PrimarySources:

Books: Daume,Daphne."China."1989BritannicaBookoftheYear.Chicago:EncyclopaediaBritannica, 1989.N.pag.Print. AsecondarysourcepublishedbyEncyclopediaBritannicamanyworldandcountryeventsare alllistedinthisperiodical.Containsinformationontheeconomyandpoliticsof1989. ContributesmainlytothepagesandsubpagesofProtestsonTiananmen. Zhao,Ziyang,PuBao,ReneeChiang,AdiIgnatius,andRoderickMacFarquhar.Prisonerofthe State:TheSecretJournalofPremierZhaoZiyang.NewYork:Simon&Schuster,2010. Print. ZhaoZiyang,theformerpremierofChina,recordedtapesinhishomeinhopesofmakingata historicalaccountofwhatactuallyhappenedatTiananmen.Alargeselectionofquotesare availableinhisjournal,availabletomyuse.

Newspapers: Kristof,NicholasD."CRACKDOWNINBEIJINGTROOPSATTACKANDCRUSH BEIJINGPROTESTTHOUSANDSFIGHTBACK,SCORESAREKILLED."TheNew YorkTimes[TheNewYorkTimes]4June1989:n.pag.Print. Aprimarysourcepublishedonthesamedayofthecrackdown.Givesawholesummaryonthe crackdown,includingmanydetails.Alsoincludedisasmallsectiononhowtogovernmentwas handlingthesituation.ThisnewspaperisagreatfindformypageCrackdown.

Photos: Avery,Mark.ProDemocracyProtestersonFlag.1989.Photograph.APPhoto,Beijing,China. Inthisphoto,twoprotestersshimmyupaflagpoleonMay17.TheChineseandSovietflagsare ripplinginthewind.TheSovietflagisforMikhailGorbachev,whowascurrentlyvisitingChina. Thisphotoisusedin"TheHungerProtest"page.

Marquez,Alberto.TiananmenSquareProtestAftermath1989.1989.Photograph.APPhoto, Beijing. TroopspatrolinfrontoftheGreatHallofthePeople.Theareawasclosedtoallpedestrians,as thedatewasJune22,notmanydaysafterthemassacre.Thephotoshowssecuritymeasures thattookplaceaftertheevent.Iamusingthisinmy"Aftermath"page.

Mikami,Sadayuki.TiananmenSquareProtests1989.1989.Photograph.AP,Beijing,China. OnMay19,youthschantastheydrivetotheTiananmenSquaretojointheirfellowprotesters. Mikamicapturesthespiritoftheprotestersastheygoby.Iamusingthisphotoon"TheHunger Protest"page.Thisisaprimarysource.

Unknown.SeaofRedFlags.1989.Photograph.CNDInfoBase,Beijing. Studentprotestersgrouptogether,wavingredflags.Theentiresquareisfilledwithpeople, givingoneanideaofthegreatnumberswhocame.Iamusingthisasthebackgroundimagefor mywebsite.

Unknown.WangDanLeadsStudents.1989.Photograph.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d. N.pag.CNDInfoBase.Web.3Feb.2014. ThestudentleaderWangDanleadshisfellowstudentsforaproreformmarchonThursday. Theredbannerabovehimreads"BeijingUniversity".Iamusingthisonthepage,"Thesis".

Unknown.StatueofLibertyEffigy.1989.Photograph.CNDInfoBase,Shanghai.N.p.:n.p.,n.d. N.pag.CNDInfoBase.Web.8Feb.2014. AplastermodeloftheStatueofLibertyiscreatedandplacedinfrontoftheShanghai GovernmentOffices.Studentscrowdaroundit,sitting.Iamusingthisin"TheHungerProtest" page.

Unknown.StudentGivenAid.1989.Photograph.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag. CNDInfoBase.Web.07Jan.2014. Astudent,overcomebyfatigueandhungeronthethirddayofthestrike,isrushedtoahospital bymedics.Iamusingthisphotointhepage"TheHungerProtest".

Unknown.StatueofDemocracy.1989.Photograph.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N. pag.CNDInfoBase.Web.28Jan.2014. TheStatueofDemocracywasaiconthatwasconstructedinthelikenessoftheStatueof Liberty.ItwassetinTiananmenSquare,butwassoontorndownbythemilitaryafterthe crackdownensued.Iusethisin"TheHungerProtest"page.

Unknown.StudentsHelpWoundedMan.1989.Photograph.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d. N.pag.CNDInfoBase.Web.2Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/mascr005.gi f>. Workersandstudentswheelaninjuredmantosafety.Thelargeamountofpeoplebeinginjured isduetothetroopsfiringintothecrowd.Manyprotesterswerekilledorfatallywounded,anda sizableamountreceivedlightinjuries.Iamusingthisinthepage"Crackdown".

Unknown.StudentsMarchIntheRain.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CND InfoBase.Web.1Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo002.gif>. StudentsfromtheBeijingUniversitymarchintherain.Thiswasoneofthemanymarchesthat wereheldbystudentsduringtheprotests.Iamusingthisphotointhesection,"TheSparkFor Reform."

Unknown.BoycottClass!1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CNDInfoBase. Web.1Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo003.gif>. StudentsmarcharoundtheBeijingUniversityCampus,whileshouting"BoycottClass!"They trytotellstudentstogoprotest.Iamusingthisphotointhepage,"TheSparkForReform."

Unknown.LibertyorDeath.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CNDInfoBase. Web.22Feb.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo004.gif>. OntheBeijingUniversityCampus,astudenthaspostedalargebannerwiththewordsinked on,"Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath!"ThesewerethefamouswordsofPatrickHenry,a patriotduringtheRevolutionaryWaroftheUnitedStates.Iamusingthisphotoonthe page,"TheMotive."

Unknown.MarchtoTiananmen.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CND InfoBase.Web.4Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo005.gif>. Approximately7000studentsmarchfromBeijingNormalUniversitytobeginprotestsagainst thegovernment.Studentsandintellectualsfromothercollegesanduniversitiesarrived,and commonworkersjoinedinlateron.Iamusingthisphotoonthepage,"TheHungerProtest."

Unknown.Hello,Mr.Democracy.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CND InfoBase.Web.27Jan.2014. OneofthemultiplebannersfeaturedonTiananmenduringtheprotestsshowsthephrase, "Hello,Mr.Democracy."Thesquareispackedwithpeoplethatallcametojoinin.Iamusing thisphotointhepage,"TheHungerProtest."

Unknown.PolicePushCrowd.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CND InfoBase.Web.16Jan.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo008.gif>. Chinesepolicetryinvaintopushbackstudentdemonstrations.Manyoftheflagshavetheday writtenonthem5/4/89.Iamusingthisphotoonthepage,"TheHungerProtest."

Unknown.Hungry,CannotEat.1989.CNDInfoBase.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CNDInfoBase.Web. 5Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo033.gif>. Demonstratorsmarchdownthestreet.Thelargestbannerpicturedinthisphotostates, "Mother,I'mveryhungry,butIcan'teat."Iamusingthisaspartofthetitlephotoin"The HungerProtest."

Unknown.WorkerShot.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CNDInfoBase.Web. 14Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/mascr001.gif>. Aworkerisshotandwoundedbythearmy.Thegreenarmyhelmethecarriesfelloffasoldier duringtheconfusion.Iamusingthisonthepage,"Crackdown."

Unknown.OathsandDeath.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CNDInfoBase. Web.24Feb.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/mascr002.gif>. ProtestersinBeijingyelloathsagainstthegovernmentastheysurroundthebodyofamanwho waskilledbyanarmyvehicle.Iamusingthisphotoonthepage,"Crackdown."

Unknown.DeadBodies.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CNDInfoBase.Web. 2Mar.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/mascr009.gif>. DeadbodieslieonthegroundofthePostandTelecommunicationsHospital.Thisplacewill serveasatemporarymorgueforthepeoplewhodiedonTiananmen.Iamusingthisphotoon thepage,"Crackdown."

Unknown.IntheFollowingtheRevolutionaryRoad,StriveforaEvenGreaterVictory.1970.The HuntingtonArchive.Huntingtonarchive.osu.edu.Web.2Mar.2014.<http://huntingtonarchiv e.osu.edu/Exhibitions/picturingPowerExhibit.html>. OneofthemanyposterscreatedduringandfortheCulturalRevolution.DepictingMao Zedongandworkersatthebottomoftheposter,itsymbolizestheeffectsoftheCultural Revolution.Iamusingthisonthepage,"China:1989."

Unknown.ChinaHu1982.1982.APPhoto,Unknown.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.APImages.Web.3 Mar.2014. PicturedinthephotoisHuYaobang,whowastheGeneralSecretaryoftheChinese CommunistParty.Hewasasupporterofreform,andwaslaterkickedoffthePartyforthe samereason.Iamusingthisphotoonthepage,"TheSparkforReform."

Unknown.LiPeng.1989.CNN,Unknown.Www.cnn.com.Web.8Jan.2014. <http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/inside.china/profiles/li.peng/>. LiPengwasthepremierofChinaafterZhaoZiyang.Hewascriticizedmuchonhowhesaw reforminChina,andwaslatercriticizedonhowhehandledtheTiananmenSquareMassacre.

Unknown.Broadcasting.1989.CNDInfoBase,Beijing.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.N.pag.CND InfoBase.Web.16Jan.2014.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/photos/demo0027.gif>. StudentsonTiananmenSquaretakeoverthebroadcastingstation,airingreportsandnews abouttheprotestsovertheloudspeakersofTiananmen.

Widener,Jeff.TankMan.1989.Photograph.AP,Beijing,China. Thisiconicphotoshowsanunidentifiedmanblockinganentirerowoftanks.Takenin June5th,the"TankMan"didnotmovefromhispositionatall,untilbystandersdecidedto pullhimaway.Iamusingthisphotointhe"Thesis"page.

SecondarySources:
Websites:

Unknown."1989:MassacreinTiananmenSquare."BBCNews.BBC,06Apr.1989.Web.16 Jan.2014. Aquick,secondarysummaryoftheTiananmenSquareMassacre.Itliststhathundreds, possiblythousands,ofcivilianswerekilled.Thiscontributestomymainsubject,theProtestson Tiananmen.

Liu,Melinda."AFadingScar."Newsweek.WashingtonPost,1998.Web.16Dec.2013. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/newsweek/tiananmen.htm> OnthisreportbyNewsweek,MelindaLiu,areporter,describesthesituationinChina,nine yearsaftertheinitialstudentprotests.Ms.Liudescribesthingsshehadexperiencedduringthe studentprotestsandcrackdown.ThisarticlefocusesonwhathappenedafterTiananmen,soI haveincludedinformationintomyAftermathpage.

Wasserstrom,Jeffrey."China'sJune4,1989:RememberedandMisremembered."TIME.com. Time,3June2010.Web.18Jan.2014. InChina'sJune4,1989:RememberedandMisremembered,afewmisconceptionsthatare oftenmadeareclarifiedinthisarticle.Thischeckstheinformationinmysite,andpreventsme frommakingmistakesinmyresearchthatIcouldhavemade.

Yao,MingHui,DongpingDeng,andWeiLing."CNDInfoBase."CNDInfoBasePictures. CND,n.d.Web.10Dec.2013.<http://www.cnd.org/June4th/>. ThecreatorsofCNDInfoBasefilledtheirwebsitewithphotostakenbypeoplepresentatthe protests.Theirwebsitealsocontainsdiaries,accounts,andinformationontheTiananmen Massacre.Allthesephotographsareprimary,althoughthewebsiteisconsideredasa secondaryresource.Thesephotographsappearthroughoutmysite,invaryinglocations.The informationisalsodistributedevenlythroughoutmysite.

Mariner,Joanne."RememberingTiananmenSquare."CNN.CableNewsNetwork,7June2004. Web.16Dec.2013.<http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/06/07/mariner.tiananmen/index.htm l?iref=allsearch>. Throughmultipleinterviewswithstudentprotestleaders,thisreportexplainstheaftermathofthe eventsatTiananmen.IcanusethisarticlebyJoanneMarinerinmyAftermathpage.

Unknown."TheManWhoTookontheDissidents."Www.cnn.com.CableNewsNetwork,2001. Web.12Feb.2014<http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/inside.china/profiles/l i.peng/>. LiPeng,thepremierofChinaduringtheprotests,hashisactionsforhandlingtheprotests explained.IraisestheideathatperhapsLiPengdecidedtocrushthemovement,becauseWang Danpubliclyhumiliatedhimontelevision.Theinformationfromthisarticleisusedinthepages, "TheHungerProtest",and"Crackdown."

Yardley,Jim."ZhaoZiyang,ChineseLeaderPurgedforSupportingTiananmenProtesters,Diesat 85."TheNewYorkTimes.TheNewYorkTimes,16Jan.2005.Web.14Feb.2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/17/international/asia/17zhao.html?_r=0>. ZhaoZiyang,theformerpremierofChina,andhisdeatharediscussedinthisarticle.Jim YardleygivesmuchinformationaboutZhao'soldpositioningovernment,howhetriedtosave theprotesters,andhiseconomicimpact.Iamusingthisinthepage,"TheMotive".

Zilin,Ding.".".TiananmenMothers,n.d.Web.17Feb. 2014.<http://www.tiananmenmother.org/>.

ThisistheofficialTiananmenMotherssite,whichisdedicatedtohonoringtheparentsand deceasedofTiananmen.Iamusingthisonthepage,"Aftermath."

Books: Cheng,Chuyuan.BehindtheTiananmenMassacre:Social,Political,andEconomic FermentinChina.Boulder,CO:Westview,1990.Print. Dr.Chuyuangivesasecondhanddescriptionoftheeconomicandsocialreasonswhichledto thestudentprotests.Theinformationprovidedisamajorcomponentinthistopic.

Films: TheGateofHeavenlyPeace.Dir.RichardGordonandCarmaHinton.Perf.DeborahAmos,Dai Qing,DingZilin,HanDongfang,WangDan,andWuerKaixi.TheLongBowGroup,1995. MP4. TheGateofHeavenlyPeaceisadocumentarycreatedbyRichardGordonandCarmaHinton. Gordonquotesthat,"Oneofthereasonswewantedtomakethiswastogivemoredepthto the1989movementandnotjustshowthefinal,violentconclusion,whichiswherepeopletend tofocus."Thedocumentaryisaseriesofinterviewsconductedwithmultipleprotestersand associatedpeople.Iusefortyfivesecondclipsfromthisdocumentarythroughoutmywebsite.