Hw 3 Weiyuan Chen Scott Silverstein

Part 1
FDS Mesh analysis: Origin at SW corner of plan, use x = y = z = 0.3 m is adequate because this homework focus on specify the heat release rate; computational grids like ( x = 1, 2 m ) will not affect the heat release rate.; the mesh size is important factor in FDS, but not majority in this homework. Calculation T-Square fire: , where and t is time (s), is the HRR (kW), is the fire growth coefficient (kW/s2),

= 516/(-240)^(2) = 0.00896 kW/s2

THRRPUA = HRR/A = 516kw/0.81m2 = 637kw/m2,

Above figure is the time variations of the heat release rate from FDS simulation of FMSNL4. The orange curve represents the total heat release rate; the yellow curve

represents the convention; the grey curve represents the radiation; the blue curve represents the conduction. The convention is main part of the HRR, then is the radiation, only little conduction occur. From below table, the total heat release is equal to the sum of radiation, convection and conduction (the last column). When t = 360 s, the second column HRR is 524 kW and the sum of column third, fourth and fifth are 521 kW, so the result is very close. Some heat lost in the wall because it is not perfectly insulated. CFAST Our CFAST result was comparable to our FDS results.

Appendix Part 1
FDS Code:

&HEAD CHID='FMSNL4_HW3_1', TITLE='ENFP426 course'/ &MESH IJK=60,40,20,XB=0.0,18.0,0.0,12.0,0.0,6.0/ Origin at SW corner of plan &TIME TWFIN=360./ &REAC FUEL='PROPYLENE',SOOT_YIELD=0.01/ HW2 &OBST XB=11.7,12.6,5.7,6.6,0.0,0.3,

SURF_IDS='BURNER','INERT','INERT'/ &SURF ID='BURNER', HRRPUA = 637, TAU_Q=-240/ 637= 516kw/0.81m2, fire growth coefficient is 0.00896 kw/s2 &SURF ID MATL_ID = 'SIDE_WALL', = 'MARINITE_3',

THICKNESS = 0.025/ &SURF ID MATL_ID = 'FLOOR', = 'CONCRETE',

THICKNESS = 0.025/ &SURF ID = 'CEILING',

MATL_ID = 'MARINITE_3', THICKNESS = 0.025/ &MATL ID = 'CONCRETE', CONDUCTIVITY = 1.75 DENSITY = 2200. SPECIFIC_HEAT = 1.0/ from CFAST database

&MATL ID = 'MARINITE_3', CONDUCTIVITY = 0.23 DENSITY = 1000. SPECIFIC_HEAT = 1.16/ from survivor's guide

&VENT XB=0.3,0.9,5.1,6.9,6.0,6.0, SURF_ID='OPEN' / Ceiling vent &VENT MB=XMIN, SURF_ID = 'SIDE_WALL'/ &VENT MB=XMAX, SURF_ID = 'SIDE_WALL'/ &VENT MB=YMIN, SURF_ID = 'SIDE_WALL'/ &VENT MB=YMAX, SURF_ID = 'SIDE_WALL'/ &VENT MB=ZMIN, SURF_ID = 'FLOOR'/ &VENT MB=ZMAX, SURF_ID = 'CEILING'/ &OBST XB=2.7,3.3, 2.7,3.3,4.8,6.0, SURF_IDS='INERT','INERT','MECHANICAL_VENT'/ &OBST XB=8.7,9.3, 2.7,3.3,4.8,6.0, SURF_IDS='INERT','INERT','MECHANICAL_VENT'/ &OBST XB=14.7,15.3, 2.7,3.3,4.8,6.0,

SURF_IDS='INERT','INERT','MECHANICAL_VENT'/ &OBST XB=2.7,3.3, 8.7,9.3,4.8,6.0, SURF_IDS='INERT','INERT','MECHANICAL_VENT'/ &OBST XB=8.7,9.3, 8.7,9.3,4.8,6.0, SURF_IDS='INERT','INERT','MECHANICAL_VENT'/ &OBST XB=14.7,15.3, 8.7,9.3,4.8,6.0, SURF_IDS='INERT','INERT','MECHANICAL_VENT'/ &SURF ID = 'MECHANICAL_VENT' / HW2

&DUMP DT_PL3D=100.,DT_DEVC=1.0,DT_HRR=1.0, WRITE_XYZ=.TRUE., PLOT3D_QUANTITY(1)='TEMPERATURE', PLOT3D_QUANTITY(2)='MASS FRACTION', PLOT3D_SPEC_ID(2)='OXYGEN', PLOT3D_QUANTITY(3)='U-VELOCITY', PLOT3D_QUANTITY(4)='W-VELOCITY', PLOT3D_QUANTITY(5)='HRRPUV'/ &TAIL/

Part 2 N-Heptane injected into Compartment

Graph 1

An initial unsteady mass flow regime was found in the first 1.65 seconds after the heptane is initially released into the compartment. We will look at vertical flow in this time section. A large initial spike seen in the Zmax boundry graph indicates mass being ejected from the compartment as the heptane is initially ejected with a vertical velocity. This is
Figure 1 .5 seconds Figure 2 1 second Figure 3 1.6 seconds

Vertical Flow

confirmed in figure 1 with red indicating upward velocity. This flow displaces the mass in the compartment vertically, until the heptane momentum is slowed by 1 second aseen in figure 2. Then we can see downward flow start to form in the Zmax boundry graph. This is confirmed by figure 3 with blue indicating downward flow.

Horizontal Flow

Figure 4 Horizontal velocity over time, red indicating flow to the right, towards the Xmax boundary. Blue indicating leftward flow towards the center of the heptane plume. From 0 to 1.6 seconds.

As the end of the upward velocity slows, the heptane is forced horizontally, displacing compartment mass outwards past the Xmax boundary. Gravitational/buoyancy forces then cause the heptane to travel downwards, towards the Zmin axis, where there is a solid boundary. The heptane flows into void regions, falling into a vortex forming between the up and down flows of heptane. As more mass flows into this vortex, the down flow of heptane is pushed right towards the Xmax boundary. By 1 second, the heptane flow has reached both the Zmin and Xmax boundarys.
Figure 5 Total velocity graph with blue indicating 0 m/s and red indicating .7 m/s at 1.6 seconds

The velocity profile for the heptane also varies over time. The initial release rate is slowed at the boundary regions initially, but as a flow is formed through the x axis, heptane at the release area speeds up to supply the outflow. The velocity at the initial injection point and the Xmax boundary outflow are the fastest with the vortex and area where heptane and air meet being the slower regions. Seen in figure 5.

Since the injection mass rate is fixed, injection mass cannot fully compensate for outflow. Particles at the injection boundary are accelerated by surrounding flow but this does not equate an increased mass inflow rate. As seen on the graph, inflow speed at both the Xmax and Zmax boundarys begins to pick up. The increased movement happens at around 1.2 seconds on the graph and can be assumed to be the time where mass flow out of the compartment is greater than the mass rate of heptane being injected. As such, air from outside the compartment flows in to maintain the conservation of mass within the compartment. Interestingly, the majority of inward air flow comes from the Zmax boundary, which is counter intuitive to the heptane being injected with a upwards velocity. However, gravity and viscosity slow this vertical velocity, removing its impact by .6 seconds, where then the effects of gravity create an overall downward flow on the heptane. A boundary at the Xmin axis does not allow for compensating air flow in the horizontal direction to make up for mass lost at the Xmax boundary, so this mass is made up by inflow through the Zmax boundary. From 1.6 seconds to 2 seconds the flow is in its transition phase. A steady flow becomes established from accelerating particals downward from the Zmax boundary to the bottom of the Xmax boundary. The slower, larger compartment flow feeds the significantly accelerated and thin flow seen in the bottom right corner of figure 5. The leftward moving flow seen in the last slide of figure 4 is very small and can be seen to be insignificant on figure 5.

Appendix
FDS Code
&HEAD CHID='N-HEPTANE_2d', TITLE='Axisymmetric N-HEPTANE Plume, SVN $Revision$' /

&MESH IJK=72,1,144 XB=0.00,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.16, CYLINDRICAL=.TRUE. / &TIME TWFIN=5/ &MISC DNS=.TRUE., NOISE=.FALSE. / &PRES VELOCITY_TOLERANCE=1.E-6, MAX_PRESSURE_ITERATIONS=100 / &RADI RADIATION=.FALSE. / &SPEC ID='N-HEPTANE' / &SURF ID='N-HEPTANE', VEL=-0.673, SPEC_ID(1)='N-HEPTANE', MASS_FRACTION(1)=1.0 / the minus sign indicates the particles are ejected from the surface &SURF ID='wall', TMP_FRONT=20., DEFAULT=.TRUE., COLOR='GRAY' / &VENT XB=0.08,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.16, SURF_ID='OPEN' / &VENT XB=0.00,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.16,0.16, SURF_ID='OPEN' / &OBST XB=0.0,0.036,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.02, SURF_IDS='NHEPTANE','wall','wall' /

&DUMP PLOT3D_QUANTITY(1)='PRESSURE',PLOT3D_QUANTITY(5)='MASS FRACTION',PLOT3D_SPEC_ID(5)='N-HEPTANE' / PLOT3D_QUANTITY(3)='U-VELOCITY', PLOT3D_QUANTITY(2)='W-VELOCITY',

&SLCF &SLCF &SLCF &SLCF &SLCF

PBY=0.000,QUANTITY='VELOCITY', VECTOR=.TRUE., CELL_CENTERED=.TRUE. / PBY=0.000,QUANTITY='DENSITY', CELL_CENTERED=.TRUE. / PBY=0.000,QUANTITY='MASS FRACTION',SPEC_ID='N-HEPTANE' / PBY=0.000,QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', CELL_CENTERED=.TRUE. / PBY=0.000,QUANTITY='DIVERGENCE', CELL_CENTERED=.TRUE. /

&DEVC XB=0.00,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.16, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', ID='maxT', STATISTICS='MAX'/ &DEVC XB=0.00,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.16, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', ID='minT', STATISTICS='MIN'/ &DEVC XB=0.08,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.16, QUANTITY='MASS FLOW +', ID='MFRpX'/ Xvent Outflow &DEVC XB=0.08,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.00,0.16, QUANTITY='MASS FLOW -', ID='MFRmX'/Inflow &DEVC XB=0.00,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.16,0.16, QUANTITY='MASS FLOW +', ID='MFRpZ'/ Zvent Outflow &DEVC XB=0.00,0.08,-0.001,0.001,0.16,0.16, QUANTITY='MASS FLOW -', ID='MFRmZ'/ Inflow &TAIL /