320
The pressure
Maxime pmax[bar]400The flow rate at
the nominal speed of work has empty
[l/min]45

91.4
181.5

242
The nominal
flow rate p=
320bar [l/min]

42.5
87.5

174
232
The time for max=250 Theoretical
[Nm] Nominal 158
3176361272 140
255 569 1147 The
nominal
rotation
speed
(rot/min]
1450
970 The
minimum
speed
(rot/min]
200 The speed
Maxime
[rot/min]
=250
=70
4000
3400 2600 2000 5500
4300 3500 2800 I chose the
engine F
620
who has a: and a 3.4
THE SIZING OF THE MAIN PUMP
The determination of the maximum load
results from the condition of insurance of
the maximum speed imposed has the
tooling. (29.10 )In this relationship n
r max represents the maximum
restructuring of wheels on here result:
(29.11 ) The necessary
flow of
hydraulic
motors in this
de Rgim is:
(29.12 ) Or
vm(nmmax) represents
the
volumetric
randament
engines has
the
restructuri
ng and
maximum
capacity
minimal. It
admits

vm(nmmax)= 0.97 .The pump supplied the maximum flow


51

(29.13 )Or nd(MDmax) represents the restructuring the maximum time of the
Diesel engine.It is assumed that the heat engine work always has the restructuring the
maximum time, to use the full time starting available. This reglaj is specific to the
utilages intense mobile used. ( for example trucks portuares )
v r r n r n i
d d r d m max max max max
/ = = = e t t 2 2 Of relations (29.12 ) and (29.13 ) it
calculates the required maximum capacity of the pump:

(29.14 )
This is the relationship of sizing of the main pump of the transmission. Usual vp(Qp max) = 0.97 has a pressure of
approximately 100 bar, corresponding to usual has the maximum load of the pump, capacity minims of engines and

n
v i
r
m
d
max
max
=
2t
the driving has maximum speed
on a horizontal path.
In my case, concerning my motocar it follows:
( ) ' = Q n V n
m m m vm m max max min max
/ 2 q THE PUMP:
The speed maxim: The rotations per minute of hydraulic motor:q
The necessary flow of
engines:
The flow rate from the pump: 29.14q
Once known Vp max

i chose a pump of the appendix:Appendix 2
( ) ( )
Q n M V Q
p D D p vp p max max max max
= q Table nr. 2
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNITES WITH AXIAL PISTONS TAYPE F6
Type U.P. A.F212
F216
( ) ( ) ( )
max max max
min max
max
2
p vp m vm D D
m m
p
Q n M n
V n
V
q q
= F220

52

F225qF232F240

F250

250

250

250

250

250
(

)
(

)
(

)

250250

53

Capacity (cm3/rot]
14
31.1
63 125 250 468 950 The
nominal
pressure
of work
[bar]
210 210
210 210 210 210 210 The
nominal
pressure
[bar]
320 320
320 320 320 320 320 The flow
rate at
the
nominal
speed of
work has
empty
[l/min]
20.3 45
91 181 242 453 693 The
nominal
flow rate
p=320 bar
[l/min]
18.8 42.5
87.5 174.6 232.5 438 670 The time
for
max=25
0
[Nm]
79 176 356 706 1413 2646 5370 1450
1450 1450 1450 970 970 730 The
speed of
rotation
circuit
closed
(engine)
Maxime
[rot/min]
open
circuit
(pump)
300030003
000
2550 3000 2200 2600 1800 2000 1280
2000 1200 1200 950 I chose
the pump
F220 with
a capacity
of 63
cm3/rot
and with
a flow
rate at
the
nominal
restructur
ing work
free of
Qp=91
m3/min
3.5 The
justificati
on of
solutions
of
principle
and
construct
ive
solutions
adopted
3.5.1 The
justificati
on of
solutions
of
principle
and
construct
ive
adopted
for the
main
pump

54

In the
framework
of a project
of pump
with axial
pistons
with block
enclinee
FIG 29.7

The first
problem
that must
be solved is
of nature
kinematics
and affects
the
modality of
entrainnem
ent block of
cylinders
toward the
shaft.
At present
there are
three
known
modalities
of
entrainnem
ent:
A) by
cardan
shaft
B) by
the
contact
side of
the
pistons
and
connecti
ng rods
C) by a
bevel gear
The first
solution is
specific to
transmissi
ons of
high
reliability,
because
use of the
cardan
shaft
exclude
the
possibility
of rupture
of rods by
fatigue
has the
twist,
specific to
this
solution b)
.

The
cardan
shaft is
actuated
by a
couple
small, or
predomin
ant is
compona
nte

inertial
which is
manifest
ed during
the
transition
al
regimes.

Same as
ca the
shaft
complicat
es the
construct
ion and
increases
the radial
template
of the
machine.
Mentenir
contact
between
the block
of
cylinders
and the
distributi
on plate
imposed

The use of a resort, amplasee has the outside of the cover of the racords. contact between the resort
and the block of cylinders need a supplementary rulment axial.

The shaft cardanique must be axial is crooked or is positioned incorrectly by a
resort which
is support on the block of cylinders and on one of these ends. On the other side the
shaft cardanique se support on the block of cylinders using a spherical joint.

This solution also has the advantage of setting from the outside of the contact
pressure between the block of the cylinders and the distribution plate, allowing a
control sever leaks. Also the torque piston-biele become more lightweight and allows
the increase of turations.because of all these advantages the antrennement of the
block of cylinders by shaft cardanique is rependue of aeronautics in the field of

55

mobile applications Industriales, especially in the reversible variant used as the
engine for large loads inertiales. The disadvantage of this solution is represented by
the high cost.
The second solution has the smallest radial template for a given capacity. By the use
of the spherical distributor is eliminated the need for guidance of the block cylinders
by a shaft supported on the disc of entrainnement pistons and on the distribution
plate. As same it should use a cylindrical abre- spherical which has the rol of pressing
the distribution plate on the blocked of cylinders, against the force bearing break
complex formed by the two parts.
The continued caution which must be considered when the outilisation of such a
machine as pump is prescription of a pairing more elastic for the entrainnement of
the machine to force ( job ). Now we used in this purpose of couplings "Periflex"
which present a spring element which is still in progress of improvement concerning
the rigidity torsionale.

The third solution requires a high precission of execution and mounting of the conical
engranage. adjustment of the clearance of the engranage need a carcass divided
realize two semicarcasses. Intre them it is provided for a spacer with a largeut
established when mounting.

a) The solution is adequate especially for the reversible machines used as engines
for large workloads inertiales very large. Being compact, it is also used in the
transmissions has large template. An example caractheristique is represented by
the entrainnement pumps portable sousmersibles for depletions.
It is adopted for the main pump of the transmission variant b) with mounting precautions
and utilization. It is recommended to avoid shocks during the transitional reigmes.2. The first
option presented must be supplemented with observations of nature and kinematic
hydraulic. To avoid a permanent consumption of energy by the use of a distributor
directional between the pump and engines, we adopted the solution of adjustable pump in
the 2 directions (= -250 ... 0 ... + 250

56

). As ca we exclude for the pump, the solution with front adjustment, which has a template
smaller.The pumps has frontal adjustment reduissent much the weight of the groups of
pumping, but being unidirectional, in the case of transmissions which necessities the
reversal of the direction of hydraulic motors must be accompanied by distribuiteurs
directionales.
Fig. 29.7 . Section caractherisitique by the main pump.
It therefore uses the classic solution for directional pump which is caractherise by the
emplassement block of cylinders in a carcase flipper performed by the following
componantes:Cylindrical Carcase scheduled with the racords L-Shaped
Timing Gear Cover scheduled with the fittings in U shapeCoaxial shafts which
contains has the inside of the canales of distribution.
A shaft of basculation is usual outstanding superrieur which is at the top, provided with
grooves our the actionnemet of the carcass baculante by the dispositive of adjustment.3.
The rocking carcase must be directed and sustained. It is possible to Ouse 2 bearings radials-
axials with tapered roles which allow

b) the adjustment of the axial position of the carcass of a way that the center of
spherical joint between the disc of entrainnement and the Faultfinding chart
guidance of the block of the cylinders is located at the intersection of the axis of
the blocked the cylinders with the axis of the shaft. This solution complicates the
structure of the rotary racord between the shaft of basculation and the carcass
fixed to the machine. By consequence we adopted the solution with the guidance
of radials bearings for the pivots of basculation also constitutes and the aneaux
interieres, supporting at the same time the carcass with a tilt table elementary
level between the
pivot


57

c) of basculation and inferior and the cover of the racord coresponding. The wear
part is a eye distantier hard, level and smooth. The width of the the is optional
connections, satisfying the condition fundamental kinematics for the adjustable
machines.
5. For that one has a small template of the bearings we adopted the solution with 3
bearings: 2 bearings radial-axials with marbles in tandem and a radial bearing with cylindrical
roles.
6.
The use of a mechanical seal expensive between the shaft and carcass can be avoided
if the fittings of drenage of three machines of the transmission are directly connected to the
tank, do not pass through the heat exchanger and by the return filter. In this case you can
use a joystick to rotate single or double.7.
Tenand account of the fact that it can be realize as part unit of the corp of the upper coupler
and the corp of the dispositive of adjustment, we adopted for the hydraulic cylinder of the
the the solution which are fitted symmetrically ( 2 hydraulic cylinders with a simple effect
realizes between two covers and a piston type plungeur )
In the interior of the cylinder there are two stes each has two resorts precompressed.
The additional comprimation of those - below during the adjustment is provided using a rod
central which has an axial position and it is adjustable from the outside.

58

The utilization of this solution allows the replacement of the carcass swinging in the neuter position with a great
precission with an interval of time adjustable using the precomprimation resorts. In the same time the
carachteristique of command is affected, because the setting of the capacitee is started only after a pressure of
a few bars.

In ansemble, it follows a carachteristique of liniare adjustment with a prag between 5 and 10
bars by meaning, compatible with the minimum pressure furnisee by the valves normal-
open mechanical control or using the electromagnets.
- 3.5.2 The justification of the solutin
-
- of principle and constructive


59

adopted for the HYDRAULIC MOTORSBecause of the opportunity to change the
direction of rotation of the shafts of the motors by the change of the direction of
movement of the liquid in the pump, we can use motors with frontal adjustment
scheduled with a dispositive of hydraulic control, which has the control pressure
identical with the control pressure of the ability of the pump to the market before
the tooling.The sousansemble of entrenage engine differs from sousansemble of
entrenage of the pump because it is necessary, the guidance of the block of cylinders
during the setting has the assistance of the distribution plate.

The resort which mentien the contact between the block of the cylinders and the
distribution plate is amplasee in a collar of guide shaft and the block of cylinders.
The block of the cylinders and the guide shaft turning synchronous, being solodarises
by a pen of small dimmensions.
The capacity of engines with enclinee block may be constant or variable, the usual
interval of adjustment being between 1:1 and 1:4 . Concerning the variants the
adjustable block of cylinders is amplasee in a carcase or rocking it is guided by a shaft
supported by the flange of entrainnement pistons and guide has the aid of the
distribution plate, the deplasse on a cylindrical surface under the action of a
dispositive of mechanical adjustment, hydraulic, electro-hydraulic or hybrid.The
angle of basculation varies between 70
and 250 , as ca Vmax/Vmin = 3, 47.A dispositive of hydraulic control is made in a
servomechanism aveac a reation of force, which has the following componantes:
A hydraulic cylinder has dual differential effect, carried out by two pistons with
uneven areas and two cylinders in the corp of command.
A channel selector, performed by a cylindrical sertaire command by the pressure
difference of the fittings.
A distributor of adjustment has three tracks, hydraulic control.

60

A resort of prescription of the pressure of commencement of reduction of the
capacityA resort of elastic reactionA feedback lever, solidare with the rod of the
hydraulic cylinder, which interactionne with the sertaire the distributor by the two
resorts.The operation of the dispositive of command is: The house of small area of
the hydraulic cylinder and the P port of the control valve are connected to the inlet
fitting of the engine by one of the valves of meaning.The union T
of the distributor is connected to the drenage of the engine and fitting A has the
house of big area of the hydraulic cylinder.
If the control pressure is less than the corresponding value of the precomprimation of
resorts and from the area of the control piston, the Sertar the distributor ensures the
drenage of the house has large playground area the hydraulic cylinder, the capacity of
the engine being maximum, therefore for a given flow the restructuring of the engine is
minimal.
At the time of the control pressure increase the sertaire vinque the force of resorts
and connected the house of large playground area of the cylinder to the inlet fitting of
the engine. Because of the difference of aires the piston rod moves in the same direction
as comprimation of springs, by decreasing the angle between the axis of the shaft and
the axis of the block of cylinders, the capacyte engine decreases therefore the constant
flow its restructuring increases. The movement of the rod stopped at the time or the
strength to command by sertaire is balanced by the force of reaction ( elastic ). It is a
result of here a caractheristique of control pressure - capacity liniare reliable performer,
with a Pant negative. If the control pressure varies between pc min
and max pc
, the capacity of the engine varies from Vmax
has Vmin .3.5.3
The justification of the solution in principle and constructive adopted for the
- adjusting device
-

61

- of the capacity of the
- MAIN PUMP
- The primary adjustment to the restructuring of the hydraulic motors is done in
accordance the theme with a turn off. system still working eh carried out in gasoline
by:
- An electrohydraulic valve double normal-open.

Command by the potentiometers( inductive ) enabled ampli safety by pedals.
A hydraulic cylinder has double effect and return spring , amplase on the carcass of a pump
with the aim of angle setting of failover.
The friction in the systhem of adjustment, the variation of the force of failover by
report has the delivery pressure of the main pump and other factors occurring interference
current is dissipated which affected the liniarite of the caractherisitique of command of the
transmission which constitutes the relationship between the position of one of the control
pedals and the speed of hydraulic motors ( pump capacity ). The non liniarite
caractheristique of command is not essential
for the European Scout Region medium or large. The most important problem of the
caractheristique of command represents the cancellation of the capacity of the pump with
the
decrease of the control signal under a certain value.
Theoretiquement, a return spring with two springs development of unte side and the
other of the piston of the hydraulic cilindre provide a carachteristique liniare. The centring
force of elastic is: Fel= 2Kely or:Y=the stroke of the piston of the hydraulic
cylinderAround the zero friction become compatible with the centring force of elastic,
making


62

reliable performer impossible the control of cancellation of the pump
capacity. The modern solution to this problem is linked the type of syshtem of apreciee
command from the point of view informational:If it uses a systhem of position feedback,
the centering is realized with a single resort feature precompresses which acts on the
spool of the distributor. If it is not used a feedback link, the force restoration is obtained
using two or four resorts located in the piston, a manierre that they are tablets
suplimentaire, any the direction of movement of the piston.We adopted the solution of
the company Hydromatik, caractherise by the use of a central rod scheduled with the
multiple epoles which acts on the springs in the two directions of movement of the piston.
Fig 29.8 . In the central zone, the piston is provided with a clearance perpendicular on its
axis which acts the lever of basculation the carcass of the block of cylinders.
The hydraulic cylinder is flange on the carcass of the pump, having also the corp of
racords.
- Fig 29.8 control device for electro-hydraulic pump F220 K2The application 29.1 The
design of the main pump to a hydraulic transmission
- 1 The steps of the main designThe design of the main pump goes through the
following stages:The calculation of the sousansemble rotary, which include:
- The calculation of the diameter of the disk of antrennement pistons.The calculation
of the diameter of the block of cylinders.
The calculation of the coefficient of nonuniformite of flow rate and the frequency of the
pulse of flow. The calculation of the angle of the oscilation of rods in the pistons.The
calculation of the systhem of distribution, which contains:The establishment of a solution
in principleThe calculation of the angles
(of acoperire)

distribution
The calculation of dimmensionement of slots and windows of distributionThe calculation
of resistance of the shaft

63

The calculation of bearings The calculation of the adjustment device of the capacity
a) 2 The calculation of the rotary sousensamble
b) In the paragraf 29.3 it was the dimmensionement of componantes main
transmission. In accordance to the conditions imposed by the theme of design, the
main pump has the following characteristics:
The ability Maxime : Vp max

The number of pistons: z=7

The diameter of the pistons: d
The maxim angle between the axis of the blocked of cylinders and the axis of the drive
shaft:
a) max=250

64

- The
- values of the capacity Maxime
- and the diameter of the pistons resulting from the calculation of dimmensionement
presented
- in the paragraf 29.3 being specific has the greatness of componantes chosen for the
transmission.
b) The number of pistons ( z= 7) is specific to the machines without abre cardanique,
because it offer a side a grad maxim volume usage of block of cylinders with
cyilindres and another side a heartbeat acceptable flow.
- The value max=250
- is specific to hydraulic machines with volumetric of axial pistons and block enclinee,
or the pistons are linked with the connecting rods. 2.1 The calculation of the
diameter of the disk of entrainnement (the diameter of provision of the main spheres
of rods)From the expression of the maximum capacity of the pump it follows:
- ( 29.1.1 )
c) It obtains the radius of provision of the main spheres of the connecting rods, R:
d) ( 29.1.2 )
e) The diameter of the disk of entrainnement is DDA

= 2R
2.2 The calculation of the diameter of the block of the cylinders (diameter of
provision of small speheres of rods)THE enclinaison of the axis of the blocked of the
cylinders with the axis of the shaft determines the ocilations rods around the axs of the
cylinders. The diameter of the rods is maxim if their axs
- describe the cons circulars around the axis of the cylinder. The optimal condition, the
condition of oscillation simetriques rods in the pistons is:
- (29.1.3 )
- In this relationship we spell the radius r and the diameter of the block of cylinders,
Dc=2 * r for max=250
- 2.3 The calculation of the angle of oscilation of rods in the pistonsThis angle will
calculation with the relationship:

65

( 29.1.4 )Of the APPENDIX 3 one obtains the value of the ratio
R/lp corresponding has the capacity of the unit with axial pistons chosen as main pump to
the transmission.The expression of the angle
we calculated the length of the rod. The same angle intervenes in the geometry of the
rod. The errors of calculation or running this angle lead to a premature rupture of rods
because of the replacement of contact liniare between the connecting rods and pistons with
a punctiform contact.
2.4 The calculation of the coefficient of the nonuniformite flowFor an odd number of
pistons, the coefficient of non-uniformity of the flow is calculated using the relationship:
( 29.1.5 )2.5 The calculation of the frequencies of the flow
For an odd number of pistons, the frequency of the pulse in flow is determined with the
relationship:
(29.1.6 )
max
2
max p
sin R 2
4
d
z V o
t
= 2.6 Example of calculation for the pump F220 K2
To the theme of design we know the parameters:
max
2
max p
sin d z
V 2
R
o t
= The ability Maxime of the Vp pump max =63 cm2/rot
The number of pistons z=7The piston diameter d= 20mm
The angle maxim of enclinaison the block of cylinders with the axis of the shaft of
entrainnement
= 25o.By replacing these values in the expression of the radius of provision of the
main spheres of the connecting rods, it follows:Therefore
2
cos 1
R
r
max
opt
o +
=
|
.
|
\
|
From the condition of optim:

66

Result
And
( )
(
o = o'
max
b
max
cos 1
l 2
R
arctg In accordance the APPENDIX 3 the optimal value of the ratio
R/lb
is:Result
It is recognized ' o
max

and one obtains:
The value of the coefficient of nonuniformite flow is:
i
Q Qimpar
z 4
tg
z 2
o =
t t
= o The frequency of the pulse of the flow is:
Because
3. THE CALCULATION OF THE SYSTHEM DISTRIBUTION
z n 2 f
p p
= 3.1 The establishment of a solution in principle for the systhem distribution
The componantes systhem the distribution are represented by the block of the
cylinders and the distribution plate. The rotation of the block of cylinders before the
distributor allows frontal the conncection alternative from the cylinders to the racords
suction and delivery by of slits in the cylinders and windows perform in the distribution
plate.
The slots and the windows of distribution is achieved with

67

- tools
-
- cylindrical-coronal; their usual form is of circular crown, having the ends rounded.
The distribution plate must ensure the precise closure of cylinders near the points
dead of the pistons, not to allow the passage of the liquid of the window of
refoulement in the suction.
- In the case of conventional pumps the distribution plate is planne; concerning the modern
variants being used increasingly in the distribution plate spherical. o
max
The machine is
calculated as pump and having only one direction of rotation of the shaft, it is possible the
use of an asymmetric distribution, with a
positive pitching at the beginning of the refoulement and at the beginning of the suction, the
two amounts recovered ( in the end of the suction and the refoulement ) being null. As ca it
provides a significant reduction of the noise and it avoids the corresponding cavitation of a
covery positive at the end of the suction unit. The amounts recovered mentioned
symmetrical in relation to the axis of rotation, are equivalent with the partial rotation of the
distribution plate in the direction of rotation of the blocked the cylinders, solution valid for
the best( the most advanced ) machines has axial pistons. The main geometrical
caractheristiques of the distribution plate spherical a pump with axial pistons are presented
in figure A. 9-1 .Fig A. 29.1 -1 The geometry of the distribution plate.
mm 0 , 34
25 sin 20 7
63 2
R
0 0
=
t

=
Photo 2.3 The block of cylinders
mm 68 34 2 R 2 D
DA
= = =
Because of the option to block drive the cylinders, by the contact side of the connecting rods
and pistons, it is more necessary than in the central area of the block of cylinders, the
emplassement of a guide shaft complete ( with 2 joints ), and just a pivot
953 , 0
2
25 cos 1
2
cos 1
R
r
0
max
opt
=
+
=
o +
=
|
.
|
\
|
of guidance and

68

press of the block of cylinders on the distribution plate to achieve the sealing of start of
refoulement.
mm 4 , 32 953 , 0 34 r = = The cylinders can be has mm 8 , 64 4 , 32 2 r 2 D
c
= = =
concentrated around pivot. The distribution can be spherical, of manierre that the average
diameter of the windows may be smaller than the diameter of the block of cylinders. The
slots of distribution are circular and reliable performer perpendicular on the spherical
surface of the undertray distribution. The reduction of the diameter of distribution allows in
general the realization of a product pressure-speed largest( the relative speed se account on
the circle of diameter C0 ). The form and the dimmensions of the slots of distribution must
ensure the flow of liquid through the sections caractheristiques with a moderate speed to
avoid losses of loads exaggerated. At the same time it must ensure a otpim games between
the block of the cylinders and the distribution plate which allows the passage of solid
particles of the liquid with losses of minimum flow.
550 , 0 l / R
b
=
Photo 2.4 The distribution plate mounted on the pump cover
0
max
5 , 1 ~ o'
The distribution plate is caractherise by certain angles:-
0
max
5 , 1 ~ o' : The angle of the slot (
( )
mm 82 , 60
5 , 1 tg 2
) 25 cos 1 ( 34
tg 2
cos 1 R
l
0
0
max
max
b
=
=
o'
o
=
the angle where we can see the slot of the axis of rotation )
025 , 0
28
tg
14 z 4
tg
z 2
i
Q
=
t t
=
t t
= o
-
Hz 420 z n 2 f
p p
= = : The angle distribution, having two values caractheristiques:
7 z
min / rot 1800 n
p
=
=


69

da = the angle of distribution has the aspiration
dr
= the angle of distribution to the refoulement - : The angle of fresage of
windows, having two values caractheristiques:

da = the angle of fresage has the aspiration 'dr

= the angle of fresage to refoulement

70

-
: The corner sealing- : The angle of pitching having two values caractherisitiques
aa = the angle of pitching suction ar

= the angle of pitching to the refoulement

71

3.2 The calculation of angles of covery of the distribution
To determine the angles of covery of the distribution we used the relations:
f

( 29.1.7 )
d

( 29.1.8 )Or:
= 4000 17000bar represents the module of elasticity equivalent of the liquid of
transmission; the lower value corresponds to the may of elastic fittings in the energy circuit,
between the pump and the engine.Pm = p2m
- p1m = 80 160 bar represents the average drop of pressure among the fittings of the engine ;
usual, '
d

Pm = 0.25 ... 0.5 p2max
, coresponding has the restructuring Maxime of the hydraulic motor, which appears
during the movement of the tooling in a horizontal plane, with speed maxim.
V0
e
is the dead volume of the cylinder, which is calculated with the relationship:

a
(
29.19 )
or: c0

0.25 ... 0.5 represents a coefficient of adimmentionel form

3.3 The calculation of dimmensionement of slots and windows of distributionTo ensure a
games optim between the block of cylinders and the distribution plate it must ensure a

72

report optim between the surface area of the slots and the area of the picture windows, also
between the surface area of the slots and the area of cross section of the cylinder block.
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
t
+
o c t

=
max
2
0
max
2
m 1 m 2
ar
sin R
2
d
V
sin R d
p p 4
1 arccos . For the coefficient of surface, slot-
cylinder is considered the domain:

( )
(
o c t

=
max
2
m 1 m 2 0
aa
sin R d
p p V 4
1 arccos . ( 1.29.10 )
The typical value is Af
- / Ac
- = 0.49To prevent cavitation the speed of the liquid by the slots must be
limited.Between the piston surface and the corresponding slot the ecuation of
continuity is: ( 1.29.11 )In this relationship it calculates the
average speed of liquid among the slots, vf
:
(1.29.12 ) or:
- is the angle positioning of the piston.The piston speed is calculated with the
relationship:
d
4
d
c V
2
0 0
t
= ( 1.29.13 ) It becomes maxim when the
angle: ( 1.29.14 ) To prevent cavitation the value must be
something that maxim of the liquid~ by the slot does not exceed the value of 8 m/s

( 1.29.15 )

a) If the value obtained during the calculated is too large, it must reduce fusing the
restructuring of the pump or the boost of this one.

73

In the case of plans distribuiteurs pumps with disk inclined, the average diameter
of amplassement slots distribution D0
49 , 0 ... 42 , 0 A / A K
c f fc
= = is calculated with the relationship:D0
= 2r = Dc ( 1.29.16 ) Or Dc is the diameter of the cylinder.In the case of
distributor modern plans, D0
b) < DC
because of the convergence of the axs of the slots toward the axis of rotation.
f f c p
A v A v = In the case of spherical distribuiteurs modern:
( 1.29.17 )
( )
f p c f
A / v A v = solution which ensures high performance. The angle under
which we can see the slot in the shaft rotation is:

( 1.29.18 ) ( ) o e = sin sin R v
p
Where: r0 = D0 / 2 represents the radius of the
slot of distribution.
For the calculation of angles of sealing it uses the following relations: t = / 2
The angles of sealing to the refoulement: ( ) o e = t = sin R 2 / v v
p max p
( 1.29.19 )
The angles of sealing in suction: ( 1.29.20 )
The angles of distributions are calculated with the relations:
s / m 8 A / sin R A A / v A v
f c f max p c max f
s o e = = The timing angle to the refoulement
( 1.29.21 )
c) The timing angle has the suction
( 1.29.22 )The angles of the fresage windows of distribution are calculated taking
into account the fact that the slots of depreciation necessary in the beginning of
the refoulement and at the end of the suction covers a length aproximativ equal
with the radius of the slot of distribution.
( 1.29.23 )Inthis case the average angle of fresage is:
( 1.29.24 )The average speed of the picture windows of distribution is
calculated using the relationship: ( 1.29.25 )

74

The value obtained should not exceed 4.5 m/s .
d D D
c 0
~ The greatness Ad of the relationship ( 1.29.25 ) represents the area of
the window of distribution and is calculated using the relationship:
( 1.29.26 )

The width of the hose clamps for tightness result of the ecuation of balance of
the block of cylinders by report has the distribution plate.
0 f f
r / d = The force of
pressure which tends to paste the block of cylinders has the distribution plate is:

d) ( 1.29.27 )
- The force which tends to eloiner the block of cylinders by report has the distribution
plate is calculated with the relationship:
( )
( )
= ' '
+ = '
PMI 2 /
PME 2 /
f er
ar f er

- ( 1.29.28 )
( )
( )
= ' '
+ = '
PME 2 /
PMI 2 /
f ea
aa f ea
Normally the load bearing strength (FPD
e) ) is smaller than the force deportante ( Fbc
) the report of the two force being usual:
ar f er er er dr
t = ' ' ' t = t =
( 1.29.29 )
aa f ea ea ea da
t = ' ' ' t = t = It follows:
( 1.29.30 )
= '
= '
0 f da da
0 f dr dr
r / r 3
r / r 3
Usual a = 1 .... 6 mm, by report has the capacity ( the values small
matches the capacity small )
For the calculation of width of clamps to seal it uses the assumption, as that any radial
direction of the half of the distribution plate corresponding to the refoulement, the
pressure varies liniare, therefore the average pressure is equal to half of the nominal
working pressure.
( ) ' ' ' /
dmediu dr da
= + 2 The verification of the width of the clamp sealing is with the
calculation of a contact pressure equivalent between the two parts in relative motion.

75

f)
v Q A
d med d
= / ( 1.29.31 )
Or has the director-generalor area of support, which can be calculated with the
relationship:
( 1.29.32 )
A
D
r r
d dmed f f
~ ' + t
0 2
2
2 The limit value greater than
g) allowed for

F
z
p A
bc m c
=
2
2
is:
N/m2
( ) F p A
p D
a r A
pd m d
m
f d
= + +
(
2
2 0
2 2
2 2
t
The relative speed of these two
surfaces limit usual the value:
M/s The value maxim admitted for the product is of
F
F
pd
bc
= = 0 89 0 94 , ... , N/ms3.4 The calculation of the resort of the block of
cylinders
The contact pressure provided by the resort located in the block of the cylinders
is calculated with the relationship:

( ) a
D
A z A r
c d f
=
1
0
t

(1.29.35 ) or:

(1.29.36 )
And
o =
F F
A
bc pd
has values between N/m2. when space becomes or the resort is
located at the nominal diameter equal with that of the cylinders and the length
disponibble for the resort is of the order has two diameters of cylinder.

76

( )
d f
0
A r 2 a 2
2
D
A + +
t
= If the resort is helical, it must be dimmensione has the upper
limit of resistance (the case modern)The angle of pitching minimal to the
refoulement is calculated for the following data:
= 16000 BarP = bar oThe dead volume of the cylinder is: V0= 3141,6 m2
It follows the angle of pitching to the refoulement: o = 15 10
5
For the values below the angle
of pitching has the vacuum has the value:
It is recognized that:
The speed of the liquid by the slot is limited to the value: 12 =
r
v m/s
The area of the slot is: ov
r
mm2 16 10
7
,
The diameter of the slot is:

MM It follows o
el
el
F
A
= mmF K x
el el el
=
0
The speed maxim of the piston is:
M/s o
el
Or ( ) 10 1 10
5
, ... ,2 rad/sThe speed maxim of the liquid by the slot
is:
Vfmax 5.51 m/s < 8 m/s
The number of revolutions Maxime admitted for this car, from the point of view of the speed
of the fluid by the slot is:

Rot/min
The average diameter of amplasement of slots is:

77

c MM
o = 25
0

For dc= 65mm and d= 20mm result r0= 22.5 mmp p
m m 2 1
80 = The angle that allows
you to see the slot of the axis of rotation will be:
c
0
0 5 ~ ,
The angles of sealing have the following values:
The angles of distribution corsepondantes are:
It follows the angle of fresage means:
5 5 2 9 ) 25 sin 34
2
20
(V
25 sin 34 16000 20
80 4
1 arccos ] [
0
0
0 2
ar
' ' ' =
+

= +

aa
= ' '' 4 47 2
0

To:
A
A
f
c
= 0 49 ,
, v
f max
s 8 mm2
It follows: A K A
f fc c
= = = 0 49 314 15386 , ,
We adment that:
d
A
f
f
= ~
4
t
and it calculates the width of the shoulder sealing for the data
following:;; ; ; . Rezult: a = 3.5 mm.
4 153 86 ,
t
=14The verification of the shoulder of
sealing is done by tenand account of the pressure of contacted equivalent. The area of support
is:
For the average pressure of refoulement P2m= 160bar => force portante Fpd=
16795,22 Nr
f
~ 7 The force deportante has the value Fbc= 17584N. In this case, the pressure
of contacted equivalent will be:


78

( ) v v R
p p max max
sin ,
t
e o =
|
\
|
.
|
= =
2
2 7 N/m2
Therefore e
t
= =
2
60
188 5
n
D
, .
The relative speed of the two surfaces in contact is: Vr=12 m/s .The product:
is smaller the permitted value of =
.
n n
v
v
p D
f
fcalculat
max
max
= ~ 2613The pressure of contacted elastic provided by the resort located
in the block of cylinders is:
Or
D D d
c 0
45 ~ =
and

f
f
d
r
= = = ' ''
0
0
14
22 5
35 31 12
,

The CRA has the following characteristics
' = + = ' ''

er
f
ar
2
27 10 12
0

'' = = ' ''

er
f
2
17 45 36
0

' = + = ' ''

ea
f
aa
2
22 32 24
0

'' = = ' ''

ea
f
2
17 45 36
0

R=radius wrap = 8mm d=the diameter of the spiral = 3mm
( ) t t
dr er er er
= = ' + '' = ' '' ~ 135 3 43 135
0 0


79

( ) 2 4 139
0
ea ea ea da
' = ' ' + ' t = t =
' = = '
dr dr
f
r
r
3 81 31
0
0

' = = '
da da
f
r
r
3 86 14
0
0

( ) ' = ' + ' = ' ''
dmediu dr da
1
2
83 52 30
0
.
N=the number of coils=4
( )
q
vp p
Q
max
, = 0 97 G=the rigidity A
d
~ 615 of the
resort=850,000 daN/cm2

( ) ( ) s / mm 10 3 , 1833 s / cm 3 , 1833 Q v M n v n Q
3 3 3
max p vp max p max D D p p med
= = q = =

It admits s / m 5 , 4 s / m 98 , 2 s / mm 10 98 , 2 v
3
med
< = = resort helical
Result: F F
pd bc
/ , = 0 94 The arrow of the resort will be: mm 45 D
0
=
2
c
mm 314 A = z = 7
2
d
mm 615 A = mm 7 r
f
=
THE efort unitary maxim has cause of the twist is:
( )
2
d f
0
mm 4 , 2099 A r 2 a 2
2
D
A = + +
t
=
Concerning the steel of resorts:
The elastic constant of the resort is: 4. The calculation of resistance of the pump shaft
o =

=

=
F F
A
17584 16795,22
2099,4
3,757 10
bc pd 5

4.1 The calculation of angles of amplacement pistons
2 5
m / N 10 15 < o The pistons that are in
the phase of refoulement may be marked by the angles:
(1.29.37 )

80

Or k=1, 2, ...... ms / N 10 45084 , 0 12 10 757 , 3 v
7 5
r
= = o , m and ms / N 10 6 , 1
7
represents
the angular not of the pistons on the disk.Because for
the moment both theoretical corresponding to the pistons which discharged is maxim, the
angles of provision of the pistons to the refoulement, will be:
( )
2 5 el
el
m / N 10 2 , 1 ... 0 , 1
A
F
~ = o
For z=7 pistons F K x
el el el
=
0
Result . The angle values
2 6
m 10 4 , 2099 A

= are:

4.2 The calculation of componantes of pressure forces
The adjustment of the pump capacity is equivalent with the adjustment of the time of
entrainnement.If the pressure has the suction side of the pump is negligible compared to the discharge pressure, the time required
for the displacement of a piston positioned by the angle (fig. A. 29.1 -2) is calculated considering that the force
of pressure:
(1.29.38 ) is formmee by a componante parallel to the axis of the arbe re and a force
paraelele with the plane of the disk of entrainnement.
Fig A. 29.1 -2 The calculation pattern loading of the shaft.
2 5
el
m / N 10 2 , 1 = o The
coordinates of the centers of the main spheres of the connecting rods of the four pistons
during the discharge phase are:
(1.29.39 ) daN 2 , 25 N 252 A F
el el
= ~ o =
In this case studied one obtains: mm 8 , 4
Gd
n R F 64
f
4
3
el
~ =
For the piston 1
2
3
el
1
cm / daN 3803
d
R F 16
~
t
= t
M
2
a
cm / daN 6000 ... 4000 = t

81

M m / N 10 25 , 5
10 8 , 4
252
x
F
K
4
3
el 0
el
el
=
= =

For the piston 2
M
For the piston 3
( ) t
k
k = + s
1
1

t
=
2
z

For the piston 4

1
4
=
t t
= =
2 2
7 z

We note that = ' '' 51 25 41
0
and
k

,
t
1
0
4 14
12 51 25 = = = ' ''

t
2 1
0
5
14
64 17 8 = + = = ' ''

t
3 1
0
2
9
14
115 42 51 = + = = ' ''

t
4 1
0
3
13
14
167 8 34 = + = = ' ''


82

therefore the centers of large spheres of connecting rods pistons are symmetrical by report
has a horizontal plane which passes through the axis of the shaft.
For Pmax=320 bar and d=20 mm pressure force has the value:
N(1.29.40 )
k
For
4
d
P F
2
max p
t
= = 250 The componantes of pressure force corresponding to 4 pistons to the
refoulement are: F F
xk p
= cosoA taxi ride from anyone who approaches you equivalent are:
F F
zk p
= sinoThe theoretical time coresponding to the pistons in the refoulement is:

,
(1.29.41 )
k k
k k
cos R z
sin R y
=
=
Or:
.
- (1.29.42 )
y
1
3
0 034
14
7 56 10 = =

, sin ,
t
In doing so the calculated is obtained:
z
1
3
0 034
14
3315 10 = =

, cos ,
t
Therefore
- The time specific theoretical medium has the value:
y
2
3
0 034
5
14
30 63 10 = =

, sin ,
t
The time has the drive shaft is:

83

m 10 75 , 14
14
5
cos 034 , 0 z
3
2

=
t
= Because V = 63 cm3/rot and Pmax

- = 320 105
N/m2. m 10 63 , 30
14
9
sin 034 , 0 y
3
3

=
t
= 4.3 The calculation of reactions
Tenand account of the structure adopted for the bearings it is recommended :
m 10 75 , 14
14
9
cos 034 , 0 z
3
3

=
t
= The radials bearings with cylindrical roles are
strongly those consents, they are chosen in the series heavy with cylindrical roles on a
single layer.
- Concerning the calculation of loading of bearings the reactions corresponding to the
double bearing will be considered at its half.
m 10 56 , 7
14
13
sin 034 , 0 y
3
4

=
t
= The lubrication of the bearings is done with
the oil, therefore the dynamic load radial and axial will be considered at the upper
limit common.
m 10 15 , 33
14
13
cos 034 , 0 z
3
4

=
t
= According to these values we obtain the
following relationships:
4.4 Example of calculation for the pump F220 K2 z z
1 4
= It is considered for the
pump calculates the following geometry. z z
2 3
= After the mathes is obtained: 4.5
The calculation of eforts in the caractheristiques sections of the shaftThe shaft is
made of a steel alloy nitriding 38 MoCA09 , in accordance STAS 791-80.
The hardware chosen has the following mechanical caractheristiques:
10053
4
02 , 0
10 320 F
2
5
p
=
t
= The limited flow of RCO2

= 790 N/mm2;oThe resistance has the Rm

84

N 1 , 9111 cos F F
p xk
= o =
N 6 , 4248 sin F F
p zk
= o =
= 980 ... 1180 N/mm2;
N 4 , 36444 F 4 F
xk x
= =
N 4 , 16994 F 4 F
zk z
= =
The elongation has the breakdown 10%
=
o
t
=
m
1 k
k max
2
t
sin sin R P
4
d
M Resiliency

|
.
|
\
| t
=
z 2
m
sin
2
sin
2
m
sin
sin
1
m
1 k
k
39 J/cm2 The hose 229 Brinell HB

The area of minimal diameter of semicouplage
sin ,
k
k
m
=
=
1
2 246 The shaft has here the diameter d1 = 35mm in this area the shaft is
sought from the point of view torsionel. The modul of resistance polar is:
Nm 4 , 324 M
max t
=
The tangential effort has the value:
Nm 7 , 320 sin
4
d
R P
z
M
2
max tsm
= o
t
t
=
The dangerous area of support B.
Nm 8 , 320
2
P V
M
max
tmed
=
t
=

85

In this section the diameter of the shaft has the value db= 50mm . After the mathes
one obtains the following values for the variables caractheristiques:The shaft is
subjected to a solicitation composed, to determine the unit effort equivalent we
used one of the four theories:Theory1

(1.29.43 )
a) Theory2
b)
c) (1.29.44 )
Theory3
F
F
F
F N
V V F
H H
x
z
y
x a
A B z
B A
=
=
=

=
+ =
=
0
0
0
0
0
0

( )
M
M
M
F l V l
H l M
F y y y y M
AV
AH
z
z OA B AB
B AB z
xk t
=
=
=

=
=
+ + + =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 3 4

(1.29.45 )
Theory4
=
=
=
mm 90 l
mm 44 l
mm 46 l
OA
AB
OB

(1.29.46 )
N 4 , 36444 N F
a x
= =
mm 4 , 324 M
a
=

86

N 3 , 34761
l
l F
V
AB
OA z
B
= =
N 9 , 17766 F V V
z B A
= =
N 7 , 15812
l
M
H H
AB
z
B A
= = =
Nm 7 , 781 l V M
AB A yB
= =
Nm 7 , 695 l H M
AB B zB
= =
Nm 4 , 324 M
t
=

Regarding the specific case studied one obtains the following results:
Theory1
Theory2
- Theory3Theory4
- We found that the efforts equivalent unit are relatively small.5. The calculation of
bearings principals
- For this type of calculation it take account of:
- It is recommended to use the bearings radials-axials with marbles in tandem of the
series BDT, in accordance to the table no0 3 of the appendix 3. The bearings radials
with cylindrical rollers on one makes of the series heavy se choisisent of table no.0 1
of the appendix 3.The lubrication of the bearings
- is done with oil in a manner that the grad of dynamic loading and axial will be
considered at the upper limit usuele.
a) 5.1 The calculation of durability of the bearings
The sustainability
( )
3 6
3
3 3
1
p
m 10 418 , 8
16
10 35
16
d
W

=
t
=
t
=

87

( the period
2 2 6
6
p
t
mm / N 53 , 38 m / N 10 53 , 38
10 418 , 8
4 , 324
W
M
= =
= = t

b) of operation
)of a bearing represents the number of rotations that was initiated by the former
before the onset of signs of fatigue of the material, among a eye or among a body
of driving .
( )
3 5
3
3 3
B
p
m 10 454 , 2
16
10 50
16
d
W

=
t
=
t
=
( )
3 5
3
3 3
B
m 10 227 , 1
32
10 50
32
d
W

=
t
=
t
=
2 2 6
5
p
t
mm / N 22 , 13 m / N 10 22 , 13
10 454 , 2
4 , 324
W
M
= = =
= = t

2 2 6
5
z
z
mm / N 7 , 56 m / N 10 7 , 56
10 227 , 1
7 , 695
W
M
= =
= = o

2 2 6
5
y
y
mm / N 7 , 63 m / N 10 7 , 63
10 227 , 1
7 , 781
W
M
= =
= = o

2 2 6
4
ct
mm / N 56 , 18 m / N 10 56 , 18
10 63 , 19
4 , 36444
A
N
= =
= = o

( )
2 4
2
3 2
B
m 10 63 , 19
4
10 50
4
d
A

=
t
=
t
=
= t
= o + o + o = o
2
2
ct y z
N/mm 22 , 13
N/mm 138,96

The sustainability is determined with the relationship:
(1.29.47 ) ( )
a
2 2
ech
4
2
1
o s t + o + o = o L10 =The sustainability
rating [ mil.rotations ] C=the ability of dynamic loading of bearing base [ N ]

88

P=The dynamic load equivalent
a
2 2
ech
4 65 , 0 35 , 0 o s t + o + o = o
. P=exponant which has the following values: p=3 for the contact punctiform (
ball bearings ) respective p=3.33 for the contact liniars ( bearings with rollers .
5.2 The calculation of the capacity of dynamic loading of database
a
2 2
ech
4 o s t + o = o We defined the following basic
concepts:
The radial capacityo o t o
ech a
= + s
2 2
3 ( Cr

for a radial bearing )
is the radial load of value and constant direction which can be borne
theoretiquement during the nominal duration of operation of 106
( )
2 2 2
ech
mm / N 21 , 140 23 , 13 4 96 , 138 96 , 138
2
1
= + + = o
rotations
2 2 2
ech
mm / N 58 , 140 23 , 13 4 96 , 138 65 , 0 96 , 138 35 , 0 = + + = o
.
2 2 2
ech
mm / N 45 , 141 23 , 13 4 96 , 138 = + = o
The radial capacity
2 2 2
ech
mm / N 83 , 140 23 , 13 3 96 , 138 = + = o
( Cr

for a radial bearing-axial with of balls or rollers tapered on one makes ) is the
radial componante of the load that established a pure movement of radial

89

aneaux a against and which can be supported during the nominal duration of
operation of 106
rotations.
a) The axial capacity ( Ca - for an axial bearing ) represents the central load pure
axial, has constant value which can be borne theoritiquement during the
period of operation
b) of 106
rotations . due to the dispersion of the sustainability the ability to load a
bearing on two realize is not two times larger than that of a bearing on a makes
of the same construction;
The Dynamic radial load equivalent ( Pr ) is the radial load, value and constant
direction, under which the duration of nominal operation of the radial bearing
will be identical to the conditions of loading real.The dynamic axial load
equivalent ( Pa
) is the load pure central axial has constant value,
L
C
P
p
10
=
|
\
|
.
|
under which the duration of
nominal operation of axial bearing will be identical to the conditions of loading real.
The radial load equivalent ( Pr
) bearings radials has balls and radials-axials with marbles, loaded simultaneously
with a radial load Fr
and an axial load Fa
is determined with the relationship:

(1.29.48 )

Or: X= coefficient of radial loading and Y= axial coefficient.

90

The coefficients X and Y are chosen according to the report: Or > e. In the case
of constants turations better to use the value of the sustainability rating L10h
expressed in hours:
(1.29.49 ) 5.3 Example of calculation for the pump F220 K2We selected the
bearings radials has cylindrical rollers on one makes of the series, NJ310 ( STAS
3043-86 ) which have the following caractheristiques.
-The loading capacity equivalent dynamic: Cr=85 kN= 85,000 N-The ability to load
equivalent static: C0r=56 kN= 56,000 N-The load dynamic radial equivalent:
(1.29.50 )
- Because X = 1 and Y = 0. The sustainability rating
L10 can be calculated with the relations:
- (Mil. rotations] (1.29.51 ) [ORE]
- (1.29.52 )For p=320 bar Mil. RotationsThe sustainability rating of the bearings
for the pressure of 320 bar is:
Mil. Rotations
a r r
YF XF P + = Hours
For p=160 bar:
N
F
F
r
a
s e N
a
r
F
F
Mil. rotations

p
6
h 10
P
C
n 60
10
L
|
.
|
\
|
= Hours
Mil.rotations


91

1. Hours
For p= 80bar:
N

N
Mil. rotations
r a r r
F YF XF P = + =
Hours
Mil. rotations

L
C
P
r
r
10
3 33
=
|
\
|
.
|
,
Hours
L
n
C
P
h
r
r
10
6
3 33
10
60
=
|
\
|
.
|
,
The bearing axial-radial ball has a simple effect, dublu, vien of
the series 7310 BG or B-NT in accordance STAS 7416 /1 /2
- 86. This bearing type has the following caractheristiques:
N 5 , 23784 9 , 17766 7 , 15812 V H F
2 2 2
A
2
A r
= + = + =
N 5 , 23784 P
r
=
N 4 , 20811 F
4
5 , 3
F
r rmed
= =
N 4 , 20811 P
rmed
=
48 , 69 573 , 3
5 , 23784
85000
L
33 , 3
33 , 3
10
= = |
.
|
\
|
= -
The loading capacity of static equivalent: C0r=85,000 N
ore 3 , 643
1800 60
48 , 69 10
L
6
h 10
=
=

92

4 , 108 084 , 4
4 , 20811
85000
L
33 , 3
33 , 3
med 10
= = |
.
|
\
|
= ' - The loading capacity equivalent dynamic:
Cr=90,000 N
7 , 1003
1800 60
4 , 108 10
L
6
hmed 10
=
= ' - The turing limit in the case of lubrication has oil:

nmax=5000 rot/min.

- The dynamic load equivalent:
25 , 11892 F
2
1
F
r r
= = '
7 , 10405 F
2
1
F
rmed rmed
= = ' (1.29.53 )
If 8 , 698
25 , 11892
85000
L
33 , 3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
= ' , X=1 and Y=0 ; if
> 6470
1800 60
8 , 698 10
L
6
h 10
=
= ' e
and X = 0.35 and Y = 0.57 for e = 1.14 . 1090
7 , 10405
85000
L
33 , 3
med 10
= |
.
|
\
|
= ' For:
N 6 , 10092
1800 60
1090 10
L
6
hmed 10
=
= ' N
<
12 , 5946 F
4
1
F
r r
= = ' ' Result
N 85 , 5202 F
4
1
F
rmed rmed
= = ' '
N 9 , 7026
12 , 5946
85000
L
33 , 3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
= ' ' The sustainability rating L10
will be: 9 , 65063
1800 60
9 , 7026 10
L
6
h 10
=
= ' ' (1.29.54 )


93

(1.29.55 ) 8 , 10961
85 , 5202
85000
L
33 , 3
med 10
= |
.
|
\
|
= ' ' For p=320 bar
Mil. rotations 101498
1800 60
8 , 10961 10
L
6
hmed 10
=
= ' ' Hours

2. For p=160 bar For p=80 bar

Mil.rotations

6. The calculation of the bearing of the carcase flipper
In the calculation of the bearings of the carcass rocking it is assumed that the latter is actuated
by a centric force equal to the resultant of the forces of pressure, on the distribution plate. It
calculates the two reaction of bearings, R1 =R2 and it is checked the bearings tenand account
of a static solicitation because the basculation of the carcass is done relatively slow compared
to the nominal restructuring of common bearings. There are necessary the following checks:
a r r
YF XF P + = The loading of the
pivots
F
F
a
r
s e
F
F
a
r
of the tipper in the minimal section, located near the bearings
radials with needles ( roleaux cylindrical ) ; the bearings were not a inner ring,
the pivots of basculation being the internal rings.
The calculation of reactions
8 , 38188 3 , 34761 7 , 15812 V H F
2 2 2
B
2
B r
= + = + = If we want not account of the
streaming of the pressure on the distribution plate it follows:

4 , 36444 F
a
=
954 , 0
8 , 38188
4 , 36444
F
F
r
a
= = The verification of bearings114 ,

94

The bearings are radials with needles, of the series 4913 RNA in accordance STAS
7016 /1-76 and have the following caractheristiques: 85 , 38188 F P
r r
= =
. 2 , 33415 F
4
5 , 3
P
r rmed
= = D= 65mm
D= 90mm.
3
r
r
10
P
C
L
|
|
.
|
\
|
= B= 25mm
n 60
L 10
L
10
6
h 10
= Fw= 72mm ( the inside diameter

of the cage )
Nmax Petroleum Jelly
089 , 13
85 , 38188
90000
L
3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
=
2 , 121
1800 60
089 , 13 10
L
6
h 10
=
= Nmax oil
rotations mil L
hmed
. 089 , 13
85 , 38188
90000
3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
=
heures L
hmed
2 , 121
1800 60
089 , 13 10
6
10
=
=
The dynamic load capacity: Cr=54,000 N
N 4 , 19094 F
2
1
F
r r
= = '
N 2 , 16707 F
2
1
F
rmed rmed
= = '
rotations mil L . 71 , 104
4 , 19094
90000
3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
= '
heures L
h
5 , 969
1800 60
71 , 104 10
6
10
=
= '

95

rotations mil L
med
. 31 , 156
6 , 16707
90000
3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
= '
heures L
hmed
3 , 1447
1800 60
31 , 156 10
6
10
=
= '
The static load capacity: C0r=60,000 N
The verification of shear the minimal section of CEP of basculation. N 2 , 9547 F
4
1
F
r r
= = ' ' The
dimmensions caractherisitiques of this section are:
N 6 , 8353 F
4
1
F
rmed rmed
= = ' '
For these two diameters it follows: 7 , 837
2 , 9547
90000
3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
= ' ' L ( Negligible )
heures L
h
5 , 7756
1800 60
7 , 837 10
6
10
=
= ' '
Because the shear force is: rotations mil L
med
. 47 , 1250
8 , 8353
90000
3
10
= |
.
|
\
|
= ' '
heures L
hmed
4 , 11578
1800 60
47 , 1250 10
6
10
=
= ' '

The audit in the shear screwdriver from the CEP of basculation with grooves.
In the case of the pump F220, for the assembly of the CEP of basculation with
grooves with the corp of the carcass rocking it uses four
- screws M8 x 25 of the group 8.8 in accordance STAS 5144-70 ; these have the
following caractherisitiques:It is considered that the time maxim of basculation is:Is
supported by a single screw. The shear force has the value: Because the radius of
coupage is:
- The shear force is:Or: And: With these values we verified the relationship:
- Considering that the four existing referred:

96

a) The verification
of the screws of the carcase flipper
N 61 , 8397
2
22 , 16795
2
F
R R
pd
2 1
= = = =
These screws are those consents has
elongation and shear, the first solicitation being dominant. Tenand account of the value of
the force of pressure on the distribution plate ,
b)
There is calculated the following:
- The traction force can be sustained by the four screws is:A single screw can receive the force maxim
of:Considering the values of efforts eligible:
- The diameter of the screw is: div=6 mm =>
- NN
- The relation between the force permissible and the one needed is good( it covers
well)
- (Approximately 4.3) but the screws must be pretentiones to ensure the sealing, the
openings between the carcass tipper and its cover. As ca on as a reserve of small
resistance, which imposes the mount time.7. The calculation of the adjustment
device of the main pump
- 7.1 . The dimmensionement of the adjusting device of the capacity of the main
pump.
- The first step concerns the device sizing of electro-hydraulic control, due to the static
whereas' texts, after ca, the next step confirmed the dimensions and other
caractheristiques of componantes elements of the hydraulic control by a dynamic

97

calculation which has as main objective the determination of the response of a
specific signal by the digital simulation. From the point of view
- static
c) it is necessary to establish the elastic constants of the resorts of centering, their
precomprimations, the diameter of the hydraulic cylinder, also the extreme levels
of pressure for the command. For this purpose we used the ecuation of balancing
of the piston of the hydraulic control, complete with various restrictions of nature
practical. The equation of static balance of the piston of the hydraulic control is:
(1.29.56 )
| |
| |
| =
| =
0,030 +
0
0,013 -

7 H 65 d
5 h 72 d
i
0
e

It determines the expressions of forces involved in tenand account of the
restrictions imposed by the constructive solution chosen.
( )
2
mm 2 , 753 65 72
4
A
2 2
=
t
=
2
a
2 t
max
N/mm 300 N/mm 11,15
2 , 753
61 , 8397
A
F
= t = = = t The Force
elastic
N 61 , 8397 R R F
2 1 t
= = =
d) In the case of the classical solution the precomprimation springs we are not
interested in the calculated. If the resorts are put << in the cassette >> The elastic
force of centering include the precomprimation springs, yoe
.The elastic force is calculated with the relations:For the spring located <<in the
casette>>: (1.29.57 )
=
=
mm 8 d
mm 6 d
e
i

2
r
cm / daN 8000 > o
2 2
c
mm / N 640 cm / daN 6400 = = o

98

For the springs free:
( ) M 320 bar 86,4 N m
b
=
(1.29.58 )
F
M
r
t
b
t
= =
86 4
25 10
3456
3
,
NIt admits the same precomprimation for all springs.
To keep emi the diameter of the space or the springs are located, we used two
springs on each side of the piston. The winding direction of the coils of the
springs must be contrary, to avoid the intersection of the coils during a buckling.
mm 25 r
t
=
The control force

2 2 6
6
N/mm 122,25 N/m 10 122,25
10 27 , 28
3456
= =
= =

v
t
f
A
F
t
The proportional valve double uses for the provided command the force:
2 6 2
2 2
m 10 28,27 mm 28,27
4
6
4

= =
= =
t t
i
v
d
A
(1.29.59 ) t
af
= 300 N/ mm
2

The strength of basculation
t t
f af
<
The force required which ensures the basculation has any angle is proportionale
with discharge pressure of the pump rule:
2 2 6
6
N/mm 30,56 N/m 10 30,56
10 27 , 28 4
3456
4
= =

= = '

v
t
f
A
F
t
e) (1.29.60 )This force tends to cancel the angle of basculation. For the calculation
of the constant Kb
it must know the strength of corresponding failover has the nominal pressure:
N 22 , 16795 F
pd
= (1.29.61 )

99

This force should intervene at the radius Rb
of the rod of basculation. The elastic constant total is:
t
F 4 F =

as
i
v
d
F o
t
4
2
=
(1.29.62 )
o
r
> 8000 daN/ cm
2

o
c
~ = 6400 daN/ cm 640 N/ mm
2 2

The establishment of constants is done after the calculation of
predimensionnement springs. The ecuation of static balance is:
A
s
=

=
t 6
4
28 27
2
, mm
2

18092,8 640 27 , 28 F
adm
= = (1.29.63 )
72371,2 8 , 18092 4 F
tadm
= = Therefore
(1.29.64 )
We observed the

elastic constant equivalent and the constant for the precomprimation of springs
are located in a single unknown. Therefore it is necessary the following
iterations:
For y=0 ( the pump has the capacity stance ) ,

100

= 0 because: (1.29.65 )The free running the control pressure usually has the
value pc=5 bar , and concerning the rated pressure of the pump discharge, ppn
F F F
c e b
= + , the pressure of
commencement of setting is: pc= 10........ 12 bar =>
(1.29.66 )
a) For: y = ymax (
= max) it imposes the control pressure:
Result:
(1.29.67 )
( )( ) F K K y y
e e e e
= + + 2
1 2 0
We chose
recital that the precomprimation springs depend on the capacity of the
pump.
( ) F K K y
e e e
= + 2
1 2
Of thefirst condition it calculi
the elastic constant total, Ke

, and of the 2nd condition it follows the diference of pressure which must
have values of 25 .50 bar . We chose preliminare Ke1 =Ke2
b) and it is the sizing of the springs with the following restrictions:
The outside diameter of the resort must be compatible with the allesage the
hydraulic cylinder.
F p
d
p A
c c
c
c c
= =
t
2
4
Concerning the comprimation
Maxime, the springs must interactioner one compared to the other with a game large
enough.
c) 7.2 Example of calculation for the pump F220
1. Preliminary Information
F K p
b b p
= A) for the outer spring:

101

- MM ( the
( )
K
F p
p
b
b pn
pn
=
outer diameter of the wire )-
MM K K K
e e e
= +
1 2
( the not )
-
A p p K K y K y
c c pn b e e e
= + + 2 2
0
MM
( the length free
( ) y K K p p A 5 , 0 y K
e b pn c c e 0 e
= necomprimat
)-
MMo ( the wrapping radius )
y R
b
= sino B) for the inner spring:
- MM
b pn c c e 0 e
K p p A y K 2 = -
MM -o MMo
-

bar 50 ... 25 p p
max c c
~ = MM
( )
| |
p
A
p K K y y
c
c
pn b e e max max
= + +
1
2
0
- The cylinder
diameter dc= 62mm
- The radius of the manivele: Rm= 47mm ( ) y d
e 0
0 2 0 3 ~ , ... , - The
time of adjusting Mb ( 320 bar ) = 86.4 Nm2. The calculation of rigidity of spring
inclined:We used the relationship:
a) (1.29.68 )
b) Or:


102

G=modul of cross elasticity ( G=810,000 daN/cm2
for the steel spring )

R=the average radius of provision of coils ( winding ) 9 d
1 e
= .Of=the diameter
of the wire. Do=the number of coils
(B) 15 p
1 e
= the relationship of calculation of the rigidity of the outer spring:
127 L
1 e
= For: Coils
5 , 20 R
1 e
= Result:
Dan/cm
N/md
e2
5 = Of the relationship of calculation of the rigidity of the inner spring:
10 p
2 e
=
For: 112 L
2 e
=
Coils 12 R
2 e
=

The rigite total spring:
The calculation of the force of failoverHas the pressure rating:
N
The calculation of pretensionnement springs
e
3
e
4
e e
e
n R 64
Gd
y
F
K = = The specific conditions of
adjustment are:
The tilt angle:
= 0;The stroke of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder: y=0 ;
The delivery pressure of the pump: pn=0 ; The strength of failover: Fb=0 .

103

At the beginning of the setting chosen as the control pressure pc= 5bar. In this de Rgim:

Or:

(1.29.69 )In this ecuation, M2 M
The calculation of the commencement of setting has the nominal working pressure
K
Gd
R n
e
e
e e
1
1
4
1
3
1
64
=
This region is defined by the following conditions:The stroke of the piston of the hydraulic
cylinder is zero: y=0 ;
The delivery pressure of the pump has the nominal value: pn=320 bar n
L
p
e
e
e
1
1
1
127
15
8 5 = = = ,
Of the complete equation for the balance of the piston:
Result (1.29.70 )
Or: K
e1
4
3
810000 0 9
64 2 05 8 5
113395 =

=
,
, ,
, The calculation of the pressure setting for the capacity
maxime=113395In this case:
c) Therefore:
M
2 e
3
2 e
4
2 e
2 e
n R 64
Gd
K =
mmOf the relationship:
(1.29.71 ) 2 , 11
10
112
p
L
n
2 e
2 e
2 e
= = = Result:
The calculation of the pressure setting for the capacity Maxime and discharge pressure to
zero.The equation for static balance become:
(1.29.72 ) m / N 40871 cm / daN 871 , 40
2 , 11 2 , 1 64
5 , 0 810000
K
3
4
2 e
= =

= Therefore:

104

d) The calculation of the efforts tangetiels springs
m / N 154266 40871 113395 K K K
2 e 1 e e
= + = + =
3. The unit effort is tangential calculi with the relationship:
(1.29.73 )
( ) F
M
R
b
b
m
320 bar
,
,
, = = =
86 4
0 047
1838 3For the steel of resort customary (55VCR11),

4. The first spring provided the force:
Or:
- Result:oFor the second spring:
- Or:
- In this case:
- The caractheristique pc adjustment
(y, p) represents a field type << band>> (fig.A29.1-3).
e c
F F =
Fig. A. 29.1 -3. The caractheristique static of the control device.
p A K y
c c e e
= 2
0
7.3 The study of the dynamic
behavior of the dispositive of adjustment of the capacity of the main pump.
The theme of design: The hydraulic control proportional, command used for
the adjustment of the capactite of the main pump.
A
d
c
c
= =

=

t t
2 2
4
4
0 062
4
3019 10
,
, As a control element it has chosen a normal
valve-open, dual control by pedals which in the version electro-hydraulic is equivalent with a normal
valve-open, double proportional. In the nominal life on the mobile outilages is used the two
commands, the mechanical-hydraulic being specific to conventional outilages.

105

y
p A
K
e
c c
e
0
5 4
3
2
5 10 3019 10
2 154266
4 9 10 = =

,
, The dynamic calculation of the control
device has as its goal, the determination of the dynamic performance ( the reaction time of the
command ) , in the conditions of a aparature with known performance and
5. the additional elements specific to the given pump.
The determination of the response of command has different signals is not possible
without the simularea digital because the mathematical model used for the systhem
is non-liniare.
- In the following figure we show the responses of the servo-pump F220 K2 equipped
with a control device for electro-hydraulic for signals
- carees
alternative, with a mean amplitude.
( ) p A K y F
c c e e b
= + 2 320
0
bar
Fig. A. 29.1 -4. The response of the servo-pump F220 K2 equipped with a control
device for electro-hydraulic signals the
( )
p
K y F
A
c
e e b
c
=
+ 2 320
0
bar
carees
alternatives.
bar 1 , 11 m / N 10 09 , 11
10 019 , 3
3 , 1838 10 9 , 4 154266 2
p
2 5
3
3
c
~ =
+
=

6. 8.3 The simulation of the servo pump
The analysis of electrohydraulic servo pump(s)quick
y R
m max
sin = 25
0

The establishment of the problem.
y
max
, , , = = 0 047 0 422 0 01983The systems of electro setting powerful use of
electrohydraulic amplifiers quick ( servovalves ). Here I present =19 83 , the

106

dynamic analysis of a servo pump with axial pistons, with a block inclined , its
capacity is adjusted using a servo fast eh.
In the general case, the the fact the setting of a transmission hydraustatique formed
by a volumetric pump, an engine by volume and a pressure control valve, by a hydraulic
cylinder with double effect and
( )
( )
p p
K y y F
A
c n
e e b
c
o
max
max
, =
+ + 2
0
return
, connected to an amplifier eh, fast with 4 see and 3 positions, with the center closed
critical.
( )
( )
bar 36 , 31 m / N 10 36 , 31
10 019 , 3
3 , 1838 0049 , 0 01983 , 0 154266 2
bar 320 , 25 p
2 5
3
0
c
= =
=
+ +
=

7. The position of the hydraulic cylinder is measured constanement has the assistance of
a translator of inductiv position, connected to
a link tensiometrique(punte tensiometrica).
( )
( )
p p
K y y
A
c n
e e
c
o
max
max
, =
+ 2
0
The electronic equipment of
command ( the servocontrol ) include a modul of prescription of the position, a modul
of calculation and amplification of the error followed, a signal generator DITHER and a
modul conversion voltage-current ( current generator ), necessary for the quick
adjustment of the servovalve.
To ensure the cancellation of the pump capacity, in the case of the disappearance of
the control voltage, at the terminals of the servocontroler in the diagram we also
introduces a distributor, with two tracks

107

( )
( )
bar 27 , 25 m / N 10 27 , 25
10 019 , 3
0049 , 0 01983 , 0 15266 2
bar ,0 20 p
2 5
3
0
c
= =
=
+
=

8. and positions, which is the link between the chambers of the hydraulic cylinder by a
resort feature precompresses, in absence of an electrical control signal.
THE MODELING MATHMATIQUE
t
t
ef
e e
e
F R
d
=
16
3
The mathematical model of the
systhem contains the following operations.
The caractheristique of the distributor of the servovalve
2
a
cm / daN 5000 ... 4000 = t
His power stage is usually a distributor of adjustment with 4 tracks
( ) F K y y
e e e 1 1 0 max max
= +
and 3 positions, having the windows distribution riguresusement rectangular and the
closed center critical.
( ) N 2 , 2804 0049 , 0 01983 , 0 113395 F
max 1 e
= + =
Its caractheristique is:
( )
2 2 8
3
3
max 1
cm / daN 4000 m / N 10 4
10 9
0205 , 0 2 , 2804 16
= =
t

= t

( ) F K y y
e e e 2 2 0 max max
= +
1.2.1
( ) N 7 , 1010 0049 , 0 01983 , 0 40871 F
max 2 e
= + =
In the relationship below:
( )
2 2 8
3
3
max 2
cm / daN 4941 m / N 10 941 , 4
10 5
012 , 0 7 , 1010 16
= =
t

= t


108

X=the movement of the distributor of the neutral positionP=the pressure difference
of the fittings of the hydraulic cylinder

A(x) =The range of ports

for distribution on each tracks

. CD= the flow coefficient of the openings, considered unique

109

. Ps=The pressure supply to the servovalve considers constant
The caractheristique of the distributor of the servovalve can be written in the form:
1.2.2
Or: 1.2.3 Represents the amplification factor of the flow
of the distributor, caractherise by the use of the perimeter of distribution, <<1.

THE ecuation of movement of the spool.The producers of servovalves indicate, for
each model, the functions of transfer to the corresponding process of adjusting slow,
normal and fast. As ca for the
let slow, the servovalve may be regarded a proportional element caractherise only
by the amplification factor.

1. 1.2.4
Therefore
1.2.5In the process of setting normal,

110

the servovalve can be regarded as an element of delay of the first order.
1.2.6
Or
1.2.7

1.2 It follows the ecuation differential:

1) 1.2.8
In this relationship TSV director-generalor the constant temp of the servovalve.
In the case of process
fast,
( )
()
the servovalve must be assimilated with an element of

retarderment second order .

1.2.9
Or
The director-generalor natural pulsation and the depreciation factor.
THE ecuation of the translator of hsen
The translator of hsen inductive and the

links tensiometriques

111

relating react as an element of retarding of the first order, with a time constant much
smaller, compared to that of servovalves. Normally for a frequency of 1000Hz the dimming
of a systhem such measurement is from -3dB . In the case of servo pump(s)of the hydrostatic
transmissions industrial, the user supplied voltage by the PUNTE TENSOMETRICA pertaining
thereto has a translator inductive of good quality ( BOSH SCHAEWITZ, HOTINGER etc ) is
reliable performer proportienelle with the position of the element mobil, solidar with the
piston of the hydraulic cylinder.
( )

2.1.10
OrKt=The constant of the translator [ V/m ]

2) . Y=The movement of the hydraulic cylinder by report has the HSEN neutral
THE ecuation of the electronic indicator
The dial gauge calculates and PRELUCREAZA the difference between the reference signal (
prescription ) U0 and the signal given by the translator of hsen Ut
. 2.1.11
Or

=The error of setting

The servocontrols analog includent normal trainers of rail, the amplifiers PID type and
limiters of signals used in conformity with the process of adjustment in the servo pump is
involved. The modern servocontrols, used in the adjustment process, conducted by
computers industrials was sold, are hybrid (digital and analogue ), the digital part being of
type FUZZY or neural type. The use of identification in real temp ( RTI ) and the predictive
control generalized ( GPC ) leads to results travel around, but the cost of the systhem of
justified has now just in the case of special applications. The rapid drop of costs of
equipaments of calculation Industriales, for high reliability and the increase of redundancy,
the latter will happen in the next decade the generalization of the numeric control of
electrohydraulic servomechanisms and processes incorporated.

112

()
()
THE ecuation of the current generator of the servocontrol

In the case of use of an amplifier of error
proportional, the current generator of the servocontrol can be equated with a proportional
element because it is much faster as compared to the other elements of the
systhem:
() ()
()

2.1.12
Or
()Kie
(A/V) represents the conversion factor, which include also the constant amplification of
error.THE ecuation of continuity of the soussystem distributor-hydraulic cylinder
This equation represents the connections between the flow rate of the servovalve and the
derivative of the pressure drop on the hydraulic motor.
2.1.13
Or
()
()
Ap=the area of the piston

K1 =the coefficient of leaks between the chambers of the hydraulic cylinder
HR=the rigite hydraulic hydraulic cylinder with double effect

3) 2.1.14
In this relationship e represents the modulus of elasticity equivalent of the liquid and V't
represents the total volume of the fluid from the hydraulic cylinder and these fittings.
To decrease the error of the static systhem we avoided the use of sealing elements
elastometrique and realized the leaks in the carcase of the servo pump. Therefore in the
calculation of the coefficient of leaks can be considered the laminar movement by a slot
inelaire, located in the average diameter of the piston dp

113

having the length lp
:

4) 2.1.15
Or j represents the radial clearance of the piston.THE ecuation of movement of the piston of
the hydraulic cylinderThe pressure force of Fp
must INVINGA the elastic force Fe
, the force of failover Fb

, the frictional force Ff
and the force of inertia, therefore:
2.1.16Or
5)
2.1.17
2.1.18

2.1.19
And mc represents the mass of the carcass reduced flipper has the piston rod of the
hydraulic cylinder.
6) For the Ff
between the piston and the cylinder is considered a static componante FFS
and a visquese Ffv
:

2.1.20

114

2.1.21
In the case of servo pump(s)industriales the stroke of the piston and relatively small and the
speed maxim of the piston does not exceed 1 m/s; as ca the componante visquese and much
smaller compared to that static.
The caractherisitique servo pump

The theoretical flow of a servo that works has a constant restructuring is proportional with
the movement of the piston from the neutral position.
2.1.22The constant KQ
corresponds has the capacity Maxime, determined by the race maxim of the eh
servomecanism ymax THE DIGITAL SIMULATION
In the system of ecuation who represents the mathematical model of the system there are
two ecuation nonlineares:
The caractheristique of the distributor and the ecuation

of movement of the piston.
To determine the solution of the systhem in initial conditions nules, we can use two
methods:
7) We neglected the frottemens static, and it determines the transfer function using the
stripe on the right form of the caractheristique of distributor, calculating the flow
coefficient - Pressure of the floor of strength with the method proposed in before.
1.3.1 B) It is necessary to integrate the digital systhem nonlineare for
different signals U0 (t) or disturbances P(t).The conclusion of the analysis liniarise are valid
just for small oscillations of the sythem around a point of operation. In the case of signals or
disturbances of large amplitude it is necessary to take into cosideration the model
nonlineare.We present the findings of the digital integrations made with the program
SIMULINK-MATLAB. The network of digital simulation synthetic corresponding to the
mathematical model proposed is presented in figure 1.2 .In utilisand the mathematical
model nonlineare presents at the top, it has carried out experiments of digital simulation to

115

establish the influence of constructive parameters and fonctionals on the dynamic
comportament servo pump.
The calculations presented in this chapter have been performed for the following typical
data:
KQx= 0.88 m2/s; Ps=70 bar ; Kxi= 0.02 m/A ; TSV= 0.01 s ; U0 =
1 ..10 V; Kt=500 V/m ;
Kie= 0.005 A/V ; Ap= 1.256 * 10-3
m2 ; Kl= 9.1 * 10-13
m5/n * s

)(
); Rh/Ap2= 1.6 * 1013

N/m2 ;
.Mc=20 kg ; Ffs0 = 125 250 N ; p= 0 300 bar ; Ke=100,000 N/m ;

yoe=5 mm;
We present the response of the servomecanism the signals typical square, with amplitudes
between 1V and 10V. It is constant that the choice of a servovalve of relative capacity large,
ensures a prompt answer own for modern transmissions.The response of the systhem has a
carachter
aperiodic the time constant being of order of 0.04 s .The variation of flow in relation to the
time of the pump for control signal care
.
Experimental ssaies
Voila a simulation of a hydrostatic transmission for the direction of a heavy poisoning
category
Instalation of electro-hydraulic control.

Tray of systhem of guidance of the poisoning category, has observed the translator position.
8) Program of data acquisition
Signals acquisitiones

Static Characteristic
The transmissions
are hydrostatic used in the case

116

1.3 of heavy machines, because they
are much more flexible in relation to the mechanical transmissions.
A hydrostatic transmission can be amplasee in any position. The hydrostatic motor is
compact so it allows it to be placed in any places.
The torque provided by a hydraulic motor is higher relative to the torque of an electric
motor andmakeanyamendments has 100 times more fort, for the same dimmensions,
therefore the hydrostatic transmissions are more efficient regarding the large couples
specially in the case of heavy vehicles of traction.
a) During the work of my license, I have carried out a study on the transmissions used in
installations of high powers and of very high power. I analysis of constructive point of
view the hydraulic diagram of a hydrostatic transmission with a block of
refrechissement
and electro-hydraulic control i dimmensione the componantes

active of this transmission. I evidencie and I have dealt with the specific problems of
the servo pump(s)and hydraulic motors of volumetric transmissions.
I performed a mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of a servo pump, using the
SIMULINK.

SUMMARY:
Chapter 1:

General information:Introduction:1.2 Classification of
transmissions
hydraulic and

117

pneumatic tires 61.3 The advantages and disadvantages

of

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
49.8
50
50.2
50.4
50.6
50.8
51
51.2
Raspunsul la semnal treapta
T[s]
Q
[
l
/
m
i
n
]
deplasarea
pistonului
Uo
simout
To Workspace1
t
To Workspace
Q
60
Gai n
Ecuatia de
miscare a
pistonului
Ecuatia de
continuitate
Ecuatia
generatorului
de curent
Ecuatia
de miscare
a sertarului
servovalvei
Ecuatia
comparatorului
50
Constant
Clock
Caracteristica
distribuitorului
servovalvei
Add

118

transmissions

hydraulic


119

and

tires 7

120

1.3.1 Benefits 71.3.2


121

Disadvantages 11
1.3.3 The hydrostatic transmissions and the news
13 Chapter 2The

liquids
used

in the


122

transmissions
15 hydraulic 2.2
Properties
1 Basic
of fluids fonctionales 162.2.1 The viscosity 16
2.2.2 The lubricating quality 22 2.2.3 The density and the compressibility 23
2.2.4 The inflamabilite
252.2.5
Compatibility with the materials of the systhem
262.2.6

Other properties
27 2.3 . Types of
liquids fonctionals 29 2.3 .1Liquids
has vegetable basis 292.3.2 The liquids
has mineral base 302.3.3 Liquids non-
inflamables water based 312.3.4 Synthetic Liquids
32
Chapter 3The design of a hydrostatic transmission of a tooling mobile
343.1.1 Data Caractheristiques

123

343.1.2 Objectives caractheristiques:
363.2
The establishment of the
schematic
hydraulic of a transmission hydrostatic 383.3 The
sizing
of the
main components
of
the transmission 46
3.3.1 Sizing of hydraulic motors 46
3.4 Sizing
of the main pump

503.5 The justification of solutions of principle and
constructive solutions adopted
533.5.1 The justification of solutions of principle and constructive adopted for the
main pump
533.5.2 The
justification of the solutin of principle and constructive adopted for hydraulic motors
583.5.3 The
justification of the solution in principle and constructive adopted for the adjuster from the
capacity of the main pump 601 The steps of the

124

main design 622 The calculation of the rotary
sousensamble 632.1 The calculation of the
diameter of the disk of entrainnement (the diameter of provision of the main spheres of
rods) 63
2.2 The calculation of the diameter of the block of the cylinders (diameter of provision of
small speheres of rods)
642.3 The calculation of the angle of oscilation of rods in the pistons
642.4 The calculation of the coefficient of the nonuniformite flow
652.5 The calculation of the frequencies of the flow
652.6 Example of calculation for the pump F220 K2
653.
The calculation of the
system
of
distribution
66
3.1 The establishment of a solution in principle for the systhem distribution 66
3.2 The calculation of angles of covery of the distribution 70
3.3 The calculation of dimmensionement of slots and windows of distribution
71
3.4 The calculation of the resort of the block of cylinders
74
3.5 Example of calculation for the pump F220 K2 75
4. The calculation of resistance of the pump shaft
79

125

4.1 The calculation of angles of amplacement pistons
79
4.2 The calculation of componantes of pressure forces
794.3 The calculation of reactions
834.5 The calculation of eforts in the caractheristiques sections of the shaft
845. The calculation of bearings principals
865.1 The calculation of durability of the bearings
865.2 The calculation of the capacity of dynamic loading of database


886. The calculation of the bearing of the carcase flipper

927. The calculation of the adjustment device of the main pump

967.1 . The dimmensionement of the adjusting device of the capacity of the main
pump.
967.2 Example of calculation for the pump F220
997.3 The study of the dynamic behavior of the dispositive of adjustment of
the capacity of the main pump

1058.3 The simulation of the servo pump
106
Conclusions 112 Bibliography:Daniela Vasiliu ;
Nicolae Vasiliu ; Ilie Catana , Reglarea Masinilor Hidraulice Volumice, Editura
Tehnica, Bucuresti 1997

126

Daniela Vasiliu ; Nicolae Vasiliu , Actionari hidraulice if pneumatice, Editura Tehnica,
2004United States Patent Application Publication
; Pub. No. : US 2006/0210406 A1 Pub. Date: Sep. 21, 2006Catan I.
- Reglarea i automatizarea sistemelor hidraulice, Litografia U.P. B. ,1981Vasiliu N. ,
Vasiliu D. ,Theodorescu C. , Catan I. - Servo i hidraulice pneumatice, Editura U.P. B. , 1992
Marcel Guillon : Study and determination of hydraulic systemsInternet:
Www.forum-auto.comAt www.parker.com
Http://www.parker.com/portal/site/parker/menuitem.7100150cebe5bbc2d6806710
237ad1ca/?vgnextoid=f5c9b5bbec622110vgnvcm10000032a71dWww.wme.com
George Niculescu Hydrostatic Transmissions for
heavy autovehicules1
7.1. Le dimmensionement du dispositif de reglage de la capacit de la pompe
principale. 96
7.2 Example de calcul pour la pompe F220 99
7.3 Letude du comportement dynamique du dispositive de rglage de la capacit de
la pompe principale 105
8.3 La simulation de la servopompe 106
Conclusions 112


127

Bibliographie :
1) Daniela Vasiliu ; Nicolae Vasiliu ; Ilie Catana , Reglarea Masinilor Hidraulice
Volumice, editura Tehnica, Bucuresti 1997
2) Daniela Vasiliu ; Nicolae Vasiliu , Actionari hidraulice si pneumatice, editura Tehnica,
2004
3) United States Patent Application Publication ; Pub. No. : US 2006/0210406 A1
Pub. Date : Sep. 21, 2006
4) Catan I. Reglarea i automatizarea sistemelor hidraulice, Litografia U.P.B.,1981
5) Vasiliu N., Vasiliu D.,Theodorescu C., Catan I. Servomecanisme hidraulice i
pneumatice, Editura U.P.B., 1992
6) Marcel Guillon : tude et dtermination des systemes hydrauliques
7) Internet :
www.forum-auto.com
www.parker.com
http://www.parker.com/portal/site/PARKER/menuitem.7100150cebe5bbc2d6806710237ad
1ca/?vgnextoid=f5c9b5bbec622110VgnVCM10000032a71dacRCRD&vgnextfmt=EN&vgnextc
atid=6166258&vgnextcat=HYDRAULIC%20PUMPS&Wtky=PUMPS
www.wme.com


128

Hydrostatic Transmissions for Heavy Vehicles

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Hydrostatic Transmissions for Heavy Vehicles

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

George Niculescu Transmissions hydrostatiques pour les autovhicules lourds

= ' - The turing limit in the case of lubrication has oil:

= ' ' (1.29.54 )

= ' ' Hours

= Fw= 72mm ( the inside diameter

the servovalve must be assimilated with an element of

OrKt=The constant of the translator [ V/m ]

=The error of setting

THE ecuation of the current generator of the servocontrol

Ap=the area of the piston

HR=the rigite hydraulic hydraulic cylinder with double effect

, the force of failover Fb

The caractherisitique servo pump

The caractheristique of the distributor and the ecuation

); Rh/Ap2= 1.6 * 1013

.Mc=20 kg ; Ffs0 = 125 250 N ; p= 0 300 bar ; Ke=100,000 N/m ;

Instalation of electro-hydraulic control.

and electro-hydraulic control i dimmensione the componantes

Potrebbero piacerti anche