Fortified Size: Rosin size that has been reacted with fumaric acid or maleic anhydride to form diels

Alder adducts. The reaction product contains extra carboxyl groups & produces more efficient sizing response.

HYDROLYSIS OF ALUM: It produces a complex mixture of mono nuclear & polynuclear species & oblation i.e. bridging by hydroxide ions.

At lower pH large amount of ! "## ions are found. $hich con%erts polynuclear complex to inacti%ated complex of alum& 'l# dissol%es below pH (. )olynuclear species is formed at the pH range ".*#*.(. !H# increases than H+! is replaced by !H # which is strong electron donor than H+! ,around pH -.. pH /.(#0.1 is the iso electric point.

Orientation of size

. !rientation of amphipathic 2olecules to increase sizing The paper sheet is heated at ,softening. sintering temperature in order to pro%ide molecular mobility so that hydrophobic groups are oriented outward. The process of reorientation of hydrophobic groups outward is 3nown as 4curing of sheet5. At temperature 6+1#6*1 1' the size precipitate on the fiber surface which promotes the best co%erage5s rosin orientation.

Troubleshooting sizing roble!s at the "et end: )roblems are di%ided in to fi%e sections7# 8ac3 of sizing low cure 8oss of sizing or fugiti%ity 9eposits !ther problems La#$ of Sizing: Size le%el: It depends upon the surface area of pulp Typically /#- m+:g for a mixed hard wood:soft wood blend compared to 6#6.* m+:g for fibers. The controlling parameters are i. ii. 'orrect freeness le%el i.e. degree of chopper Reigler ;auer 2c<ett fiber classification

If the fines content of paper or board is increased from 61 to +1 => the size re?uirement will increase by +/ =. @iller types7 Around 'a'!( @iller clay )recipitated 'a'!( Talc 'oating clay Rutile Ti!+ 'alcined clay +#" m+:g -#61 m+:g -#6+ m+:g 6" m+:g 6+ m+:g 61 m+:g 6- m+:g

If ash content is increased from 61 to +1=. The resulting increase will be +( = to obtain the same size le%el. Rosin sizing: The factors are H: ;elow pH *> dispersed rosin size is less efficient than soap size. The efficiency of dispersed rosin sizes is reduced below pH *.+. The polymeric species are formed between pH ".* to *.(

So the questions for lack of sizing when using rosin size are:

Check pH- is it OK? Check size- is it right type for the pH? Check addition point- is it late enough if the pH is high? Check aluminum source- is it right type for high pH?

Al$alinit&: The al3alinity increases by 'aBB> 2gBB and <aB salts gi%e rise to salts of rosin They are much more reacti%e than Al BBB in alum but 'aBB> 2gBB and <aB do not form polymeric form as alum does at pH *.* and are much less cationic than AlBBB.

When alkalinity is very high then: Identify the source of alkalinity Establish if it can be neutralized effectively If it can be neutralized select the correct chemical for neutralization i!e! H"#O$ If it can be neutralized select the correct sizing rezime i!e! dispersed rosin size co-addition of alum% &'C or premi( of dispersed size )ith alum%&'C!

Anionic trash: Around wood pulps> soluble lignin> anionic contaminants and bleach residues Cstablish the source of anionic trash Is it soluble from pulp Is it from waste Treat with polymer or anionic trash catchers ,AT's. 2o%e the size:alum addition point forward Dse a premix system. Temperature (Stock): #team in*ection to improve drainage or aid broke pulping or as a result of system closure or seasonal variations in coming )ater! 't high temperature charge on polymeric species is reduced due to dehydration of this polymer +rosin %alum floc is increased in size resulting in poor size distribution and putting greater strain on the drying section to redistribute the size

Temperature (Drying): 'luminum rosinate must reach the correct temperature so that it is able to sinter or melt and spread to obtain the correct orientation on the fibers It depends on moisture content of the sheet amount of rosin%size and size of rosin size%alum! ,rying on a rotary dryer at -.-/0 0C for $ minutes gives e(cellent results!

Al$ene 'etene Di!er

The starting material for the synthesis is stearic acid ,c 6/. and palmitic acid It is insoluble in water at room temperature and melting point is *1 1'. It can be used o%er pH range /#E and moist effecti%e at pH of -#E. AF9 gi%es best results when hardness of water ranges between 6*1#+*1 ppm. Therefore> it is necessary to add <aH'! ( or <a+'!( in to the pulp furnish to get the best results. It reacts with cellulose and hemicellulose !H groups to form G#3eto ester lin3age. H H 'H I'J'H B 'ellulose JJJK H H ! J'I! H H H+'J'J'H L MH ! 'I! H !H ! !H H H H JJJJJJJJJJJJJ NN 'C88!8! CNN Rea#tion of A'D "ith (ellulose

Additi%es that is har!ful to sizing: 9efoamers urfactants !ils> oil emulsion and lubricants oftening agents @elt cleaners !xidizers ,( " ppm. Anionic dyes Additi%es that is benefi#ial to sizing: $et strength resins Retention aids 9rainage aids 9ry strength additi%es 'ationic starch )roble!s asso#iated "ith A'D: )aper slipperiness $et press pic3ing

2oderate sizing is re?uired to achie%e good size press runnability ,by controlling pH> al3alinity and drying within re?uired ranges

Retention: It can be impro%ed by the use of cationic starch or cationic resins.

Al$&l Su##ini# anh&dride *ASA+

A A directly reacts with cellulose fiber at neutral pH. The reaction between cellulose and the A A is more rapid than AF9. 2achine sizing de%elopment can be achie%ed between pH / to -. The reacti%ity of A A with water is Oust as rapid as with the cellulose and speed of reaction increases at higher temperature. If A A is allowed to flow around the thin stoc3 loop> it will rapidly con%ert to hydrolysate of the size. A A size can only effecti%ely be added to a paper machine by being manufactured in to emulsion form on the paper mill site.

In #ase of s&ntheti# sizing i,e, A'D and ASA- the follo"ing fa#tors influen#e the sizing effi#ien#&: H Al$alinit& Anioni# trash S&ste! #harge Te! erature *sto#$+ Te! erature *dr&ing+ H: AF9 and A A react with cellulose under neutral or al3aline conditions. The hydrolysis is ?uic3er at high pH and it ad%ersely affects the sizing. If @)R of size is not is not %ery good> then at higher pH e.g. -.*> the hydrolyses of un#retain size will occur. The hydrolysate of A A reacts with 'aBB> 2gBB and <aB to gi%e compounds which is soluble in water.

Hence with A A Run at a pH between /#-> preferably close to 0 and below pH / or /.* reaction will be slow and it will be impossible to obtain the full sizing effect. 2aximize @)R. Add Al compound to fix hydrolysate Al$alinit&:

Al3alinity is thought to be a positi%e benefit for AF9 and A A sizing as it can acti%ely promote the reaction of AF9 and A A. Al3alinity should be about *1 to +*1 ppm but not exceed *11 ppm.

(harge of the S&ste!7 2aintain a cationic demand ;alance the cationic input 'hec3 the system charge regularly Fnow the charge of chemical additi%es Anioni# Trash: Anionic trash in synthetic sizing has a similar effect on size retention as that for rosin size.